530:
6225:
2506:
6214:
220:
419:
6236:
7138:
6117:
729:
233:
773:
751:
7126:
553:
697:
649:
665:
633:
681:
569:
713:
617:
601:
585:
537:
977:. Every village have distinctive dialects (Midwoyo, Kfarzoyo, `Iwarnoyo, Nihloyo, and Izloyo, respectively). All Turoyo dialects are mutually intelligible with each other. There is a dialectal split between the town of Midyat and the villages, with only slight differences between the individual villages. A closely related language or dialect,
1553:
The
Swedish government's "mother-tongue education" project treated Turoyo as an immigrant language, like Arabic, Turkish, Kurdish, and began to teach the language in schools. The staff of the National Swedish Institute for Teaching Material produced a Latin letter-based alphabet, grammar, dictionary,
1509:
Attempts to write down Turoyo have begun since the 16th century, with Jewish Neo-Aramaic adaptions and translations of
Biblical texts, commentaries, as well as hagiographic stories, books, and folktales in Christian dialects. The East Syriac Bishop Mar Yohannan working with American missionary Rev.
1549:
In the 1970s, educator Yusuf Ishaq attempted to systematically incorporate the Turoyo language into a Latin orthography, which resulted in a series of reading books, entitled . Although this system is not used outside of Sweden, other Turoyo speakers have developed their own non-standardized Latin
2307:('to become'). Most modern Aramaic languages have completely abandoned the old tenses and form all tenses from stems based around the old participles. The classical clitics have become incorporated fully into the verb form, and can be considered more like inflections.
1639:. The phonetic value of such reduced vowels differs depending both on the value of original vowel and the dialect spoken. The Miḏyoyo dialect also reduces vowels in pre-stress open syllables. That has the effect of producing a syllabic
846:. The Turoyo-speaking population prior to the Syriac genocide largely adhered to the Syriac Orthodox Church. In 1970, it was estimated that there were 20,000 Turoyo-speakers still living in the area, however, they gradually migrated to
490:, since Surayt is a historical name for the language used by its speakers, while Turoyo is a more academic name for the language used to distinguish it from other Neo-Aramaic languages, and Classical Syriac. However, especially in the
908:). The Swedish government's education policy, that every child be educated in his or her first tongue, led to the commissioning of teaching materials in Turoyo. Yusuf Ishaq thus developed an alphabet for Turoyo based on the
835:. Due to the proximity of Tur Abdin to Edessa, and the closeness of their parent languages, meant that Turoyo bears a greater similarity to Classical Syriac than do Northeastern Neo-Aramaic varieties.
2520:
482:
is commonly used by its speakers, as a general designation for their language, modern or historical. It is also used by the recent EU funded programme to revitalize the language, in preference to
2380:: enclitic copula, independent copula, and emphatic independent copula. In Turoyo, the non-enclitic copula (or the existential particle) is articulated with the use of two sets of particles:
858:, but efforts are still made by Turoyo-speaking communities to sustain the language through use in homelife, school programs to teach Turoyo on the weekends, and summer day camps.
3768:
Comparative
Etymological Studies in the Western Neo-Syriac (Ṭūrōyo) Lexicon: With Special Reference to Homonyms, Related Words and Borrowings with Cultural Signification
514:
depending on dialect), meaning "Syriac" in general. Since it has developed as one of western variants of the Syriac language, Turoyo is sometimes also referred to as
3324:"Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns in Central Neo-Aramaic: A Comparative and Diachronic Discussion Based on Ṭūrōyo and the Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Hertevin"
945:(West-Syriac) and Latin script, a foundation for the "Aramaic-Syriac language". A team of AI researchers completed the first translation model for Turoyo in 2023.
3086:"Aramäisch des Tur Abdin schreiben und lesen: Überlegungen, warum die Sprechergemeinschaft des Tur Abdin das Neu-Aramäische nicht als Schriftsprache anerkennt"
7046:
794:
529:
5467:
1537:
938:
1529:
225:
1001:) characters. The orthography below was the outcome of the International Surayt Conference held at the University of Cambridge (27–30 August 2015).
930:
6154:
2548:
3723:"The Role of Religious Freedom in the Context of the Accession Negotiations between the European Union and Turkey – The Example of the Arameans"
6090:
892:
However, with upheaval in their homeland through the twentieth century, many Turoyo speakers have emigrated around the world (particularly to
854:
communities, Turoyo is usually a second language which is supplemented by more mainstream languages. The language is considered endangered by
865:) was the written language. In the 1880s, various attempts were made, with the encouragement of western missionaries, to write Turoyo in the
2971:
Talay, Shabo (2015). "Turoyo, the
Aramaic language of Turabdin and the translation of Alice". In Lindseth, Jon A.; Tannenbaum, Alan (eds.).
1517:) used Turoyo to write short texts and songs. The Syriac evangelical movement has also published over 300 Turoyo hymns in a compedium named
4009:
4303:
877:
script used for West-Syriac
Kthobhonoyo. One of the first comprehensive studies of the language was published in 1881, by orientalists
7183:
6938:
6193:
6066:
1510:
Justin
Perkins also tried to write the vernacular version of religious texts, culminating in the production of school-cards in 1836.
379:
5460:
4871:
3789:
Arabic
Borrowings in Ṣūrayt/Ṭūrōyo within the Framework of Phonological Correspondences in Comparison with Other Semitic Languages
6371:
6061:
6001:
4828:
4803:
780:
6686:
6680:
5788:
4861:
4846:
4856:
2521:"Breakthrough in Syriac school crisis in Zalin (Qamishli) in North and East Syria, Olaf Taw Association explains to SuroyoTV"
1557:
There are other efforts to translate famous works of literature, including The
Aramaic Students Association's translation of
6147:
5662:
7021:
5453:
4891:
4886:
3443:
Authority and
Control in the Countryside: From Antiquity to Islam in the Mediterranean and Near East (Sixt-Tenth Century)
3042:"Neues Alphabet, neue Sprache, neue Kultur: Was kann die Adaptation der lateinischen Schrift für das Turoyo implizieren?"
2549:"For Centenary of the Lausanne Treaty: Re-Interpretation and Re-Implementation of Linguistic Minority Rights of Lausanne"
2027:
2018:
1542:
762:
687:
310:
7163:
6698:
3968:
3680:"Aramaic, once an International Language, now on the Verge of Expiration: Are the Days of its Last Vestiges Numbered?"
3296:
5737:
3888:
3854:
3797:
3776:
3755:
3734:
3691:
3665:
3624:
3603:
3525:
3502:
3476:
3450:
3427:
3404:
3356:
3335:
3285:
3262:
3143:
3120:
3097:
3074:
3053:
3030:
2980:
2749:
6224:
7080:
5991:
5731:
5725:
4818:
4002:
3834:
1954:
1867:
736:
7193:
6366:
6140:
5986:
5773:
5632:
4823:
4813:
4296:
2418:
2166:
1898:
300:
7178:
6761:
6746:
6728:
6704:
6609:
6434:
6056:
5706:
5086:
4184:
3903:
3383:
2423:
1986:
6615:
6576:
6490:
6361:
5971:
5566:
4808:
4718:
2408:
1961:
1874:
1554:
school books, and instructional material. Due to religious and political objections, the project was halted.
740:
7173:
7100:
7075:
7011:
6775:
5700:
4881:
4866:
2175:
1926:
1905:
719:
655:
286:
2257:
2229:
1621:
1609:
1595:
1580:
7168:
7085:
7031:
6894:
6592:
6311:
6286:
6280:
6203:
6073:
5890:
5749:
5647:
5641:
5611:
5389:
4876:
4585:
3995:
3703:"Quo vadis Turoyo? A Description of the Situation and the Needs of the Neo-Aramaic of Tur-Abdin (Turkey)"
3684:
When
Languages Collide: Perspectives on Language Conflict, Language Competition, and Language Coexistence
2143:
2000:
1993:
784:
758:
671:
363:
134:
7095:
6317:
5717:
5617:
5524:
4739:
4732:
4289:
2191:
2049:
1912:
1788:
1774:
843:
639:
6740:
4444:
3957:
5692:
5580:
5499:
5305:
4692:
4668:
4655:
4391:
4371:
4336:
1970:
1933:
1670:
387:
144:
129:
2505:
7016:
6554:
6305:
5930:
5794:
5588:
5097:
4795:
3113:
Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War
2152:
1834:
403:
367:
185:
6213:
7105:
6639:
6627:
6500:
6399:
5875:
5782:
5139:
5076:
4686:
4341:
3727:
The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery
1919:
1820:
1795:
1781:
799:
358:
region in southeastern Turkey and in northern Syria. Turoyo speakers are mostly adherents of the
6860:
6472:
6274:
6268:
6176:
with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans
5915:
5900:
5758:
5532:
5513:
4517:
4354:
4331:
4326:
2473:
The right to get an education in one's native tongue has been established as a legal guarantee.
