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3000:, he opted to resolve the issue by orchestrating the final dethronement and execution of the child king in 1629. Thus, Prasat Thong had completely usurped the kingdom by double (perhaps triple) regicide, extinguishing the Sukhothai dynasty 60 years after its installation by the Burmese. Many of King Prasat Thong's former allies abandoned his cause following his ascension to the throne. In the course of quelling such resistance, Prasat Thong assassinated his former ally Yamada Nagamasa in 1630 (who now opposed Prasat Thong's coup), and promptly banished all the remaining Japanese from Siam. While a community of Japanese exiles were eventually welcomed back into the country, this event marks the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate's long-standing formal relationship with the Ayutthaya Kingdom.
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4339:, bound directly to the king, who distributed the use of their services to his officials. This measure gave the king a theoretical monopoly on all manpower, and the idea developed that since the king owned the services of all the people, he also possessed all the land. Ministerial offices and governorships – and the sakdina that went with them – were usually inherited positions dominated by a few families often connected to the king by marriage. Indeed, marriage was frequently used by Thai kings to cement alliances between themselves and powerful families, a custom prevailing through the 19th century. As a result of this policy, the king's wives usually numbered in the dozens.
3455:, perhaps due to Ayutthaya kings purposely undermining the creation of such an elite group of warriors that can significantly influence or challenge the throne. On the other hand, the city of Ayutthaya relied on the wet season monsoons making the city impenetrable to a siege for six months a year. Ayutthaya had over time amassed a huge stockpile of large cannons and arms that amazed the Burmese when they opened the treasury of Ayutthaya in the sack of Ayutthaya in 1767. It however lacked the men to arm these weapons, with the failure of the Ayutthaya corvee system and increased economic incentives for phrai to escape due to greater integration with the world's economy over the past 150 years of peace.
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cease not continually to intermix some word. Most of their masks are hideous, and represent either monstrous Beasts, or kinds of Devils. The Show which they call Lacone is a poem intermix with Epic and
Dramatic, which lasts three days, from eight in the morning till seven at night. They are histories in verse, serious, and sung by several actors always present, and which do only sing reciprocally .... The Rabam is a double dance of men and women, which is not martial, but gallant ... they can perform it without much tying themselves, because their way of dancing is a simple march round, very slow, and without any high motion; but with a great many slow contortions of the body and arms.
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Ayutthaya temples being used for festivals and celebrations following the sack. According to one historian, the post-Ayutthaya monarchs were the real demolishers of the former capital, they took apart most of the ruins that survived the
Burmese sack for the construction of the new capital at Bangkok for symbolic and practical reasons; Bangkok was the successor of Ayutthaya in the eyes of the new Bangkok elite and therefore had to transfer its spiritual power through the reuse of its bricks to build Bangkok while the prospect of future Burmese invasions meant that there was not enough time to build a capital via the traditional method during the early Rattanakosin Kingdom.
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6833:, primarily featured the stories of kings fighting wars and the idea of territorial subjugation of neighboring states. These historical themes remains influential in Thailand and in Thai popular history up until the present, which has only been challenged by a newer generation of historians and academics in Thailand and abroad starting in the 1980s, emphasizing the long-neglected commercial and economic aspects which were important to Ayutthaya. New released sources and translations from a variety of historical records (China, the Netherlands, etc...) have made the researching of Ayutthaya history more accessible in the past two and three decades.
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6781:, which dates from 1681. The histories of Ayutthaya was not regarded as important until the age of commerce and peace in the 17th and 18th centuries. Early Ayutthaya did not write down its history. The religious chronicles are also important to understanding Ayutthaya, which date as early as the 16th century. Early Ayutthaya did not write down its history. A significant portion of written evidence must therefore come from outside accounts. Aside from Van Vliet, a number of Europeans in the 17th and early 18th century wrote surviving accounts of Siam. The Chinese palace chronicles are also instrumental in analyzing Ayutthaya's history.
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paraphrasing historians Chris Baker and Pasuk
Phongpaichit, "a failure of defense, a failure of dealing with rising wealth". By 1767, Ayutthaya had become a prize that many kingdoms would have seek to acquire. In an age where warfare was fought among kings than ethnic boundaries, a number of Siamese joined the Burmese in the sack of Ayutthaya. Ayutthaya nobles who were seized from Ayutthaya settled according to their stations at the court of Ava and settled in well, according to the Burmese chronicles. To paraphrase the words of historian Nidhi Eoseewong, the "kingdom fell even before the walls of Ayutthaya fell".
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6332:, seized the throne, killed the designated heir, a Christian, and had Phaulkon put to death along with a number of missionaries. He then expelled the remaining foreigners. Some studies said that Ayutthaya began a period of alienation from European traders, while welcoming more Chinese merchants. But other recent studies argue that, due to wars and conflicts in Europe in the mid-18th century, European merchants reduced their activities in the East. However, it was apparent that the Dutch East Indies Company or VOC was still doing business in Ayutthaya despite political difficulties.
2654:, from each succession from the 16th century onwards, princely governors or powerful dignitaries claiming their merit gathered their forces and moved on the capital to press their claims, culminating in several bloody coups. With the dominance of the Suphanburi clan, it now had to face the militaristic nobles of the Northern Cities, who increasingly came south for wealth prospects at an increasingly wealthy and powerful Ayutthaya. The first real succession struggles in Ayutthaya occurred in the early 16th century, with the Northern lords playing a prominent role. Under the reign of
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relationships to the other cities were a first among equals status. Early
Ayutthaya rulers had to balance their interests alongside those of their city vassal states. As Ayutthaya incorporated the Northern Cities and adapted their government functions in the 15th and 16th centuries, Ayutthaya rulers became more regal and assumed more power at the cost of their vassal cities. As the kings became richer through trade in the 17th century, they used their wealth to express their power, including the shrouding of the monarch in Angkorian and Brahmic rituals and symbolism.
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3572:. In mid-1765, Nemyo Thihapate marched his Burmese-Lanna regiment to attack and conquer Northern Siam. Suppression of peripheral governors in response to internal rebellions meant that little could be provided for frontline defenses. Siamese peripheral cities fell to Burmese invaders one-by-one. Maha Nawrahta marched his main column from Tavoy to attack Ayutthaya in November 1765. William Powney, a British merchant who happened to be trading in Ayutthaya, led British-Siamese forces to attack the Burmese in the Battle of Nonthaburi in December 1765 but was defeated.
3607:, a Siamese military man of Chinese heritage, upon realizing hopelessness in defenses of Ayutthaya, gathered men and broke through Burmese siege in January 1767 to seek for new position in Eastern Siam. French-Portuguese Christians and Chinese immigrants provided the last defense line south of Ayutthaya. In March 1767, Ekkathat attempted to reach for truce with the Burmese but failed. Shortly after that, Maha Nawrahta died, leaving Nemyo Thihapate to assume commands over all Burmese besiegers. The Burmese put down Chinese and Christian resistances in March 1767.
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3291:. The growth of China's population in the late 17th–18th centuries, alongside nationwide rice shortages and famines in Southern China, meant that China was eager to import rice from other nations, particularly from Ayutthaya. During the Late Ayutthaya Period (1688–1767), the Chinese population in Ayutthaya possibly tripled in size to 30,000 from 1680 to 1767. The Chinese played a pivotal role in stimulating Ayutthaya's economy in the last 100 years of the kingdom's existence and eventually played a pivotal role in Siam's quick recovery from the
3237:, which culminated in an official French retreat from Siam. Phetracha's reign, however, was not stable. Many of Phetracha's provincial governors refused to recognize his rule as legitimate, and rebellions by the late Narai's supporters persisted for many years. The most important change to Siam in the aftermath of the revolution was Phetracha's refusal to continue Narai's foreign embassies. King Phetracha opted instead to reverse much of Narai's decisions and closed Thailand to almost all forms of European interaction except with the Dutch.
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3086:. Narai finally assumed a stable position as King of Ayutthaya with the support of a mainly foreign court faction consisting of groups that had been marginalized during the reign of his father, Prasat Thong. Among his benefactors were, notably, Persian, Dutch, and Japanese mercenaries. It should therefore come as no surprise that the era of King Narai was one of an extroverted Siam. Foreign trade brought Ayutthaya not only luxury items but also new arms and weapons. In the mid–17th century, during King
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capital of
Ayutthaya finally fell to Burmese invaders on 7 April 1767. Unlike the previous fall of Ayutthaya in 1569, the Burmese destruction of Ayutthaya in April 1767 was permanent, profound and extensive. Palaces and temples were burnt to the grounds and inhabitants were indiscriminately slaughtered. Ekkathat, the last king of Ayutthaya, either died from starvation or random fatal gunshot. Treasures and cultural artifacts were seized. Buddha image of Phra Si Sanphet, stood at
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implementing it in ways deemphasized
Ayutthaya's importance to Thai history by portraying the Sukhothai Kingdom as the first "Thai" kingdom or golden age of "Thai-ness" (Buddhism, Thai-style democracy, free trade, abolition of slavery), Rattanakosin as the "rebirth", and Ayutthaya as a period of decline between Sukhothai and Rattanakosin. This resulted in Ayutthaya being largely forgotten in the historiography of Thailand for half a century following the works of
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6305:(1657–1688), a ruler with a cosmopolitan outlook who was nonetheless wary of outside influence. Important commercial ties were forged with Japan. Dutch and English trading companies were allowed to establish factories, and Thai diplomatic missions were sent to Paris and The Hague. By maintaining these ties, the Thai court skillfully played off the Dutch against the English and the French, avoiding the excessive influence of a single power.
3682:. Taak-Sin ascended the throne, becoming known as King Taak-Sin or Taksin. By 1771, he reunited Siam (with the exception of the cities of Mergui and Tenasserim) and defeated all local warlords. The new conflict between Burma and Siam would last for another 50 years, depopulating large areas of Siam (including the Northern Cities and Phitsanulok, the former second capital of Ayutthaya) and leaving some areas deserted as late as the 1880s.
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3230:, had long planned a coup to remove Narai. When the king became seriously ill in May 1688, Phetracha and his accomplices had him arrested along with Phaulkon and many members of the royal family, all of whom were put to death besides Narai, who died in captivity in July of that year. . With the king and his heirs out of the way, Phetracha then usurped the throne and officially crowned himself King of Ayutthaya on 1 August.
6252:, reached its peak in the 17th century. Ayutthaya became a main destination for merchants from China and Japan. It was apparent that foreigners began taking part in the kingdom's politics. Ayutthaya's kings employed foreign mercenaries who sometimes joined the wars with the kingdom's enemies. However, after the purge of the French in the late-17th century, the major traders with Ayutthaya were the Chinese. The Dutch from the
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6810:", published in 2017, was the first English-academic book to have analyzed the full four hundred years of the Ayutthaya Kingdom's existence. The historiography of Southeast Asia originated from post-colonial capitals. As Thailand had never been fully colonized, it never had a European patron from which national histories could be written about themselves until the arrival of the Americans in the 1960s.
3632:. Burmese conquest of Siam in 1767 left Siam depopulated for about a century after until mid-nineteenth century. Nemyo Thihapate and Burmese victors left Ayutthaya in June 1767, leaving Mon commander Thugyi or Suki to be in charge of relatively small Burmese occupying forces at Phosamton north of Ayutthaya. Local regimes emerged from various regional centers due to absence of central authority.
3603:. Burmese king Hsinbyushin urged his commanders to finish up the conquest of Ayutthaya in order to divert forces to the Chinese front. The besieging Burmese then constructed twenty-seven fort towers surrounding Ayutthaya to escalate the siege in January 1767. Situation for Ayutthayan defenders became dire as more Siamese people surrendered to the Burmese in escape from anarchy and starvation.
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1954:, who was then crowned as the new ruler named Sinthapomarin (สินธพอมรินทร์). Because Kreak was not originally considered a royal lineage, after he died in 1081, the throne was despoiled by Narai, the son of King Chadachota from Lavo Kingdom, who was of the lineage of the previous Sangkaburi's kings. Narai renamed the city Ayodhya (อโยธยา) and eventually set it as the new capital of the
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power to appoint governors of cities in the inner
Ayutthaya mueang (cities) as well as appoint ministers in charge of the government. This however all made the target of the throne much more lucrative and rewarding than before. To be able to successfully put your target onto the throne would immensely reward its facilitators as much as the winner of the crown. The ability to appoint a
3983:. Despite a lack of evidence, it is believed that in the Ayutthaya Kingdom, the basic unit of social organization was the village community composed of extended family households. Title to land resided with the headman, who held it in the name of the community, although peasant proprietors enjoyed the use of land as long as they cultivated it. The lords gradually became
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1705:. The Late Ayutthaya Period saw the departure of the French and English but growing prominence of the Chinese. The period was described as a "golden age" of Siamese culture and saw the rise in Chinese trade and the introduction of capitalism into Siam, a development that would continue to expand in the centuries following the fall of Ayutthaya.
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the more-capable temple king
Uthumphon to leave monkhood to lead the defenses. Fortunately, the treacherous wet rainy season arrived, obliging the Burmese to retreat. Alaungpaya himself was either ill and injured from cannon explosion, died on his way back to Burma in 1760. Ayutthaya was thus saved from Burmese conquest for one last time.
2449:, etc., but more modern narratives argue that territorial conquest was a European thing and not a Southeast Asian thing. Rather, the processes which saw Ayutthaya expand was one of political merger and consolidation between the cities at the head of the peninsula and slowly ascending up the Chao Phraya River Basin to the Northern Cities.
6298:, and Portuguese soldiers would be considered a respected fighting force for the Kingdom across its existence. Five years after that initial contact, Ayutthaya and Portugal concluded a treaty granting the Portuguese permission to trade in the kingdom. A similar treaty in 1592 gave the Dutch a privileged position in the rice trade.
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yuthia, (pronounced See-ah you-tè-ah, and by the natives, Krung, that is, the capital;) it is called by both names here, but never Bang-kok; and they always correct foreigners when the latter make this mistake. The villages which occupy the right hand of the river, opposite to the capital, pass under the general name of Bang-kok.
4184:, or 'subjects'. These officials had to submit to the king's command when war broke out. Officials thus became the key figures in the kingdom's politics. At least two officials staged coups, taking the throne themselves while bloody struggles between the king and his officials, followed by purges of court officials, were common.
2915:, was never legally designated as an heir by Ekathotsarot himself. Nonetheless, Si Saowaphak succeeded to the throne against his late father's wishes, and led a short and ineffective reign in which he was kidnapped and held hostage by Japanese merchants, and later murdered. After this episode, the kingdom was handed to
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concept of a proto-Siamese
Buddhist nationality was formed. However, Ayutthaya kings only occasionally viewed themselves as the defender of "the kingdom, people , and Buddhism", which wouldn't be fully realized until the Thonburi and Bangkok regimes in response to the traumatic destruction of the Siamese state in 1767.
2460:, in the early 15th century, described Ayutthaya as a rowdy port town, whose men practice fighting on water, and where the affairs of everyday life was arranged by the women. The cities on the peninsula regularly complained to the Chinese court about constant Siamese attacks down the peninsula around this time period.
3591:, managed to locally resist Burmese occupying forces for five months in early 1766. When the rainy season approached, the Burmese held their grounds by staying on flotillas and concentrated on high grounds. The Burmese approached Ayutthaya city walls in September 1766. In early 1766, due to conflicts over the
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ships for export to China. In the process, the Chao Phraya delta – mud flats between the sea and firm land hitherto considered unsuitable for habitation – was reclaimed and cultivated. Traditionally the king had a duty to perform a religious ceremony to bless the rice planting.
