452:
464:
554:
was a special-purpose machine. This machine never saw the light of day as a serious tool for computation since it was somewhat premature in its engineering conception and limited in its logical one. Nonetheless it must be viewed as a great pioneering effort. Perhaps its chief importance was to influence the thinking of another physicist who was much interested in the computational process, John W. Mauchly. During the period of
Atanasoff's work on his linear equation solver, Mauchly was at Ursinus College, a small school in the environs of Philadelphia. Somehow he became aware of Atanasoff's project and visited him for a week in 1941. During the visit the two men apparently went into Atanasoff's ideas in considerable detail. The discussion greatly influenced Mauchly and through him the entire history of electronic computers.
38:
352:
270:
578:(located on the Iowa State University campus) finished building a working replica of the Atanasoff–Berry computer at a cost of $ 350,000 (equivalent to $ 664,000 in 2023). The replica ABC was on display in the first floor lobby of the Durham Center for Computation and Communication at Iowa State University and was subsequently exhibited at the
477:
worked. The machine could be fed two linear equations with up to 29 variables and a constant term and eliminate one of the variables. This process would be repeated manually for each of the equations, which would result in a system of equations with one fewer variable. Then the whole process would be repeated to eliminate another variable.
249:, was considered to be the first computer in the modern sense, but in 1973 a U.S. District Court invalidated the ENIAC patent and concluded that the ENIAC inventors had derived the subject matter of the electronic digital computer from Atanasoff. When, in the mid-1970s, the secrecy surrounding the British World War II development of the
428:
There were two forms of input and output: primary user input and output and an intermediate results output and input. The intermediate results storage allowed operation on problems too large to be handled entirely within the electronic memory. (The largest problem that could be solved without the use
404:
ranged from inverters to two- and three-input gates. The input and output levels and operating voltages were compatible between the different gates. Each gate consisted of one inverting vacuum-tube amplifier, preceded by a resistor divider input network that defined the logical function. The control
532:
The extent to which
Mauchly drew on Atanasoff's ideas remains unknown, and the evidence is massive and conflicting. The ABC was quite modest technology, and it was not fully implemented. At the very least we can infer that Mauchly saw the potential significance of the ABC and that this may have led
419:
Although the
Atanasoff–Berry computer was an important step up from earlier calculating machines, it was not able to run entirely automatically through an entire problem. An operator was needed to operate the control switches to set up its functions, much like the electro-mechanical calculators and
316:
announced the ABC as "an electrical computing machine" with more than 300 vacuum tubes that would "compute complicated algebraic equations" (but gave no precise technical description of the computer). The system weighed more than seven hundred pounds (320 kg). It contained approximately 1-mile
309:
from 1939 to 1942. The initial funds were released in
September, and the 11-tube prototype was first demonstrated in October 1939. A December demonstration prompted a grant for construction of the full-scale machine. The ABC was built and tested over the next two years. A January 15, 1941, story in
213:
and was successfully tested in 1942. However, its intermediate result storage mechanism, a paper card writer/reader, was not perfected, and when John
Vincent Atanasoff left Iowa State College for World War II assignments, work on the machine was discontinued. The ABC pioneered important elements of
553:
Atanasoff contemplated storing the coefficients of an equation in capacitors located on the periphery of a cylinder. He apparently had a prototype of his machine working "early in 1940". This machine was, it should be emphasized, probably the first use of vacuum tubes to do digital computation and
436:
Intermediate results were binary, written onto paper sheets by electrostatically modifying the resistance at 1500 locations to represent 30 of the 50-bit numbers (one equation). Each sheet could be written or read in one second. The reliability of the system was limited to about 1 error in 100,000
476:
The ABC was designed for a specific purpose – the solution of systems of simultaneous linear equations. It could handle systems with up to 29 equations, a difficult problem for the time. Problems of this scale were becoming common in physics, the department in which John
Atanasoff
437:
calculations by these units, primarily attributed to lack of control of the sheets' material characteristics. In retrospect, a solution could have been to add a parity bit to each number as written. This problem was not solved by the time
Atanasoff left the university for war-related work.
503:), much to the surprise of Atanasoff. The ABC had been examined by John Mauchly in June 1941, and Isaac Auerbach, a former student of Mauchly's, alleged that it influenced his later work on ENIAC, although Mauchly denied this. The ENIAC patent did not issue until 1964, and by 1967
378:
that rotated on a common shaft once per second. The capacitors on each drum were organized into 32 "bands" of 50 (30 active bands and two spares in case a capacitor failed), giving the machine a speed of 30 additions/subtractions per second. Data was represented as 50-bit binary
965:. Quote: "the total vacuum tube count was very low: about 300 for the entire machine. Much of this economy is the result of operating on only one bit of each number at a time, keeping the carry/borrow bit in a capacitor for use in the next cycle."