2453:
1977:
824:
359:
78:
6376:
5996:
4777:
3866:"Towards a Description of Written Ṣurayt/Ṭuroyo: Some Syntactic Functions of the Particle kal"
3438:
3109:"Forgotten Witnesses: Remembering and Interpreting the Sayfo in the Manuscripts of Tur 'Abdin"
2353:
982:
607:
399:
6484:
6460:
5433:
5036:
4761:
4430:
4416:
4102:
3654:"Interdependence of Classical Syriac and Suryoyo of Tur Abdin (STA): Orthography for the STA"
2403:
2311:
2273:
2075:
2010:
1737:
1728:
850:
and elsewhere in the world. The Turoyo-speaking diaspora is now estimated at 100,000. In the
422:
391:
119:
1521:
in 2012, as well as translating the four gospels with Mark and John being published so far.
7067:
7053:
7001:
6976:
6966:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6710:
6404:
6046:
5880:
5855:
5360:
5102:
4495:
4053:
2588:
2373:
1827:
1692:
815:
and the surrounding plain for more than a thousand years since the initial introduction of
623:
575:
444:
6235:
3157:
2356:
is somewhat different from Turoyo. It is virtually extinct; its last few speakers live in
8:
7142:
7026:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6971:
6889:
6651:
6560:
6478:
6466:
6414:
6409:
6249:
6229:
6188:
6121:
6095:
5950:
5935:
5895:
5476:
5374:
5043:
4986:
4914:
4900:
4771:
4566:
4527:
4250:
4163:
4129:
4117:
2448:
1892:
1855:
828:
395:
351:
149:
4095:
703:
7188:
7041:
6961:
6882:
6855:
6572:
6198:
6006:
5910:
5840:
5554:
4057:
4018:
3561:
3246:
3234:
3226:
3173:
3153:
2720:
1665:
861:
Until recently, Turoyo was a spoken vernacular and was never written down: Kthobonoyo (
591:
5217:
5107:
2349:
978:
278:
7036:
7006:
6833:
6784:
6770:
6621:
6424:
6051:
5815:
5490:
5346:
5171:
5050:
4923:
4748:
4706:
4571:
4364:
4312:
4255:
4048:
3884:
3850:
3835:"The Turkish Lexical Influence on Ṣūrayt/Ṭūrōyo: A Preliminary Selection of Examples"
3793:
3772:
3751:
3730:
3687:
3661:
3620:
3599:
3565:
3521:
3498:
3472:
3446:
3423:
3400:
3379:
3352:
3331:
3281:
3258:
3238:
3139:
3116:
3093:
3070:
3049:
3026:
3016:
2976:
2745:
2712:
2600:
2569:
2438:
2242:
2085:
2037:
1947:
1940:
1809:
1802:
1768:
1747:
1711:
1699:
1677:
962:
383:
124:
3983:
Turoyo is studied and taught at the HSE Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies
306:
6981:
6566:
6419:
6391:
6297:
6260:
5940:
5865:
5671:
5547:
5484:
5426:
5381:
5367:
5200:
5159:
5122:
5027:
5013:
4979:
4949:
4930:
4725:
4699:
4674:
4650:
4624:
4617:
4557:
4540:
4512:
4488:
4380:
4260:
4245:
4225:
4215:
4210:
4200:
4142:
4090:
4078:
4063:
3842:
3553:
3218:
3191:
2701:""Stammbaum" or Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered"
2561:
2398:
2315:
1687:
1661:
1656:
966:
958:
922:
915:
A series of reading books and workbooks that introduce Ishaq's alphabet are called
820:
559:
139:
6919:
3535:
2929:
6909:
6734:
6524:
6518:
6381:
6336:
6163:
6033:
6016:
5835:
5830:
5507:
5394:
5300:
5274:
5205:
5117:
5057:
4965:
4958:
4942:
4936:
4679:
4545:
4535:
4265:
4240:
4235:
4220:
4205:
4155:
4068:
3972:
3899:
3878:
3787:
3766:
3745:
3722:
3679:
3653:
3642:
3614:
3591:
3513:
3490:
3464:
3415:
3394:
3367:
3346:
3323:
3273:
3250:
3131:
3108:
3085:
3064:
3041:
3020:
2739:
2433:
2428:
2413:
2281:
2065:
1720:
1682:
1436:
974:
954:
866:
862:
808:
111:
92:
70:
4631:
3179:"Some Observations on the Use of Classical Syriac in the Late Twentieth Century"
2973:
Alice in a World of Wonderlands: The Translations of Lewis Carroll's Masterpiece
291:
7130:
6789:
6716:
6692:
6580:
6351:
6346:
6109:
5976:
5966:
5920:
5860:
5592:
5570:
5354:
5310:
5280:
5263:
5257:
5164:
5112:
4993:
4833:
4661:
4270:
4230:
4107:
4073:
3846:
3132:"From Tur 'Abdin to Rome: The Syro-Orthodox Presence in Sixteenth-Century Rome"
2637:
2443:
2377:
847:
407:
178:
3557:
3439:"Church Building in the Ṭur 'Abdin in the First Centuries of the Islamic Rule"
3222:
3195:
2565:
7157:
6633:
6240:
6218:
6083:
5769:
5628:
5290:
5285:
5209:
4971:
4551:
4148:
3946:
3718:
3486:
3460:
3178:
2716:
2604:
2573:
2277:
2210:
2125:
1632:
994:
398:, having been separated for over a thousand years; its closest relatives are
6899:
4465:
3540:
798:
Red markers represent Christian Neo-Aramaic varieties while blue represents
6657:
5925:
5885:
5845:
5603:
5233:
4168:
4137:
3965:
3638:
3311:
3206:"Fortresses of the Tur Abdin and the Confrontation between Rome and Persia"
2843:
2289:
1845:
1625:
912:. Silas Üzel also created a separate Latin alphabet for Turoyo in Germany.
909:
882:
189:
3813:
Arabic and Semitic Linguistics Contextualized: A Festschrift for Jan Retsö
2493:
842:
region in southeastern Turkey. This region is a traditional stronghold of
262:
6904:
6542:
6536:
6173:
5945:
4790:
4610:
3348:
Laut- und Formenlehre des neuaramäischen Dialekts von Mīdin im Ṭūr ʻAbdīn
2222:
2137:
2120:
1576:
Phonetically, Turoyo is very similar to Classical Syriac. The additional
886:
3230:
3205:
2724:
2700:
6870:
6865:
6663:
5870:
4472:
4423:
3675:
3634:
2498:
2314:
much more than any other Aramaic language. In Turoyo, they have become
2293:
2252:
2215:
2183:
2130:
878:
5445:
3616:
Monk and Mason on the Tigris Frontier: The Early History of Ṭur 'Abdin
7090:
6924:
6804:
6645:
6586:
5825:
4437:
3987:
2856:
2285:
2236:
2160:
839:
812:
448:
418:
355:
271:
255:
4281:
3923:
3865:
3821:
3808:
3702:
3465:"The Neo-Aramaic Dialects of Eastern Anatolia and Northwestern Iran"
933:(born in Miden in 1934) who in 2009 finished the translation of the
484:
469:
461:
437:
430:
6875:
6848:
6821:
6809:
6794:
6548:
6495:
6078:
5981:
5820:
5020:
4479:
4451:
4083:
3574:
3469:
The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective
2357:
1643:
in most dialects (in Classical Syriac, the schwa is not syllabic).
1636:
934:
851:
491:
386:. It is classified as a vulnerable language. Most speakers use the
375:
318:
6132:
5154:
2893:
2527:(Interview). Interviewed by Jacob Mirza. Zalin, Syria: SyriacPress
7137:
6530:
6452:
6332:
6116:
5905:
5196:
4594:
4458:
2741:
Modern Aramaic-English/English-Aramaic: Dictionary and Phrasebook
2297:
1577:
905:
897:
816:
314:
2589:"SÜRYANİCE ANADİLİNDE EĞİTİM HAKKI: SORUNLAR VE ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ"
7110:
6914:
6843:
6816:
6799:
5679:
5400:
4400:
4032:
3747:Šlomo Surayt: An Introductory Course in Surayt Aramaic (Turoyo)
2300:
1631:
The most distinctive feature of Turoyo phonology is its use of
1513:
In 1970s Germany, members of the Aramean evangelical movement (
970:
901:
855:
452:
371:
238:
74:
56:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2372:
Turoyo has three sets of particles that take the place of the
6838:
6826:
6722:
6039:
5850:
5683:
3982:
2994:
2992:
2361:
2272:
The verbal system of Turoyo is similar to that used in other
1640:
998:
942:
893:
82:
60:
3686:. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. pp. 222–234.
