981:
109:
77:
91:
479:
412:, with their indigenous Mesopotamia on the west and western margins of the Urmia Plains, which they occupied in 2000 BCE prior to the arrival of the modern Iranians, to the east. In modern times, Assyrians largely only recognise Assyrian towns and cities immediately neighbouring the Tigris to the east as their indigenous territory, in addition to Mesopotamia, with the homeland only expanding beyond the borders due to the major centres of Assyrian civilisation, such as the cities of
1305:
1042:" religion. Thus Jacques de Vitry wrote of them in 1220/1 that "they denied that Mary was the Mother of God and claimed that Christ existed in two persons. They consecrated leavened bread and used the 'Chaldean' (Syriac) language". Until the second half of the 19th century the term "Chaldean" continued in general use for East Syriac Christians, whether "Nestorian" or Catholic: it was the West Syriacs who were reported as claiming descent from
969:. Yohannan was a member of the "Eliya line" family, but he opposed the last of that line to be elected in the normal way as patriarch, Ishoʿyahb (1778–1804), most of whose followers he won over to communion with Rome, after he himself was irregularly elected in 1780, as Sulaqa was in 1552. The "Shimun line" that in 1553 entered communion with Rome and broke it off in 1672 is now that of the church that in 1976 officially adopted the name "
5577:
293:
1165:
280:
267:
254:
655:
1238:
805:
829:
2066:
678:
108:
2209:
The
Assyrian-inhabited towns and villages on the Nineveh Plain form a concentration of those belonging to Syriac Christian traditions, and since this area is the ancient home of the Assyrian empire through which the Assyrian people trace their cultural heritage, the Nineveh Plain is the area on which
1325:
Following the concerted attacks on
Assyrian Christians in Iraq, especially highlighted by the Sunday, August 1, 2004, simultaneous bombing of six Churches (Baghdad and Mosul) and subsequent bombing of nearly thirty other churches throughout the country, Assyrian leadership, internally and externally,
1326:
began to regard the
Nineveh Plain as the location where security for Christians may be possible. Schools especially received much attention in this area and in Kurdish areas where Assyrian concentrated population lives. In addition, agriculture and medical clinics received financial help from the
1345:
and smaller towns more families turned northward to the extended family holdings in the
Nineveh Plain. This place of refuge remains underfunded and gravely lacking in infrastructure to aid the ever-increasing internally displaced people population. From 2012, it also began receiving influxes of
883:
by 605 BC Assyria remained an entity for over 1200 years under
Babylonian, Achamaenid Persian, Seleucid Greek, Parthian, Roman and Sassanid Persian rule. It was only after the Arab-Islamic conquest of the second half of the 7th century AD that Assyria as a named region was dissolved.
522:), which was the oldest and largest city of the ancient Assyrian empire, together with a number of other Assyrian cities, seem to have been established by 2600 BC. However it is likely that they were initially Sumerian-dominated administrative centres. In the late 26th century BC,
2228:
On
January 21, 2014, the Iraqi government had declared that Nineveh Plains would become a new province, which would serve as a safe haven for Assyrians. After the liberation of the Nineveh Plain from ISIL between 2016/17, all Assyrian political parties called on the
980:
2221:
adopted in March 2004 in
Baghdad, not only were provisions made for the preservation of Assyrian culture through education and media, but a provision for an administrative unit also was accepted. Article 125 in Iraq's Constitution states that:
763:
rebelled against its decisions. The
Patriarchate of Antioch was then divided between a Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian communion. The Chalcedonians were often labelled 'Melkites' (Emperor's Party), while their opponents were labelled as
3366:
Khosoreva, Anahit. "The
Assyrian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire and Adjacent Territories" in The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies. Ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2007, pp. 267–274.
2224:"This Constitution shall guarantee the administrative, political, cultural, and educational rights of the various nationalities, such as Turkomen, Chaldeans, Assyrians, and all other constituents, and this shall be regulated by law."
1218:
members, the
Chaldean Catholic Church became the largest non-Muslim religious denomination in Iraq, and some Assyrian Catholics later rose to power in the Ba'ath Party government, the most prominent being Deputy Prime Minister
2077:. There are no official statistics, and estimates vary greatly, between less than one million in the Assyrian homeland, and 3.3 million with the diaspora included, mostly due to the uncertainty of the number of Assyrians in
384:
forms a thin margin of the ancestral Assyrian homeland in the north-west, and the only section of the Assyrian homeland beyond the Mesopotamian region. The majority of Assyrians in Iran currently reside in the capital city,
957:
adopted a profession of faith that contradicted that of Rome, while he maintained his independence from the "Eliya line". Leadership of those who wished to be in communion with Rome passed to the Archbishop of Amid
2191:, and many have not returned, although a number are migrating back to the traditional Assyrian homeland in the Kurdish Autonomous region. Most Assyrians nowadays live in northern Iraq, with the community in
1176:
which reduced their numbers by up to two thirds. Subsequent to this, they entered the war on the side of the British and Russians. After World War I, the Assyrian homeland was divided between the
2218:
1381:. Upon entering the town, ISIS looted the homes, and removed the crosses and other religious objects from the churches. The Christian cemetery in the town was also later destroyed. Assyrian
1214:
community was less numerous and vociferous at the time of the British Mandate of Mesopotamia, and did not play a major role in the British rule of the country. However, with the exodus of
3974:
4066:
2105:
in significant but unknown numbers. The indigenous Assyrian homeland areas are "part of today's northern Iraq, southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran and northeastern Syria".
1389:
monuments and archaeological sites, as well as numerous Assyrian churches and monasteries have been systematically vandalized and destroyed by ISIL. These include the ruins of
3140:
Ainsworth, William (1841). "An Account of a Visit to the Chaldeans, Inhabiting Central Kurdistán; and of an Ascent of the Peak of Rowándiz (Ṭúr Sheïkhíwá) in Summer in 1840".
2069:
A map of Tur Abdin showing Syriac villages and monasteries. Operational monasteries are indicated by red crosses, and abandoned monasteries are indicated by orange crosses
1203:, though born into the line of Patriarchs at Qochanis, was educated in Britain. For a time he sought a homeland for the Assyrians in Iraq but was forced to take refuge in
892:
4254:
3340:
Akçam, Taner (2012). The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press. pp. xx–xxi.
2425:
2214:
has become concentrated. There have been calls by some politicians inside and outside Iraq to create an autonomous region for Assyrian Christians in this area.
1223:. The Assyrians of Dohuk boast one of the largest churches in the region named the Mar Marsi Cathedral, and is the center of an Eparchy. Tens of thousands of
4259:
1413:). ISIL destroyed a 3,000 year-old Ziggurat. ISIL destroyed Virgin Mary Church, in 2015 St. Markourkas Church was destroyed and the cemetery was bulldozed.
