55:). These pillars profoundly influenced the way Australia developed over the coming decades and were only dismantled towards the end of the century. The term "settlement" refers to the way this constellation of policies emerged as a compromise between major interests in Australian society at that time, namely workers and employers. It has also been referred to as the
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coined the phrase "Australian
Settlement" and blamed those early policy decisions for Australia's economic difficulties of the 1970s and 1980s. A closer examination makes that interpretation difficult to sustain, but does not alter the reality that by the late 20th century the strategy of domestic
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There was obviously a lot of business for the new parliament in those first years after
Federation took effect on 1 January 1901. The decision-making was complicated, though, by the fact that no single party enjoyed a majority until Labor took office in 1910. The three-cornered contest between
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Over the course of the economically difficult and industrially conflictual 1890s, the six colonies agreed to federate as the
Commonwealth of Australia. The establishment of a national government spanning the continent and the transfer of certain key functions to that government entailed the
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Britain's
Australian colonies had developed rapidly and successfully in the 19th century to become a major exporter of certain commodities, notably wool. By the 1880s they had become among the wealthiest societies in the world and had also developed unusually strong labour movements. Some
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For theorist
Francis Castles, implementation of these policies constituted an economic development strategy of "domestic defence" – using Australia's natural wealth to support an otherwise uncompetitive manufacturing sector, providing a good living to workers and pensions for later life.
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establishment of new national policies in regard to a range of important economic and social matters. Customs tariffs, for instance, immediately became an exclusive concern of the
Commonwealth government and the Commonwealth assumed primacy in a number of other areas such as immigration.
123:(NICs) put that strategy under great pressure in the 1980s. Under the Hawke-Keating Labor governments (1983–96), both tariff protectionism and centralised wage fixing were wound back. As part of the campaign to liberalise the Australian economy in this period, journalist
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manufacturing for local consumption had also become established. This was supported and promoted in the Colony of
Victoria by a protective tariff that had been introduced in 1866 to help generate local employment for migrants initially attracted to the gold fields.
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and the Old Age
Pension Act. In addition, the Court of Conciliation and Arbitration brought down its "living wage" determination requiring employers to pay their workers enough to support a man and his wife and three children.
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between the mid-1960s and the mid-1970s. Australia persisted, however, with other components such as tariff protectionism while other advanced economies were moving toward more open trade in the post-war years through the
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process. Weaknesses in
Australia's commodity exporting economy combined with steadily increasing competition in world manufacturing thanks to the
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was a set of nation-building policies adopted in
Australia at the beginning of the 20th century. The phrase was coined by journalist
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for industrial disputes); State Paternalism (interventionist social and economic policies); and Imperial Benevolence (faith in the
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89:(ALP), saw the Protectionists introduce the key "Australian settlement" policies with Labor support. This began with the
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Tregenza, Ian (2012). "Are We 'All Socialists Now'? New Liberalism, State Socialism and the Australian Settlement".
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This article is about the 20th century set of policies in Australia. For the history of Australian settlement, see
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Jayasuriya, Kanishka (2010). "Building Citizens: Empire, Asia and the Australian Settlement".
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Australian Public Policy and Economic Vulnerability: a comparative and historical perspective
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Brett, Judith (2007). "The Country, the City and the State in the Australian Settlement".
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Stokes, Geoffrey (2004). "The 'Australian settlement' and Australian political thought".
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Fenna, Alan (2012). "Putting the 'Australian Settlement' in Perspective".
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Smyth, Paul (2004). "Comment: Australian settlement or Australian way?".
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Dismantling the domestic defence framework began with the ending of the
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Sawer, Marian (2004). "Comment: the Australian settlement undone".
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Alan Fenna, "Putting the 'Australian Settlement' in Perspective",
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Macintyre, Stuart (2004). "Comment: an historian's perspective".
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A paper and series of responses on the subject published in the
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Brett, Judith (2004). "Comment: the country and the city".
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Kelly, Paul (2004). "Comment: the Australian settlement".
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Protectionist Liberals, Free Trade Liberals and the
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on imported manufactured goods); Wage Arbitration (
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162:Peter Loveday, A.W. Martin & R.S. Parker,
226:The End of Certainty: The Story of the 1980s
164:The Emergence of the Australian Party System
179:(St Leonards NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1988).
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166:(Sydney: Hale & Iremonger, 1977).
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192:(Allen & Unwin, 1992).
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544:Australian nationalism
112:White Australia policy
87:Australian Labor Party
49:compulsory arbitration
25:Australian settlement
539:Economy of Australia
228:. Allen & Unwin.
224:Kelly, Paul (1992).
190:The End of Certainty
175:Francis G. Castles,
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150:References
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67:Background
41:Protection
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