2738:
Awde, Nicholas; Lamassu, Nineb; Al-Jeloo, Nicholas (2007).
2611:
832:
362:, but there are also some Turoyo-speaking adherents of the
3491:"The Neo-Aramaic Dialects and Their Historical Background"
2989:
929:. Another old teacher, writer and translator of Turoyo is
317:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2945:
2943:
2910:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
921:, or "Come Let's Read!" This project has also produced a
459:
Aramaic). Other, more general names for the language are
3977:
3958:
Semitisches Tonarchiv: Dokumentgruppe "Aramäisch/Turoyo"
3598:. Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 263–277.
2668:
2292:
respectively, and other tenses were formed by using the
1628:) mostly only appear in loanwords from other languages.
3066:
The Aramaic Language: Its Distribution and Subdivisions
2656:
819:
to the region. However, it has also been influenced by
3575:"Neo-Aramaic Studies: A Survey of Recent Publications"
3546:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
3471:. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 190–236.
3422:. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 697–707.
2940:
2792:
728:
2874:
1524:
The alphabet as used in a forthcoming translation of
2770:
2768:
2680:
927:
Svensk-turabdinskt Lexikon: Leksiqon Swedoyo-Suryoyo
916:
772:
37:
3815:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 554–568.
3660:. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 169–192.
3115:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 327–346.
3092:. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 215–250.
3048:. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 203–214.
2825:
2737:
802:
and purple represents both spoken in the same town.
3911:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
3828:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 100–109.
3539:
3204:
3177:
2975:. Vol. I: Essays. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll.
2813:
2554:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights
2547:
443:, meaning 'mountain', thus designating a specific
3841:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 69–99.
3658:Neue Aramäische Studien: Geschichte und Gegenwart
3647:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht's Verlag.
3090:Neue Aramäische Studien: Geschichte und Gegenwart
3046:Neue Aramäische Studien: Geschichte und Gegenwart
2780:
2765:
1550:script to use the language on digital platforms.
750:
226:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
7155:
3872:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 29–52.
3420:The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook
3138:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 277–287.
5691:
2587:Erdem, Fazıl Hüsnü; Öngüç, Bahar (2021-06-30).
811:colloquial varieties that have been spoken in
425:, including Turoyo (represented in red colour)
6148:
5461:
4297:
4003:
3924:"The Aramaic Language and its Classification"
3436:
3280:. Atlanta: Scholars Press. pp. 189–199.
3257:. Atlanta: Scholars Press. pp. 181–188.
6172:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the
3330:. Atlanta: Scholars Press. pp. 89–103.
3158:"Three Thousand Years of Aramaic Literature"
32:
3904:"Turoyo Neo-Aramaic in Northern New Jersey"
3897:
3039:
2624:
390:for literature and worship. Turoyo is not
6155:
6141:
6091:Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations
5468:
5454:
4304:
4290:
4010:
3996:
3876:
3644:Der neu-aramaeische Dialekt des Ṭûr 'Abdîn
3520:. Atlanta: Scholars Press. pp. 3–26.
3514:"An Annotated Bibliography of Neo-Aramaic"
3445:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 176–209.
3274:"Turoyo – from Spoken to Written Language"
2593:Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi
2586:
2348:The other Central Neo-Aramaic dialect, of
3729:. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 157–170.
3633:
3619:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3592:"Endangered Languages of the Middle East"
3245:
2880:
2310:Turoyo has also developed the use of the
1561:, the Nisbin Foundation's translation of
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
378:. The language is also spoken throughout
3572:
3541:"Recent Studies in Neo-Aramaic Dialects"
3511:
3368:"Passive Formation in Ṭuroyo and Mlaḥsô"
2844:https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tru/
2705:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2112:Turoyo has the following set of vowels:
1534:Sfar mele surtoṯoyo – Picture dictionary
969:. The main dialect of Turoyo is that of
925:-Turoyo dictionary of 4500 entries: the
552:
417:
6062:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
5475:
3771:. Uppsala: Uppsala University Library.
3497:. London: Routledge. pp. 266–289.
3413:
3392:
3365:
3344:
3321:
3294:
3202:
3129:
3069:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.
3015:
2998:
2854:
2831:
2807:
2545:
311:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
7156:
5789:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
4017:
3921:
3870:Neo-Aramaic and its Linguistic Context
3839:Neo-Aramaic and its Linguistic Context
3819:
3806:
3717:
3612:
3534:
3172:
3152:
3083:
2916:
2819:
2674:
2644:. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. 2022
2518:
823:, which itself was the variety of the
6136:
5449:
4311:
4285:
3991:
3863:
3832:
3826:Neo-Aramaic in Its Linguistic Context
3785:
3764:
3743:
3700:
3674:
3651:
3589:
3485:
3459:
3271:
3106:
3062:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2949:
2786:
2774:
2686:
2662:
2519:Elissa, Jalinos (23 September 2021).
1698:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1655:
354:language traditionally spoken in the
3928:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
3304:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
3136:Syriac in its Multi-Cultural Context
993:Turoyo is written both in Latin and
953:Turoyo has borrowed some words from
827:spoken farther west, in the city of
494:, the language is frequently called
347:
339:
331:
33:
6162:
2922:
2698:
2276:. In Classical Syriac, the ancient
973:(Mëḏyoyo), in the east of Turkey's
186:Syriac alphabet (West Syriac Serṭo)
13:
5432:Languages between parentheses are
3947:Turoyo alphabets and pronunciation
3883:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
3399:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
3351:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
2955:
2487:
14:
7205:
6067:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora
5738:Malabar Independent Syrian Church
3940:
3025:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
2744:. New York City, NY: Hippocrene.
2241:
2190:
2174:
2165:
2151:
2142:
2084:
2074:
2048:
2036:
2026:
2017:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1969:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1873:
1866:
1844:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1746:
1736:
1727:
1515:Aramäische Freie Christengemeinde
696:
648:
7184:Endangered Afroasiatic languages
7136:
7124:
7081:Assyrian Democratic Organisation
6234:
6223:
6212:
6115:
5732:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
5726:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
4096:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
3792:. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet.
2504:
1543:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
771:
749:
727:
711:
695:
679:
664:
663:
647:
631:
615:
599:
583:
568:
567:
551:
535:
528:
231:
218:
4108:Suret (Assyrian & Chaldean)
3040:Bednarowicz, Sebastian (2018).
2886:
2848:
2837:
2731:
2692:
2419:Bible translations into Aramaic
2303:or shortened forms of the verb
632:
451:in southeastern part of modern
370:, especially from the towns of
6747:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
6610:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
6057:Assyrian independence movement
5707:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
5436:of the language on their left.
4185:Levantine Arabic Sign Language
3750:. Glane: Bar Hebraeus Verlag.
3130:Borbone, Pier Giorgio (2017).
2630:
2580:
2539:
2512:
2467:
2424:Bible translations into Syriac
2329:feminine singular: i malëkṯo (
838:The homeland of Turoyo is the
712:
616:
600:
584:
536:
1:
6491:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
3822:"Neologisms in Ṣūrayt/Ṭūrōyo"
3596:Language Diversity Endangered
3573:Mengozzi, Alessandro (2011).
2934:Surayt-Aramaic Online Project
2546:Akbulut, Olgun (2023-10-19).
2480:
2409:Central Neo-Aramaic languages
2322:masculine singular: u malko (
2267:
1646:
680:
193:
7101:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)
7076:Assyrian Democratic Movement
3898:Weaver, Christina Michelle;
3877:Waltisberg, Michael (2016).
3652:Saadi, Abdul-Massih (2018).
3437:Keser-Kayaalp, Elif (2019).
2936:. Free University of Berlin.
2063:
2008:
1890:
1853:
1766:
1718:
1571:
981:, spoken in two villages in
917:
807:Turoyo has evolved from the
485:
470:
462:
438:
431:
413:
38:
16:Central Neo-Aramaic language
7:
7086:Assyrian Universal Alliance
6312:Assyrian Church of the East
6287:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
6281:Assyrian Evangelical Church
6204:Terms for Syriac Christians
6074:Terms for Syriac Christians
5891:Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa
5750:Assyrian Church of the East
5648:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
5642:Assyrian Evangelical Church
5612:Assyrian Church of the East
3396:Lehrbuch der Ṭuroyo-Sprache
3297:"The Tûrôyo Language Today"
2391:
988:
948:
364:Assyrian Church of the East
10:
7210:
7096:Syriac Union Party (Syria)
6318:Ancient Church of the East
5618:Ancient Church of the East
3847:10.31826/9781463236489-006
3744:Talay, Shabo, ed. (2017).