4927:
4227:
3945:
1038:
Previously, when there were as yet no Catholic Aramaic speakers of Mesopotamian origin, the term "Chaldean" was applied with explicit reference to their "
1296:
in danger in 2003, at which time the site was threatened by a looming large-scale dam project that would have submerged the ancient archaeological site.
879:
had an established structure of dioceses by AD 500 following the introduction of Christianity from the 1st to 3rd centuries AD. After the fall of the
3614:
Buchanan, Rose Troup and Saul, Heather (25 February 2015) Isis burns thousands of books and rare manuscripts from Mosul's libraries The Independent
2597:
490:
meets a high official during a review of soldiers and war prisoners. He is accompanied by a parasol-bearer and is watched over by a winged deity (
1433:
Owing to its latitude and altitude, the Assyrian homeland is cooler and much wetter than most of Iraq. Most areas in the region fall within the
5550:
907:'s invasion from central Iraq. Its Christian inhabitants were little affected by the Ottoman conquests, however starting from the 19th century
745:
3466:
408:
on the eastern border of northern Mesopotamia. The territory that would encompass the Assyrian homeland was divided through the centre by the
4232:
2579:
2902:
The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers
2797:
The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers
3981:
1420:
Iraqi troops advanced on Tel Keppe, but the fighting continued into 2017. Iraqi forces recaptured the town from ISIS on 19 January 2017.
861:
influence. The Assyrians suffered a significant persecution with the religiously motivated large scale massacres conducted by the Muslim
2252:
and had participants extending from Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac organizations, including representatives from the Iraqi government and the
4874:
4005:
4070:
2706:
Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I By David Gaunt – p. 9, map p. 10.
2610:
5526:
2675:
Hill, Henry, ed (1988). Light from the East: A Symposium on the Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Churches. Toronto, Canada. pp. 108–109
3217:
4920:
4340:
3017:
A Compendious and Complete Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament, Chiefly Founded on the Works of Gesenius and Fürst ...
5521:
5461:
4566:
2204:
126:
5248:
4488:
3537:
3261:, vol. III, Translated by H.S. Jarrett, Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press for the Asiatic Society of Bengal, pp. 25–27
5607:
4173:
3794:
3345:
3109:
3042:
2964:
2900:
2883:
2856:
2795:
2778:
2751:
2397:
1378:
5122:
4848:
4274:
2543:
1374:
1228:
3511:
1015:
and was still the normal name in the nineteenth century. Only in 1445 did it begin to be used to mean Aramaic speakers in
4913:
4519:
1320:
118:
3417:
577:
from around the 8th century BC, and these eastern dialects remained in wide use throughout Upper Mesopotamia during the
4723:
4703:
4549:
4045:
3810:
76:
5197:
4599:
3427:
3372:
3284:
2983:
A Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament: With an Introduction Giving a Short History of Hebrew Lexicography
2580:
Société des études arméniennes, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Association de la revue des études arméniennes (1989).
2505:
3581:
3357:
Genocide Scholars Association Officially Recognizes Assyrian Greek Genocides. 16 December 2007. Retrieved 2010-02-02
2358:
5451:
5191:
5185:
3563:
2495:
2482:
Steven L. Danver, Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues, p. 517
5446:
5233:
5092:
4693:
2685:
851:
90:
3942:
5652:
5516:
5166:
4688:
4302:
2910:
2805:
1199:
for co-operating with the British during the years after World War I, and many fled to the West. The Patriarch
1177:
3721:
949:, who initiated what is called the "Shimun line". He and his early successors entered into communion with the
5657:
5431:
5026:
4791:
4698:
2477:
959:
4120:
1357:
In August 2014 nearly all of the non-Sunni inhabitants of the southern regions of the Plains, which include
953:, but in the course of over a century their link with Rome grew weak and was openly renounced in 1672, when
494:). He holds a bow and a pair of raised arrows, symbolising victory in battle. From the North-West Palace at
117:
had the greatest concentration of indigenous Assyrians in both their native land and the world prior to the
5627:
5160:
4718:
4708:
4683:
4561:
2305:
2257:
2056:
2478:
Joel J. Elias, The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East
5642:
5632:
5533:
5350:
5209:
5107:
5101:
5071:
4713:
4244:
3032:
3031:
Coakley, J. F. (2011). Brock, Sebastian P.; Butts, Aaron M.; Kiraz, George A.; van Rompay, Lucas (eds.).
2450:
2300:
2273:
2157:
2153:
1273:
1215:
1136:
1035:, made in Aramaic, and which decreed that "nobody shall in future dare to call Chaldeans, Nestorians".
970:
946:
927:
742:
734:
702:
took hold amongst the Assyrians between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD with the founding in Assyria of the
1280:
in the 1980s, although some of its population later returned and their homes were subsequently rebuilt.
5637:
5622:
5177:
5077:
4984:
4832:
4382:
2249:
1121:
5612:
5152:
5040:
4959:
4774:
4372:
4166:
4091:
2145:
333:
316:
52:
3064:
873:
was abandoned by Assyrians, and Assyrians were reduced to a minority within their ancient homeland.
5602:
5390:
5254:
5048:
4468:
3961:
2269:
2265:
2169:
1147:
996:
974:
658:
31:
3238:
926:
renewed attacks on the region in the 1840s, killing tens of thousands of Assyrians in Barwari and
914:
sought to expand their territories at their expense. In the 1830s Muhammad Rawanduzi, the Emir of
5335:
5242:
4362:
3681:
2060:
1207:
in 1933, later moving to Chicago, Illinois, and finally settling near San Francisco, California.
1185:
900:
20:
3199:
5375:
5360:
5218:
4992:
4973:
4808:
4503:
4264:
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2768:
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2195:
being completely decimated, and the ones in Tur Abdin and Urmia Plain are largely depopulated.
2173:
2129:
1417:
1249:
984:
813:
769:
5456:
3274:
2954:
2715:
2387:
729:. This split owed just as much to the politics of the day as it did to theological orthodoxy.
4611:
4578:
4529:
4446:
4292:
3784:
3256:
2727:
2521:
2211:
1434:
966:
832:
440:
179:
3649:
2846:
2741:
847:
Both Syriac Christianity and the Eastern Aramaic language came under pressure following the
5617:
5506:
5340:
5315:
4878:
4662:
4473:
4297:
4239:
4211:
4159:
3901:"Refworld – World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Turkey : Assyrians"
2160:
Mountains, which straddles the border of northern Iraq and Southern Turkey, as well as the
1189:
1058:
962:, recognized first by the Turkish civil authorities (1677) and then by Rome itself (1681).