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government and the king was not extensive beyond the capital. When war with the
Burmese broke out in the late 18th century, provinces easily abandoned the capital. As the enforcing troops were not easily rallied to defend the capital, the city of Ayutthaya could not stand against the Burmese aggressors.
4827:, a British scholar on Southeast Asia, during the early-Rattanakosin Era: "The Siamese have attained to a considerable degree of perfection in dramatic exhibitions – and are in this respect envied by their neighbours the Burmans, Laos, and Cambojans who all employ Siamese actors when they can be got."
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in 1805. Early Rattanakosin period documents traced their "national" origins to the founding of Ayutthaya in 1351. In the early 20th-century however, Thai elites, influenced by Western ideas of European nationalism and the nation state, used that framework to create a nationalist history of Thailand,
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of Ayutthaya. Having established amicable relations between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Siam, they returned with a Siamese envoy who carried gifts and letters to the King of Portugal. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to visit the country. Portuguese mercenaries would also play a
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In April 1767, Nemyo Thihapate ordered the digging of underground tunnel into Ayutthaya, setting fire on the roots of the city walls, causing northeastern portion of city walls to collapse, allowing the Burmese to enter the city. After enduring fourteen months of siege, four-century-old Siamese royal
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Despite the departure of most Europeans from Ayutthaya, their economic presence in Ayutthaya was negligible in comparison to the Ayutthaya China-Indian Ocean trade. Lieberman, later reinforced by Baker and Phongpaichit, refutes the idea that Siam's alleged isolationism from global trade following the
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Although rice was abundant in Ayutthaya, rice exports were banned from time to time when famine occurred because of natural calamity or war. Rice was usually bartered for luxury goods and armaments from Westerners, but rice cultivation was mainly for the domestic market and rice export was evidently
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languages, by increasing the number of Sanskrit and Pali words drastically and imposing the demand on the Thais to develop a writing system that preserves the orthography of Sanskrit words for literary purpose. By the 15th century, the Thai language had evolved into a distinctive medium along with a
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The Chinese were not obliged to register for corvée duty, so they were free to move about the kingdom at will and engage in commerce. By the 16th century, the Chinese controlled Ayutthaya's internal trade and had found important places in civil and military service. Most of these men took Thai wives
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The kings of Ayutthaya from the 17th century onwards were absolute monarchs with semi-religious status. Their authority derived from the ideologies of Hinduism and Buddhism as well as from natural leadership. The king of Sukhothai was the inspiration of Inscription 1 found in Sukhothai, which stated
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itself in early 1760. Ayutthaya was not prepared for war. Long absence of external threats and economic prosperity in the mid-eighteenth century rendered traditional conscription system useless and ineffective. Manpower shortage undermined Siamese defense system. Panicked Ayutthayan people beseeched
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The turmoil which resulted from increasing wealth resulted in the Ayutthaya nobility turning towards the reformation of Buddhism as a new source of societal order. This was symbolized with the reign of King Borommakot (1733–1758), who was championed as a pious king for having all the characteristics
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The mass arrival of Chinese farming settlers to Siam in 18th century introduced Capitalism to Siam. The past 150 years of growth encouraged phrai to flee the bonds of government control and become peasant farmers in the countryside to earn wealth. People fled the government phrai system in a variety
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reunited Burma and took control, the Burmese invaded the Siamese-held territories in Tanintharyi province, and took Tavoy. In 1614, the Burmese invaded Lan Na which at that time was a vassal of Ayutthaya. Fighting between the Burmese and Siamese continued until 1618 when a treaty ended the conflict.
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system was inadequate to govern relatively vast territories. The government of Ayutthaya was centralized and institutionalized under King Trailokkanat in his reforms promulgating in Palatine Law of 1455, which became the constitution of Ayutthaya for the rest of its existence and continued to be the
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on 4 March 1351. This fact, however, has been subject to long scholarly debate. According to Chris Baker-Pasuk Phongpaichit, there are at least seven legends about who Uthong was: "a Northern Thai prince, a fugitive Chinese prince from the sea, a Khmer noble from Angkor, a ruler from one of the gulf
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The spot on which the present capital stands, and the country in its vicinity, on both banks of the river for a considerable distance, were formerly, before the removal of the court to its present situation called Bang-kok; but since that time, and for nearly sixty years past, it has been named Sia
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in "Strange Parallels in Southeast Asia" and by Baker and Phongpaichit in "A History of Ayutthaya", have mostly refuted Reid's hypothesis, in particular Lieberman criticizing Reid's methodology of using the example of Maritime Southeast Asia to explain Mainland Southeast Asia, citing the opening of
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are another important account of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. Based on the testimonies of the former inhabitants of the Ayutthaya Kingdom and survived by three different documents, these accounts attests to the description of the city of Ayutthaya and the Ayutthaya Kingdom prior to and during its fall in
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The new strain grew easily and abundantly, producing a surplus that could be sold cheaply abroad. Ayutthaya, at the southern extremity of the floodplain, thus became the hub of economic activity. Under royal patronage, corvée labour dug canals on which rice was brought from the fields to the king's
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Ayutthaya was a kingdom rich in literary production. Even after the sack of Ayutthaya in 1767, many literary masterpieces in the Thai language survived. However, Ayutthayan literature (as well as Thai literature before the modern era) was dominated by verse composition (i.e., poetry), whereas prose
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Of the attire of Siamese Khôn dancers, La Loubère recorded that, "hose that dance in Rabam, and Cone, have gilded paper-bonnets, high and pointed, like the Mandarins caps of ceremony, but which hang down at the sides below their ears, which are adorned with counterfeit stones, and with two pendants
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The Siamese have three sorts of Stage Plays: That which they call Cone is a figure dance, to the sound of the violin and some other instruments. The dancers are masked and armed, and represent rather a combat than a dance. And though every one runs into high motions, and extravagant postures, they
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Ayutthaya politically followed the mandala system, commonly used throughout Southeast Asia kingdoms before the 19th century. In the 17th century, the Ayutthaya monarchs were able to frequently appoint non-natives as governors of Ayutthaya-controlled towns and cities, in order to prevent competition
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The palaces and temples that marked Ayutthaya as a royal capital was reduced to "heaps of ruins and ashes". The city, described by a Danish visitor in 1779 to be a "terrible spectacle", totally buried in undergrowth and inhabited by elephants and tigers," was resettled quite soon after, with former
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Between 1600 and 1767, all but two royal successions were contested in a mini civil war in the capital. The throne became such a powerful and lucrative source of wealth during the 150 years of prosperity that many royals harbored ambitions to seize the throne. An Ayutthaya noble in the 18th century
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attempted to take advantage of unrest in Burma to seize control of Lan Na. Fighting along the border between the two adversaries continued for two years and at one time Narai seized Tavoy and Martaban. Ultimately, Narai and the Siamese ran out of supplies and returned home back within their border.
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as part of Ayutthaya in the 15th and early 16th centuries. Early Ayutthaya did not keep records and their early dynastic chronology is likely fabricated by later Ayutthaya elites writing their past histories: the early chronology in the palace chronicles does not correlate with the Ayutthaya temple
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The amount to which Ayutthaya texts were destroyed in the Burmese sack of 1767 varies greatly. Van Vliet's written records on Siam is the earliest written history of Siam and Ayutthaya, which date from the early to mid 17th century and likely used the religious temple chronicles as his source. The
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for their own consumption and to pay taxes. Whatever remained was used to support religious institutions. From the 13th to the 15th centuries, however, a transformation took place in Thai rice cultivation. In the highlands, where rainfall had to be supplemented by a system of irrigation to control
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to ensure his son would inherit the kingdom instead. When Songtham died in 1628, Prasat Thong used his alliance with Yamada Nagamasa's mercenaries to purge everyone who had supported Prince Sisin's claim, eventually capturing and executing Sisin as well. Soon Prasat Thong became more powerful in
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The 1430s through to 1600 marked a period of rising warfare throughout Mainland Southeast Asia. In 1500, the Portuguese noted that Ayutthaya had 100 elephants, 50 years later, Ayutthaya had 50,000 elephants. Ayutthaya began launching military land expeditions far to the west and east. In the west,
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verses). The Thai thus developed a keen mind and a keen ear for poetry. To maximize this new literary medium, however, an intensive classical education in Pali was required. This made poetry an exclusive occupation of the noble classes. However, B.J. Terwiel notes, citing a 17th-century text book
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With ample reserves of land available for cultivation, the realm depended on the acquisition and control of adequate manpower for farm labor and defense. The dramatic rise of Ayutthaya had entailed constant warfare and, as none of the parties in the region possessed a technological advantage, the
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in 1605, 'the method of royal succession at Ayutthaya throughout the seventeenth century was battle.' Although European visitors to Thailand at the time tried to discern any rules in the Siamese order of succession, noting that in practice the dead king's younger brother often succeeded him, this
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and frequent disputed successions. However, it is evident that the power of the throne of Ayutthaya had its limits. The hegemony of the Ayutthaya king was always based on his charisma based on his age and supporters. Without supporters, bloody coups took place from time to time. The most powerful
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From 1688 onwards, the period was characterized by the increasing severity of commoner revolts. The 1688 mass commoner revolt against French Catholicism was unprecedented in Ayutthaya history prior to 1688. The revolts of 1688 also marked the beginning of a kind of proto-nationalism, in which the
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were the Four Ministries. In the regions, the king sent not "rulers" but "governors" to govern cities. The cities were under governors who were from nobility not rulers with privileges as it had previously been. The "Hierarchy of Cities" was established and cities were organized into four levels.
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The earliest written records of Ayutthaya in the Chinese chronicles is that a Chinese official fled to Xian in 1282/83. Xian first sent an embassy to China in 1292, who the Chinese then requested another embassy soon after that, signifying Ayutthaya's early prominence before Ayutthaya's founding.
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Determined to prevent another treason like his father's, Naresuan set about unifying the country's administration directly under the royal court at Ayutthaya. He ended the practice of nominating royal princes to govern Ayutthaya's provinces, assigning instead court officials who were expected to
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upon his preferred successor, but in reality, it was an 'elimination process': any male member of the royal clan (usually the late king's brothers and sons) could claim the throne of Ayutthaya for himself, and win by defeating all his rivals. Moreover, groupings of nobles, foreign merchants, and
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In its early maritime phase, Ayutthaya rulers were leaders of a port city. Ma Huan described the ruler of Ayutthaya in the 15th century as a ruler wearing gold-trimmed pants who rides on an elephant inspecting the city with one attendant and a ruler who lives in a modest-looking residence. Their
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This period of Ayutthaya is also characterized by the emergence of mercantile absolutism, where the king had a virtual monopoly on all incomes into the kingdom, allowing the king to build new temples and palaces, sponsor ceremonies, and enshroud the monarchy in ritual mysticism. The king had the
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in the rest of Europe. The social ladder existed during times of war and, particularly during the late Ayutthaya period, of rich commoners challenging the societal status quo of the Ayutthaya Kingdom as a result of commercial prosperity during the kingdom's last 150 years of peaceful existence.
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he could command to work it. The amount of manpower a particular headman, or official, could command determined his status relative to others in the hierarchy and his wealth. At the apex of the hierarchy, the king, who was symbolically the realm's largest landholder, theoretically commanded the
3182:
As a growing Catholic presence cemented itself in Siam, and an unprecedented number of French forts were erected and garrisoned on land leased by Narai, a faction of native Siamese courtiers, Buddhist clergy, and other non-Catholic and/or non-French elements of Narai's court began to resent the
3547:
After the Burmese retreat, Siam did little to improve or reform its own military in preparation against Burmese invasions. Ekkathat pressured Uthumphon to return to monkhood permanently in mid-1760 and resumed powers. Prince Thepphiphit, who had been exiled to Ceylon previously in 1758, became
3635:
Lieberman states that, "hundreds of thousands possibly died during the Burmese invasion." Many people were either forcibly taken by the Burmese or fled into the forests. Objects were hauled back to Burma. Whatever that wasn't movable was burned by Burmese soldiers. The fall of Ayutthaya was,
4342:
Even with Naresuan's reforms, the effectiveness of the royal government over the next 150 years was unstable. Royal power outside the crown lands – in theory, absolute – was in practice limited by the laxity of the civil administration. The influence of central
2665:
The 15th century also marked a turning point in Ayutthaya's view of itself. King Trailokkanat performed some sort of coronation, the first in Ayutthaya history, in the 1460s. Prior to the 15th century, Ayutthaya's palaces and temples were inferior in grandeur to cities such as Sukhothai and
1708:
Ayutthaya's failure to create a peaceful order of succession and the introduction of capitalism undermined the traditional organization of its elite and the old bonds of labor control which formed the military and government organization of the kingdom. In the mid-18th century, the Burmese
3187:, a Catholic Greek adventurer and proponent of French influence who had climbed to the rank of Narai's Prime Minister and chief advisor of foreign affairs. Much of this turmoil was primarily religious, as the French Jesuits were openly attempting to convert Narai and the royal family to
1858:
Archaeological findings have found evidence of buildings on the island of Ayutthaya prior to the 12th century. Pottery shards have been discovered to have been dated as early as the 1270s. Some temples to the east of Ayutthaya, off the island, have been known to exist before 1351. Recent
6869:
Qing China's revocation of its maritime ban and the subsequent increase in trade between China and Siam and Ayutthaya's historical importance as a regional Asian trade center rather than one in which Europeans held any power or any significant influence for any extended period of time.
3145:
trading companies now operating in Siam at an unprecedented intensity due to Siam's role as a center of trade, fostered by Narai. Of these competing foreign influences, Narai tended to favor relations with the French, wary of the growing Dutch and English colonial possessions in the
1977:. The new city was later named Sena Ratchanakhon (เสนาราชนคร) by his successor, Duangkrien Kritnarat (ดวงเกรียนกฤษณราช) or Sai Nam Peung who was appointed the new ruler by his father, Kraisornrat (ไกรสรราช) who was also the Lopburi's king. The city of Ayodhya was abandoned in 1211.
3891:, translated as 'viceroy' or 'prince', usually held by the king's senior son or full brother, in an attempt to regularise the succession to the throne – a particularly difficult feat for a polygamous dynasty. In practice, there was inherent conflict between king and
2516:
The Ayutthaya Kingdom shifted from a maritime state to more of a hinterland state during the 15th and 16th centuries. Its absorption of the Northern Cities and the shifting of trade power to the inland trade routes with China facilitated this change of policy. The reign of King
5034:, translated from Pali and rearranged into Siamese verses. The importance of the Ramayana epic in Thailand is due to the Thai's adoption of the Hindu religio-political ideology of kingship, as embodied by Rama. The Siamese capital, Ayutthaya, was named after the holy city of
6859:
The idea that Ayutthaya suffered a decline following the departure of Europeans in the late 17th century was an idea popularized, at first, in the Rattanakosin court, in an attempt to legitimize the new dynasty over the Ayutthaya Ban Phlu Luang dynasty, and more famously by
1721:. In April 1767, after a 14-month siege, the city of Ayutthaya fell to besieging Burmese forces and was completely destroyed, thereby ending the 417-year-old Ayutthaya Kingdom. Siam, however, quickly recovered from the collapse and the seat of Siamese authority was moved to
3222:
to replace Narai with a Muslim puppet king. While members of the anti-foreign court faction were primarily concerned with Catholic influence, there is evidence to suggest that Narai was equally interested in Islam, and had no desire to fully convert to either religion.