3184:Journal of Semitic Studies
3008:
1201:
844:Syriac Orthodox Christians
521:
447:of the mountain region of
7164:Eastern Aramaic languages
7119:
7066:
6937:
6769:
6760:
6673:
6602:
6509:
6450:
6433:
6390:
6331:
6296:
6259:
6248:
6210:
6181:
6170:
6104:
6026:
5959:
5808:
5768:
5747:
5716:
5676:(active 1st century–1601)
5661:
5627:
5602:
5579:
5546:
5523:
5498:
5483:
5418:
5345:
5246:
5187:
5180:
5147:
5138:
5131:
5084:
5075:
5005:
4913:
4760:
4641:
4602:
4593:
4584:
4526:
4505:
4408:
4399:
4390:
4352:
4319:
4193:
4177:
4128:
4041:
4025:
3966:The Turoyo language today
3809:"Arabic or Ṣūrayt/Ṭūrōyo"
3558:10.1017/S0041977X00026045
3223:10.1017/S0066154617000047
3203:Comfort, Anthony (2017).
2566:10.1163/15718115-bja10134
2367:
2336:plural common: am malke (
2107:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2043:
2025:
2023:
1982:
1966:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1841:
1816:
1814:
1793:
1786:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1735:
1733:
1710:
1705:
1660:
1653:
1620:) and a few instances of
1486:
1431:
1421:
1403:
1359:
1258:
1205:
1163:
1062:
1009:
985:, is now deemed extinct.
885:, who classified it as a
402:and western varieties of
388:Classical Syriac language
297:
285:
269:
253:
248:
205:
200:
175:
108:
98:
88:
66:
52:
45:
31:
26:
21:
6616:Muslim conquest of Syria
6306:Chaldean Catholic Church
5931:Dionysius of Vattasseril
5795:Believers Eastern Church
5589:Chaldean Catholic Church
5429:or historical languages.
3590:Owens, Jonathan (2007).
3512:Krotkoff, Georg (1990).
3272:Ishaq, Yusuf M. (1990).
3022:The History of Tur Abdin
3017:Barsoum, Ignatius Aphram
2894:"Syriac.IO - Translator"
2460:
404:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
368:Chaldean Catholic Church
104:100,000 (2019–2023)
7143:Christianity portal
7106:Syriac Military Council
6705:Massacres of Diyarbekir
6640:Principality of Antioch
6593:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
6400:Assyrian folk/pop music
6122:Christianity portal
5876:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
5783:Mar Thoma Syrian Church
5663:Saint Thomas Christians
3613:Palmer, Andrew (1990).
3393:Jastrow, Otto (2002) .
3372:Israel Oriental Studies
3345:Jastrow, Otto (1993) .
3196:10.1093/jss/XXXIV.2.363
2625:Weaver & Kiraz 2016
1567:Little Red Riding Hood.
334:), also referred to as
7194:Languages of Kurdistan
6861:Al-Hasakah Governorate
6699:Massacres of Badr Khan
6473:Middle Assyrian Empire
6275:Syriac Catholic Church
6269:Syriac Orthodox Church
5916:Ignatius Andrew Akijan
5901:Gregorios Abdal Jaleel
5759:Chaldean Syrian Church
5533:Syriac Orthodox Church
5514:Syriac Catholic Church
3922:Yildiz, Efrem (2000).
3864:Tomal, Maciej (2015).
3701:Saouk, Joseph (2015).
3518:Studies in Neo-Aramaic
3414:Jastrow, Otto (2011).
3366:Jastrow, Otto (1996).
3328:Studies in Neo-Aramaic
3322:Jastrow, Otto (1990).
3310:: 7–16. Archived from
3295:Jastrow, Otto (1987).
3278:Studies in Neo-Aramaic
3255:Studies in Neo-Aramaic
2855:Sibille, Jean (2011).
2454:Romanization of Syriac
2352:and Ansha villages in
2312:demonstrative pronouns
2284:had started to become
1526:New Peshitta in Turoyo
941:and Yahkup Bilgic, in
937:Bible in Turoyo, with
825:Eastern Middle Aramaic
426:
360:Syriac Orthodox Church
299:This article contains
79:Al-Hasakah Governorate
7179:Neo-Aramaic languages
6729:Independence movement
6485:Post-imperial Assyria
6461:Early Assyrian period
4719:Christian Palestinian
4431:Ancient North Arabian
3820:Tezel, Sina (2015b).
3807:Tezel, Sina (2015a).
3107:Birol, Simon (2018).
3084:Bilgic, Zeki (2018).
3063:Beyer, Klaus (1986).
2881:Prym & Socin 1881
2404:Neo-Aramaic languages
2364:and in the diaspora.
2274:Neo-Aramaic languages
423:Neo-Aramaic languages
421:
392:mutually intelligible
6405:Music of Mesopotamia
6352:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
6347:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
6047:Assyrian nationalism
5992:Koy Sanjaq Christian
5977:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
5967:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
5881:Dionysius bar Salibi
5856:Philoxenus of Mabbug
5709:(West Syriac) (1932)
5703:(East Syriac) (1665)
4819:Koy Sanjaq Christian
4496:Pre-classical Arabic
4054:Circassian languages
3833:Tezel, Aziz (2015).
3786:Tezel, Sina (2011).
3765:Tezel, Aziz (2003).
2699:Kim, Ronald (2008).
2642:Endangered Languages
795:class=notpageimage|
445:Neo-Aramaic language
435:comes from the word
7174:Languages of Turkey
6711:Rise of nationalism
6652:Jalayirid Sultanate
6479:Neo-Assyrian Empire
6467:Old Assyrian period
6410:Syriac sacral music
6230:Aramean-Syriac flag
6189:Assyrian continuity
6096:Syriac sacral music
5951:Baselios Paulose II
5936:Geevarghese Ivanios
5896:Abraham of Angamaly
5701:Syro-Malabar Church
5477:Syriac Christianity
4662:Ashurian and Hatran
4194:Immigrant languages
4130:Varieties of Arabic
4118:Western Neo-Aramaic
3978:Syriac Turoyo-Bible
3416:"Ṭuroyo and Mlaḥsô"
3247:Heinrichs, Wolfhart
3174:Brock, Sebastian P.
3154:Brock, Sebastian P.
2449:Syriac Christianity
2354:Diyarbakır Province
2204:
1400:
1006:
396:Western Neo-Aramaic
352:Central Neo-Aramaic
207:Recognised minority
150:Central Neo-Aramaic
7169:Languages of Syria
7131:History portal
6573:Church of the East
6362:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
6199:Chaldean Catholics
5972:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
5911:Abraham Koorilos I
5841:Severus of Antioch
5774:Eastern Protestant
5633:Eastern Protestant
5561:"Nestorian Church"
5555:Church of the East
4733:Jewish Palestinian
4042:Minority languages
4019:Languages of Syria
3971:2007-09-25 at the
3707:Parole de l'Orient
3001:, p. 697–707.
2919:, p. 554-568.
2677:, p. 363–375.
2665:, p. 361-377.
2202:
1538:Benjamin Bar Shabo
1432:Syriac vowel mark
1398:
1004:
939:Benjamin Bar Shabo
516:Western Neo-Syriac
427:
7151:
7150:
7062:
7061:
6778:
6756:
6755:
6723:Assyrian genocide
6622:Abbasid Caliphate
6444:
6327:
6326:
6194:Assyrian diaspora
6130:
6129:
6052:Assyrian homeland
6040:Assyrian genocide
5816:Ephrem the Syrian
5804:
5803:
5718:Oriental Orthodox
5657:
5656:
5542:
5541:
5525:Oriental Orthodox
5491:Church of Antioch
5443:
5442:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5066:
4909:
4908:
4872:Koy Sanjaq Jewish
4669:Jewish Babylonian
4580:
4579:
4313:Semitic languages
4279:
4278:
4026:Official language
3880:Syntax des Ṭuroyo
3211:Anatolian Studies
2502:(27th ed., 2024)
2439:Syriac literature
2316:definite articles
2265:
2264:
2200:
2199:
2105:
2104:
1714:
1708:
1559:The Little Prince
1530:Yuhanun Bar Shabo
1507:
1506:
1396:
1395:
831:, today known as
384:Assyrians/Syriacs
325:
324:
307:rendering support
303:phonetic symbols.