785:
756:
681:
570:
4019:
1101:
8:
5581:
5555:
5410:
5395:
5355:
4936:
4827:
4678:
4650:
4643:
4556:
4456:
4451:
2261:
2234:
2121:
1285:
1028:
1024:
880:
854:
in the 7th century, and Assyrian Christians throughout the Middle Ages were subjected to
714:
699:
689:
666:
649:
574:
473:
227:
191:
3232:
2556:
J. A. Brinkman (2001). "Assyria". In Bruce Manning Metzger, Michael David Coogan (ed.).
2192:
780:
found itself caught between the two, but claims to have always remained faithful to the
5466:
5370:
5300:
5014:
4858:
4853:
4539:
4430:
4410:
4196:
3811:"Syria's Assyrians threatened by extremists – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East"
3157:
3077:
3052:
2950:
2623:
2591:
2347:
The Origins of War: From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great By Arther Ferrill – p. 70
2133:
2109:
2098:
1211:
1196:
988:
954:
942:
703:
590:
354:
3195:
Nineveh and its remains: an enquiry into the manners and arts of the ancient assyrians
3193:
2570:
Biblical Archaeology Review May/June 2001: Where Was Abraham's Ur? by Allan R. Millard
717:
occurred in the 5th century, when Upper Mesopotamian based Assyrian Christians of the
5275:
4950:
4746:
4655:
4463:
4323:
3999:
3790:
3423:
3386:
Native Christians Massacred: The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I
3368:
3341:
3331:
David Gaunt, "The Assyrian Genocide of 1915", Assyrian Genocide Research Center, 2009
3280:
3105:
3038:
2960:
2906:
2879:
2852:
2801:
2774:
2747:
2539:
2501:
2393:
2137:
2117:
2113:
2074:
1327:
1277:
1173:
1117:
1066:
918:, tried to forcibly add the region to his dominion pillaging many Assyrian villages.
876:
809:
707:
566:
357:
199:
3703:
3398:
2412:
Macuch, R. (1987). “ASSYRIANS IN IRAN i. The Assyrian community (Āšūrīān) in Iran.”
816:
of the mid-7th century, the region has been known by the traditional Arabic name of
19:
This article is about the modern region. For the ancient inhabited settlements, see
5400:
5325:
5131:
5007:
4944:
4633:
4335:
4269:
3149:
2926:
2821:
2253:
2184:
2094:
1351:
1200:
1100:. By the medieval Arabs, most of the plain was reckoned as part of the province of
1012:
733:, which was at the time the Sassanid capital, eventually became the capital of the
726:
582:
547:
483:
432:
428:
203:
195:
3307:
3097:
5647:
5493:
5476:
5471:
5295:
5290:
4967:
4882:
4786:
4764:
4741:
4616:
4594:
4573:
4544:
4534:
4524:
4206:
4201:
3949:
3835:
3493:
3099:
3015:
2998:
2981:
2627:
2310:
2276:. A position paper was signed by the remaining political organizations involved.
2237:
for the creation of an Assyrian self-administered province in the Nineveh Plain.
2141:
1181:
1020:
950:
821:
789:
781:
777:
773:
718:
609:
586:
448:
397:
393:
350:
239:
216:
164:
82:
3900:
965:
A century and a half later, in 1830, headship of the Catholics was conferred on
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5426:
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5320:
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4377:
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3743:
3515:
3444:
2320:
2290:
2230:
2177:
1313:
1293:
1272:
shortly after its independence in 1947. The region was heavily affected by the
1159:
1143:
1113:
1109:
1090:
1082:
1016:
945:: the established "Eliya line" of patriarchs was opposed by a rival patriarch,
908:
578:
444:
159:
4041:
3786:
Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century
3671:
3624:
360:. The territory that forms the Assyrian homeland is, similarly to the rest of
5596:
5543:
5229:
5088:
4803:
4483:
4420:
4415:
4394:
4067:"Iraqi Christians ask EU to support the creation of a Nineveh Plain Province"
3876:
3124:
2108:
The Assyrian communities that are still left in the Assyrian homeland are in
1970:
1649:
1406:
1232:
1043:
973:", while a member of the "Eliya line" family is one of the patriarchs of the
931:
919:
915:
478:
122:
4146:
3859:
5385:
5345:
5305:
5063:
4769:
4425:
3234:
Narrative of a Visit to the Syrian [Jacobite] Church of Mesopotamia
2295:
2073:
Assyrian populations are distributed between the Assyrian homeland and the
1097:
1039:
862:
760:
621:
617:
436:
211:
3605:"ISIL video shows destruction of Mosul artefacts", Al Jazeera, 27 Feb 2015
2927:"Fred Aprim, "Assyria and Assyrians Since the 2003 US Occupation of Iraq""
2822:"Fred Aprim, "Assyria and Assyrians Since the 2003 US Occupation of Iraq""
5405:
4621:
4498:
4493:
4478:
4387:
4357:
4182:
3898:
3471:
3098:
Michael Angold; Frances Margaret Young; K. Scott Bowie (17 August 2006).
2996:
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2161:
1093:
896:
858:
855:
765:
685:
637:
551:
535:
499:
491:
469:
381:
361:
130:
2426:"Assyrians: "3,000 Years of History, Yet the Internet is Our Only Home""
5330:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4813:
4779:
4249:
3218:"Histoire critique de la creance et des coûtumes des nations du Levant"
3161:
2165:
1382:
1220:
1105:
869:
in the 14th century AD. It was from this time that the ancient city of
722:
4905:
3176:
Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Armenia
1304:
5285:
4796:
4352:
3962:
Dutch MP calls for autonomous Assyrian Christian region in north Iraq
3648:
Alkhshali, Hamdi; Smith-Spark, Laura; Lister, Tim (22 October 2016).
3101:
The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity
3000:
Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures
2325:
2315:
2149:
1457:
1442:
1370:
1358:
1164:
904:
866:
840:
768:(those who believe in the one rather than two natures of Christ) and
730:
427:
Modern Assyrians are predominantly Christian, mostly adhering to the
3562:
Barnes, Julian E.; Sparshott, Jeffrey; Malas, Nour (8 August 2014).
3538:"'Isis has shattered the ancient ties that bound Iraq's minorities'"
3153:
2956:
Hebrew Scripture in Patristic Biblical Theory: Canon, Language, Text
1237:
1227:
and Assyrian Christian refugees live in the city as well due to the
5538:
5441:
5280:
3930:
3836:"مسؤول مسيحي : عدد المسيحيين في العراق تراجع الى ثلاثمائة الف"
3765:
3385:
2241:
2188:
2086:
1386:
1366:
1362:
1309:
1128:
625:
613:
523:
142:
3860:"Ishtar: Documenting The Crisis In The Assyrian Iranian Community"
5576:
5365:
3676:
3388:." Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006.