537:
The case was legally resolved on
October 19, 1973, when U.S. District Judge Earl R. Larson held the ENIAC patent invalid, ruling that the ENIAC derived many basic ideas from the Atanasoff–Berry computer. Judge Larson explicitly stated:
297:
department, which was also interested in speeding up computation for economic and research analysis. $ 5,000 of further funding (equivalent to $ 110,000 in 2023) to complete the machine came from the nonprofit
424:
of the time. Selection of the operation to be performed, reading, writing, converting to or from binary to decimal, or reducing a set of equations was made by front-panel switches and, in some cases, jumpers.
483:, the head of Iowa State's Statistics Department, was very likely the first user of an electronic digital computer to solve real-world mathematics problems. He submitted many of these problems to Atanasoff.
3344:
154:. Limited by the technology of the day, and execution, the device has remained somewhat obscure. The ABC's priority is debated among historians of computer technology, because it was neither
1210:
563:
The original ABC was eventually dismantled in 1948, when the university converted the basement to classrooms, and all of its pieces except for one memory drum were discarded.
542:
Eckert and
Mauchly did not themselves first invent the automatic electronic digital computer, but instead derived that subject matter from one Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff.
3359:
516:
289:, and a separation of memory and computing functions. The mechanical and logic design was worked out by Atanasoff over the next year. A grant application to build a
870:
Report of the announcement of
Colossus at the International Research Conference on the History of Computing, in Los Alamos, New Mexico, that began on 10 June 1976
2381:
405:
logic functions, which only needed to operate once per drum rotation and therefore did not require electronic speed, were electromechanical, implemented with
277:
According to Atanasoff's account, several key principles of the Atanasoff–Berry computer were conceived in a sudden insight after a long nighttime drive to
3364:
3473:
1132:
451:
1353:
463:
1190:
3861:
3354:
3296:
2492:
1675:
1166:
567:
363:
Using vacuum tubes, rather than wheels, ratchets, mechanical switches, or telephone relays, allowing for greater speed than previous computers
2194:
3553:
3349:
1472:
17:
3781:
3581:
2351:
1917:
1734:
2705:
3541:
3483:
3458:
3443:
3339:
1697:
3558:
2346:
383:
numbers. The electronics of the memory and arithmetic units could store and operate on 60 such numbers at a time (3000 bits).
3646:
3402:
2418:
1310:
3636:
2700:
2171:
3621:
3463:
1261:
3776:
3641:
3529:
3115:
2239:
1502:
1346:
3717:
3702:
3478:
3453:
3422:
3289:
3125:
2266:
1393:
1043:
828:
3606:
3448:
3417:
3407:
2433:
2261:
2234:
1613:
1279:
1180:
1090:
986:
946:
920:
695:
3851:
3392:
3248:
2811:
1704:
1670:
1665:
1584:
1549:
778:
853:
3601:
3591:
3223:
3120:
2521:
2428:
2229:
1450:
1339:
3871:
3856:
3282:
2249:
1968:
1403:
3760:
3427:
2423:
2271:
2244:
2105:
1719:
1680:
1537:
1244:
722:
596:
591:
286:
1121:
3504:
3468:
3432:
3412:
2860:
2622:
2098:
2059:
1714:
1709:
1643:
1455:
3881:
3524:
2487:
2184:
1882:
1579:
640:
341:
281:, during the winter of 1937–38. The ABC innovations included electronic computation, binary arithmetic,
3631:
3137:
2784:
2201:
1692:
1660:
1430:
1418:
1398:
571:
366:
Using capacitors for memory, rather than mechanical components, allowing for greater speed and density
233:
Atanasoff and Berry's computer work was not widely known until it was rediscovered in the 1960s, amid
3876:
3228:
3191:
3181:
1569:
1319:
1122:"Iowa State Replica of First Electronic Digital Computer to be Displayed at Computer History Museum"
753:, filed 26 June 1947, issued 4 February 1964, and invalidated 19 October 1973 after court ruling on
328:
It was not programmable, which distinguishes it from more general machines of the same era, such as
3866:
3846:
3791:
3697:
3534:
3243:
2650:
2586:
2563:
2413:
2375:
2211:
2161:
2156:
1633:
1527:
1435:
1131:. Ames, Iowa: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University. p. 5.
754:
663:
521:
3196:
2979:
2873:
2837:
2754:
2738:
2580:
2369:
2328:
2316:
2179:
2093:
2014:
1779:
1440:
1383:
687:
579:
227:
173:
to do the arithmetic calculations. Prior to this, slower electro-mechanical methods were used by
88:
3786:
3002:
2974:
2884:
2849:
2598:
2592:
2574:
2308:
2302:
2206:
2110:
2001:
1940:
1802:
1445:
912:
906:
820:
814:
430:
380:
254:
202:
51:
1035:
1029:
3305:
3176:
3085:
2831:
2543:
2361:
2120:
2088:
2046:
1958:
1759:
1574:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1514:
1497:
1362:
1162:
1109:(Press release). Iowa State University and John Vincent Atanasoff Initiative Committee. 2011.