135:Northwest Semitic
7201:
7141:
7140:
7129:
7128:
7127:
6774:
6767:
6766:
6741:Post-Saddam Iraq
6567:Nestorian schism
6561:Christianization
6533:(132 BCE–244 CE)
6527:(247 BCE–224 CE)
6487:(609 BCE–240 CE)
6448:
6447:
6438:
6298:East Syriac Rite
6261:West Syriac Rite
6257:
6256:
6238:
6227:
6216:
6157:
6150:
6143:
6134:
6133:
6120:
6119:
6007:Syriac Malayalam
5941:Coorilos Paulose
5866:Isaac the Syrian
5693:Eastern Catholic
5689:
5688:
5672:Malankara Church
5581:Eastern Catholic
5577:
5576:
5500:Eastern Catholic
5496:
5495:
5470:
5463:
5456:
5447:
5446:
5185:
5184:
5145:
5144:
5136:
5135:
5082:
5081:
4950:northern dialect
4625:Biblical Aramaic
4618:Imperial Aramaic
4600:
4599:
4591:
4590:
4489:Nabataean Arabic
4406:
4405:
4397:
4396:
4372:Canaano-Akkadian
4306:
4299:
4292:
4283:
4282:
4158:
4151:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3962:
3935:
3918:
3908:
3900:Kiraz, George A.
3894:
3873:
3860:
3829:
3816:
3803:
3782:
3761:
3740:
3714:
3697:
3671:
3648:
3630:
3609:
3586:
3579:Folia Orientalia
3569:
3543:
3531:
3508:
3495:The Syriac World
3482:
3456:
3433:
3410:
3389:
3362:
3341:
3318:
3316:
3301:
3291:
3268:
3251:"Written Turoyo"
3242:
3208:
3199:
3181:
3169:
3149:
3126:
3103:
3080:
3059:
3036:
3002:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2968:
2953:
2952:, p. 29-52.
2947:
2938:
2937:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2852:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2634:
2628:
2627:, p. 19-36.
2622:
2609:
2608:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2551:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2491:
2474:
2471:
2399:Aramaic language
2360:in northeastern
2282:imperfect tenses
2259:
2245:
2231:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2178:
2169:
2155:
2146:
2115:
2114:
2088:
2078:
2052:
2040:
2030:
2021:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1973:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1877:
1870:
1848:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1750:
1740:
1731:
1712:
1706:
1651:
1650:
1637:closed syllables
1623:
1611:
1597:
1582:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1401:
1397:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1007:
1003:
920:
863:Classical Syriac
821:Classical Syriac
775:
774:
753:
752:
731:
730:
715:
714:
699:
698:
683:
682:
667:
666:
651:
650:
635:
634:
619:
618:
603:
602:
587:
586:
571:
570:
560:Hertevin dialect
555:
554:
539:
538:
532:
488:
473:
465:
441:
434:
349:
341:
333:
281:
265:
258:
237:
235:
234:
224:
222:
221:
209:language in
181:
114:
81:in northeastern
73:of southeastern
41:
36:
35:
19:
18:
7209:
7208:
7204:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7147:
7135:
7125:
7123:
7115:
7058:
6933:
6910:Mardin Province
6773:
6752:
6735:Simele massacre
6669:
6598:
6563:(1st to 3rd c.)
6545:(64 BCE–637 CE)
6539:(66 BCE–217 CE)
6525:Parthian Empire
6519:Seleucid Empire
6511:
6505:
6501:Assyrian tribes
6469:(2025–1364 BCE)
6463:(2600–2025 BCE)
6442:
6440:
6437:
6429:
6386:
6339:
6323:
6292:
6251:
6244:
6243:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6208:
6177:
6166:
6164:Assyrian people
6161:
6131:
6126:
6114:
6108:* Defunct with
6100:
6034:Assyrian people
6022:
5955:
5836:Jacob of Serugh
5831:Jacob Baradaeus
5800:
5764:
5743:
5712:
5677:
5675:
5668:
5666:
5653:
5623:
5598:
5564:
5558:
5551:
5538:
5519:
5508:Maronite Church
5488:
5479:
5474:
5444:
5439:
5406:
5333:
5242:
5189:
5176:
5127:
5088:
5063:
5001:
4905:
4847:Urmia Christian
4763:
4756:
4643:
4637:
4576:
4536:Egyptian Arabic
4522:
4518:Modern Standard
4501:
4386:
4348:
4315:
4310:
4280:
4275:
4189:
4173:
4154:
4147:
4124:
4037:
4033:Standard Arabic
4021:
4016:
3973:Wayback Machine
3960:
3943:
3938:
3906:
3891:
3857:
3800:
3779:
3758:
3737:
3694:
3668:
3627:
3606:
3528:
3505:
3479:
3453:
3430:
3407:
3386:
3359:
3338:
3314:
3299:
3288:
3265:
3162:ARAM Periodical
3146:
3123:
3100:
3077:
3056:
3033:
3011:
3006:
3005:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2969:
2956:
2948:
2941:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2902:
2900:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2736:
2732:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2612:
2585:
2581:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2434:Syriac alphabet
2429:Syriac language
2414:Aramaic studies
2394:
2378:nominal clauses
2370:
2340:), am malkoṯe (
2270:
2110:
1694:
1672:
1649:
1574:
1437:mater lectionis
1433:
991:
975:Mardin Province
951:
867:Syriac alphabet
809:Eastern Aramaic
805:
804:
803:
797:
791:
790:
789:
788:
776:
768:
767:
766:
754:
746:
745:
744:
732:
724:
723:
722:
716:
708:
707:
706:
700:
692:
691:
690:
684:
676:
675:
674:
668:
660:
659:
658:
652:
644:
643:
642:
636:
628:
627:
626:
620:
612:
611:
610:
604:
596:
595:
594:
588:
580:
579:
578:
572:
564:
563:
562:
556:
548:
547:
546:
540:
524:
416:
382:, among modern
305:Without proper
277:
261:
254:
244:
243:
232:
230:
219:
217:
210:
208:
201:Official status
194:Turoyo alphabet
188:
182:
177:
171:
145:Eastern Aramaic
130:Central Semitic
115:
112:Language family
110:
101:
100:Native speakers
93:Syriac/Assyrian
71:Mardin Province
17:
12:
11:
5:
7207:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7133:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7072:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7039:
7037:United Kingdom
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6943:
6941:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6853:
6852:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6813:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6790:Nineveh Plains
6781:
6779:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6750:
6744:
6738:
6732:
6726:
6720:
6717:Adana massacre
6714:
6708:
6702:
6696:
6693:Schism of 1552
6690:
6687:Ottoman Empire
6684:
6681:Safavid Empire
6677:
6675:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6661:
6655:
6649:
6643:
6637:
6631:
6628:Emirs of Mosul
6625:
6619:
6613:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6590:
6584:
6570:
6564:
6558:
6552:
6546:
6540:
6534:
6528:
6522:
6515:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6482:
6476:
6475:(1363–912 BCE)
6470:
6464:
6457:
6455:
6445:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6396:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6343:
6341:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6302:
6300:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6284:
6278:
6272:
6265:
6263:
6254:
6246:
6245:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6185:
6183:
6179:
6178:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6160:
6159:
6152:
6145:
6137:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6112:
6110:schism of 1552
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6049:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5921:Cyril VI Tanas
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5861:Thomas of Cana
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5792:
5786:
5779:
5777:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5755:
5753:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5735:
5729:
5722:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5704:
5697:
5695:
5686:
5659:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5651:
5645:
5638:
5636:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5615:
5608:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5585:
5583:
5574:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5529:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5511:
5504:
5502:
5493:
5481:
5480:
5473:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5450:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5430:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5351:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5303:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5283:
5278:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5203:
5193:
5191:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5151:
5149:
5142:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5024:
5009:
5007:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4983:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4934:
4927:
4919:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4768:
4766:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4710:
4703:
4689:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4665:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4632:Middle Aramaic
4628:
4621:
4614:
4606:
4604:
4597:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4543:
4538:
4532:
4530:
4528:Dialect groups
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4427:
4420:
4412:
4410:
4403:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4360:
4358:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4309:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4286:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4178:Sign languages
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4152:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4015:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3963:
3954:
3953:
3942:
3941:External links
3939:
3937:
3936:
3919:
3895:
3889:
3874:
3861:
3855:
3830:
3817:
3804:
3798:
3783:
3777:
3762:
3756:
3741:
3735:
3719:Sommer, Renate
3715:
3698:
3692:
3672:
3666:
3649:
3631:
3625:
3610:
3604:
3587:
3570:
3552:(2): 214–223.