1390:
1338:
1253:
1242:
1224:
1070:
1062:
888:
738:
654:
629:
562:
558:
539:
515:
487:
465:
413:
234:
97:
27:
5139:
4626:
2102:
1398:
1342:
1289:
1269:
1261:
1252:
existed in the region for thousands of years, living mainly in
1204:
1132:
1125:
1032:
1008:
938:
923:
662:
542:" (Subartu being the Sumerian name for Assyria). Similarly, in
527:
495:
421:
409:
386:
369:
353:
within which Assyrian civilisation developed, located in their
298:
4151:
3467:"Militants Execute Civilians in Mosul; 101 Killed Across Iraq"
2844:
2739:
2198:
828:
344:
327:
60:
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4141:
2285:
2125:
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1778:
1410:
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1281:
1257:
992:
870:
749:
677:
633:
597:
531:
519:
511:
417:
405:
401:
377:
285:
4147:
The League of Nations and the Quest for an Assyrian Homeland
4042:"Will a Province for Assyrians Stop Their Exodus From Iraq?"
3877:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2010-10-13).
3625:"Assyrian Militia in Iraq Battles Against ISIS for Homeland"
3535:
2065:
804:
2078:
1265:
1047:
1000:
911:
848:
793:
693:
670:
503:
373:
365:
272:
259:
146:
4099:
3672:"Iraqi residents flee Islamic State-held town of Tel Keyf"
3647:
2187:
have fled to neighboring countries since the start of the
4121:"The Future of the Nineveh Plain - Government - Politics"
3308:"Ottoman Empire | Facts, History, & Map | Britannica"
3564:"Barack Obama Approves Airstrikes on Iraq, Airdrops Aid"
2240:
Between the 28th-30 June 2017, a conference was held in
404:, who developed independent civilisation in the city of
3255:
Abul Fazl-i-Ạllámí (1894), "Description of the Earth",
3142:
The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London
1027:, which accepted the profession of faith that Timothy,
3178:(London 1842), vol. II, p. 272, cited in John Joseph,
585:
periods, and survived through to the present day. The
44:
2136:, descend from refugees that arrived there after the
1112:. The plain was the site of the determination of the
3561:
2997:
Wilhelm Gesenius; Samuel Prideaux Tregelles (1859).
2845:
Wilhelm Baum; Dietmar W. Winkler (8 December 2003).
2740:
Wilhelm Baum; Dietmar W. Winkler (8 December 2003).
620:, gained semi-independence as one of a patchwork of
2628:"The Syriac Orient: A Third 'Lung' for the Church?"
1011:(c. 347 – 420), the term "Chaldean" indicated the
424:, being built on the banks of the Tigris itself.
4039:
3215:
2497:The sound system of modern Assyrian (Neo-Aramaic)
2124:(15,000–25,100). Most of the Assyrians living in
887:The mountainous region of the Assyrian homeland,
396:are indigenous Mesopotamians, descended from the
127:proposed borders for an autonomous Assyrian state
5594:
3722:"Tel Kaif, Ninawa Monthly Climate Average, Iraq"
3650:"ISIS kills hundreds in Mosul area, source says"
3536:Chulov, Martin; Hawramy, Fazel (9 August 2014).
3220:. Chez Frederic Arnaud – via Google Books.
3078:"Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence, 1431-49 A.D.
2613:, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854)
1146:in the 16th century, following the conquests of
899:), saw a mass migration of Nestorians after the
5151:
3899:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
3776:
3494:"Relief Projects - Assyrian Aid Society - Iraq"
3013:
2144:of the 1910s and 30s. Christian communities of
1142:Syria and Upper Mesopotamia became part of the
4040:BetBasoo, Peter; Nuri Kino (22 January 2014).
3555:
2651:"ASSYRIAN IDENTITY IN ANCIENT TIMES AND TODAY"
2555:
2093:in significant but unknown numbers. Since the
1172:During World War I the Assyrians suffered the
1007:For many centuries, from at least the time of
4921:
4167:
3933:. UNPO (2008-03-25). Retrieved on 2013-12-08.
3037:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 93.
2381:
2379:
737:. During the Christian era Nuhadra became an
3828:
3758:
2979:
2871:
2766:
2596:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2385:
1231:invasion of Iraq in 2014 and the subsequent
1168:A traditional Christian Ceremony of "Oshana"
3854:
3852:
3216:Simon (oratorien), Richard (July 3, 1684).
3104:. Cambridge University Press. p. 527.
2959:. BRILL. pp. 123, 124, 126, 127, 139.
2642:
2343:
2341:
2199:Creation of an Assyrian autonomous province
2089:, Iraqi Assyrians have been displaced into
1248:In addition to the Assyrian population, an
1075:
5551:Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations
4928:
4914:
4174:
4160:
3460:
3458:
2564:
2376:
1274:Kurdish uprisings during the 1950s and 60s
759:in 451, many Syriac Christians within the
107:
3582:"Aiding the Assyrians Fight Against ISIS"
3230:
3139:
3127:The Church of the East: A Concise History
2949:
2848:The Church of the East: A Concise History
2743:The Church of the East: A Concise History
2474:For Assyrians as a Christian people, see
2164:, an area located on the western bank of
1766:Source: World Weather Online (2000-2012)
643:
624:kingdoms in Assyria, which also included
16:Areas historically inhabited by Assyrians
3849:
2549:
2493:
2338:
2064:
1303:
1299:
1236:
1163:
979:
930:before being ultimately defeated by the
827:
803:
676:
653:
616:rule in Assyria (c.160 BC to 250 AD) as
554:lists Subartu as paying tribute to him.
477:
364:, currently divided between present-day
5522:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
4935:
3782:
3464:
3455:
3254:
3180:The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East
3030:
2583:Revue des études arméniennes, Volume 21
2536:Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia
2414:Encyclopædia Iranica, II/8. pp. 817-822
2205:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
1276:and was largely depopulated during the
5595:
5249:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
4022:. Iraqdemocracyproject.org. 2008-02-19
4004:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3943:Iraqi Christians hold critical meeting
3272:
3191:
2898:
2793:
2560:. Oxford University Press. p. 63.
2389:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
2356:
2350:
2256:. The conference was boycotted by the
2248:. The conference was organised by the
1333:As attacks on Christians increased in
1096:") who inhabited the territory around
1053:
4909:
4155:
3465:Griffis, Margaret (19 January 2017).
3192:Layard, Austen Henry (July 3, 1850).