421:
397:
278:
198:
163:
795:
37:
3206:
3142:
2728:
2450:
2340:
2287:
1819:
1532:
1388:
1370:
1220:
747:
John Presper Eckert Jr. and John W. Mauchly, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer,
669:
299:
351:
8:
3796:
3387:
3374:
3253:
3238:
3058:
2909:
2891:
2855:
2843:
2497:
2444:
2221:
2137:
2019:
1874:
1769:
1628:
1215:
802:
387:
312:
1224:
3514:
3499:
3110:
3102:
2954:
2929:
2733:
2608:
2132:
2073:
1953:
1685:
1413:
880:
480:
306:
282:
1232:
3616:
3063:
3030:
2946:
2878:
2779:
2769:
2759:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2603:
2532:
2438:
2398:
2031:
1981:
1931:
1907:
1789:
1729:
1724:
1606:
1522:
1275:
1257:
1236:
1176:
1086:
1039:
982:
942:
916:
824:
691:
492:
390:
337:
250:
246:
215:
186:
1191:"John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry: Inventing The ABC, A Benchmark Digital Computer"
1069:
Herman Goldstine, "The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann", 1972; pp. 125–126.
305:
The ABC was built by Atanasoff and Berry in the basement of the physics building at
3811:
3734:
3661:
3546:
3233:
3166:
3152:
3007:
2914:
2868:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2645:
2515:
2482:
2393:
2388:
2297:
2149:
2144:
2127:
2115:
2054:
1618:
1596:
1482:
1460:
1378:
1305:
1228:
1206:
962:
601:
546:
467:
Outside display on I-35 rest stop 100 north of Des Moines honoring the ABC Computer
290:
155:
151:
3677:
3626:
3571:
3494:
3147:
3132:
3080:
2984:
2959:
2796:
2789:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2569:
2477:
2467:
2189:
2024:
1976:
1739:
1623:
1591:
1492:
1487:
1408:
1080:
976:
936:
810:
575:
413:
345:
210:
159:
3611:
3509:
3258:
3092:
3075:
3068:
2964:
2821:
2558:
2472:
2403:
1986:
1948:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1601:
1425:
253:
that pre-dated ENIAC, was lifted and Colossus was described at a conference in
223:
206:
182:
169:
Its unique contribution was to make computing faster by being the first to use
55:
1325:
749:
166:) – which is integrated into every modern processor's design.
3840:
3707:
3053:
2969:
2009:
1991:
1784:
1477:
791:
766:
456:
333:
178:
1912:
416:; it kept the carry/borrow bit in a capacitor for use in the next AC cycle.
3682:
3263:
3201:
3017:
2994:
2806:
2527:
1465:
806:
511:
in an attempt to break the ENIAC patents, arguing that the ABC constituted
496:
445:
269:
242:
126:
1295:
1240:
393:
of 60 Hz was the primary clock rate for the lowest-level operations.
348:
of 1948, required for fully general-purpose practical computing machines.
3801:
3651:
3048:
3012:
2723:
2695:
2553:
2408:
1331:
1172:
508:
329:
318:
258:
219:
174:
170:
94:
3274:
621:
162:. Conventionally, the ABC would be considered the first electronic ALU (
42:
Atanasoff–Berry computer replica at Durham Center, Iowa State University
3806:
3576:
3320:
2934:
2924:
2919:
2901:
2801:
2774:
2036:
1869:
1839:
1559:
859:
401:
525:
that the ENIAC patent was a derivative of John Atanasoff's invention.
3656:
3025:
3022:
2764:
1834:
1812:
1300:
1106:
849:
512:
504:
375:
322:
226:
distinguish it from modern computers. The computer was designated an
626:
John Vincent Atanasoff and the Birth Of Electronic Digital Computing
400:
were fully electronic, implemented with vacuum tubes. The family of
222:
elements, but its special-purpose nature and lack of a changeable,
3712:
3040:
1859:
294:
1051:
3750:
3692:
1849:
1807:
1034:(Reprint edition (1 Aug. 1985) ed.), Pocket Books, pp.
703:
499:
were the first to file for patent on a digital computing device (
355:
Add-subtract module (reconstructed) from Atanasoff–Berry computer
684:
Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers
237:
over the first instance of an electronic computer. At that time
3755:
3745:
1864:
1829:
1794:
370:
The memory of the Atanasoff–Berry computer was a system called
1306:
John Gustafson, Reconstruction of the Atanasoff-Berry Computer
189:
from 1943 to 1945, used similar tube-based technology as ABC.
2322:
1854:
1824:
1003:
500:
406:
238:
1315:
3740:
3186:
2334:
2254:
1844:
628:. JVA Initiative Committee and Iowa State University. 2011.
459:
rest stop 100 north of Des Moines honoring the ABC Computer
374:, which consisted of a pair of drums, each containing 1600
185:. The first electronic, programmable, digital machine, the
855:
Colossus – World War II Computer: The First Word Processor
639:
Copeland, B. Jack (6 April 2018). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
517:
United States District Court for the District of Minnesota
1774:
1764:
441:
122:
1082:
Fortress Rochester: The Inside Story of the IBM ISeries
519:
released its judgement on October 19, 1973, finding in
935:
Hudson, David; Bergman, Marvin; Horton, Loren (2009).