3536:Macuch, Rudolf
3532:
3526:
3509:
3503:
3487:Khan, Geoffrey
3483:
3477:
3461:Khan, Geoffrey
3457:
3451:
3434:
3428:
3411:
3405:
3390:
3384:
3363:
3357:
3342:
3336:
3319:
3317:on 2020-07-15.
3292:
3286:
3269:
3263:
3243:
3200:
3190:(2): 363–375.
3170:
3150:
3144:
3127:
3121:
3104:
3098:
3081:
3075:
3060:
3054:
3037:
3031:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2988:
2981:
2954:
2939:
2930:"Did you know"
2921:
2909:
2885:
2873:
2847:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2810:, p. 697.
2791:
2779:
2764:
2750:
2730:
2711:(3): 505–531.
2691:
2689:, p. 268.
2679:
2667:
2655:
2629:
2610:
2595:(in Turkish).
2579:
2538:
2511:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2444:Syriac studies
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2369:
2366:
2346:
2345:
2334:
2327:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1743:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1633:reduced vowels
1573:
1570:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1487:Pronunciation
1484:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1360:Pronunciation
1357:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1259:Syriac letter
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:Pronunciation
1161:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1063:Syriac letter
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
990:
987:
950:
947:
848:Western Europe
793:
792:
778:
777:
770:
769:
756:
755:
748:
747:
734:
733:
726:
725:
718:
717:
710:
709:
702:
701:
694:
693:
686:
685:
678:
677:
670:
669:
662:
661:
654:
653:
646:
645:
638:
637:
630:
629:
622:
621:
614:
613:
606:
605:
598:
597:
590:
589:
582:
581:
574:
573:
566:
565:
558:
557:
550:
549:
542:
541:
534:
533:
527:
526:
525:
523:
520:
415:
412:
323:
322:
309:, you may see
295:
294:
289:
283:
282:
275:
267:
266:
259:
251:
250:
249:Language codes
246:
245:
242:
241:
228:
214:
213:
211:
206:
203:
202:
198:
197:
190:Latin alphabet
183:
179:Writing system
176:
173:
172:
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
118:
116:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
68:
64:
63:
54:
53:Native to
50:
49:
47:
43:
42:
29:
28:
27:Surayt/Suryoyo
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7206:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7132:
7122:
7121:
7118:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7065:
7055:
7052:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7043:
7042:United States
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6940:
6936:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6892:
6891:
6888:
6884:
6881:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6857:
6854:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6832:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6772:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6748:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6718:
6715:
6712:
6709:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6672:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6641:
6638:
6635:
6634:Buyid amirate
6632:
6629:
6626:
6623:
6620:
6617:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6594:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6559:
6556:
6555:Roman Assyria
6553:
6550:
6547:
6544:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6508:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6486:
6483:
6481:(911–609 BCE)
6480:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6449:
6446:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6383:
6382:Syriac script
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6319:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6295:
6288:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6247:
6242:
6241:Chaldean flag
6237:
6231:
6226:
6220:
6219:Assyrian flag
6215:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6175:
6169:
6165:
6158:
6153:
6151:
6146:
6144:
6139:
6138:
6135:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6085:
6084:Phoenicianism
6082:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5746:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5708:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5674:
5673:
5664:
5660:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5619:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5594:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5549:
5545:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5471:
5466:
5464:
5459:
5457:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5235:
5232:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5140:Ethio-Semitic
5137:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5004:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4902:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4687:Judeo-Aramaic
4685:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4552:Siculo-Arabic
4549:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4302:
4300:
4295:
4293:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4008:
4006:
4001:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3890:9783447107310
3886:
3882:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3856:9781463236489
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3799:9789155480585
3795:
3791:
3790:
3784:
3780:
3778:9789155455552
3774:
3770:
3769:
3763:
3759:
3757:9789050470667
3753:
3749:
3748:
3742:
3738:
3736:9783643902689
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3693:9780814209134
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3667:9783631731314
3663:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3639:Socin, Albert
3636:
3632:
3628:
3626:9780521360265
3622:
3618:
3617:
3611:
3607:
3605:9783110170504
3601:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3527:9781555404307
3523:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3504:9781138899018
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3478:9783110421743
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3452:9789004386549
3448:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3429:9783110251586
3425:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3406:9783447032131
3402:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3358:9783447033343
3354:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3337:9781555404307
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3287:9781555404307
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3264:9781555404307
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3145:9789042931640
3141:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3122:9781463207304
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3099:9783631731314
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3076:9783525535738
3072:
3068:
3067:
3061:
3057:
3055:9783631731314
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3032:9781593337155
3028:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2982:9781584563310
2978:
2974:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2918:
2913:
2899:
2898:www.syriac.io
2895:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2845:
2840:
2833:
2828:
2821:
2816:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2788:
2783:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2753:
2751:9780781810876
2747:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2560:(aop): 1–24.
2559:
2555:
2550:
2542:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2470:
2466:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2290:future tenses
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2067:
2064:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1617:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1519:Kole Ruhonoye
1516:
1511:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1404:Latin letter
1402:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:Latin letter
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1010:Latin letter
1008:
1002:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
801:
796:
786:
782:
764:
760:
742:
738:
721:
705:
689:
673:
657:
641:
625:
609:
593:
577:
561:
545:
531:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
487:
481:
476:
474:
472:
466:
464:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
440:
433:
424:
420:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
342:), or modern
337:
329:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
302:
296:
293:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
274:
273:
268:
264:
260:
257:
252:
247:
240:
229:
227:
216:
215:
212:
204:
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:
180:
174:
156:
153:
152:
151:
148:
147:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
117:
113:
107:
103:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
46:Pronunciation
44:
40:
30:
25:
20:
6658:Qara Qoyunlu
6521:(312–63 BCE)
6356:
6252:Christianity
6019:(Liturgical)
6011:
5926:Elias Mellus
5886:Bar Hebraeus
5846:Paul the Jew
5670:
5560:
5553:
5487:, legacy of
5422:
5399:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5273:
5256:
5214:East Gurage
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5026:
5019:
5012:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4964:
4957:
4948:
4941:
4929:
4922:
4887:Urmia Jewish
4796:Northeastern
4783:
4776:
4747:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4667:
4660:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4567:Mesopotamian
4550:
4494:
4487:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4417:Proto-Arabic
4415:
4379:
4370:
4363:
4353:
4164:Mesopotamian
4112:
3950:
3931:
3927:
3914:
3910:
3879:
3869:
3838:
3825:
3812:
3788:
3767:
3746:
3726:
3710:
3706:
3683:
3657:
3643:
3615:
3595:
3582:
3578:
3549:
3545:
3517:
3494:
3468:
3442:
3419:
3395:
3375:
3371:
3347:
3327:
3312:the original
3307:
3303:
3277:
3254:
3214:
3210:
3187:
3183:
3165:
3161:
3135:
3112:
3089:
3065:
3045:
3021:
2999:Jastrow 2011
2972:
2933:
2924:
2912:
2901:. Retrieved
2897:
2888:
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2860:
2850:
2839:
2832:Barsoum 2008
2827:
2815:
2808:Jastrow 2011
2782:
2755:. Retrieved
2740:
2733:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2646:. Retrieved
2641:
2632:
2599:(44): 3–35.
2596:
2592:
2582:
2557:
2553:
2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2524:
2514:
2497:
2489:
2469:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2309:
2304:
2271:
2111:
1630:
1624:(the Arabic
1615:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1435:
992:
952:
931:Yuhanun Üzel
926:
918:Toxu Qorena!
914:
910:Latin script
891:
883:Albert Socin
874:
870:
860:
837:
806:
735:Koy Sanjaq (
543:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
483:
479:
477:
468:
460:
456:
436:
428:
343:
335:
327:
326:
298:
270:
154:
120:Afro-Asiatic
7017:New Zealand
7012:Netherlands
6776:Settlements
6689:(1555–1917)
6666:(1453–1501)
6660:(1375–1468)
6654:(1335–1432)
6648:(1258–1335)
6642:(1098–1268)
6603:Middle ages
6543:Roman Syria
6537:Syrian Wars
6174:Middle East
5946:Thoma Darmo
5809:Key figures
5748:Nestorian (
5550:, legacy of
5548:East Syriac
5485:West Syriac
5361:Hadramautic
5347:Old Arabian
5286:West Gurage
5210:East Gurage
5089:ern Arabian
4791:Neo-Mandaic
4713:Palestinian
4611:Old Aramaic
3961:(in German)
3934:(1): 23–44.
3676:Sabar, Yona
3635:Prym, Eugen
3217:: 181–229.
3168:(1): 11–23.