2622:
1441:), with areas to the southwest being
573:was adopted by the population of the
4020:"Iraq Sustainable Democracy Project"
3415:
3276:A short history of Syriac literature
3248:
2180:, an area located in Northern Iraq.
1375:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
1195:Assyrians faced reprisals under the
337:
320:
45:
3231:Southgate, Horatio (July 3, 1844).
3125:Wilhelm Braun, Dietmar W. Winkler,
2648:
2451:"The Issue of An Assyrian Homeland"
1321:2008 attacks on Christians in Mosul
13:
4046:Assyrian International News Agency
3919:The Assyrians and Their Neighbours
3617:
3442:
2538:. Oxford University Press. p. 94.
2359:"Canada and the Future of Assyria"
2357:Odisho, Devi (February 12, 2016).
2152:, an area in Southeastern Turkey,
1250:Aramaic speaking Jewish population
1023:, on the basis of a decree of the
550:the king of the Sumerian state of
187:Recognised regional languages
175:Recognised national languages
14:
5669:
5527:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora
5198:Malabar Independent Syrian Church
4135:
3512:"Assyrian Aid Society of America"
3419:The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Barwar
2558:The Oxford companion to the Bible
2246:The Future for Christians in Iraq
459:
349:), refers to the homeland of the
5575:
5192:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
5186:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
1416:Soon after the beginning of the
1153:
291:
278:
265:
252:
89:
75:
4181:
4113:
4084:
4059:
4033:
4012:
3967:
3955:
3936:
3924:
3911:
3892:
3870:
3803:
3736:
3714:
3708:Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation
3696:
3684:from the original on 2021-12-19
3664:
3641:
3608:
3599:
3574:
3529:
3504:
3486:
3443:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
3436:
3416:Khan, Geoffrey (16 June 2018).
3409:
3391:
3378:
3360:
3351:
3334:
3325:
3300:
3266:
3224:
3209:
3185:
3168:
3133:
3118:
3091:
3082:
3071:
3024:
3007:
2990:
2973:
2943:
2919:
2892:
2865:
2838:
2814:
2787:
2760:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2700:
2678:
2669:
2660:
2632:Orientalia Christiana Periodica
2616:
2604:
2573:
2528:
2219:Transitional Administrative Law
2050:
852:Islamic conquest of Mesopotamia
561:-speaking, descending from pre-
275:(margin in western Urmia Plain)
5517:Assyrian independence movement
5167:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
3789:. Edinburgh University Press.
3241:– via Internet Archive.
3202:– via Internet Archive.
2872:Eckart Frahm (24 March 2017).
2767:Eckart Frahm (24 March 2017).
2514:
2487:
2468:
2443:
2418:
2406:
1268:either left or were exiled to
1264:. However, all of the Barwari
1241:A Chaldean Catholic church in
1178:British Mandate of Mesopotamia
1139:cathedral in the 8th century.
991:church located in the city of
799:
1:
4440:Eastern and Southeastern Asia
4142:Nineveh, Assyria (Bet-Nahren)
3879:"Iran: Last of the Assyrians"
3348:. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
3129:(RoutledgeCurzon 2003), p. 83
2899:Joseph, John (July 3, 2000).
2794:Joseph, John (July 3, 2000).
2728:A modern history of the Kurds
2331:
812:in medieval times. Since the
721:were separated from those in
443:languages, most common being
243:Syrian, Syriac (historically)
5608:Geography of the Middle East
3680:. Reuters. 10 January 2017.
2524:. Max Mallowan. 9 July 2023.
2306:List of Assyrian settlements
2258:Assyrian Democratic Movement
2057:List of Assyrian settlements
1423:
1379:2014 Northern Iraq offensive
600:was named Nohadra (and also
345:
328:
61:
26:For the ancient empire, see
7:
5534:Terms for Syriac Christians
5351:Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa
5210:Assyrian Church of the East
5108:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
5102:Assyrian Evangelical Church
5072:Assyrian Church of the East
3570:– via online.wsj.com.
2279:
2274:Assyrian Church of the East
1899:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1829:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1722:Average precipitation days
1578:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1508:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1216:Assyrian Church of the East
1031:of the Aramaic speakers in
971:Assyrian Church of the East
743:Assyrian Church of the East
713:The first division between
596:During the Assyrian period
593:during the 5th century BC.
546:the early 25th century BC,
10:
5674:
5078:Ancient Church of the East
4513:Central and Eastern Europe
3399:"Mar Narsi church – Dhouk"
3279:. Adam and Charles Black.
2666:Fuller, 1864, pp. 200–201.
2392:. Routledge. p. 149.
2212:autonomous Assyrian entity
2202:
2193:Northern (Turkish) Hakkari
2054:
2042:
1776:
1765:
1455:
1428:
1318:
1157:
784:and in communion with the
647:
463:
454:
25:
18:
5564:
5486:
5419:
5268:
5228:
5207:
5176:
5136:(active 1st century–1601)
5121:
5087:
5062:
5039:
5006:
4983:
4958:
4943:
4875:Border changes since 1914
4867:
4841:
4757:
4734:
4671:
4587:
4512:
4439:
4403:
4311:
4285:
4220:
4189:
3917:Rev. W.A. Wigram (1929).
3432:– via Google Books.
3243:southgate papal chaldean.
3182:(BRILL 2000), pp. 2 and 4
2915:– via Google Books.
2810:– via Google Books.
2534:Bertman, Stephen (2003).
2494:Y Odisho, George (1998).
2146:Oriental Orthodox Syriacs
2101:have been displaced into
1968:
1898:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1721:
1647:
1577:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1180:, which would become the
746:metropolitanate of Ḥadyab
247:
233:
223:
210:
185:
173:
152:
138:
106:
71:
39:
5391:Dionysius of Vattasseril
5255:Believers Eastern Church
5049:Chaldean Catholic Church
4550:unification with Moldova
4233:Turks and Caicos Islands
3783:Donabed, Sargon (2015).
3445:"Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat)"
3273:Wright, William (1894).
3014:Benjamin Davies (1876).
2851:. Routledge. p. 4.
2746:. Routledge. p. 4.
2546:. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
2500:. Harrowitz. p. 8.
2430:www.culturalsurvival.org
2270:Chaldean Catholic Church
2266:Assyrian Patriotic Party
1148:Suleiman the Magnificent
1124:during the reign of the
997:West Azerbaijan Province
975:Chaldean Catholic Church
891:, which was part of the
659:Rabban Hormizd Monastery
32:Assyria (disambiguation)
5582:Christianity portal
5336:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
5243:Mar Thoma Syrian Church
5123:Saint Thomas Christians
4600:unification with Kosovo
3498:www.assyrianaidiraq.org
3237:. D. Appleton. p.
2878:. Wiley. p. 1132.