273:
Diagram of the ABC pointing out its various components
448:, and output was decimal, via a front-panel display.
1161:
1057:
709:
1002:Auerbach, Isaac L. (Isaac Levin) (1 October 1992).
934:
1004:"Oral history interview with Isaac Levin Auerbach"
359:The machine was, however, the first to implement:
1274:(3rd ed.), New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,
1270:Ralston, Anthony; Reilly, Edwin D., eds. (1993),
775:The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers
549:, one of the original developers of ENIAC wrote:
3838:
963:"Reconstruction of the Atanasoff-Berry Computer"
653:– via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
816:A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century
645:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1168:Computer: A History of the Information Machine
978:The First Computers: History and Architectures
911:, Ames: Iowa State University Press, pp.
533:him to propose a similar, electronic solution.
3290:
1347:
1269:
1219:, vol. 259, no. 2, pp. 90–96,
440:Primary user input was decimal, via standard
429:of the intermediate output and input was two
293:prototype was submitted in March 1939 to the
197:Conceived in 1937, the machine was built by
2352:Computer performance by orders of magnitude
1316:Honeywell v. Sperry Rand Records, 1846-1973
908:Atanasoff: Forgotten Father of the Computer
723:"Milestones:Atanasoff-Berry Computer, 1939"
675:
209:. It was designed only to solve systems of
3297:
3283:
1361:
1354:
1340:
1205:
904:
614:
264:
36:
3304:
1326:The Atanasoff-Berry Computer In Operation
27:Early electronic digital computing device
3554:Iowa State–Kansas State football rivalry
1001:
941:. University of Iowa Press. p. 22.
681:
638:
462:
450:
350:
268:
1251:
1188:
1027:
790:
642:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
340:of 1943–1945. Nor did it implement the
317:(1.6 km) of wire, 280 dual-triode
261:were reported to have been astonished.
14:
3862:Computer-related introductions in 1942
3839:
1119:
1078:
566:In 1997, a team of researchers led by
3278:
1335:
974:
665:Colossus and the German Lorenz Cypher
150:) was the first automatic electronic
3559:Iowa State–Missouri football rivalry
2323:Floating-point operations per second
1301:Reconstruction of the ABC, 1994-1997
1256:(2nd ed.), New York: Springer,
528:Campbell-Kelly and Aspray conclude:
325:, and was about the size of a desk.
3703:Spacecraft Systems and Controls Lab
938:The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa
771:Colossus: Godfather of the Computer
234:
181:, and the simultaneously developed
24:
205:with the help of graduate student
201:mathematics and physics professor
113:Decimal, via a front panel display
25:
3893:
1289:
1233:10.1038/scientificamerican0888-90
848:
486:
257:, in June 1976, John Mauchly and
3249:Semiconductor device fabrication
1272:Encyclopedia of Computer Science
1085:. System iNetwork. p. 364.
1058:Campbell-Kelly & Aspray 1996
710:Campbell-Kelly & Aspray 1996
414:one bit of each number at a time
336:(or earlier iterations) and the
3224:History of general-purpose CPUs
1451:Nondeterministic Turing machine
1154:
1138:from the original on 2022-10-09
1113:
1107:"ABC Reconstruction, 1994-1997"
1099:
1072:
1063:
1021:
995:
968:
955:
928:
898:
873:
842:
1404:Deterministic finite automaton
1189:Edwards, John (Nov 22, 2010),
784:
760:
741:
715:
657:
632:
54:with help of graduate student
31:Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC)
13:
1:
2195:Simultaneous and heterogenous
905:Mollenhoff, Clark R. (1988),
607:
597:List of vacuum-tube computers
592:History of computing hardware
372:regenerative capacitor memory
287:regenerative capacitor memory
3505:Veenker Memorial Golf Course
2879:Integrated memory controller
2861:Translation lookaside buffer
2060:Memory dependence prediction
1503:Random-access stored program
1456:Probabilistic Turing machine
1254:A Brief History of Computing
214:modern computing, including
7:
3360:Liberal Arts & Sciences
2335:Synaptic updates per second
727:IEEE Global History Network
585:
471:
344:, first implemented in the
342:stored-program architecture
241:, that had been created by
192:
67:; 82 years ago
10:
3898:
3777:Notable alumni and faculty
3632:Enrollment Services Center
2739:Heterogeneous architecture
1661:Orthogonal instruction set
1431:Alternating Turing machine
1419:Quantum cellular automaton
1322:, University of Minnesota.
1211:"Dr. Atanasoff's Computer"
1165:; Aspray, William (1996),
981:. MIT Press. p. 102.
881:"The History of Computing"
558:
398:arithmetic logic functions
3820:
3769:
3726:
3670:
3590:
3373:
3329:
3314:
3229:Microprocessor chronology
3216:
3192:Dynamic frequency scaling
3165:
3101:
3039:
2993:
2945:
2900:
2820:
2747:
2716:
2621:
2542:
2506:
2460:
2360:
2347:Cache performance metrics
2286:
2220:
2170:
2081:
2072:
2045:
2000:
1967:
1939:
1930:
1750:
1653:
1642:
1513:
1369:
1320:Charles Babbage Institute
1079:Soltis, Frank G. (2001).