6121:
water levels in flooded paddies, the Thais sowed the glutinous rice that is still the staple in the geographical regions of the north and northeast. But in the floodplain of the Chao Phraya, farmers turned to a different variety of rice – the so-called
5227:
Prangs essentially represent Mount Meru. In Thailand Buddha relics were often housed in a vault in these structures, reflecting the belief that the Buddha is a most significant being, having attained enlightenment and having shown the path to enlightenment to others.
4404:
system (including phrai luang and phrai som), which required local chiefs to supply their predetermined quota of men from their jurisdiction on the basis of population in times of war. This basic system of military organization was largely unchanged down to the early
5494:
3619:
of Ayutthaya kingdom, was destroyed and molten for gold. Estimated 200,000 Siamese people died during the war and 30,000 to 100,000 Siamese people, including the temple king Uthumphon, other members of Ban Phlu Luang dynasty and thousands of courtiers, were deported
3253:
3874:, remarked that the King of Siam was "honoured and worshipped by his subjects second to god." Laws and orders were issued by the king. For sometimes the king himself was also the highest judge who judged and punished important criminals such as traitors or rebels.
4666:
were an important folk custom which were used to ensure balance with the natural and supernatural world. Astrology was also a vital part to understanding the natural and spiritual worlds and became an important cultural means to enforce social taboos and customs.
3670:. He gathered his forces and retook the ruined capital of Ayutthaya from the Burmese garrison at Pho Sam Thon in June 1767, using his connections to the Chinese community to lend him significant resources and political support. He finally established a capital at
6108:
3394:
The 150 years of prosperity brought significant fortunes to the Ayutthaya elite. The Ayutthaya elite created theatre tropes and held elaborate celebrations, funeral ceremonies, and were awarded royal titles, all of which was previously privilege only to royalty.
6316:
for Narai. In addition, French missionaries engaged in education and medicine and brought the first printing press into the country. Louis XIV's personal interest was aroused by reports from missionaries suggesting that Narai might be converted to Christianity.
4760:
or a theatrical performance reserved only for aristocratic audience. The Siamese drama and classical dance later spread throughout mainland Southeast Asia and influenced the development of high-culture art in most countries, including Burma, Cambodia, and Laos.
4298:). Thammarachathirat (1569–1590), a Thai governor who had aided the Burmese, was installed as vassal king at Ayutthaya. Thai independence was restored by his son, King Naresuan (1590–1605), who turned on the Burmese and by 1600 had driven them from the country.
6956:
6362:
4819:
and muay Laos, noting that they looked similar (i.e., using both fists and elbows to fight) but the hand-wrapping techniques were different. Muay Thai from the Ayuthtaya period (better known as Muay Boran) would greatly influence the modern sport of Muay Thai.
4471:
Particularly in the South, Ayutthaya's claims were often discredited or underplayed by the Malay sultanates, resulting in some number of military expeditions starting in the 17th and 18th centuries to subjugate querulous sultanates, most infamously with King
5520:
2492:
exemplified the newfound attention to warfare, citing a number of rewards for the number of enemies beheaded. The introduction of elephants, guns, and mercenaries made wars in Southeast Asia much more chronic and much more deadly. By the late 16th century,
3932:
from its nobility. By the end of the Ayutthaya period, the Siamese capital held strong sway over the polities in the lower Chao Phraya plain but had a gradually looser control of polities the further away from the capital at Ayutthaya. The Thai historian
4852:
works were reserved to legal matters, records of state affairs and historical chronicles. Thus, there are many works in the nature of epic poetry in the Thai language. The Thai poetical tradition was originally based on indigenous poetical forms such as
4510:, the Ayutthaya peasantry practiced commuter agriculturalism and largely lived in dense areas along the canals leading up to the city of Ayutthaya and other cities within the kingdom, producing homemade goods and textiles for the international market.
3407:: building and restoring new temples and dramatically transforming the Ayutthaya skyline during his reign. In 1753, following the request made by a delegation of Sri Lankan monks who traveled to Ayutthaya, Borommakot sent two Siamese monks to reform
1844:
I am just availing myself of an opportunity for searching into some pages of Siamese ancient history, and beg to state that our ancient capital Ayuthia before the year AD 1350, was but the ruin of an ancient place belonging to Kambuja (now known as
1875:
and Sumatra in the goal of extracting resources to gain a share of the maritime trade. Other contemporary scholars argued that Ayutthaya had been an important commercial center since the 11th century or at least several centuries prior to 1351.
2662:, became kingmakers in Ayutthaya. The final nail for this transition was the overthrow of the Suphanburi clan from the Ayutthaya throne following the 1569 Burmese capture of Ayutthaya, placing Maha Thammarachathirat on the Ayutthaya throne.
2392:. The early Ayutthaya polity was a maritime-oriented confederation, more in line with the Malay polities of Maritime Southeast Asia than with states inland like Sukhothai and the Northern Cities. Muslim and European mapmakers labelled the
1932:. Sakorn ruled the city for 97 years until he died in 974 and the throne was then transferred to another royal lineage from Inthapatnakhon (อินทปัตนคร), Phraya Khodhom (พระยาโคดม), who then relocated the city eastward to the right bank of
1621:
3529:. Alaungpaya demanded that Siam repatriate the Mon rebels but Ayutthaya was not cooperative. The Burmese king was then convinced that Siam supported the Mon rebels. Alaungpaya also sought to expand his powers and glory in accordance with
6437:
6402:
5126:, a Siamese general with superhuman magical powers who served the King of Ayutthaya, and his love-triangle relationship between himself, Khun Chang, and a beautiful Siamese girl named Wan-Thong. The composition of KCKP, much like other
4044:
outcome of battles was usually determined by the size of the armies. After each victorious campaign, Ayutthaya carried a number of conquered people back to its own territory, where they were assimilated and added to the labour force.
2972:, along with new merchant colonies in Siam representing communities from all across Asia. Additionally, Songtham maintained the service of Yamada Nagamasa, whose Japanese mercenaries were at this point serving as the king's own
5609:
4493:
For the entirety of the Ayutthaya Kingdom's duration, it was largely managed by a society of a service nobility composed of a few thousand and serfs (phrai) composed of the rest of the population, comparable to the contemporary
2863:
was effective in times of war but became a double-edged sword in regards to peace. Foreigners, due to their lack of connections within the kingdom, often became prominent officials within the Ayutthaya court during this period.
2854:
Japan. Ayutthaya therefore became the lucrative middleman for trade between the global empires of the Early Modern World. Kings and nobles turned to hunting, trade, and the competition for the throne with the ending of warfare.
2560:
established a base of operation in the port city, making it a strategic position the Chinese could not afford to lose to the Siamese. Under this protection, Malacca flourished, becoming one of Ayutthaya's great foes until the
3398:
Kings and nobles now contested with one another for control of the decreasing pool of labor. Repeated Ayutthaya laws on improving the controls of labor highlighted the increasing failures of the elite to control the people.
2540:
was fought over the Upper Chao Phraya valley for control of the Northern Cities. Whether he preferred the Northern Cities to Ayutthaya or the necessity to have a capital closer to the war, Trailokkanat moved his capital to
8038:
TA-HTAUNG TA_YA HNIT-HSE SHIT-KHU DWARAWATI THEIN YA – 1128 year (= 1766 A.D) obtained at the conquest of Dwarawati (= Siam). One may note that in that year the Burmese invaded Siam and captured Ayutthaya, the capital, in
3166:
to the French, and had many French generals incorporated into his army to train it in Western strategy and supervise the construction of European-style forts. During this time, Narai abandoned the traditional capital of
2995:
This form of government was quickly met with resistance by elements within the Thai court who were dissatisfied with the idea of having two acting heads of state. Since Prasat Thong already ruled Siam in all but name as
201:
1900:
referred to Ayutthaya as that was the same name later used for Ayutthaya by the Chinese court. Michael Vickery argued that it is likely the Chinese used Xian to refer to the lower Chao Phraya Basin from its inception.
4141:
Wealth, status, and political influence were interrelated. The king allotted rice fields to court officials, provincial governors, and military commanders, in payment for their services to the crown, according to the
3439:
starting around 1715. In contrast, the Ayutthaya Kingdom and the Restored Taungoo Burma overall generally engaged in harmonious relations with each other and traded an embassy with each other in the 17th century.
2565:
by the Portuguese. Ayutthaya's attention to the portage routes across the upper peninsula meant that it did not send a military expedition to the lower peninsula and the Malay States throughout the 16th century.
9180:
Lieberman 2003, 299 (Kindle Edition) "...the late 1600s and especially the early 1700s inaugurated a period not of sustained decline, but of Chinese-assisted economic vitality that would continue into the 19th
8108:"Charnvit Kasetsiri: The rise of Ayudhya: a history of Siam in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. (East Asian Historical Monographs.) xii, 194 pp. Kuala Lumpur, etc.: Oxford University Press, 1976. £14.25"
12217:
12184:
12172:
6256:(Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC), were still active. Ayutthaya's economy declined rapidly in the 18th century, until the Burmese invasion caused the total collapse of Ayutthaya's economy in 1767.
6797:
The history of the Ayutthaya Kingdom overall has been a neglected period of historiography in Thailand, as well as abroad, characterized by well-researched and popular histories of subperiods of Ayutthaya.
2834:. The Portuguese and Dutch conquest of Malacca encouraged Asian traders to bypass Malacca by crossing the portage route mid-peninsula, controlled by Ayutthaya. This was a period of the great Asian empires:
3443:
Ayutthaya's military organization had remained virtually unchanged for the next 150 years. Ayutthaya still heavily relied on its mercenary forces. It had failed to create an elite military caste like the
2750:(or Sanphet II), the son of Sanphet I, proclaimed Ayutthaya's independence. This proclamation resulted in repeated invasions of Ayutthaya by Burma which the Siamese fought off ultimately finishing in an
6836:
Since the 1970s, newer generations of academics have come up and challenged the old historiography, paying more attention and publishing works about the history of Ayutthaya, prominently beginning with
6241:, was "rich in good merchandise". Most of the foreign merchants coming to Ayutthaya were European and Chinese, and were taxed by the authorities. The kingdom had an abundance of rice, salt, dried fish,
5045:
A number of versions of the Ramakien epic were lost in the destruction of Ayutthaya in 1767. Three versions currently exist. One of these was prepared under the supervision (and partly written by) King
4278:
remained a tool of Thai law until late in the 19th century. A bureaucracy based on a hierarchy of ranked and titled officials was introduced, and society was organized in a related manner. However, the
3583:) to the north. Ayutthaya initially flaired well in the siege due to abundance of supplies as Ayutthayan defenders simply waited for rainy season to arrive. The Burmese, however, did not plan to leave.
3430:
In the period between 1600 and 1759, the scale of war subsided compared to the preceding era of warfare. Narai tried (and failed) to capture Chiang Mai in the 1650s and 1660s. Ayutthaya fought with the
2497:
suffered a severe conscript revolt, Ayutthaya phrai fled into the forests or bribed the conscription officers, and the construction of sturdier and stronger city walls made warfare largely ineffective.
2983:, found support for their claims among the Siamese court. Although Thai tradition typically favored brothers over sons in matters of inheritance, Songtham enlisted the help of his influential cousin,
2420:, the ruler of Suphanburi. The ruler of Phetchaburi was his distant relative. The king would appoint a prince or a relative to be the ruler of a city, and a city that was ruled by a prince was called
4522:
was initially spoken only by the Ayutthaya elite, but gradually grew to transcend social classes and becoming widespread throughout the kingdom by the Late Ayutthaya period (1688–1767), although the
4220:
Royal servicemen who worked a specified period each year (possibly six months) for the crown. They were normally prevented from leaving their village except to perform corvées or military services.
6227:
Trade with Europeans was lively in the 17th century. In fact European merchants traded their goods, mainly modern arms such as rifles and cannons, for local products from the inland jungle such as
2666:
Phitsanulok. By the early 16th century, Ayutthaya had now rivalled its regional competitors in its city grandeur, building magnificent wats and palaces for kings with a number of tributary states.
3283:
Clearly, however, the late 1600s and especially the early 1700s inaugurated a period not of sustained decline, but of Chinese-assisted economic vitality that would continue into the 19th century.
2607:
Ayutthaya's sphere of influence was now stretched from the Northern Cities to the Malay Peninsula, with its heartland centered around the old Ayutthaya-Suphanburi-Lopburi-Phetchaburi polity. The
2481:
in the late 15th century. Song China's increasing interests to sea commerce at the turn of the second millennium made trade between China and the Indian Ocean especially lucrative. In the 1430s,
3422:
of the Rattanakosin Kingdom) to successfully reform Buddhism in their image and form a near unbroken bond between the Siamese monarchy and Buddhism lasting until the present in modern Thailand.
2911:
Ekathotsarot's era ended with his death in 1610/11. The question of his succession was complicated by the alleged suicide of his eldest legitimate son, Suthat, while his second legitimate son,
5350:
213:
4400:. The army was organized into a small standing army of a few thousand, which defended the capital and the palace, and a much larger conscript-based wartime army. Conscription was based on the
9974:
1867:
Buddhist chronicle notes that in the 1320s, two Buddhist monks visited Ayutthaya in search of scriptures and that a previous monk had been honored by the "King of Ayodhia" on his return from
6996:
6308:
In 1664, however, the Dutch used force to exact a treaty granting them extraterritorial rights as well as freer access to trade. At the urging of his foreign minister, the Greek adventurer
4920:
feudal system. The new system demanded a new imperial language for the noble class. This literary influence changed the course of the Thai or Siamese language, setting it apart from other
9248:
4248:
became centers of Thai education and culture, while during this period the Chinese first began to settle in Thailand and soon began to establish control over the country's economic life.
3840:, 'royal language'), was used to communicate with or about royalty. In Ayutthaya, the king was said to grant control over land to his subjects, from nobles to commoners, according to the
1820:, was the merger of four different port polities along the Lower Chao Phraya Basin: Lopburi (Lavo), Suphanburi, Ayutthaya, and Phetchaburi. Suphanburi had first sent a tribute mission to
3552:, who had partaken in the 1759–1760 invasion of Siam, was determined to accomplish the unfinished campaign of his father Alaungpaya to conquer Ayutthaya. Burma conquest of Lanna (modern
6647:
5144:
added more subplots and embellished scenes to the original story line as time went on. By the late period of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, it had attained the current shape as a long work of
4191:
for the royal officials at each rung in the hierarchy, thus determining the country's social structure until the introduction of salaries for government officials in the 19th century.
4925:
nascent literary identity of a new nation. It allowed Siamese poets to compose in different poetical styles and mood, from playful and humorous rimed verses, to romantic and elegant
6320:
The French presence encouraged by Phaulkon, however, stirred the resentment and suspicions of the Thai nobles and Buddhist clergy. When word spread that Narai was dying, a general,
3870:, who came to Ayutthaya in 1685, wrote, "the king has absolute power. He is truly the god of the Siamese: no-one dares to utter his name." Another 17th century writer, the Dutchman
1689:, but quickly regained independence. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Ayutthaya emerged as an entrepôt of international trade and its cultures flourished. The reign of
3158:. Indeed, the many diplomatic missions conducted by Narai to such far-flung lands are some of the most celebrated accomplishments of his reign. Narai as well leased the ports of
6491:
designed them to establish a Chinese presence, impose imperial control over trade, and impress foreign peoples in the Indian Ocean basin. He also might have wanted to extend the
1927:
2988:
Siam than the newly crowned King Chetthathriat, and through further intrigue staged a coup in which Chetthathirat was deposed and executed in favor of his even younger brother
1950:
Khodhom ruled the new city for 30 years then his son, Kothrabong (โคตรบอง), took over the throne in 1004. Later in 1022, Kothrabong lost power to Kreak (แกรก), a commoner from
3662:
Ayutthaya however, according to Liberman, represented centuries of political and economic development that was hard to destroy. One general, Phraya Taksin, former governor of
4302:
execute policies handed down by the king. Thereafter royal princes were confined to the capital. Their power struggles continued, but at court under the king's watchful eye.