2917:Tezel 2015a
2820:Palmer 1990
2675:Brock 1989b
2294:participles
2203:Lax vowels
2011:Approximant
1005:Consonants
887:Neo-Aramaic
800:Jewish ones
457:Turabdinian
313:instead of
7158:Categories
6900:Diyarbakır
6871:Tell Tamer
6866:Al-Hasakah
6762:By country
6674:Modern era
6664:Aq Qoyunlu
6636:(945–1055)
6630:(905–1383)
6624:(750–1258)
6439:(including
6415:Folk dance
5871:John Maron
5770:Protestant
5629:Protestant
5390:Rijal Alma
5375:Qatabanian
5044:Himyaritic
4987:Phoenician
4800:Christian
4603:Historical
4572:Peninsular
4473:Taymanitic
4424:Old Arabic
4409:Historical
4251:Portuguese
3713:: 361–377.
3585:: 233–265.
3385:9004106464
2950:Tomal 2015
2903:2023-05-06
2787:Tezel 2003
2775:Talay 2017
2687:Owens 2007
2663:Saouk 2015
2499:Ethnologue
2481:References
2342:the queens
2298:pronominal
2268:Morphology
1647:Consonants
1563:Cinderella
983:Diyarbakır
879:Eugen Prym
875:Estrangelo
779:Sanandaj (
7189:Tur Abdin
7091:Dawronoye
7022:Palestine
6952:Australia
6925:Tur Abdin
6805:Tel Keppe
6725:(1914–20)
6713:(19th c.)
6695:(16th c.)
6683:(1508–55)
6646:Ilkhanate
6595:(502–628)
6589:(226–651)
6587:Asoristan
6557:(116–118)
6512:antiquity
6510:Classical
6443:contexts)
6340:languages
5960:Languages
5826:Nestorius
5667:legacy of
5604:Nestorian
5434:varieties
5425:indicate
5306:Sebat Bet
5270:Tt-group
5085:Eastern (
5037:Deir Alla
4915:Canaanite
4882:Trans-Zab
4867:Inter-Zab
4749:Palmyrene
4740:Samaritan
4707:Nabataean
4586:Northwest
4541:Levantine
4513:Classical
4438:Dadanitic
4156:Damascene
4143:Levantine
4058:Kabardian
3566:162559782
3489:(2019b).
3463:(2019a).
3378:: 49–57.
3239:164455185
3176:(1989b).
3156:(1989a).
2757:17 August
2717:0003-0279
2605:1300-2929
2574:1385-4879
2338:the kings
2331:the queen
2286:preterite
1893:Fricative
1856:Affricate
1572:Phonology
889:dialect.
869:, in the
840:Tur Abdin
813:Tur Abdin
781:Christian
759:Christian
737:Christian
704:Trans-Zab
656:Inter-Zab
449:Tur Abdin
414:Etymology
356:Tur Abdin
346:(Turoyo:
338:(Turoyo:
330:(Turoyo:
272:Glottolog
256:ISO 639-3
89:Ethnicity
7068:Politics
6939:Diaspora
6920:Mazıdağı
6876:Qamishli
6849:Sanandaj
6822:Shaqlawa
6810:Bartella
6795:Qaraqosh
6771:Homeland
6569:(5th c.)
6551:(15–116)
6549:Adiabene
6496:Arameans
6451:Ancient
6425:Clothing
6367:Hertevin
6182:Identity
6079:Arameans
6036:/Syriac
6027:See also
5987:Hertevin
5982:Garshuni
5821:Aphrahat
5382:Awsanian
5253:N-group
5172:Tigrinya
5051:Samalian
5028:Galilean
5021:Ugaritic
4966:Medieval
4959:Mishnaic
4943:Biblical
4924:Ammonite
4877:Sanandaj
4862:Betanure
4841:Chaldean
4838:Assyrian
4824:Qaraqosh
4814:Hértevin
4726:Galilean
4700:Lebanese
4546:Maghrebi
4506:Literary
4480:Thamudic
4466:Safaitic
4452:Hasaitic
4445:Dumaitic
4365:Akkadian
4320:Branches
4256:Japanese
4149:Aleppine
4084:Kurmanji
4049:Armenian
3969:Archived
3951:Omniglot
3917:: 19–36.
3902:(2016).
3721:(2012).
3678:(2003).
3641:(1881).
3538:(1990).
3249:(1990).
3231:26571543
3019:(2008).
2861:Sorosoro
2857:"Turoyo"
2725:25608409
2648:30 April
2638:"Turoyo"
2531:14 April
2525:SuroyoTV
2392:See also
2358:Qamishli
2324:the king
1713:emphatic
1673:alveolar
1666:Alveolar
1578:phonemes
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1427:W/U w/u
1424:Y/I y/i
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
989:Alphabet
963:Armenian
949:Dialects
935:Peshitta
852:diaspora
672:Betanure
576:Qaraqosh
492:diaspora
380:diaspora
376:Qamishli
366:and the
350:), is a
319:Help:IPA
279:turo1239
7054:Uruguay
7047:Detroit
7002:Lebanon
6982:Germany
6977:Georgia
6967:Finland
6957:Belgium
6947:Armenia
6895:Hakkari
6749:(2014–)
6743:(2003–)
6731:(1919–)
6701:(1840s)
6531:Osroene
6453:Assyria
6441:related
6435:History
6420:Cuisine
6392:Culture
6333:Aramaic
6320:(1968–)
6314:(1692–)
6308:(1552–)
6289:(1940–)
6283:(1870–)
6277:(1662–)
5906:Thoma I
5427:extinct
5423:Italics
5368:Minaean
5295:Endegen
5222:Inneqor
5201:Argobba
5197:Amharic
5160:Dahalik
5132:Western
5123:Soqotri
5103:Ḥarsusi
5098:Baṭḥari
5014:Amorite
4980:Moabite
4931:Edomite
4901:Western
4857:Barzani
4853:Jewish
4772:Central
4764:Aramaic
4693:Western
4675:Mandaic
4656:Eastern
4651:Armazic
4642:Dialect
4595:Aramaic
4558:Maltese
4459:Hismaic
4392:Central
4381:Eblaite
4337:Central
4261:Russian
4246:Chinese
4226:Italian
4216:Spanish
4211:Punjabi
4201:English
4103:Aramaic
4091:Turkish
4079:Kurdish
4064:Chechen
3009:Sources
2866:30 July
2301:clitics
2278:perfect
2211:Central
2126:Central
1769:Plosive
1700:Glottal
1693:Pharyn-
1678:Palatal
1671:Palato-
1612:(as in
1598:(as in
1583:(as in
1399:Vowels
967:Turkish
959:Kurdish
923:Swedish
906:Germany
898:Lebanon
873:and in
817:Aramaic
757:Urmia (
640:Barzani
522:History
512:Süryoyo
508:Sŭryoyo
500:Suryoyo
471:Suryoyo
455:(hence
344:Suryoyo
315:Unicode
140:Aramaic
125:Semitic
7111:Sutoro
7032:Sweden
7027:Russia
7007:Mexico
6997:Jordan
6992:Israel
6987:Greece
6972:France
6962:Canada
6915:Mardin
6905:Elazığ
6890:Turkey
6883:Khabur
6844:Salmas
6817:Ankawa
6800:Alqosh
6737:(1933)
6719:(1909)
6707:(1895)
6618:(630s)
6612:(630s)
6377:Mlaḥsô
6372:Senaya
6357:Turoyo
6337:Syriac
6271:(518–)
6250:Syriac
6017:Syriac
6012:Turoyo
6002:Senaya
5997:Mlaḥsô
5797:(2017)
5791:(1961)
5785:(1852)
5761:(1701)
5740:(1772)
5734:(1912)
5728:(1665)
5680:Kerala
5650:(1940)