1028:Shurkin, Joel N. (1985),
622:"JVA - Computing History"
412:The ALU operated on only
132:
117:
109:
101:
87:
79:
61:
47:
35:
3792:George Washington Carver
3698:Honeywell v. Sperry Rand
3688:Atanasoff–Berry computer
3535:Iowa Corn Cy-Hawk Series
3244:Hardware security module
2587:Digital signal processor
2564:Graphics processing unit
2376:Graphics processing unit
1252:O’Regan, Gerard (2012),
755:Honeywell v. Sperry Rand
522:Honeywell v. Sperry Rand
144:Atanasoff–Berry computer
136:700 pounds (320 kg)
18:Atanasoff–Berry Computer
3852:One-of-a-kind computers
3197:Dynamic voltage scaling
2980:Memory address register
2874:Branch target predictor
2838:Address generation unit
2581:Physics processing unit
2370:Central processing unit
2329:Transactions per second
2317:Instructions per second
2240:Array processing (SIMT)
1384:Stored-program computer
688:Oxford University Press
682:Copeland, Jack (2006),
580:Computer History Museum
265:Design and construction
3787:John Vincent Atanasoff
3003:Hardwired control unit
2885:Memory management unit
2850:Memory management unit
2599:Secure cryptoprocessor
2593:Tensor Processing Unit
2575:Vision processing unit
2309:Cycles per instruction
2303:Instructions per cycle
2250:Associative processing
1941:Instruction pipelining
1363:Processor technologies
1311:The ENIAC patent trial
1163:Campbell-Kelly, Martin
556:
544:
535:
468:
460:
433:, a trivial problem.)
431:simultaneous equations
356:
274:
255:Los Alamos, New Mexico
203:John Vincent Atanasoff
121:Decimal, via standard
52:John Vincent Atanasoff
3872:Iowa State University
3857:Vacuum tube computers
3474:Swimming & diving
3307:Iowa State University
3086:Sum-addressed decoder
2832:Arithmetic logic unit
1959:Classic RISC pipeline
1913:Epiphany architecture
1760:Motorola 68000 series
1120:Krapfl, Mike (2010).
773:, 1977 (reprinted in
750:U.S. patent 3,120,606
551:
540:
530:
466:
454:
422:unit record equipment
354:
279:Rock Island, Illinois
272:
164:arithmetic logic unit
3207:Performance per watt
2785:replacement policies
2451:Package on a package
2341:Performance per watt
2245:Pipelined processing
2015:Tomasulo's algorithm
1820:Clipper architecture
1676:Application-specific
1389:Finite-state machine
1296:The Birth of the ABC
1207:Mackintosh, Allan R.
975:Rojas, Raúl (2002).
690:, pp. 101–115,
670:Bletchley Park Trust
391:power-line frequency
300:Research Corporation
220:electronic switching
3797:Carrie Chapman Catt
3388:Iowa State Cyclones
3365:Veterinary Medicine
3239:Digital electronics
2892:Instruction decoder
2844:Floating-point unit
2498:Soft microprocessor
2445:System in a package
2020:Reservation station
1550:Transport-triggered
1225:1988SciAm.259b..90M
1216:Scientific American
1031:Engines of the Mind
388:alternating current
313:Des Moines Register
283:parallel processing
183:Harvard Mark I
32:
3882:Paper data storage
3515:Ames/ISU Ice Arena
3500:Jack Trice Stadium
3111:Integrated circuit
2955:Processor register
2609:Baseband processor
1954:Operand forwarding
1414:Cellular automaton
491:On June 26, 1947,
481:George W. Snedecor
469:
461:
455:Inside display on
357:
338:Colossus computers
307:Iowa State College
302:of New York City.
275:
251:Colossus computers
199:Iowa State College
30:
3834:
3833:
3617:Iowa State Center
3479:Track & field
3423:Track & field
3272:
3271:
3161:
3160:
2780:Instruction cache
2770:Scratchpad memory
2617:
2616:
2604:Network processor
2533:Network on a chip
2488:Ultra-low-voltage
2439:Multi-chip module
2282:
2281:
2068:
2067:
2055:Branch prediction
2032:Register renaming
1926:
1925:
1908:VISC architecture
1730:Quantum computing
1725:VISC architecture
1607:Secondary storage
1523:Microarchitecture
1483:Register machines
1263:978-1-4471-2358-3
1195:Electronic Design
781:, New York, 1982)
493:J. Presper Eckert
247:J. Presper Eckert
216:binary arithmetic
187:Colossus computer
140:
139:
16:(Redirected from
3889:
3877:Serial computers
3812:G. Malcolm Trout
3735:Iowa State Daily
3662:Fick Observatory
3594:
3547:Big Four Classic
3377:
3323:
3308:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3234:Processor design
3126:Power management
3008:Instruction unit
2869:Branch predictor
2818:
2817:
2516:System on a chip
2458:
2457:
2298:Transistor count
2222:Flynn's taxonomy
2079:
2078:
1937:
1936:
1740:Addressing modes
1651:
1650:
1597:Memory hierarchy
1461:Hypercomputation
1379:Abstract machine
1356:
1349:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1284:
1266:
1248:
1243:, archived from
1202:
1185:
1171:, New York, NY:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1129:ECpE Connections
1126:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
999:
993:
992:
972:
966:
961:John Gustafson.