9996:
system. All land was owned by the ruler who granted land to members of the royal family and the nobility according to their ranks in the traditional bureaucratic hierarchy.
4780:, La Loubère carefully observed the classic 17th century theatre of Siam, including an epic battle scene from a khon performance, and recorded what he saw in great detail:
5811:
5435:
5391:
4294:. In 1569, Burmese forces, joined by Thai rebels, mostly royal family members of Thailand, captured the city of Ayutthaya and carried off the whole royal family to Burma (
6125:, a slender, non-glutinous grain introduced from Bengal – that would grow fast enough to keep pace with the rise of the water level in the lowland fields.
4644:) are spirits of buildings or territories, natural places, or phenomena; they are also ancestral spirits that protect people, or can also include malevolent spirits. The
3936:
notes, "the view that Ayudhya was a strong centralized state" did not hold and that "in Ayudhya the hegemony of provincial governors was never successfully eliminated."
9163:
8474:
8207:
6940:
892:
878:
864:
850:
811:
797:
783:
6386:
12330:
12318:
5366:
5343:
4013:(divine king) was a bodhisattva. The belief in divine kingship prevailed into the 18th century, although by that time its religious implications had limited impact.
2892:(Sanphet III). Ekathotsarot's reign was marked with stability for Siam and its sphere of influence, as well as increased foreign interactions, especially with the
2904:), among others. Indeed, representatives from many foreign lands began to fill Siam's civil and military administration – Japanese traders and mercenaries led by
12364:
5484:
4701:
3525:
in 1757, unifying Burma under his rule. Next year, in 1758, the Mons rebelled in Lower Burma against Alaungpaya but were quelled and took refuge in Siamese-held
3258:
6422:
5042:" to the present day (relations with the west caused the crown to seek a brief name to convey royalty to both Thais and foreigners, following European styles).
4823:
The accomplishment and influence of Thai art and culture, developed during the Ayutthaya period, on the neighboring countries was evident in the observation of
6588:
4534:
was an early prestige language of the Ayutthaya court, until it was supplanted by the Siamese language. However it was still continually spoken by the ethnic
4118:
or lord, who then paid a fee in compensation for the loss of corvée labour. As much as one-third of the manpower supply into the 19th century was composed of
12347:
10179:
Nevertheless, the Ayudhya kings, as they are described in indigenous and foreign records, never successfully eliminated the hegemony of provincial governors.
5429:
2979:
As Songtham's life began to fade, the issue of succession generated conflict once again when both King Songtham's brother, Prince Sisin, and his son, Prince
1685:
and a transition to a hinterland state, Ayutthaya centralized and became one of the great powers of Asia. From 1569 to 1584, Ayutthaya was a vassal state of
10604:
4933:
prosodies modified from classical Sanskrit meters. Thai poets experimented with these different prosodic forms, producing innovative "hybrid" poems such as
3745:
that King Ramkhamhaeng would hear the petition of any subject who rang the bell at the palace gate. The king was thus considered as a father by his people.
12037:
10157:
11839:
11834:
6631:
3808:
Shiva was "lord of the universe". However, according to the codes, the king had the ultimate duty as protector of the people and the annihilator of evil.
3575:
Two Burmese invading regiments eventually converged on Ayutthaya in January 1766 and laid siege. Maha Nawrahta placed his Tavoy regiment at Siguk (modern
3535:
ideology of universal ruler. Alaungpaya marched his war-hardened Burmese armies to attack Ayutthaya in mid-1759 conquering Tenasserim, coming through the
3316:
lamented that a large portion of court officials and able generals were killed in multiple succession struggles over the past 90 years. The last monarch,
13595:
11766:
11605:
8514:
6506:
was established in Ayutthaya. The colony was active in trade, particularly in the export of deer hides and saphan wood to Japan in exchange for Japanese
6350:
4365:
10472:
5067:
4648:
which are guardian deities of places, or towns are celebrated at festivals with communal gatherings and offerings of food. The spirits run throughout
2380:
In the 1290s through to the 1490s, Ayutthaya sent forces down to the peninsula and demanded tribute from the Malay principalities all the way down to
9909:
5765:
3784:
The kings' official names were reflections of those religions: Hinduism and Buddhism. They were considered as the incarnation of various Hindu gods:
1922:
8254:
13580:
11776:
11757:
4716:
provide the Siamese with a rich source of dramatic materials. The royal court of Ayutthaya developed classical dramatic forms of expression called
1942:
2650:
The increased wealth of Ayutthaya resulted in the beginnings of a chronic succession struggle for the Ayutthaya throne. Due to the lack of stable
1038:
12179:
9255:
3556:) in 1763 and Laos in 1765 allowed Burmese access to vast manpower. Hsinbyushin ordered the grand invasion of Ayutthaya through two routes; the
2442:
9456:
6845:", published in 1977. Kasetsiri, in 1999, argues that, "Ayutthaya was the first major political, cultural, and commercial center of the Thai."
6659:
5625:
5546:
2552:. Ayutthaya launched several abortive conquests against Malacca which was diplomatically and economically fortified by the military support of
1969:
for two years, until the throne was given to Phra Chao Luang (พระเจ้าหลวง), who relocated the city, in 1157, southward to the east bank of the
11472:
Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History)
10422:
Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History)
9707:
Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History)
9652:
Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History)
7808:
Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History)
7626:
Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History)
7398:
Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History)
7246:
Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History)
13145:
10046:
9969:
3979:(r. 1448–1488) placed the king of Ayutthaya at the centre of a highly stratified social and political hierarchy that extended throughout the
3249:
Ayutthaya and Mainland Southeast Asia in 1707. Note: Southeast Asian political borders remained relatively undefined until the modern period.
1937:
1513:
9049:
6681:
13590:
13585:
12212:
11908:
11753:
9493:
4356:
3862:, under which the monarch does not own the land. While there is no concrete evidence that this land management system constituted a formal
3133:
While commercially thriving, Narai's reign was also socially tumultuous. Much of this can be attributed to three-way conflict between the
2952:
Songtham temporarily restored stability to Ayutthaya and focused inward on religious construction projects, most notably a great temple at
2798:
in 1594. In 1599, the Siamese attacked the city of Pegu but were ultimately driven out by Burmese rebels who had assassinated Burmese King
2438:
1654:
and China). The Ayutthaya Kingdom is considered to be the precursor of modern Thailand, and its developments are an important part of the
12335:
12323:
12167:
9515:
7068:
6338:
1681:
Maritime Southeast Asia, conducting raids and tribute from these maritime states. After two centuries of political organization from the
11808:
7948:
5237:
4833:
is a form of sword fighting developed in Ayutthaya that is now recognized as an essential element of traditional Thai culture and arts.
5224:). Sizes may vary, but usually the prangs measure between 15 and 40 meters in height, and resemble a towering corn-cob like structure.
3279:
French and English departure in 1688 led to Ayutthaya's gradual decline leading up to its destruction by the Burmese in 1767, stating:
1575:
10619:
5016:
Most countries in Southeast Asia share an Indianised culture. Traditionally, therefore, Thai literature was heavily influenced by the
2325:." Other than being the legendary founder of Ayutthaya, the only thing known about Uthong in the chronicles is the year of his death.
13505:
12840:
12512:
5361:
Royal elephant kraal formerly used by Ayutthaya monarchs, one of the few still existing in Thailand. Used as an elephant camp today.
4908:. Since the Thai language is mono-syllabic, a huge number of loan words from Sanskrit and Pali are needed to compose these classical
3926:
2659:
2405:
13316:
11820:
11800:
8722:
3332:, by instigating or exposing his affair with two of his fathers' consorts. Prince Thammathibet was executed for his alleged crimes.
13575:
12745:
12030:
4255:
3568:
with 20,000 Burmese-Lanna men. These two routes were to converge on Ayutthaya. In early 1765, the Burmese Tavoy regiment conquered
4542:
were spoken in the Ayutthaya Kingdom, with the Chinese becoming a large minority in the kingdom during the Late Ayutthaya period.
2404:
The integrity of the patchwork of cities of early Ayutthaya Kingdom was maintained largely through familial connections under the
13209:
13021:
5272:
3650:
3468:
3464:
3292:
2783:
2763:
2729:
2709:
1718:
1714:
2810:
At that time, Burma had gained control of Lan Na and while Ayutthaya retained control of southern Tanintharyi (south of Tavoy).
100:
13600:
13063:
12369:
12352:
10514:
8255:"Review Article: A New Tamman About Ayudhya – The Rise of Ayudhya: A History of Siam in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries"
4824:
1408:
10206:
7526:"From 1600, peace paved the way for Ayutthaya to prosper as Asia's leading entrepot under an expansive mercantile absolutism."
2775:
1996:
and the city of Sena Ratchanakhon was considered royal inheritances for his daughter, who later passed it to her son, Uthong.
72:
12994:
12894:
11741:
11705:
11650:
11575:
11409:
11345:
11263:
11090:
11017:
10252:
9939:
9771:
9761:
9741:
9631:
9621:
9387:
9231:
9147:
9062:
8975:
8234:
8183:
8156:
7848:
7790:
7748:
7738:
7608:
7581:
7554:
7519:
7492:
7357:
7330:
7280:
7174:
7147:
7117:
7107:
6880:
6312:, Narai turned to France for assistance. French engineers constructed fortifications for the Thais and built a new palace at
4295:
4291:
3900:. During the last century of Ayutthaya, bloody fighting among princes and generals, aiming at the throne, plagued the court.
3819:. One of the most important duties of the king was to build a temple or a Buddha statue as a symbol of prosperity and peace.
3769:, destroyer of demons, who was born to be the defender of the people. The Buddhist belief in the king is as righteous ruler (
2705:
2689:
709:
8271:
4880: – have been shared between the speakers of tai languages since ancient time (before the emergence of Siam).
3761:) who through his adherence to the law made all the world revolve around him. According to Hindu tradition, the king is the
206:
Ayutthaya and mainland Southeast Asia in 1540; Southeast Asian borders remained relatively undefined until the modern period
13565:
13331:
12771:
12588:
12101:
11763:
Van Vliet Chronicle (1640) – Translated and compiled by the Dutch merchant. The original Thai manuscripts disappeared.
8360:
7921:
Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat in the U. S. sloop-of-war Peacock during the years 1832–3–4
6541:
in Thai, and was headed by a Japanese chief nominated by Thai authorities. It seems to have been a combination of traders,
6510:
and Japanese handicrafts (swords, lacquered boxes, high-quality paper). From Ayutthaya, Japan was interested in purchasing
2737:
2733:
1726:
1381:
11085:
Donald Frederick Lach, Edwin J. Van Kley, "Asia in the making of Europe", pp. 520–521, University of Chicago Press, 1994,
10767:
9555:
3113:
presents a letter from Louis XIV to King Narai. Constance Phaulkon is seen kowtowing in the lower left corner of the print
12877:
12820:
12603:
12598:
12111:
12106:
12023:
5038:, the city of Rama. Thai kings of the current dynasty from Rama VI forward, and retroactively, have been referred to as "
3335:
Corruption was rampant due to economic prosperity. Position buying and bribery for political offices became commonplace.
1399:
1390:
1001:
79:
12984:
11860:
11849:
8758:
13016:
12740:
12675:
11479:
10429:
10404:
9714:
9659:
7815:
7633:
7405:
7253:
3917:
foreign mercenaries actively rallied behind their preferred candidates in hopes of benefiting from each war's outcome.
3822:
For locals, another aspect of the kingship was also the analogy of "The Lord of the Land" or "He who Rules the Earth" (
3472:
2830:
The cessation of warfare around 1600 gave way to a prolonged period of peace and commerce, beginning with the reign of
186:
53:
4764:
Historical evidence shows that the Thai art of stage plays must have already been highly evolved by the 17th century.
2822:
Map of South East Asia, published by Nicolaas Visscher II (1649–1702). The map shows the entire trading region of the
13540:
13535:
13530:
13525:
13520:
12904:
11594:
11545:
11526:
11500:
11460:
11430:
11144:
10873:
10788:
10588:
10339:
10329:
10124:
10080:
9850:
9115:
8874:
8768:
8639:
7043:
4992:, that scribes and common Siamese men, too, were encouraged to learn basic Pali and Sanskrit for career advancement.
3667:
3645:
3418:
It will however take until the early Rattanakosin period for the surviving Ayutthaya nobility (under the future King
3371:
1506:
997:
119:
17:
7982:
4846:
4045:
12700:
12634:
12624:
6708:
5183:
4309:
4130:
3964:
3867:
1698:
86:
11642:
Dutch East India Company Merchants at the Court of Ayutthaya: Dutch Perceptions of the Thai Kingdom, Ca. 1604–1765
9516:"Yodayar Naing Mawgun by Letwe Nawrahta: A Contemporary Myanmar Record, Long Lost, of How Ayutthaya Was Conquered"
6968:
1917:), Phra Maha Buddha Sakorn (พระมหาพุทธสาคร), founded a new city named Sangkaburi (สังขะบุรี) on the south bank of
1650:. European travellers in the early 16th century called Ayutthaya one of the three great powers of Asia (alongside
13570:
12957:
12791:
12685:
12432:
3540:
3183:
favorable treatment French interests received under his reign. This hostile attitude was especially directed at
3168:
3041:
2724:
installed as the vassal king. In 1568, Mahinthrathirat revolted when his father managed to return from Pegu as a
2632:
2542:
2511:
1643:
1466:
1308:
9379:
Dutch East India Company Merchants at the Court of Ayutthaya: Dutch Perceptions of the Thai Kingdom c. 1604–1765
6928:
6916:
4621:. The influence of Mahayana and Tantric practices also entered Theravada Buddhism, producing a tradition called
172:
13043:
13004:
12690:
12608:
12116:
11900:
8921:
3797:
3733:
3388:
3287:
Instead, the 18th century was arguably the Ayutthaya Kingdom's most prosperous, particularly due to trade with
2770:
famously slew Mingyi Swa, although the existence of this battle has been challenged by modern scholars such as
2638:
2434:). Each city ruler swore allegiance and loyalty to the King of Ayutthaya but also retained certain privileges.
57:
13284:
11102:
8522:
6892:
6537:
were home to about 1,500 Japanese inhabitants (some estimates run as high as 7,000). The community was called
68:
13545:
13177:
13111:
12872:
12798:
12735:
12710:
12505:
7058:
6570:
recounted having administered the sacrament to around 400 Japanese Christians in 1627 in the Thai capital of
5857:
5118:", which combines the elements of romantic comedy and heroic adventures, ending in high tragedy. The epic of
5028:
is a version of the story of Rama-Pandita, as recounted by Gotama Buddha in the Dasharatha Jataka called the
4618:
3347:
A new category for people now appeared in the late Ayutthaya records, called phrai mangmi, or a rich "serf".