2773:. Wiley. p. 1132.
2250:European People's Party
2061:List of Assyrian tribes
1373:were driven out by the
1188:which would become the
1186:French Mandate of Syria
1073:as located west of the
893:diocese of Beth Nuhadra
824:: الجزيرة "the island")
719:Sassanid Persian Empire
153:Official languages
21:List of Assyrian tribes
5376:Ignatius Andrew Akijan
5361:Gregorios Abdal Jaleel
5219:Chaldean Syrian Church
4993:Syriac Orthodox Church
4974:Syriac Catholic Church
4809:Greater Germanic Reich
4607:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3724:. World Weather Online
3204:Chaldaeans Nestorians.
3174:William F. Ainsworth,
2951:Gallagher, Edmon Louis
2875:A Companion to Assyria
2770:A Companion to Assyria
2716:Islamic desk reference
2363:Foreign Policy Journal
2132:in villages along the
2130:Al Hasakah Governorate
2070:
1316:
1245:
1169:
1086:
1076:
1004:
844:
825:
814:early Muslim conquests
696:
674:
644:Early Christian period
557:Assyrians are eastern
507:
30:. For other uses, see
5653:Eastern Mediterranean
4797:Annexation of Austria
3088:Braun-Winkler, p. 112
2980:Julius Fürst (1867).
2386:Carl Skutsch (2013).
2210:an effort to form an
2068:
2055:Further information:
1435:Mediterranean climate
1308:The Assyrian city of
1307:
1300:Attacks on Christians
1240:
1167:
983:
837:The Saffron Monastery
833:Mor Hananyo Monastery
831:
807:
680:
657:
608:), where, during the
481:
219:(historical majority)
119:2014 invasion of Iraq
5658:Assyrian irredentism
5507:Assyrian nationalism
5452:Koy Sanjaq Christian
5437:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
5427:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
5341:Dionysius bar Salibi
5316:Philoxenus of Mabbug
5169:(West Syriac) (1932)
5163:(East Syriac) (1665)
4457:annexation of Taiwan
4092:"christians-in-iraq"
2586:. pp. 303, 309.
1190:Syrian Arab Republic
1104:, the "abode of the
1046:, the second son of
941:occurred within the
757:Council of Chalcedon
684:in Assyrian village
682:Mar Mattai Monastery
571:Old Aramaic language
538:, mentions "smiting
530:, then the dominant
435:liturgical rites of
5628:Geography of Turkey
5556:Syriac sacral music
5411:Baselios Paulose II
5396:Geevarghese Ivanios
5356:Abraham of Angamaly
5161:Syro-Malabar Church
4937:Syriac Christianity
3952:, The Kurdish Globe
3586:The Huffington Post
3568:Wall Street Journal
3384:Travis, Hannibal. "
2624:Brock, Sebastian P.
2262:Sons of Mesopotamia
2235:UN Security Council
2154:Nestorian Assyrians
1286:Saladin Governorate
1087:Troglodytae Persiae
1054:Early modern period
1025:Council of Florence
881:Neo Assyrian Empire
700:Syriac Christianity
650:Syriac Christianity
575:Neo-Assyrian Empire
506:), about 865-860 BC
474:Neo Assyrian Empire
228:Syriac Christianity
192:Mesopotamian Arabic
5643:Historical regions
5633:Geography of Syria
5432:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
5371:Abraham Koorilos I
5301:Severus of Antioch
5234:Eastern Protestant
5093:Eastern Protestant
5021:"Nestorian Church"
5015:Church of the East
4341:Western Azerbaijan
4275:Dominican Republic
4096:christians-in-iraq
3948:2011-07-04 at the
3312:www.britannica.com
3198:. Murray. p.
2718:, E. J. van Donzel
2686:"History of Ashur"
2183:More than half of
2071:
1317:
1284:, which is in the
1246:
1212:Chaldean Christian
1197:Hashemite monarchy
1170:
1005:
955:Shimun XIII Dinkha
943:Church of the East
845:
826:
735:Church of the East
704:Church of the East
697:
675:
591:Achaemenid Assyria
508:
212:Ethnic groups
5638:Geography of Iran
5623:Geography of Iraq
5590:
5589:
5512:Assyrian homeland
5500:Assyrian genocide
5276:Ephrem the Syrian
5264:
5263:
5178:Oriental Orthodox
5117:
5116:
5002:
5001:
4985:Oriental Orthodox
4951:Church of Antioch
4903:
4902:
4870:Related concepts:
3796:978-0-7486-8605-6
3346:978-1-4008-4184-4
3111:978-0-521-81113-2
3044:978-1-59333-714-8
2966:978-90-04-22802-3
2953:(23 March 2012).
2885:978-1-118-32523-0
2858:978-1-134-43019-2
2780:978-1-118-32523-0
2753:978-1-134-43019-2
2399:978-1-135-19388-1
2138:Assyrian genocide
2085:. Since the 2003
2075:Assyrian diaspora
2047:
2046:
1777:Climate data for
1770:
1769:
1456:Climate data for
1328:Assyrian diaspora
1278:Al-Anfal campaign
1184:in 1932, and the
1174:Assyrian genocide
1135:boasted a famous
1077:Trogoditi. Persi.
1067:Roman geographers
985:Saint Mary Church
877:Upper Mesopotamia
810:Upper Mesopotamia
715:Syriac Christians
708:Syriac literature
567:Upper Mesopotamia
358:Upper Mesopotamia
343:
326:
309:Assyrian homeland
305:
304:
115:Assyrian Triangle
5665:
5613:Cultural regions
5580:
5579:
5467:Syriac Malayalam
5401:Coorilos Paulose
5326:Isaac the Syrian
5153:Eastern Catholic
5149:
5148:
5132:Malankara Church
5041:Eastern Catholic
5037:
5036:
4960:Eastern Catholic
4956:
4955:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4907:
4906:
4854:Papua New Guinea
4176:
4169:
4162:
4153:
4152:
4129:
4128:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4098:. Archived from
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4069:. Archived from
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4003:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3986:
3980:. Archived from
3979:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3856:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3744:"Climate: zakho"
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3514:. Archived from
3508:
3502:
3501:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3462:
3453:
3452:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3403:www.ishtartv.com
3395:
3389:
3382:
3376:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3349:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3258:The Áin I Akbarí
3252:
3246:
3245:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3189:
3183:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3137:
3131:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3048:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2931:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2737:
2731:
2730:, David McDowall
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2587:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2553:
2547:
2544:978-019-518364-1
2532:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2491:
2485:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2185:Iraqi Christians
2174:Syriac Catholics
2099:Syrian Assyrians
2095:Syrian Civil War
1774:
1773:
1453:
1452:
1201:Shimun XXI Eshai
1079:
1013:Aramaic language
967:Yohannan Hormizd
727:Nestorian Schism
548:Lugal-Anne-Mundu
484:Ashurnasirpal II
348:
342:romanized:
341:
339:
334:Classical Syriac
331:
325:romanized:
324:
322:
317:Classical Syriac
297:
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93:
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53:Classical Syriac
48:
47:
37:
36:
5673:
5672:
5668:
5667:
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5664:
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5603:Regions of Iraq
5593:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5574:
5568:* Defunct with
5560:
5494:Assyrian people
5482:
5415:
5296:Jacob of Serugh
5291:Jacob Baradaeus
5260:
5224:
5203:
5172:
5137:
5135:
5128:
5126:
5113:
5083:
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5024:
5018:
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4998:
4979:
4968:Maronite Church
4948:
4939:
4934:
4904:
4899:
4863:
4837:
4753:
4735:Northern Europe
4730:
4704:Italian Grisons
4667:
4634:North Macedonia
4588:Southern Europe
4583:
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4018:
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3997:
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3990:
3988:
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3977:
3975:"Archived copy"
3973:
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3960:
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3950:Wayback Machine
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3766:"UNPO: Assyria"
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2649:Parpola, Simo.