959:
953:
952:
932:
926:
925:
902:
896:
895:
893:
891:
877:
871:
869:
868:
867:
858:, archived from
846:
840:
839:
838:
837:
811:Rota, Gian-Carlo
800:
788:
782:
764:
758:
752:
745:
739:
738:
736:
734:
719:
713:
707:
701:
700:
679:
673:
668:. Anthony Sale,
661:
655:
654:
652:
650:
636:
630:
629:
618:
602:Mikhail Kravchuk
547:Herman Goldstine
291:proof of concept
211:linear equations
152:digital computer
75:
73:
68:
40:
33:
29:
21:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3867:Early computers
3847:1940s computers
3837:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3816:
3765:
3722:
3678:Ames Laboratory
3666:
3627:Beardshear Hall
3592:
3586:
3572:Cy the Cardinal
3542:Iowa "Big Four"
3495:Hilton Coliseum
3486:
3435:
3375:
3369:
3325:
3321:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3273:
3268:
3254:Tick–tock model
3212:
3168:
3157:
3097:
3081:Address decoder
3035:
2989:
2985:Program counter
2960:Status register
2941:
2896:
2856:Load–store unit
2823:
2816:
2743:
2712:
2613:
2570:Image processor
2545:
2538:
2508:
2502:
2478:Microcontroller
2468:Embedded system
2456:
2356:
2289:
2278:
2216:
2166:
2064:
2041:
2025:Re-order buffer
1996:
1977:Data dependency
1963:
1922:
1752:
1746:
1645:
1644:Instruction set
1638:
1624:Multiprocessing
1592:Cache hierarchy
1585:Register/memory
1509:
1409:Queue automaton
1365:
1360:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1264:
1209:(August 1988),
1183:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1000:
996:
989:
973:
969:
960:
956:
949:
933:
929:
923:
903:
899:
889:
887:
879:
878:
874:
865:
863:
847:
843:
835:
833:
831:
798:
789:
785:
779:Springer-Verlag
765:
761:
748:
746:
742:
732:
730:
721:
720:
716:
708:
704:
698:
680:
676:
662:
658:
648:
646:
637:
633:
620:
619:
615:
610:
588:
576:Ames Laboratory
561:
489:
474:
346:Manchester Baby
267:
235:patent disputes
195:
160:Turing-complete
71:
69:
66:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3895:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3782:ISU Presidents
3779:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3637:Memorial Union
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3612:Reiman Gardens
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3530:Cy-Hawk Trophy
3522:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3510:Cap Timm Field
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3355:Human Sciences
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3259:Pin grid array
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3093:Barrel shifter
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3076:Binary decoder
3073:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2965:Stack register
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2828:
2826:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:AI accelerator
2556:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2530:
2525:
2522:Multiprocessor
2519:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:Microprocessor
2470:
2464:
2462:
2461:By application
2455:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2404:Tile processor
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2373:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2190:Hyperthreading
2182:
2176:
2174:
2172:Multithreading
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2085:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1949:Pipeline stall
1945:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1898:z/Architecture
1895:
1890:
1885:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1602:Virtual memory
1594:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1426:Turing machine
1423:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1290:External links
1288:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1267:
1262:
1249:
1203:
1186:
1181:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1112:
1098:
1091:
1071:
1062:
1050:
1045:978-0671600365
1044:
1020:
994:
987:
967:
954:
947:
927:
921:
897:
872:
841:
830:978-0124916500
829:
803:Metropolis, N.
796:"The Colossus"
792:Randell, Brian
783:
767:Randell, Brian
759:
740:
714:
702:
696:
674:
656:
631:
612:
611:
609:
606:
605:
604:
599:
594:
587:
584:
572:John Gustafson
560:
557:
488:
487:Patent dispute
485:
473:
470:
368:
367:
364:
266:
263:
228:IEEE Milestone
224:stored program
207:Clifford Berry
194:
191:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
93:More than 300
91:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
63:
59:
58:
56:Clifford Berry
49:
45:
44:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3894:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:StrangeSearch
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:Alumni Center
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3582:Marching Band
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:School Spirit
3567:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3449:Cross Country
3447:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3408:Cross country
3406:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:Demultiplexer
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2975:Memory buffer
2973:
2971:
2970:Register file
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Combinational
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Scoreboarding
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1992:False sharing
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:Stanford MIPS
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:architectures
1641:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:Heterogeneous
1612:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1565:Memory access
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1498:Random-access
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1478:Stack machine
1476:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:with datapath
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1281:0-442-27679-6
1277:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1247:on 2024-05-24
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1182:0-465-02989-2
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1102:
1094:
1092:9781583040836
1088:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1066:
1060:, p. 86.