3094:
10749:
10476:
10033:
This was a system of direct control over humans, rather than the use of land ownership to control labour....
13515:
13353:
13204:
13084:
13058:
12972:
12670:
12639:
12629:
12463:
12458:
11736:. Tokyo: The Center for East Asian Cultural Studies for UNESCO, The Toyo Bunko. pp. Introduction, 14.
10969:
10020:
9471:
6688:
5641:
4916:(1448–1488) who reformed Siam's model of governance by turning the Siamese polity into an empire under the
4912:
meters. According to B.J. Terwiel, this process occurred with an accelerated pace during the reign of King
4376:
4352:
3700:
3616:
3502:
3245:
2409:
2341:
of the world (c. 1450) under the name "Scierno", derived from the Persian "Shahr-I-Naw", meaning 'New City'
1499:
1451:
1446:
1018:
11611:
10731:
9917:
5066:. Many of popular poems among the Thai nobles are also based on Indian stories. One of the most famous is
4009:
officiated over by royal court Brahmans, part of the Buddhist court retinue. In the Buddhist context, the
3548:
involved in local rebellion and was repatriated to Siam in 1762, upsetting Ekkathat. The new Burmese king
953:
Before Ayutthaya's official foundation date. Ayutthaya was first referred to as "Xian" in Chinese records.
13343:
13121:
12715:
12705:
12387:
11890:
11640:
10165:
8067:
Ayutthaya, they still named the kingdom after its former kingdom as "Krung Thep Dvaravati Sri Ayutthaya".
5740:
4317:
3954:
3655:
3530:
1268:
885:
9892:
9110:, by Michael Smithies, Claude Céberet, Guy Tachard, Simon de La Loubère (2002) Silkworm Books, Thailand
8743:
6567:
6167:
178:
13555:
13550:
13495:
13274:
13068:
13038:
13009:
12999:
12899:
12593:
12568:
12126:
10928:
10902:
10245:
Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland
6329:
5840:'s major renovations of the temple in the 18th century. Largely reconstructed in the mid-20th century.
4453:
4432:
According to a French source, Ayutthaya in the 18th century included these principal cities: Martaban,
3142:
3013:
2965:
2381:
2333:
1094:
6904:
5691:
4305:
2612:
constitution of Siam until 1892, albeit in altered forms. The central government was dominated by the
13560:
13259:
13152:
13031:
13026:
12989:
12979:
12967:
12945:
12730:
12563:
12065:
11788: – Pali chronicle compiled by Phra Phonnarat, generally discussing Buddhism History of Thailand.
10579:
Terwiel, B.J. (1996). "The Introduction of Indian Prosody Among the Thai". In Jan E.M. Houben (ed.).
9536:
7915:
7822:"From the early 1700s well into the 19th century Chinese not only dominated Siam's external trade..."
7038:
6551:) who had fled their home country to various Southeast Asian countries following the persecutions of
6253:
5861:
5465:
5100:
In the Ayutthaya period, folktales also flourished. One of the most famous folktales is the story of
4917:
4893:
4389:
4261:
4148:
system. Understandings of this system have been evaluated extensively by Thai social scientists like
4006:
3851:
3588:
3138:
3023:
2969:
2562:
1662:
402:
234:
10688:
10299:"The Periphery of China – Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Burma, Tibet, and Mongolia"
9880:
9287:
4331:
To ensure his control over the new class of governors, Naresuan decreed that all freemen subject to
4099:
4096:
4061:
3882:
1751:
325:– diplomatic language (predominant especially prior to the 16th century); spoken among ethnic Malays
13510:
13237:
13128:
13116:
12808:
12781:
12498:
12453:
10362:
9992:
The traditional government system and social structure in Siam during this period was known as the
7008:
6986:
6947:
5540:
5179:
5039:
3134:
3075:
3048:
2823:
2675:
1762:
1456:
1441:
10058:
9979:
4368:, surviving remnant of the defensive fortifications that guarded the city of Ayutthaya; restored.
3912:
custom appears not to have been enshrined anywhere. The ruling king did often bestow the title of
13434:
12932:
12813:
11556:
10848:
8723:
https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/JSS_095_0b_Rodao_CastiliansDiscoverSiam.pdf
6861:
6778:
6738:
5877:
Three clothing styles were evident in the Ayutthaya period. Each style depended on social class.
5871:
5836:
Heavily damaged by the Burmese sack in 1767, the wihan's current appearance is largely from King
3976:
3748:
At Ayutthaya, however, the paternal aspects of kingship disappeared. The king was considered the
3477:
3219:
3210:
Narai was courted not just by Catholic conversion, but as well by proselytizing Muslim Persians,
2779:
1914:
46:
5136:
within the Thai oral tradition from around the beginning of the 17th century (c. 1600). Siamese
4125:
3959:
2884:
In 1605, Naresuan died of illness while on campaign against a Burmese spillover conflict in the
13429:
13106:
12803:
12665:
10819:
10713:
10386:
Dictionaire geographique universel. Amsterdam & Utrecht: Chez Francois Halma, 1750. p. 880.
8992:
6099:
5399:
5051:
4134:
3968:
3172:
2872:
2597:
1066:
1057:
93:
11420:
11173:
Ishii Yoneo. "Siam and Japan in pre-modern times: a note on mutual images". In Denoon, p. 154.
10114:
5817:
5012:
Hanuman protects Ramas Pavilion (wall painting, "Room 53" of the gallery in the Wat Phra Kaeo)
4773:
4244:(Buddhist monastic community), which all classes of men could join, and the overseas Chinese.
3367:'s major construction projects that drastically transformed the 18th century Ayutthaya skyline
3359:
3233:
King Phetracha took Mergui back from French control almost immediately, and began the pivotal
13363:
13279:
13199:
13140:
13053:
12825:
12786:
12720:
12653:
12313:
11797:
Somdet Phra Phonnarat Version (1795) – Thought to be identical to Bradley Version below.
11490:
9274:
9164:"Chris Baker and Pasuk Phongpaichit, "A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World"
6864:'s book on the "Age of Commerce" in recent decades. However, more recent studies, such as by
6785:
6771:
6744:
6369:
6192:
5786:
5756:
5102:
5083:
4416:
largely consisted of swords, spears and bow and arrows. The infantry units were supported by
4280:
4169:('royal servants'), who paid taxes, served in the royal army, and worked on the crown lands.
3933:
3110:
2642:
the Grand Commander of Forces overseeing Civil and Military affairs, respectively. Under the
2457:
1910:
1812:(Suvarnabhumi), which dominated the west. The lower Chao Phraya Basin was also influenced by
8173:
6653:
The Japanese quarter in Ayutthaya is indicated at the bottom center ("Japonois") of the map.
5771:
4837:, a major ancient temple in Ayutthaya, is considered to be the birthplace of krabi-krabong.
2720:
to surrender in 1564. The royal family was taken to Pegu (Bago), with the king's second son
2372:
1965:
After the end of Narai's reign in 1147, Ayodhya fell under the power struggles between nine
1732:
In foreign accounts, Ayutthaya was called "Siam", but people of Ayutthaya called themselves
13500:
13380:
13194:
13172:
13162:
13157:
13096:
12867:
12860:
12845:
12835:
12759:
12553:
12548:
12397:
12392:
12070:
12060:
10973:
10634:
7020:
6799:
6702:
6560:
6309:
6095:
5880:
1. Court clothing (worn by the king, queen, concubines, and senior government officials):
5746:
5556:
5488:
5459:
5208:
4507:
4477:
3704:
3184:
2696:
Starting in the middle of the 16th century, the kingdom came under repeated attacks by the
2537:
2507:
2417:
2385:
1889:
1799:
1674:
1436:
1298:
438:
249:
11306:"เปิดตัวหนังสือ "Studies in Thai and Southeast Asian Histories" : ชาญวิทย์ เกษตรศิริ"
11193:"เปิดตัวหนังสือ "Studies in Thai and Southeast Asian Histories" : ชาญวิทย์ เกษตรศิริ"
8052:
5338:
Built to commemorate a battle victory following Ayutthaya's liberation from Burma in 1584
5307:. Used as a royal residence from the Sukhothai period until it was abandoned by Naresuan.
4597:. However, many of the elements of the political and social system were incorporated from
4111:
4084:
4064:
3994:
2437:
Politics of Early Ayutthaya was characterized by rivalries between the two dynasties; the
1849:), formerly called Lawek... There were other cities not far remote, also possessed by the
1835:
The city of Ayutthaya is likely to have existed before the supposed "foundation" in 1351.
218:
Ayutthaya Kingdom's sphere of influence in 1605, following the military campaigns of King
8:
13460:
13453:
13422:
13417:
13224:
13048:
12920:
12776:
12725:
12680:
12533:
12525:
12046:
10954:
7890:
7063:
6452:
5685:
5650:
5312:
4913:
4566:
4406:
3713:
3612:
3580:
3376:
2953:
2941:
2926:
2593:
2589:
2518:
1985:
1829:
1791:
1655:
1027:
559:
469:
337:
10977:
9970:"Thailand: Brief Description of the Country and its National/State Government Structure"
7919:
4793:
4585:. Built in 1324, the temple predates the traditional foundation date of the city in 1351
3226:
Nonetheless, a dissatisfied faction now led by Narai's celebrated Elephantry commander,
2584:
2485:, but did not sack the city, although Ayutthaya did install a short-lived puppet ruler.
1984:'s King Kraisornrat died with no heir apparent, the king of Phraek Siracha (present-day
1816:
culture but not direct Angkorian political and military influence. Ayutthaya, argued by
13395:
13254:
13189:
13167:
12962:
12882:
12695:
12437:
11449:
10989:
10008:
9868:
9856:
9450:
8863:
8703:
8695:
8591:
8583:
8127:
8022:
7640:"Siam's population must have increased from c. 2,500,000 in 1600 to 4,000,000 in 1800."
7463:
7455:
6854:
6838:
6803:
6760:
6571:
6552:
6282:
6216:
5286:
5035:
4594:
3526:
3408:
3338:
3030:
2957:
2888:
region, leaving a greatly expanded Siamese kingdom to be ruled by his younger brother,
2851:
2787:
2445:
based on Suphanburi. Traditional narratives argued that Ayutthaya conquered Sukhothai,
1893:
1817:
1804:
The lower Chao Phraya Basin around the turn of the second millennium was split between
1697:
1657–1688) was known for Persian and later, European, influence and the sending of the
1471:
871:
585:
372:
11061:
10955:"GIS Mapping and Analysis of Tai Linguistic and Settlement Patterns in Southern China"
8370:
7864:
5058:
drama. The main differences from the original are an extended role for the monkey god
4708:, wat murals in Siam proliferated during the late Ayutthaya period in the 18th century
4156:. The size of each official's allotment was determined by the number of commoners or
3105:
289:
13469:
13348:
13338:
13326:
13321:
13214:
13101:
12889:
12573:
12266:
12086:
11985:
11737:
11701:
11646:
11590:
11571:
11541:
11522:
11496:
11475:
11456:
11426:
11405:
11341:
11259:
11140:
11086:
10584:
10425:
10400:
10335:
10248:
10120:
9846:
9767:
9737:
9710:
9655:
9627:
9383:
9227:
9143:
9111:
8971:
8917:
8870:
8764:
8730:
8707:
8687:
8635:
8595:
8575:
8546:"The "Ming shi-lu" as a Source for Thai History: Fourteenth to Seventeenth Centuries"
8361:"3,000ปี ลพบุรีไม่เคยร้าง "ขรรค์ชัย-สุจิตต์" ชวนทอดน่องเมืองละโว้ ค้นต้นกำเนิดอยุธยา"
8230:
8179:
8152:
8131:
7925:
7844:
7811:
7786:
7744:
7629:
7604:
7577:
7550:
7515:
7488:
7467:
7447:
7401:
7353:
7326:
7276:
7249:
7170:
7143:
7113:
6614:
6579:
6268:
5952:
5913:
5889:
5710:
5655:
5603:
5587:
5290:
5193:
4834:
4662:
became an important part of people identity and religious health over the millennia.
4622:
4606:
4582:
4554:
4369:
4270:
4241:
4187:
King Trailok, in the early-16th century, established definite allotments of land and
3896:
figures of the capital were always generals, or the Minister of Military Department,
3833:
3770:
3576:
3553:
2961:
2897:
2549:
2533:
2522:
2358:
1974:
1970:
1881:
1839:
in an article written in the mid-19th century and published in Canton, China, notes:
1682:
1343:
1163:
816:
642:
385:
11932:
Second Voyage du Pere Tachard et des Jesuites envoyes par le Roi au Royaume de Siam.
10993:
6325:
5792:
13412:
13400:
13368:
12950:
12583:
12096:
12007:
11875:
10981:
10271:
10214:
9838:
8679:
8565:
8557:
8119:
7439:
6865:
6726:
6622:
6534:
6492:
6484:
6286:
6215:
became the standard medium of exchange from the early-13th century to the reign of
5403:
5279:
5017:
4550:
4539:
4526:
was spoken among everyday people throughout the Chao Phraya delta until as late as
3625:
3600:
3569:
3565:
3518:
3432:
3384:
3234:
3199:
3126:
3079:
2717:
2655:
2413:
2397:
1722:
1710:
1677:, and Ayutthaya). The early kingdom was a maritime confederation, oriented to post-
1670:
1533:
1363:
1318:
829:
696:
589:
347:
328:
263:
11913:
Palm Leaf Manuscripts No. 11997 of the Universities Central Library Collection or
11025:
9947:
8757:
Jin, Shaoqing (2005). Office of the People's Government of Fujian Province (ed.).
6594:
Early 17th-century Chinese woodblock print, thought to represent Zheng He's ships.
5020:
and Buddhist–Hindu ideology since the time it first appeared in the 13th century.
4658:
were believed to influence natural phenomena including human illness and thus the
4102:) met labour obligations by paying a tax. If he found the forced labour under his
2880:
played a pivotal role in court intrigue during the first half of the 17th century.
2412:, the ruler of Lopburi (Lavo), his brother, the ruler of Praek Sriracha(in modern
2117:
2067:
2043:
2016:
13474:
13390:
13294:
12855:
12850:
12830:
12481:
12427:
11864:
11853:
11399:
11335:
11253:
10334:. Vol. 5. Sharon La Boda. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 56.
9731:
9377:
9221:
9137:
8965:
8224:
8146:
7838:
7780:
7598:
7571:
7544:
7509:
7482:
7347:
7320:
7270:
7164:
7137:
6818:
6732:
6556:
6474:
6456:
6428:
6295:
6145:
5902:
5565:
5318:
5220:). The prangs can also be found in various forms in Sukhothai, Lopburi, Bangkok (
4397:
4313:
4091:
labour on public works, and on the land of the official to whom he was assigned.
3805:
3494:
3215:
3147:
3074:
Upon his death in 1656, King Prasat Thong was succeeded first by his eldest son,
2905:
2877:
2771:
2721:
2697:
2680:
2627:
2393:
2141:
2052:
1872:
1686:
1489:
1461:
1288:
659:
10581:
Ideology and Status of Sanskrit-Contribution to the History of Sanskrit Language
8916:
Rajanubhab, D., 2001, Our Wars With the Burmese, Bangkok: White Lotus Co. Ltd.,
5535:
A good example of 18th-century Late Ayutthaya architecture. Partially restored.