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2432:. 30 March 2022
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2311:Persian Assyria
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2201:
2142:Simele massacre
2097:began in 2011,
2063:
2053:
2048:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
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1982:
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1418:Battle of Mosul
1346:Assyrians from
1323:
1302:
1182:Kingdom of Iraq
1162:
1156:
1063:inhabited world
1059:Peutinger's map
1056:
1021:Catholic Church
951:Catholic Church
901:fall of Baghdad
802:
782:Catholic Church
778:Maronite Church
774:Jacob Baradaeus
652:
646:
587:Syriac language
565:inhabitants of
488:Assyrian Empire
476:
464:Main articles:
462:
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380:. In Iran, the
351:Assyrian people
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5381:Cyril VI Tanas
5378:
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5321:Thomas of Cana
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4758:Western Europe
4755:
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4525:Czechoslovakia
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4137:
4136:External links
4134:
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4011:
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3910:
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3746:. Climate-Data
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3663:
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3503:
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3449:whc.unesco.org
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3333:
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3148:. e.g. p. 36.
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2291:Nineveh Plains
2288:
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2278:
2231:European Union
2203:Main article:
2200:
2197:
2178:Nineveh Plains
2128:today, in the
2120:(20,000), and
2052:
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2019:
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1319:Main article:
1314:Nineveh Plains
1301:
1298:
1294:World Heritage
1160:Nineveh Plains
1155:
1152:
1144:Ottoman Empire
1055:
1052:
801:
798:
706:together with
648:Main article:
645:
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460:Ancient period
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5578:
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5549:
5545:
5544:Phoenicianism
5542:
5540:
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5535:
5532:
5528:
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5463:
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5458:
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4883:Reunification
4880:
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4857:
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4807:
4806:
4805:
4804:Pan-Germanism
4802:
4798:
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4681:
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4677:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
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4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4404:Southern Asia
4402:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
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4364:
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4325:
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4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:South America
4284:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4250:United States
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:North America
4219:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4172:
4170:
4165:
4163:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4102:on 2018-08-29
4101:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4073:on 2020-11-17
4072:
4068:
4062:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4021:
4015:
4007:
4001:
3987:on 2014-10-14
3983:
3976:
3970:
3963:
3958:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3932:
3927:
3920:
3914:
3906:
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3798:
3792:
3788:
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3723:
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3709:
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3699:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3651:
3644:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3611:
3602:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3518:on 2016-03-04
3517:
3513:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3431:
3429:9789004167650
3425:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3387:
3381:
3374:
3373:1-4128-0619-4
3370:
3363:
3354:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3328:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3288:
3286:9780837076799
3282:
3278:
3277:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3251:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3227:
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3212:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3188:
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3177:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3085:
3079:
3074:
3066:
3054:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3018:
3010:
3002:
3001:
2993:
2985:
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2922:
2914:
2908:
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2895:
2887:
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2877:
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2854:
2850:
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2841:
2823:
2817:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2763:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2736:
2729:
2724:
2717:
2712:
2703:
2687:
2681:
2672:
2663:
2652:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2599:
2593:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2567:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2523:
2517:
2509:
2507:3-447-02744-4
2503:
2499:
2498:
2490:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2431:
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2421:
2415:
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2401:
2395:
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2353:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2176:lived in the
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2156:lived in the
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2041:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1971:precipitation
1967:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1650:precipitation
1646:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1407:Dur-Sharrukin
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1350:owing to the
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1288:, was put on
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1233:Fall of Mosul
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1161:
1154:Modern period
1151:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1065:known to the
1064:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
987:: an ancient
986:
982:
978:
976:
972:
968:
963:
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:Bedr Khan Beg
917:
913:
910:
906:
902:
898:
895:(current day
894:
890:
885:
882:
878:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
857:
853:
850:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
475:
471:
467:
452:
450:
446:
442:
439:. They speak
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:
352:
347:
335:
330:
318:
314:
310:
301:(Mesopotamia)
300:
288:(Mesopotamia)
287:
274:
262:(Mesopotamia)
261:
250:
248:Today part of
246:
241:
238:
236:
232:
229:
226:
222:
218:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
190:
184:
181:
178:
172:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
155:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
110:
105:
99:
92:
84:
78:
70:
63:
54:
38:
33:
29:
22:
5511:
5479:(Liturgical)
5386:Elias Mellus
5346:Bar Hebraeus
5306:Paul the Jew
5130:
5020:
5013:
4947:, legacy of
4879:Partitionism
4873:
4872:
4869:
4426:Pashtunistan
4330:
4312:Western Asia
4245:Saint Martin
4212:South Africa
4124:
4115:
4104:. Retrieved
4100:the original
4095:
4086:
4075:. Retrieved
4071:the original
4061:
4049:. Retrieved
4035:
4024:. Retrieved
4014:
3989:. Retrieved
3982:the original
3969:
3957:
3938:
3926:
3918:
3913:
3904:
3894:
3883:. Retrieved
3872:
3863:
3839:. Retrieved
3830:
3818:. Retrieved
3814:
3805:
3785:
3778:
3770:www.unpo.org
3769:
3760:
3748:. Retrieved
3738:
3726:. Retrieved
3716:
3707:
3698:
3686:. Retrieved
3675:
3666:
3654:. Retrieved
3643:
3632:. Retrieved
3629:www.aina.org
3628:
3619:
3610:
3601:
3590:. Retrieved
3588:. 2015-04-15
3585:
3576:
3567:
3557:
3545:. Retrieved
3542:The Guardian
3541:
3531:
3520:. Retrieved
3516:the original
3506:
3497:
3488:
3476:. Retrieved
3470:
3448:
3438:
3418:
3411:
3402:
3393:
3380:
3362:
3353:
3336:
3327:
3316:. Retrieved
3314:. 2023-07-03
3311:
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3275:
3268:
3257:
3250:
3242:
3233:
3226:
3211:
3203:
3194:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3126:
3120:
3100:
3093:
3084:
3073:
3033:
3026:
3016:
3009:
2999:
2992:
2986:. Tauchnitz.