1059:
1054:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1009:
1005:
998:
990:
988:0-262-68137-4
984:
980:
979:
971:
964:
958:
950:
948:9781587297243
944:
940:
939:
931:
924:
922:0-8138-0032-3
918:
914:
910:
909:
901:
886:
885:mason.gmu.edu
882:
876:
862:on 2000-08-19
861:
857:
856:
851:
845:
832:
826:
822:
818:
817:
812:
808:
804:
797:
793:
787:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
756:
751:
744:
728:
724:
718:
712:, p. 84.
711:
706:
699:
697:0-19-284055-X
693:
689:
685:
678:
671:
667:
666:
660:
644:
643:
635:
627:
623:
617:
613:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
555:
550:
548:
543:
539:
534:
529:
526:
524:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
484:
482:
478:
465:
458:
453:
449:
447:
446:punched cards
443:
438:
434:
432:
426:
423:
417:
415:
410:
408:
403:
399:
394:
392:
389:
384:
382:
377:
373:
365:
362:
361:
360:
353:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
315:
314:
308:
303:
301:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
271:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
208:
204:
200:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
135:
131:
128:
127:punched cards
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
64:
60:
57:
53:
50:
46:
39:
34:
19:
3824:
3733:
3727:Student life
3687:
3683:Ames Project
3642:Morrill Hall
3561:
3393:Hall of Fame
3316:
3264:Chip carrier
3202:Clock gating
3121:Mixed-signal
3018:Write buffer
2995:Control unit
2807:Clock signal
2546:accelerators
2528:Cypress PSoC
2185:Simultaneous
2002:Out-of-order
1634:Neuromorphic
1515:Architecture
1473:Belt machine
1466:Zeno machine
1399:Hierarchical
1271:
1253:
1245:the original
1214:
1198:
1194:
1167:
1155:Bibliography
1142:November 26,
1140:. Retrieved
1128:
1115:
1101:
1081:
1074:
1065:
1053:
1030:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
1007:
997:
977:
970:
957:
937:
930:
907:
900:
888:. Retrieved
884:
875:
864:, retrieved
860:the original
854:
844:
834:, retrieved
815:
786:
774:
770:
762:
743:
731:. Retrieved
726:
717:
705:
683:
677:
664:
659:
647:. Retrieved
641:
634:
625:
616:
568:Delwyn Bluhm
565:
562:
552:
545:
541:
536:
531:
527:
520:
497:John Mauchly
490:
479:
475:
439:
435:
427:
418:
411:
395:
385:
371:
369:
358:
327:
319:vacuum tubes
311:
304:
276:
243:John Mauchly
232:
196:
171:vacuum tubes
168:
156:programmable
147:
143:
141:
97:@ 60 Hz
95:vacuum tubes
62:Release date
3802:Tom Knudson
3652:Carver Hall
3350:Engineering
3049:Multiplexer
3013:Data buffer
2724:Single-core
2696:bit slicing
2554:Coprocessor
2409:Coprocessor
2290:performance
2212:Cooperative
2202:Speculative
2162:Distributed
2121:Superscalar
2106:Instruction
2074:Parallelism
2047:Speculative
1879:System/3x0
1751:Instruction
1528:Von Neumann
1441:Post–Turing
1201:(16): 58–59
1173:Basic Books
819:, pp.
807:Howlett, J.
509:Sperry Rand
402:logic gates
381:fixed-point
330:Konrad Zuse
259:Konrad Zuse
179:Z1 computer
175:Konrad Zuse
3841:Categories
3807:Jack Trice
3647:Farm House
3577:ISU Fights
3484:Volleyball
3459:Gymnastics
3444:Basketball
3403:Basketball
3322:Ames, Iowa
3317:Located in
3169:management
3064:Multiplier
2925:Logic gate
2915:Sequential
2822:Functional
2802:Clock rate
2775:Data cache
2748:Components
2729:Multi-core
2717:Core count
2207:Preemptive
2111:Pipelining
2094:Bit-serial
2037:Wide-issue
1982:Structural
1904:Tilera ISA
1870:MicroBlaze
1840:ETRAX CRIS
1735:Comparison
1580:Load–store
1560:Endianness
866:2020-07-16
850:Bemer, Bob
836:2016-09-19
686:, Oxford:
608:References
444:80-column
376:capacitors
323:thyratrons
125:80-column
80:Units sold
3657:Catt Hall
3607:Campanile
3602:Buildings
3562:(defunct)
3521:Rivalries
3428:Wrestling
3376:Athletics
3330:Academics
3103:Circuitry
3023:Microcode
2947:Registers
2790:coherence
2765:CPU cache
2623:Word size
2288:Processor
1932:Execution
1835:DEC Alpha
1813:Power ISA
1629:Cognitive
1436:Universal
1328:(YouTube)
513:prior art
505:Honeywell
230:in 1990.