4976:
4946:
4859:
3991:
3988:
3344:
of other ways, including entering the monkhood and fleeing into the wilderness.
2922:
2818:
2093:
2034:
1754:
13405:
13358:
13232:
12359:
9860:
9842:
9834:
6830:
6823:
6488:
6290:
6249:
6242:
6141:
5978:), (a breast cloth that wrap over one shoulder around chest and back) and wore
5581:
5409:
5127:
4562:
4546:
4531:
3863:
3778:
2937:
2901:
2893:
2839:
2835:
2651:
2601:
2545:. Lan Na suffered setbacks and Trailokkanat eventually sued for peace in 1475.
2482:
2080:
2025:
1639:
1258:
351:
319:
307:
12250:
11361:
11305:
11279:
11220:
11192:
10985:
10553:
10158:"Mandala, Segmentary State and Politics of Centralization in Medieval Ayudhya"
9813:
9787:
9600:
8823:
History of Burma, including Burma Proper, Pegu, Taungu, Tenasserim, and Arakan
8683:
8561:
8490:
8275:
8123:
7683:
7443:
7373:
7296:
7203:
5618:
Built 27 years before the founding of Ayutthaya. Revered temple still in use.
4871:
3078:, who was almost immediately deposed and executed by the late King's brother,
2376:
The Ayutthaya Kingdom (red) and the Northern Cities (blue) in the 14th century
1203:
13489:
13311:
13289:
13184:
12407:
12402:
12271:
11857:
11846:
11804:
Vol. 2 – Pali chronicle. Includes other three versions of the chronicle.
11662:
Connections Without Limit: The Refiguring of the Buddha in the Jinamahanidana
11492:
From Isfahan to Ayutthaya: Contacts between Iran and Siam in the 17th Century
8691:
8579:
7451:
7048:
6991:
6638:
6122:
6103:
6021:
5985:
5971:
5957:
5918:
5894:
5802:
5732:
5726:
5701:
5213:
5163:
5107:
5025:
4982:
4968:
4958:
4952:
4938:
4889:
4865:
4853:
4830:
4737:
4723:
4685:
4659:
4649:
4637:
4628:
The natural world was also home to a number of spirits which are part of the
4617:
who arrived through China in the 17th century, some small areas converted to
4558:
4519:
4495:
4153:
4088:
3963:
Portrait of Siamese State Officials, one of portrait paintings collection in
3950:
3871:
3561:
3536:
3522:
3510:
3303:), held close ties, through blood and through political connections, to this
3047:
Painting of Ayutthaya c. 1665, painted by Johannes Vingboons, ordered by the
2989:
2980:
2876:
Pictured in this Siamese painting, the mercenary army of Japanese adventurer
2843:
2751:
2647:
Large, top level cities held authorities over secondary or low-level cities.
2619:
2427:
2338:
2322:
1918:
1770:
1743:
1614:
1566:
991:
298:
147:
7929:
6380:. Constance Phaulkon is seen kowtowing in the lower left corner of the print
6234:
5571:
5055:
4768:, the Sun King of France, had a formal diplomatic relation with Ayutthaya's
4361:
2528:
Even though Trailokkanat symbolized the merger between North and South, the
13264:
12240:
12162:
12141:
11907:
Testimony of the "King who Seeks a Temple" (nickname of King Uthumphon)) –
11830:
11680:
The Economic Impact of Historic Sites on the Economy of Ayutthaya, Thailand
10446:
9601:"เล่าเรื่องเสียกรุงศรีอยุธยา ครั้งที่ 2 (15เม.ย.62) ฟังหูไว้หู | 9 MCOT HD"
6962:
Wihan Phra Mongkhon Bophit before restoration in the late 19th/20th century
6720:
6511:
6480:
6198:
5866:
5514:
5475:
5445:
5383:
5296:
5063:
4748:
played a role in shaping these dramatic arts. During the Ayutthaya period,
4680:
4663:
4614:
4535:
4523:
4421:
4210:
Tax-exempt administrative elite in the capital and administrative centres.
4149:
3908:
3757:
3728:
3663:
3596:
3325:
3304:
3288:
2984:
2945:
2912:
2889:
2860:
2831:
2685:
2553:
2489:
2362:
2288:
1981:
1973:
near the mouth of the Mae Bea River (แม่น้ำแม่เบี้ย), south of the present
1955:
1850:
1836:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1795:
1651:
1173:
1113:
1103:
788:
754:
682:
655:
540:
493:
314:
280:
11950:
11391:
10146:
O.W. Wolters, pp. 142–143 citing Chutintaranond, 1990, pp. 97–98
10084:
8791:
5200:
The Ayutthaya Buddhist temple falls into one of two broad categories: the
4545:
Various minor minority languages spoken in the Ayutthaya Kingdom included
4001:
of minor cities. The king ultimately came to be recognized as the earthly
2867:
1602:
1594:
13373:
13299:
13247:
13133:
12558:
12286:
11945:
11362:"Conference: Exploring Maritime Heritage Dynamics – Dhiravat Na Pombejra"
10953:
Luo, Wei; Hartmann, John; Li, Jinfang; Sysamouth, Vinya (December 2000).
10660:
10491:
9249:"The image of the Burmese enemy in Thai perceptions and history writings"
6714:
6264:
6237:, a Portuguese voyager, mentioned in the 16th century that Ayutthaya, or
5372:
5300:
5266:
5262:
4705:
4629:
4437:
4385:
4072:
4002:
3816:
3675:
3592:
3584:
3549:
3404:
3273:
3262:
3188:
3122:
2973:
2806:
2799:
2536:), contested Ayutthaya's growing influence over the Northern Cities. The
2494:
1933:
1734:
1666:
1635:
1143:
1005:
968:) is often used by Thai historians to refer to Sukhothai and Phitsanulok.
857:
8699:
8667:
8587:
8545:
8026:
8010:
7459:
7427:
6431:, a Siamese ambassador who visited France and Rome on an embassy in 1688
6156:
4776:
to record all that he saw in the Siamese Kingdom. In his famous account
2956:. In the sphere of foreign policy, Songtham lost suzerainty of Lan Na,
2548:
Ayutthaya's sphere of influence down the peninsula was contested by the
12276:
12207:
11607:
Thai National Chronicles: the history of the nation since ancient times
11566:
Tossa, Wajupp; Nattavong, Kongdeuane; MacDonald, Margaret Read (2008).
10842:
10840:
10298:
9443:
Intercourse between Burma and Siam as recorded in Hmannan Yazawindawgyi
9089:
8570:
8082:
7662:
7053:
7013:
6748:
6559:, and unemployed former samurai who had been on the losing side at the
6547:
6542:
5837:
5831:
5824:
5530:
5509:
One of the best examples of 18th-century Ayutthaya temple (wat) murals
5504:
5333:
5150:
5137:
4769:
4756:
4732:
4676:
4287:
4274:, a legal code based on Hindu sources and traditional Thai custom. The
4230:
Commoners with no obligation to the crown. They vastly outnumbered the
3514:
3506:
3498:
3364:
3329:
3266:
3117:
2885:
2847:
2759:
2713:
2614:
2575:
1809:
1631:
1233:
1153:
1076:
802:
12015:
11829:
Bradley or Two-Volume Version (1864) – formerly called Krom Phra
10605:"Many Ramayanas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia"
9808:
9806:
9142:(Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–212, 258.
7024:, 2007–2015 Thai biographical historical drama film series about King
4577:
4005:
of Shiva or Vishnu and became the sacred object of politico-religious
3218:
in his court, the later of which communities launched an unsuccessful
13385:
13306:
13268:
12937:
12281:
12245:
12157:
11698:
A Siamese Embassy Lost in Africa 1686: The Odyssey of Ok-Khun Chamman
9835:"Beyond the Ashes: The Making of Bangkok as the Capital City of Siam"
6735:, Japanese adventurer who became the ruler of the Nakhon Si Thammarat
6393:
6373:
6356:
Memorial plate in Lopburi showing King Narai with French ambassadors.
6321:
6207:
5631:
5145:
4816:
4797:
4765:
4499:
4388:
in 1600, mural painting by Phraya Anusatchitrakon, Wat Suwandararam,
3859:
3718:
3412:
3321:
3227:
3203:
2569:
2283:
1868:
1808:, which dominated the eastern half of the Lower Chao Phraya, and the
1702:
1678:
1223:
1213:
1183:
933:
571:
517:
12490:
10837:
10554:"Thailand's Ancient Modern Kingdom | The Mark of Empire | Ayutthaya"
10438:
8993:"History of Ayutthaya – Foreign Settlements – Portuguese Settlement"
7514:(Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. i, 170–171.
6499:
travelled up the Chao Phraya River to Ayutthaya on three occasions.
6148:, a marketplace in Ayutthaya period, where goods are sold from boats
5077:
4049:
3339:
Introduction of capitalism, rise of commoners, and proto-nationalism
1880:
While older and traditional scholars argue that the ethnically Thai
35:
13242:
12521:
11689:
The Dutch East India Company in the Kingdom of Ayutthaya, 1604–1694
11110:
9803:
8947:
Chakrabongse, C., 1960, Lords of Life, London: Alvin Redman Limited
8365:
7025:
6618:
6574:("a 400 japoes christaos") There were also Japanese communities in
6527:
6519:
6515:
6496:
6470:
6444:
6416:
and his court in April 1688, shortly before the Siamese revolution.
5677:
5671:
5591:
5328:
5304:
5221:
5141:
5088:
5071:
5030:
5021:
5003:
4909:
4808:
4802:
4713:
4590:
4449:
4413:
4381:
4032:
3984:
3904:
3828:
3812:
3753:
3722:
3671:
3436:
3317:
3194:
3155:
2930:
2916:
2791:
2767:
2755:
2747:
2557:
2525:, being the scion of generations of intermarriage between the two.
2478:
2350:
2009:
1846:
1647:
928:
923:
913:
529:
481:
381:
219:
11103:"The Beginning of Relations with Buropean Nations and Japan (sic)"
7984:
Traditional Thai historiography and its nineteenth century decline
7012:, 2001 Thai biographical historical drama film series about Queen
4581:
The immense, 19 metres (62 ft) gold-covered seated Buddha in
4027:
3328:, the Front Palace Uparaj and designated heir to his father, King
1580:
12224:
12191:
11992:
11962:
11310:
11197:
10661:"The difference between Khmer prangs and Thai (Ayutthaya) prangs"
10558:
9818:
9792:
9605:
8495:
8491:"The Siam Society Lecture: A History of Ayutthaya (28 June 2017)"
7891:"Cultural Profile: Ayutthaya Kingdom, the Buddhist State of Siam"
7378:
7301:
7204:"The Siam Society Lecture: A History of Ayutthaya (28 June 2017)"
6409:
6313:
5930:
5387:
5059:
4602:
4445:
4417:
4144:
4036:
4022:
3998:
3887:
3846:
3801:
3708:
3679:
3579:) to the west of Ayutthaya in Nemyo Thihapate at Paknam Prasop (ฺ
3509:, a local Burmese leader, arose against the Mons and reconquered
3445:
3176:
3159:
3154:
into his court, and pursue closer relations with both France and
3151:
3067:
2997:
2919:, a lesser son born of Ekathotsarot and a first-class concubine.
2795:
2744:
2725:
2453:
2389:
2345:
1993:
1959:
1193:
1133:
918:
10732:"History of Ayutthaya – Historical Sites – Chandra Kasem Palace"
10012:
9440:
9108:
Mission Made Impossible: The Second French Embassy to Siam, 1687
8148:
Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830
7840:
Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830
4286:
The 16th century witnessed the rise of Burma, which had overrun
4131:
The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Imperial Qing by Xie Sui
3965:
The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Imperial Qing by Xie Sui
12342:
11946:
Southeast Asia Visions Collection by Cornell University Library
9494:"Heroes Of Khai Bang Rachan Monument And Khai Bang Rachan Park"
7685:
The Siam Society Lecture: A History of Ayutthaya (28 June 2017)
7374:"The Siam Society Lecture: Uma Amizade Duradoura (31 May 2018)"
7297:"The Siam Society Lecture: Uma Amizade Duradoura (31 May 2018)"
6817:
compiled all surviving Ayutthaya law records and published the
6814:
6696:
6507:
6503:
6229:
6063:
5980:
5451:
5047:
4905:
4900:
4457:
4441:
3766:
3762:
3604:
3452:
3419:
3300:
3296:
3163:
3082:, who in turn was defeated in single combat by his own nephew,
2529:
2474:
2446:
2366:
2317:
2202:
1989:
1966:
1278:
1123:
843:
457:
11340:(Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. xiii.
10750:"History of Ayutthaya – Royal Residences –Prasat Nakhon Luang"
8212:(Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–46.
6717:, French Jesuit writer and Siamese Ambassador to France (1688)
4876:(กลอน). Some of these poetical forms – notably
4180:, literally meaning 'lord', officials who commanded their own
3736:
fought each other to the death on elephants at Pa Than Bridge.
10331:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania
9363:
Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places
9094:. Translated by J. O'Kane. London: Routledge. pp. 98–99.
7538:
7536:
7534:
7532:
6575:
6523:
6448:
6413:
6377:
6302:
6112:
Map of Ayutthaya Chao Phraya River course in the 17th century
5966:
5907:
5419:
5238:
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city) § Notable cultural sites
5202:
5132:
4883:
4610:
4598:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4433:
3980:
3881:
system, another of the numerous institutional innovations of
3789:
3785:
3557:
3380:
3211:
3098:
3087:
3083:
3063:
3009:
2964:, and expanded Siam's foreign trade ties to include both the
2743:
In May 1584, less than three years after Bayinnaung's death,
2701:
2579:
2470:
2422:
2354:
1860:
1690:
1545:
1536:
505:
389:
10424:(Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 324.
9814:"ถอดบทเรียนว่าด้วยกรุงแตกครั้งที่ 2 : อ.สมฤทธิ์ ลือชัย"
7810:(Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 290.
7628:(Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 295.
6848:
6829:
The nationalist-themed histories of Ayutthaya, pioneered by
6116:
The Thais never lacked a rich food supply. Peasants planted
5008:
1888:
mentioned in Chinese sources, more recent scholarship, like
1871:. Since the late 13th century, expeditions were sent to the
11975:
11870:
Some of these are available in Cushman, Richard D. (2000).
10156:
Sunait Chutintaranond, (Thai: สุเนตร ชุตินธรานนท์) (1990).
9472:"Alangkapuni: An English Captain at the Siege of Ayutthaya"
8763:. Fujian, China: China Intercontinental Press. p. 58.
8456:
8454:
8429:
8427:
8390:
8388:
6950:, collapsed in 1904, photographed in the early 20th century
6117:
5130:
epics, evolved over time. It originated as a recitation or
4750:
4718:
4689:
4052:
system under which every freeman had to be registered as a
3793:
3717:
A Burmese depiction of an Ayutthaya king, either depicting
3629:
3449:
3425:
1951:
1589:
1557:
1551:
343:– diplomatic language (predominant from early 16th century)
11917: – Available in English in Tun Aung Chain tr. (2005)
11897:
Testimony of inhabitants of Old Capital (i.e., Ayutthaya))
11671:
The Art and Architecture of the Reign of Somdet Phra Narai
10149:
8479:(Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 43.