2982:
2975:
2955:
2945:
2933:. Retrieved
2921:
2901:
2894:
2874:
2867:
2847:
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2816:
2796:
2789:
2769:
2762:
2742:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2680:
2671:
2662:
2644:
2635:
2631:
2618:
2606:
2582:
2575:
2566:
2557:
2551:
2535:
2530:
2516:
2496:
2489:
2470:
2459:. Retrieved
2457:. 2020-03-06
2454:
2445:
2434:. Retrieved
2429:
2420:
2413:
2408:
2388:
2366:. Retrieved
2362:
2352:
2296:Beth Nahrain
2245:
2239:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2208:
2182:
2134:Khabur river
2107:
2072:
2051:Demographics
1973:mm (inches)
1652:mm (inches)
1446:
1438:
1432:
1415:
1356:
1332:
1324:
1247:
1209:
1194:
1171:
1141:
1118:al-Khwārizmī
1102:Diyār Rabīʿa
1098:Mount Sinjar
1074:
1057:
1037:
1029:metropolitan
1006:
964:
936:
903:in 1258 and
886:
875:
863:Turco-Mongol
846:
836:
817:
766:Monophysites
761:Roman Empire
754:
712:
698:
622:Neo-Assyrian
618:Beth Nuhadra
605:
602:Bit Nuhadra'
601:
595:
556:
543:
518:(modern-day
510:The city of
509:
502:(modern-day
437:Christianity
426:
410:Tigris River
391:
312:
308:
306:
139:Largest city
114:
5618:Mesopotamia
5406:Thoma Darmo
5269:Key figures
5208:Nestorian (
5010:, legacy of
5008:East Syriac
4945:West Syriac
4891:Revisionism
4833:Switzerland
4828:Netherlands
4489:Philippines
4388:Pan-Turkism
4183:Irredentism
3841:18 February
3820:18 February
3472:Antiwar.com
3292:23 December
3061:|work=
2935:October 12,
2830:October 12,
2455:Seyfocenter
2162:Urmia Plain
2116:(300,000),
2112:(400,000),
1377:during the
1292:'s List of
1122:astronomers
1094:troglodytes
937:In 1552, a
859:superstrate
800:Middle Ages
741:within the
638:Beth Garmai
589:evolved in
536:Mesopotamia
500:Mesopotamia
470:Mesopotamia
441:Neo-Aramaic
433:West Syriac
382:Urmia Plain
362:Mesopotamia
346:Bêth Nahrin
180:Neo-Aramaic
131:World War I
5597:Categories
5331:John Maron
5230:Protestant
5089:Protestant
4895:Rump state
4887:Revanchism
4814:Lebensraum
4663:Yugoslavia
4431:Tamil Nadu
4411:Bangladesh
4336:Azerbaijan
4197:Mauritania
4106:2017-09-10
4077:2017-07-12
4051:6 December
4026:2012-08-17
3991:2017-07-12
3885:2013-09-18
3881:. Refworld
3815:Al-Monitor
3750:21 January
3728:22 January
3704:"Shaqlawa"
3688:12 January
3656:22 October
3634:2017-04-17
3592:2016-05-02
3522:2017-07-12
3478:20 January
3318:2023-08-13
3003:. Bagster.
2912:9004116419
2807:9004116419
2688:. Assur.de
2461:2022-11-06
2436:2022-11-06
2332:References
2166:Lake Urmia
1383:Bronze Age
1221:Tariq Aziz
1158:See also:
1120:and other
755:After the
723:The Levant
355:indigenous
338:ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ
235:Demonym(s)
129:following
5420:Languages
5286:Nestorius
5127:legacy of
5064:Nestorian
4849:Australia
4464:Indonesia
4353:Kurdistan
4293:Argentina
4260:Greenland
3921:. London.
3547:11 August
3422:. BRILL.
3063:ignored (
3053:cite book
3034:Chaldeans
2905:. BRILL.
2800:. BRILL.
2592:cite book
2522:"Nineveh"
2326:Kurdistan
2321:Asōristān
2316:Tur Abdin
2150:Tur Abdin
2148:lived in
2043:Source:
1458:Tel Keppe
1443:semi-arid
1424:Geography
1371:Karamlesh
1359:Tel Keppe
1352:civil war
1312:, in the
1192:in 1944.
1040:Nestorian
1019:with the
1017:communion
905:Timurlane
867:Tamurlane
856:Arabizing
841:Tur Abdin
818:al-Jazira
808:A map of
770:Jacobites
731:Ctesiphon
725:over the
534:ruler in
402:Sumerians
398:Akkadians
394:Assyrians
224:Religion
5539:Arameans
5496:/Syriac
5487:See also
5447:Hertevin
5442:Garshuni
5281:Aphrahat
4780:Wallonia
4694:Dalmatia
4612:Bulgaria
4574:Slovenia
4494:Thailand
4484:Mongolia
4479:Malaysia
4447:Cambodia
4303:Colombia
4000:cite web
3946:Archived
3905:Refworld
3864:aina.org
3682:Archived
3020:A. Cohn.
2626:(2005).
2368:June 22,
2280:See also
2244:dubbed,
2242:Brussels
2189:Iraq War
2170:Chaldean
2087:Iraq War
1969:Average
1869:(104.0)
1864:(104.7)
1648:Average
1387:Iron Age
1367:Bartella
1363:Bakhdida
1310:Bakhdida
1137:Assyrian
1129:al-Mamun
1069:depicts
989:Assyrian
960:Joseph I
932:Ottomans
626:Adiabene
614:Sassanid
610:Parthian
532:Sumerian
524:Eannatum
240:Assyrian
143:Qaraqosh
96:Star of
5366:Thoma I
4842:Oceania
4823:Ireland
4792:Austria
4787:Germany
4770:Celtics
4765:Belgium
4747:Karelia
4742:Finland
4689:Corsica
4656:Galicia
4617:Croatia
4595:Albania
4579:Ukraine
4567:Ukraine
4545:Romania
4535:Moldova
4530:Hungary
4520:Belarus
4504:Vietnam
4331:Assyria
4324:Artsakh
4319:Armenia
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