5644:(1870)
5620:(1968)
5614:(1552)
5516:(1662)
5401:Sabaic
5395:Razihi
5301:Mesqan
5275:Mesmes
5228:Wolane
5225:Ulbare
5218:Siltʼe
5206:Harari
5190:versal
5188:Trans-
5118:Shehri
5108:Hobyot
5058:Sutean
5006:Others
4972:Modern
4937:Hebrew
4829:Senaya
4809:Bohtan
4804:Barwar
4784:Turoyo
4778:Mlaḥsô
4680:Syriac
4644:groups
4401:Arabic
4266:Danish
4241:Arabic
4236:Hebrew
4221:German
4206:French
4113:Turoyo
4069:Domari
3887:
3853:
3796:
3775:
3754:
3733:
3690:
3664:
3623:
3602:
3564:
3524:
3501:
3475:
3449:
3426:
3403:
3382:
3355:
3334:
3284:
3261:
3237:
3229:
3142:
3119:
3096:
3073:
3052:
3029:
2979:
2748:
2723:
2715:
2603:
2572:
2494:Turoyo
2374:copula
2368:Syntax
2350:Mlahsô
2108:Vowels
1688:Uvular
1662:Dental
1657:Labial
995:Syriac
979:Mlaḥsô
971:Midyat
965:, and
955:Arabic
902:Sweden
856:UNESCO
829:Edessa
785:Jewish
763:Jewish
741:Jewish
720:Barwar
624:Alqosh
608:Mlaḥsô
592:Bohtan
544:Turoyo
504:Surayt
496:Surayt
486:Ṭuroyo
480:Surayt
463:Surayt
453:Turkey
432:Ṭuroyo
400:Mlaḥsô
372:Midyat
348:ܣܘܪܝܝܐ
336:Surayt
328:Turoyo
292:Turoyo
239:Turkey
236:
223:
155:Turoyo
75:Turkey
67:Region
57:Turkey
39:Turoyo
22:Turoyo
6856:Syria
6839:Urmia
6827:Zakho
5851:Maron
5684:India
5559:(the
5535:(512)
5510:(685)
5355:Faifi
5324:Gyeto
5318:Gumer
5311:Chaha
5281:Muher
5264:Soddo
5258:Gafat
5247:Outer
5181:South
5165:Tigre
5155:Geʽez
5148:North
5113:Mehri
5077:South
4994:Punic
4892:Zakho
4834:Suret
4342:South
4271:Dutch
4231:Hindi
4169:Najdi
4138:Shawi
4074:Greek
3907:(PDF)
3562:S2CID
3315:(PDF)
3300:(PDF)
3235:S2CID
3227:JSTOR
2721:JSTOR
2461:Notes
2362:Syria
2296:with
2223:Close
2138:Close
2121:Front
2066:Trill
1721:Nasal
1707:plain
1683:Velar
1641:schwa
1596:/t͡ʃ/
1581:/d͡ʒ/
999:Serto
943:Serto
894:Syria
871:Serto
688:Zakho
478:Term
429:Term
408:Suret
406:like
394:with
340:ܣܘܪܝܬ
332:ܛܘܪܝܐ
83:Syria
61:Syria
34:ܛܘܪܝܐ
6834:Iran
6785:Iraq
6581:1552
5669:the
5593:1552
5571:1552
5552:the
5489:the
5321:Gura
5315:Ezha
5291:Inor
5087:Mod-
4762:Neo-
4355:East
4332:West
4327:East
3885:ISBN
3851:ISBN
3794:ISBN
3773:ISBN
3752:ISBN
3731:ISBN
3688:ISBN
3662:ISBN
3621:ISBN
3600:ISBN
3522:ISBN
3499:ISBN
3473:ISBN
3447:ISBN
3424:ISBN
3401:ISBN
3380:ISBN
3353:ISBN
3332:ISBN
3282:ISBN
3259:ISBN
3140:ISBN
3117:ISBN
3094:ISBN
3071:ISBN
3050:ISBN
3027:ISBN
2977:ISBN
2868:2022
2759:2012
2746:ISBN
2713:ISSN
2650:2017
2601:ISSN
2570:ISSN
2533:2022
2384:and
2288:and
2280:and
2253:Open
2216:Back
2184:Open
2131:Back
1695:geal
1622:/ðˤ/
1565:and
1536:and
1434:(or
1419:O o
1416:Ë ë
1413:E e
1410:Ä ä
1407:A a
1254:Ṯ ṯ
1251:T t
1248:Č č
1245:Š š
1242:R r
1239:Q q
1236:Ṣ ṣ
1233:F f
1230:P p
1227:C c
1224:S s
1221:N n
1218:M m
1215:L l
1212:X x
1209:K k
1167:, ∅
1058:Y y
1055:Ḍ ḍ
1052:Ṭ ṭ
1049:Ḥ ḥ
1046:Ž ž
1043:Z z
1040:W w
1037:H h
1034:Ḏ ḏ
1031:D d
1028:J j
1025:Ġ ġ
1022:G g
1019:V v
1016:B b
904:and
881:and
833:Urfa
502:(or
439:ṭuro
374:and
6577:410
5678:in
5567:410
5234:Zay
3949:at
3915:237
3843:doi
3554:doi
3219:doi
3192:doi
2709:128
2562:doi
2496:at
2386:kit
2382:kal
2376:in
2305:hwā
2237:Mid
2161:Mid
1635:in
1626:ẓāʾ
1618:ure
1610:/ʒ/
1594:),
1540:'s
1528:by
510:or
467:or
301:IPA
287:ELP
263:tru
7160::
5682:,
3932:14
3930:.
3926:.
3913:.
3909:.
3868:.
3849:.
3837:.
3824:.
3811:.
3725:.
3711:40
3709:.
3705:.
3682:.
3656:.
3637:;
3594:.
3583:48
3581:.
3577:.
3560:.
3550:53
3548:.
3544:.
3516:.
3493:.
3467:.
3441:.
3418:.
3376:16
3374:.
3370:.
3326:.
3306:.
3302:.
3276:.
3253:.
3233:.
3225:.
3215:67
3213:.
3209:.
3188:34
3186:.
3182:.
3164:.
3160:.
3134:.
3111:.
3088:.
3044:.
2991:^
2957:^
2942:^
2932:.
2896:.
2859:.
2794:^
2767:^
2719:.
2707:.
2703:.
2640:.
2613:^
2597:26
2591:.
2568:.
2558:-1
2556:.
2552:.
2523:.
2388:.
2344:).
2318::
2089:)
2086:rˤ
2041:)
2038:lˤ
1948:ðˤ
1941:sˤ
1875:dʒ
1868:tʃ
1810:dˤ
1803:tˤ
1751:)
1748:nˤ
1608:)
1605:ch
1603:ur
1601:ch
1590:dg
1546:.
1532:,
1503:/
1500:/
1440:)
1353:ܬ݂
1341:ܫ݂
1311:ܦ݂
1269:ܟ݂
1133:ܙ݅
1109:ܕ݂
1091:ܓ݂
1079:ܒ݂
1013:'
961:,
957:,
900:,
896:,
783:,
761:,
739:,
518:.
506:,
498:,
475:.
410:.
77:;
59:,
6583:)
6579:-
6575:(
6335:/
6156:e
6149:t
6142:v
5776:)
5772:(
5752:)
5665:,
5635:)
5631:(
5595:)
5591:(
5573:)
5569:–
5565:(
5563:)
5469:e
5462:t
5455:v
5208:–
5199:–
5091:)
4305:e
4298:t
4291:v
4060:)
4056:(
4011:e
4004:t
3997:v
3893:.
3859:.
3845::
3802:.
3781:.
3760:.
3739:.
3696:.
3670:.
3629:.
3608:.
3568:.
3556::
3530:.
3507:.
3481:.
3455:.
3432:.
3409:.
3388:.
3361:.
3340:.
3308:1
3290:.
3267:.
3241:.
3221::
3198:.
3194::
3166:1
3148:.
3125:.
3102:.
3079:.
3058:.
3035:.
2985:.
2906:.
2883:.
2870:.
2834:.
2822:.
2789:.
2777:.
2761:.
2727:.
2652:.
2607:.
2576:.
2564::
2535:.
2333:)
2326:)
2258:ă
2243:ə
2230:ŭ
2192:a
2176:o
2167:e
2153:u
2144:i
2083:(
2076:r
2050:j
2035:(
2028:l
2019:w
2001:h
1994:ʕ
1987:ħ
1978:ɣ
1971:x
1962:ʒ
1955:ʃ
1934:z
1927:s
1920:ð
1913:θ
1906:v
1899:f
1846:ʔ
1835:q
1828:ɡ
1821:k
1796:d
1789:t
1782:b
1775:p
1745:(
1738:n
1729:m
1664:/
1616:z
1614:a
1592:e
1588:u
1586:j
1480:ܘ
1474:ܝ
1468:ܳ
1462:ܷ
1456:ܶ
1450:ܱ
1444:ܰ
1347:ܬ
1335:ܫ
1329:ܪ
1323:ܩ
1317:ܨ
1305:ܦ
1299:ܥ
1293:ܣ
1287:ܢ
1281:ܡ
1275:ܠ
1263:ܟ
1157:ܝ
1151:ܜ
1145:ܛ
1139:ܚ
1127:ܙ
1121:ܘ
1115:ܗ
1103:ܕ
1097:ܔ
1085:ܓ
1073:ܒ
1067:ܐ
997:(
787:)
765:)
743:)
321:.
196:)
192:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.