8343:
8341:
8302:
8015:
Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
7529:
6222:
5586:
One of the best preserved Ayutthaya temples. Survived the
3732:
A painting, depicting the event in which two sons of King
11872:
The Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya: A Synoptic Translation
10813:
10811:
10809:
10783:
10781:
10363:"History of Ayutthaya – Historical Sites – Phet Fortress"
10169:. JSS Vol. 78.1i (digital). Siam Heritage Trust: image 11
9215:
9213:
9211:
9209:
9207:
9205:
9203:
9201:
9199:
4847:
Thai literature § Literature of the Ayutthaya Period
4754:, or a dramatized version of Ramakien, was classified as
4245:
4172:
However, the recruitment of the armed forces depended on
3826:). According to the court etiquette, a special language,
2908:, for example, had considerable influence with the king.
2736:(also known as Sanphet I) his vassal king, instating the
1554:
1542:
11221:"Day 1 : Three Decades of Ayutthaya World Heritage"
11137:
Three military accounts of the 1688 "Revolution" in Siam
10896:
10894:
8451:
8439:
8424:
8412:
8400:
8385:
7757:
3058:
2311:
11565:
10497:
10399:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2002.
9361:
Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul; Ring, Trudy (2012).
8338:
8326:
8314:
8290:
5731:
Built before Ayutthaya was founded; birthplace of Thai
5424:
Palace of King Narai from 1666 until his death in 1688
5154:
books. The version that exists today was composed with
2992:, whom Prasat Thong intended to use as a puppet ruler.
2868:
Later Phitsanulok dynasty to early Prasat Thong dynasty
2626:
lit. "Four Pillars), in which the court was led by two
2349:
Intersecting mandalas circa 1360: from north to south:
1765:. The capital city of Ayutthaya is officially known as
11401:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
11337:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
11255:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
10952:
10806:
10778:
10119:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 158.
9763:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
9733:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
9623:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
9196:
9139:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
8967:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
8476:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
8209:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
8112:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
7865:"Ayutthaya | Ancient Capital of Thailand | Britannica"
7782:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
7740:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
7600:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
7573:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
7546:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
7511:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
7484:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
7349:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
7322:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
7272:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
7166:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
7139:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
7109:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
6808:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam In the Early Modern World
6495:. It is believed that the Chinese fleet under Admiral
5928:
Court officers, (who served in the royal palace) wore
3539:
and attacking on the way to northwestern outskirts of
3310:
3274:
Continued prosperity and increased Chinese connections
2786:) when the Siamese invaded Burma, first occupying the
2658:, the Northern lords, led by the Lord of Phitsanulok,
2521:
was the peak of this merger between the basin and the
1988:), who was the grandfather of Ayutthaya's first king,
1958:
during his reign. The former capital was then renamed
1909:
In 877, a royal lineage from Bang Pan (present-day in
11280:"2017 07 13 Ayutthaya and Writing Thai History Today"
10891:
10682:
10680:
10678:
10542:(1986 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 49.
10155:
9360:
9034:
7325:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 127–129, 206.
6765:
6705:, Greek adventurer and first councillor of King Narai
6285:, the Portuguese sent a diplomatic mission headed by
3150:. Soon, Narai began to welcome communities of French
2782:
day. Later that same year warfare erupted again (the
11886:
These are Burmese historical accounts of Ayutthaya.
10327:
10019:. Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal.
9329:
9327:
9325:
9323:
9321:
9319:
9317:
9184:
8077:
8075:
6294:
major role in the invasion of Lanna in 1539 by King
5070:
which is based on an ancient Indian story of Prince
4692:
performance, a famous dance in the Ayutthaya period.
3560:-Tenasserim route with 20,000 Burmese-Mon men under
3435:(Vietnamese rulers of south Vietnam) for control of
1992:, took over the throne. After he died in 1319, both
1548:
621:• Invasions of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra
9421:
A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830
9419:Andaya, Barbara Watson; Andaya, Leonard Y. (2015).
7643:
7169:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 64, 69, 78.
6301:Foreigners were cordially welcomed at the court of
5158:meter throughout and is referred to in Thailand as
5148:with the length of about 20,000 lines, spanning 43
4898:Through Buddhist and Hindu influence, a variety of
2790:in southeast Burma in 1593 and later the cities of
2501:
1665:/merger of three maritime city-states on the Lower
1539:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
11673:(Dissertation). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
11455:(Revised ed.). New York: Facts on File, Inc.
11448:
11425:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
11404:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
10675:
10238:
10236:
10234:
10232:
10007:
9837:. University Press of Colorado. pp. 155–180.
8869:(Revised ed.). New York: Facts on File, Inc.
8862:
4605:priests. Many areas of the kingdom also practiced
2730:The ensuing third siege captured Ayutthaya in 1569
2570:Centralization and dominance of the Northern lords
963:
153:
11826:– includes other three versions of the chronicle.
11589:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
11397:
11333:
11251:
10617:
10464:
10112:
9759:
9755:
9753:
9729:
9723:
9619:
9314:
9219:
9135:
8963:
8472:
8222:
8205:
8072:
7778:
7736:
7596:
7569:
7542:
7507:
7480:
7345:
7318:
7268:
7162:
7135:
7105:
5078:Khun Chang Khun Phaen: the Siamese epic folk poem
2708:resulted in a failed Burmese siege of Ayutthaya.
334:– diplomatic language (16th century; 1660s–1670s)
13487:
11715:
11638:
11139:. Bangkok: Orchid Press. pp. 12, 100, 183.
10108:
10106:
10104:
10102:
9513:
9441:Phraison Salarak (Thien Subindu), Luang (1916).
8248:
8246:
8145:Lieberman, Victor B.; Victor, Lieberman (2014).
7837:Lieberman, Victor B.; Victor, Lieberman (2014).
6792:
4538:community living in Ayutthaya. Many variants of
4268:Uthong was responsible for the compilation of a
3517:and establishing militaristic regime of the new
3003:
2948:during the Age of Peace and Commerce (1600–1688)
10229:
9736:(Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press.
9709:(Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press.
9595:
9593:
8943:
8941:
8939:
8937:
8935:
8933:
8931:
8929:
8144:
7836:
7785:(Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press.
7576:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46, 51.
7400:(Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press.
7275:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 205–07.
7248:(Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press.
6518:and ray or shark skins (used to make a sort of
6057:: wore a loincloth, displayed a naked chest, a
1642:from 1351 to 1767, centered around the city of
313:– early prestige language; spoken among ethnic
11664:(Dissertation). Cambridge: Harvard University.
11247:
11245:
9916:. Northern Illinois University. Archived from
9750:
9673:
9671:
9553:
9369:
9306:Topich, William J.; Leitich, Keith A. (2013).
9246:
8834:
8832:
6886:Detached Buddha head encased in fig tree roots
5450:Mostly reconstructed during the reign of King
5231:
4252:as few women left China to accompany the men.
3521:. Alaungpaya proceeded to conquer the Mons of
3489:Modern depiction of the 1767 Fall of Ayutthaya
2133:considered the main trading harbor of the city
1863:superimposed on by subsequent structures. The
12506:
12031:
11691:(Dissertation). Northern Illinois University.
11392:Library of Congress Country Study of Thailand
11176:
10768:"Prasat Nakhon Luang, Nakhon Luang, Thailand"
10658:
10099:
10017:Thailand's Crisis and the Fight for Democracy
9382:. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV.
9345:
9305:
8990:
8632:สังคมไทย ลุ่มแม่น้ำเจ้าพระยาก่อนสมัยศรีอยุธยา
8243:
8050:
7774:
7772:
4087:), who was responsible for military service,
3093:In 1662 war between Burma and Ayutthaya (the
2556:. In the early-15th century the Ming admiral
2452:The culture of early Ayutthaya, described by
2401:chronicles nor the Chinese court chronicles.
1947:, and the old city Sangkaburi was abandoned.
1507:
11809:Phra Chakraphatdiphong (Chat) Version (1808)
11610:(in Thai). S. Thammasamakkhi. Archived from
11488:
11169:
11167:
11165:
10533:
10531:
10529:
10508:
10506:
9788:"เศรษฐกิจและสังคมสยามจากอยุธยาถึงกรุงธนบุรี"
9590:
9418:
9090:Muhammad Rabi' ibn Muhammad Ibrahim (1972).
9060:
8926:
8512:
7924:. Harper & Brothers. p. image 288.
7421:
7419:
7417:
7131:
7129:
6697:Notable foreigners in 17th century Ayutthaya
6281:In 1511, immediately after having conquered
6273:Light Green – territories conquered or ceded
4357:History of the Thai armed forces before 1852
4240:Outside this system to some extent were the
4016:
3090:'s reign, Ayutthaya became very prosperous.
2316:Ayutthaya was traditionally founded by King
2163:
1669:Valley in the late 13th and 14th centuries (
410:City-state confederation (1351–15th century)
350:(late Ayutthaya period; spoken among ethnic
11791:CS 1157 Version of Phan Chanthanumat (1795)
11242:
11130:
11128:
11095:
11053:
11050:. London, The Hakluyt Society, 1944, p. 107
10574:
10572:
10266:
10264:
9766:. Cambridge University Press. p. 258.
9668:
9626:. Cambridge University Press. p. 268.
9469:
9103:
9101:
8912:
8910:
8908:
8906:
8829:
8513:Bhumiprabhas, Subhatra (6 September 2006).
8369:(in Thai). 18 December 2017. Archived from
8272:"รายการ "อดีตในอนาคต" ตอนที่ ๑๗ สุพรรณภูมิ"
7980:
7949:"The King of Sri Dvaravati and His Regalia"
7352:. Cambridge University Press. p. 206.
7239:
7237:
7235:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7227:
7225:
6777:earliest surviving palace chronicle is the
6233:(lit. 'bridge') woods, deerskin, and rice.
5823:Heavily renovated during the reign of King
4396:Ayutthaya's military was the origin of the
3858:system was similar to, but not the same as
2328:
2287:
2282:
2156:
13596:States and territories established in 1351
12513:
12499:
12038:
12024:
11535:
11516:
11422:The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia
11398:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
11334:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
11252:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
11059:
10846:
10820:"History of Ayutthaya – Temples And Ruins"
10686:
10618:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2009).
10537:
10113:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
10038:
9760:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
9730:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
9677:
9620:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
9455:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9220:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
9136:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
8964:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
8904:
8902:
8900:
8898:
8896:
8894:
8892:
8890:
8888:
8886:
8629:
8473:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
8229:. Cambridge University Press. p. 43.
8223:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
8206:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
8178:. Singapore: ISEAS-Yushof Isak Institute.
8057:(Thesis). Silpakorn University. p. 31
7779:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
7769:
7737:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
7603:. Cambridge University Press. p. 50.
7597:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
7570:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
7543:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
7508:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
7481:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
7346:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
7319:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
7269:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
7163:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
7142:. Cambridge University Press. p. 64.
7136:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
7106:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
7004:), 2018 Thai historical television series.
6464:
4884:Sanskrit influence on the Siamese language
4815:La Loubère also observed the existence of
3781:and aims at the well-being of his people.
3666:and of Siamese-Chinese descent, began the
3654:The skyline of Ayutthaya, photographed by
2469:Ayutthaya fought to acquire the cities of
2305:Also the first king of Ayutthaya Kingdom.
1514:
1500:
212:
200:
139:
11769:(1680) – Ayutthaya History (in Thai)
11659:
11603:
11469:
11162:
10946:
10874:"Wat Phra Phutthabat Ratchaworamahawihan"
10526:
10503:
10470:
10419:
10323:
10321:
10319:
10290:
10242:
9932:
9904:
9902:
9704:
9649:
9375:
8816:
8814:
8812:
8569:
8460:
8445:
8433:
8418:
8406:
8394:
8347:
8332:
8320:
8308:
8296:
8171:
8011:"A XVIIth Century Malay Cannon in London"
7805:
7623:
7414:
7395:
7243:
7126:
6259:
5858:History of Thai clothing § Ayutthaya
4312:, accompanied by their translator, Abbot
3927:Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)
2764:1593 during the fourth siege of Ayutthaya
2532:, a state North of Ayutthaya (modern-day
2131:Merged into the city of Ayutthaya and was
1859:archaeological works reveal pre-existing
419:Mandala confederation (15th century–1600)
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
11695:
11677:
11668:
11134:
11125:
11012:
11010:
10933:History of Ayutthaya – Temples and Ruins
10907:History of Ayutthaya – Temples and Ruins
10693:History of Ayutthaya – Temples and Ruins
10569:
10261:
10201:
10199:
10197:
10195:
10193:
10191:
10189:
10187:
10073:
9688:
9686:
9098:
8760:Zheng He's voyages down the western seas
7990:(PhD). University of Bristol. p. 21
7888:
7222:
6263:
6140:
6107:
5865:
5187:
5087:
5007:
4792:
4695:
4684:
4670:
4576:
4375:
4360:
4304:
4259:Siam delegates (暹罗国) in Peking in 1761.
4254:
4124:
4026:
3958:
3939:
3727:
3712:
3649:
3484:
3476:
3426:Military and political situation to 1759
3370:
3358:
3354:
3257:18th-century Ayutthaya temple murals in
3252:
3244:
3240:
3193:
3116:
3104:
3057:
2936:
2921:
2900:, and Tokugawa Shogunate (by way of the
2871:
2817:
2679:
2583:
2371:
2344:
2332:
1777:), as documented in historical sources.
13581:14th-century establishments in Thailand
12045:
11921:, Yangon: Myanmar Historical Commission
11758:Ubonsi Atthaphan version in pp. 215–231
11022:Department of Provincial Administration
10578:
10498:Tossa, Nattavong & MacDonald (2008)
10444:
10044:
9832:
9063:"Accounts of the Makassar Revolt, 1686"
8883:
8856:
8854:
8852:
8850:
8750:
8008:
7914:
6813:In the early Rattanakosin period, King
6447:, a Thai ambassador accredited by King
6344:Dutch East India Company merchant ship.
6271:in Thailand Gulf 16th and 17th century:
6223:Ayutthaya as international trading port
3777:) who strictly follows the teaching of
3363:Wihan Phra Mongkhon Bopit, one of King
3202:by the Siamese revolutionary forces of
3200:siege of the French fortress in Bangkok
2109:after the same name kingdom was founded
2107:Later merged into the city of Ayutthaya
1904:
1661:The Ayutthaya Kingdom emerged from the
1002:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
13488:
11418:
10926:
10900:
10328:Ring, Trudy; Robert M. Salkin (1995).
10316:
9899:
9645:
9643:
9572:
9554:Wattanasukchai, Sirinya (2 May 2013).
9509:
9507:
9436:
9434:
9432:
9430:
9301:
9299:
9297:
9007:
8838:
8820:
8809:
8608:
8602:
7946:
7732:
7730:
7728:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7186:
6613:, the highly revered Buddha statue in
5590:in 1767. Restored during the reign of
5114:), referred to in Thailand simply as "
4483:
4106:repugnant, he could sell himself as a
631:• Lopburi and Suphanburi rivalry
611:• First tribute embassy to China
12520:
12494:
12019:
11874:, edited by David K. Wyatt. Bangkok:
11840:Pramanuchit's Abridged Version (1850)
11734:Chronicle of the Kingdom of Ayutthaya
11731:
11686:
11584:
11383:
11007:
10849:"Temples and Ruins – Wat Na Phra Men"
10847:Vandenberg, Tricky (September 2009).
10620:"The Career of Khun Chang Khun Phaen"
10447:"Muslims in the Kingdom of Ayyuthaya"
10184:
9683:
9566:
9414:
9412:
9410:
9408:
9406:
9333:
9190:
9013:
8959:
8957:
8955:
8953:
8825:(1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta.