105:3000 bits
48:Developer
3713:BugGuide
3671:Research
3469:Softball
3433:Baseball
3413:Football
3340:Business
3336:Colleges
3041:Datapath
2734:Manycore
2706:variable
2544:Hardware
2180:Temporal
1860:OpenRISC
1555:Cellular
1545:Dataflow
1538:modified
1133:Archived
813:(eds.),
794:(1980),
733:3 August
586:See also
472:Function
332:'s 1941
295:Agronomy
193:Overview
3825:Founded
3751:VEISHEA
3693:CYCLONE
3440:Women's
3217:Related
3148:Quantum
3138:Digital
3133:Boolean
3031:Counter
2930:Quantum
2691:512-bit
2686:256-bit
2681:128-bit
2524:(MPSoC)
2509:on chip
2507:Systems
2325:(FLOPS)
2138:Process
1987:Control
1969:Hazards
1855:Itanium
1850:Unicore
1808:PowerPC
1533:Harvard
1493:Pointer
1488:Counter
1446:Quantum
1241:3064298
1221:Bibcode
1036:280–299
1013:6 April
1008:umn.edu
890:6 April
649:6 April
559:Replica
110:Display
70: (
3827:: 1858
3770:People
3756:CyRide
3746:PrISUm
3593:Campus
3491:Venues
3464:Soccer
3345:Design
3153:Switch
3143:Analog
2881:(IMC)
2852:(MMU)
2701:others
2676:64-bit
2671:48-bit
2666:32-bit
2661:24-bit
2656:16-bit
2651:15-bit
2646:12-bit
2483:Mobile
2399:Stream
2394:Barrel
2389:Vector
2378:(GPU)
2337:(SUPS)
2305:(IPC)
2157:Memory
2150:Vector
2133:Thread
2116:Scalar
1918:Others
1865:RISC-V
1830:SuperH
1799:Power
1795:MIPS-X
1770:PDP-11
1619:Fabric
1371:Models
1278:
1260:
1239:
1179:
1089:
1042:
985:
945:
919:
913:47, 48
827:
729:. IEEE
694:
515:. The
407:relays
158:, nor
102:Memory
3761:Cuffs
3399:Men's
3209:(PPW)
3167:Power
3059:Adder
2935:Array
2902:Logic
2863:(TLB)
2846:(FPU)
2840:(AGU)
2834:(ALU)
2824:units
2760:Cache
2641:8-bit
2636:4-bit
2631:1-bit
2595:(TPU)
2589:(DSP)
2583:(PPU)
2577:(VPU)
2566:(GPU)
2535:(NoC)
2518:(SoC)
2453:(PoP)
2447:(SiP)
2441:(MCM)
2382:GPGPU
2372:(CPU)
2362:Types
2343:(PPW)
2331:(TPS)
2319:(IPS)
2311:(CPI)
2082:Level
1893:S/390
1888:S/370
1883:S/360
1825:SPARC
1803:POWER
1686:TRIPS
1654:Types
1136:(PDF)
1125:(PDF)
821:47–92
801:, in
799:(PDF)
574:from
507:sued
501:ENIAC
321:, 31
239:ENIAC
118:Input
3741:KURE
3718:VRAC
3525:Iowa
3454:Golf
3418:Golf
3384:Team
3187:ACPI
2920:Glue
2812:FIFO
2755:Core
2493:ASIP
2434:CPLD
2429:FPOA
2424:FPGA
2419:ASIC
2272:SPMD
2267:MIMD
2262:MISD
2255:SWAR
2235:SIMD
2230:SISD
2145:Data
2128:Task
2099:Word
1845:M32R
1790:MIPS
1753:sets
1720:ZISC
1715:NISC
1710:OISC
1705:MISC
1698:EPIC
1693:VLIW
1681:EDGE
1671:RISC
1666:CISC
1575:HUMA
1570:NUMA
1276:ISBN
1258:ISBN
1237:PMID
1177:ISBN
1144:2020
1087:ISBN
1040:ISBN
1015:2018
983:ISBN
943:ISBN
917:ISBN
892:2018
825:ISBN
735:2011
692:ISBN
651:2018
570:and
495:and
457:I-35
396:The
386:The
310:the
245:and
218:and
142:The
133:Mass
72:1942
65:1942
3182:APM
3177:PMU
3069:CPU
3026:ROM
2797:Bus
2414:PAL
2089:Bit
1875:LMC
1780:ARM
1775:x86
1765:VAX
1229:doi
442:IBM
177:'s
148:ABC
123:IBM
89:CPU
3843::
3319::
3116:3D
1318:,
1235:,
1227:,
1213:,
1199:58
1197:,
1193:,
1175:,
1127:.
1038:,
1006:.
915:,
883:.
852:,
823:,
809:;
805:;
777:,
769:,
725:.
624:.
582:.
409:.
334:Z3
285:,
3298:e
3291:t
3284:v
1355:e
1348:t
1341:v
1231::
1223::
1146:.
1095:.
1017:.
991:.
951:.
894:.
757:.
737:.
672:.
146:(
83:1
74:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