8668:"Ayutthaya Rising: From Land or Sea?"
8665:
8661:
8659:
8657:
8655:
8653:
8651:
8252:
8105:
8101:
8099:
8083:"AYUTTHAYA | National Virtual Museum"
7889:Williams, Benjamin (5 October 2020).
7832:
7830:
7828:
7763:
7720:
7718:
7716:
7714:
7712:
7710:
7708:
7706:
7704:
7702:
7663:"Ayutthaya | National Virtual Museum"
7649:
7428:"Ayutthaya Rising: From Land or Sea?"
7425:
6979:
4436:or Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Tenasserim,
4129:Portrait of Siamese aristocrats from
3815:, the king was also believed to be a
2813:
2669:
2312:The traditional founding of Ayutthaya
2145:Early foundation of Ayutthaya (1347)
2006:
1613:
11775:The Nai (Nok) Kaeo Version (1782) –
11682:(Dissertation). University of Akron.
11554:
11446:
10296:
9692:
9587:Lieberman 2003, 293 (Kindle Edition)
9126:Lieberman 2003, 299 (Kindle Edition)
9039:. Chiang Mai: Silkworm. p. 343.
8860:
8847:
8784:
8543:
8353:
8054:THE INTERPRETATION OF SI SATCHANALAI
7101:
7099:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7083:
6151:
4772:. In 1687, France sent the diplomat
3615:for two centuries and a half as the
3458:
304:– official during late 17th century.
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
13591:Former monarchies of Southeast Asia
13586:1760s disestablishments in Thailand
11925:
11881:
11752:Fifteenth-Century Fragment –
11517:Rajanubhab, Prince Damrong (2001).
10817:
10512:
10473:"Buddhism in Ayutthaya (1350–1767)"
9640:
9504:
9463:
9427:
9354:
9339:
9294:
9050:When Bangkok was just a French fort
8843:. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
8756:
8175:Thailand, a Struggle for the Nation
7183:
6479:Between 1405 and 1433, the Chinese
3977:reforms of King Borommatrailokkanat
3311:Succession conflicts and corruption
685:'s revocation of private trade ban
24:
11627:
11018:"The Economy and Economic Changes"
9978:. 12 February 2002. Archived from
9403:
9054:
8950:
8672:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
8648:
8550:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
8096:
7918:(1837). "XVIII City of Bang-kok".
7825:
7699:
7432:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
6766:Contemporary accounts of Ayutthaya
6451:of Ayutthaya to the court of King
6248:Trade with foreigners, mainly the
4904:prosodic meters were received via
4161:services of the largest number of
2690:invasion of Ayutthaya in 1547–1549
2408:. King Uthong had his son, Prince
2298:
25:
13612:
11938:
11845:Royal Autograph Version (1855) –
11555:Wood, William Alfred Rae (1924).
11060:Vandenberg, Tricky (March 2009).
10714:"The Elephant Kraal of Ayutthaya"
10213:. 1 November 2002. Archived from
10023:from the original on 1 April 2012
9946:. 1 November 2002. Archived from
8051:JARUDHIRANART, Jaroonsak (2017).
7080:
6754:
6396:in 1686, by Nicolas de Larmessin.
4800:fighters wearing the traditional
4601:scriptures and were conducted by
3944:
3920:
3481:1765–1767 Burmese invasion routes
3295:, whose post-Ayutthaya monarchs (
3121:The Siamese embassy, with Father
2774:. Today, this Siamese victory is
2636:the Civil Prime Minister and the
2463:
1767:Krung Thep Dvaravati Si Ayutthaya
428:Mercantile absolutism (1600–1767)
295:– official 1408–late 17th century
13506:Former countries in Thai history
12475:
11632:
11604:Thepthani, Phra Borihan (1953).
11489:Marcinkowski, M. Ismail (2005).
11354:
11327:
11298:
11272:
11213:
11185:
11153:
11107:Thai Ministry of Foreign Affairs
11079:
11040:
10920:
10866:
10760:
10742:
10724:
10706:
10687:Vandenberg, Tricky (July 2009).
10652:
10611:
10597:
10546:
10516:James Low, On Siamese Literature
10475:. Ceylon Journey. Archived from
10413:
10389:
10380:
10355:
10140:
10013:"Class and politics in Thailand"
10001:
9962:
9826:
9780:
9698:
9613:
9581:
6967:
6955:
6939:
6927:
6915:
6903:
6891:
6879:
6680:
6658:
6646:
6630:
6599:
6587:
6436:
6421:
6401:
6385:
6361:
6349:
6337:
6155:
6016:: wore mandarin collar shirt, a
5816:
5791:
5770:
5745:
5715:
5690:
5660:
5630:
5608:
5570:
5545:
5519:
5493:
5464:
5434:
5408:
5371:
5349:
5317:
5271:
5184:Thai temple art and architecture
4292:Burmese-Siamese War of 1563–1564
4114:, 'slave') to a more attractive
4056:(servant) with the local lords,
3040:
3022:
2929:, Saraburi, constructed by King
2592:which house the remains of King
2502:Transition to a hinterland state
2441:based on Lopburi (Lavo) and the
2243:
2187:
2140:
2116:
2092:
2079:
2066:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2008:
1828:in 1294 and tribute missions to
1532:
1483:
1037:
982:
890:
876:
862:
848:
834:
809:
795:
781:
185:
171:
34:
13576:1760s disestablishments in Asia
13332:Traditional musical instruments
11728:Phongsawadan Krung Si Ayutthaya
11495:. Singapore: Pustaka Nasional.
11389:Original text adapted from the
11048:The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires
10962:Geographic Information Sciences
10045:Bavadam, Lyla (14 March 2006).
9547:
9529:
9486:
9247:Chutintaranond, Sunait (1992).
9240:
9174:
9156:
9129:
9120:
9083:
9043:
9028:
9019:
8984:
8714:
8623:
8614:
8537:
8506:
8483:
8466:
8264:
8216:
8199:
8165:
8138:
8044:
8002:
7974:
7940:
7908:
7882:
7857:
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7617:
7590:
7563:
7501:
7474:
7389:
7366:
6849:The "General Crisis" hypothesis
6275:Dark Green (Allied) – Ayutthaya
5595:
5386:of Ayutthaya. Restored by King
5173:
5096:oral recitation of Thai poetry.
4133:, 18th century painting in the
3967:, 18th century painting in the
3587:, a group of self-defenders in
3469:Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767)
3465:Burmese–Siamese War (1759–1760)
2784:Burmese–Siamese War (1593–1600)
2706:Burmese–Siamese War (1547–1549)
2512:History of Phitsanulok Province
2273:
2259:
2236:
2222:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2149:
1824:in 1180 and Phetchaburi to the
1761:in a painting requested by the
1694:
956:
947:
671:• Golden Age of Ayutthaya
45:needs additional citations for
11901:Kham Hai Kan Khun Luang Ha Wat
11700:. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
11474:. Cambridge University Press.
11258:. Cambridge University Press.
10397:Thailand, economy and politics
10247:. Cambridge University Press.
9654:. Cambridge University Press.
9470:na Pombejra, Dhiravat (2017).
9226:. Cambridge University Press.
9035:Cruysse, Dirk van der (2002).
8970:. Cambridge University Press.
8151:. Cambridge University Press.
8106:Smith, R. B. (February 1978).
7843:. Cambridge University Press.
7743:. Cambridge University Press.
7549:. Cambridge University Press.
7487:. Cambridge University Press.
7339:
7312:
7289:
7262:
7156:
7112:. Cambridge University Press.
7059:Family tree of Ayutthaya kings
6617:temple was visited in 1407 by
5295:Former royal residence of the
4929:and to polished and imperious
4476:'s military expedition to the
3646:Taksin's reunification of Siam
3473:Siege of Ayutthaya (1766–1767)
3389:Weliwita Sri Saranankara Thero
3293:Burmese invasions of the 1760s
2300:
1757:). It was also referred to as
256:1488, secondary capital until
13:
1:
13601:Tributaries of Imperial China
11951:Ayutthaya Historical Research
11724:Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya
11717:Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya
11678:Peerapun, Wannasilpa (1991).
11286:. FCCT Events. 15 August 2017
10243:Lieberman, Victor B. (2003).
9423:. Cambridge University Press.
8821:Phayre, Sir Arthur P (1883).
8792:"The Aytthaya Era, 1350–1767"
8515:"Scierno: the Land of Smiles"
7074:
6793:Post-Ayutthaya historiography
6669:
6641:. Tokyo Naval Science Museum.
6324:(reigned 1688–1693) staged a
5870:Thai traditional costumes in
5846:
4840:
4712:The myth and epic stories of
4527:
4488:
4372:is visible in the background.
4321:
4296:Burmese-Siamese War 1568–1570
4048:(r. 1491–1529) established a
3885:was to adopt the position of
3689:
3095:Burmese-Siamese War (1662-64)
3004:Persian and French influences
735:
257:
253:
11817:Wat Ban Thalu Version (1812)
11660:Chrystall, Beatrice (2004).
11540:. Chulalongkorn University.
11447:Kohn, George Childs (1999).
10970:Northern Illinois University
9573:Mishra, Patit Paban (2010).
8861:Kohn, George Childs (1999).
8172:Kasetsiri, Charnvit (2022).
6408:French Jesuits observing an
5206:-style solid temple and the
4427:
4353:Military history of Thailand
4193:
4067:). When war broke out, male
3701:List of monarchs of Thailand
3639:
3503:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
2001:Pre-Ayutthaya ruler timeline
1701:to the French court of King
7:
13566:1351 establishments in Asia
13210:Water supply and sanitation
11891:Kham Hai Kan Chao Krung Kao
11814:Brith Museum Version (1807)
11561:. London: Fisher Unwin Ltd.
10818:May, Ken (September 2009).
10627:Journal of the Siam Society
10272:"Background Note: Thailand"
10166:Journal of the Siam Society
9523:Journal of the Siam Society
9476:Journal of the Siam Society
9348:The River of Lost Footsteps
7981:Pongsripian, Winai (1983).
7956:Journal of the Siam Society
7032:
6974:Interior of Wat Na Phra Men
6826:in the early 20th century.
6709:François-Timoléon de Choisy
6330:the 1688 Siamese revolution
6186:
6061:hair style, sometimes wore
6009:2. Nobles (rich citizens):
5995:Concubines wore long hair,
5851:
5241:
5232:Notable archeological sites
5170:) meaning a 'poetic tale'.
4995:
4572:
4513:
4506:According to the historian
4346:
4318:Jacques Vigouroux Duplessis
4039:and Khrui signifying status
3955:Thai royal ranks and titles
3868:François-Timoléon de Choisy
1603:
1595:
1581:
964:
154:
10:
13617:
13064:Controlled-access highways
11756:(in English and Thai) and
11730:) known to scholars. See:
11696:Smithies, Michael (1999).
11470:Lieberman, Victor (2003).
11135:Smithies, Michael (2002).
10538:La Loubère, Simon (1693).
10445:Sheik Ahmad, Omar Farouk.
10420:Lieberman, Victor (2003).
9843:10.5876/9781607324690.c004
9705:Lieberman, Victor (2003).
9650:Lieberman, Victor (2003).
9556:"On the walls of Mandalay"
9376:Ruangsilp, Bhawan (2007).
7806:Lieberman, Victor (2003).
7624:Lieberman, Victor (2003).
7396:Lieberman, Victor (2003).
7244:Lieberman, Victor (2003).
6872:
6852:
6769:
6758:
6468:
6197:Ayutthaya officially used
6190:
6093:
6089:
5855:
5812:Wihan Phra Mongkhon Bophit
5392:Chan Kasem National Museum
5235:
5177:
5081:
5001:
4887:
4844:
4674:
4613:and, influenced by French
4350:
4020:
3948:
3924:
3698:
3678:from the present capital,
3643:
3613:Wat Phra Si Sanphet Temple
3564:and the Lanna route under
3462:
3097:) erupted again when King
3014:Siamese revolution of 1688
3007:
2966:English East India Company
2933:as a royal pilgrimage site
2778:annually on 18 January as
2758:and Burmese heir-apparent
2710:A second siege (1563–1564)
2673:
2573:
2505:
2416:) and his brother-in-law,
2337:Ayutthaya is shown in the
2294:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1729:within the next 15 years.
1646:, in Siam, or present-day
13447:
13223:
13146:Universities and colleges
13092:
13083:
12928:
12919:
12767:
12758:
12661:
12652:
12617:
12541:
12532:
12472:
12446:
12420:
12380:
12306:
12299:
12259:
12233:
12200:
12150:
12134:
12125:
12079:
12053:
12004:
11990:
11982:
11958:
11794:Thonburi Chronicle (1795)
11767:The Luang Prasoet Version
11722:There are 18 versions of
11669:Listopad, John A (1995).
11639:Bhawan Ruangsilp (2007).
11587:Thailand: A Short History
11536:Syamananda, Rong (1990).
11519:Our Wars with the Burmese
10986:10.1080/10824000009480541
10754:www.ayutthaya-history.com
10736:www.ayutthaya-history.com
10367:www.ayutthaya-history.com
10083:. Soravij. Archived from
9514:Soe Thuzar Myint (2011).
8796:U. S. Library of Congress
8684:10.1017/S0022463403000031
8634:. สำนักพิมพ์ฟ้าเดียวกัน.
8630:ภูมิศักดิ์, จิตร (2004).
8562:10.1017/S0022463400017562
8124:10.1017/S0041977X00058286
7444:10.1017/S0022463403000031
7039:Ayutthaya Historical Park
6995:
6934:Ayutthaya Historical Park
6922:Ayutthaya Historical Park
6723:, Apostolic Vicar of Siam
6533:The Japanese quarters of
6254:Dutch East Indies Company
6025:
5989:
5975:
5961:
5922:
5898:
5862:Traditional Thai clothing
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5217:
5167:
5111:
5054:, rewrote some parts for
4972:
4942:
4894:List of loanwords in Thai
4741:
4727:
4641:
4412:The main weaponry of the
4390:Ayutthaya Historical Park
4199:
4196:
4017:Ranking of social classes
3837:
3774:
3320:, alongside his brother,
2970:French East India Company
2623:
2483:Ayutthaya attacked Angkor
2431:
2252:
2192:
2139:
2128:
2115:
2104:
2091:
2078:
2065:
2007:
1774:
1750:) meaning 'Tai country' (
1747:
1570:
942:
906:
760:
750:
746:
732:
728:
723:
719:
706:
693:
679:
669:
652:
639:
629:
619:
609:
599:
595:
581:
577:
565:
555:• 1438–1448 (first)
553:
549:
539:
535:
523:
511:
499:
487:
475:
463:
453:• 1351–1369 (first)
451:
447:
437:
398:
361:
273:
252:(principal capital: 1463–
227:
211:
199:
167:
162:
140:
134:
27:1350–1767 Siamese kingdom
13541:17th century in Thailand
13536:16th century in Thailand
13531:15th century in Thailand
13526:14th century in Thailand
13521:13th century in Thailand
12878:House of Representatives
12772:Administrative divisions
11934:Paris: Horthemels, 1689.
11833:Chinorot Version. or
11732:Wyatt, David K. (1999).
11687:Smith, George V (1974).
11585:Wyatt, David K. (2003).
11521:. Bangkok: White Lotus.
11419:Higham, Charles (1989).
11062:"The Dutch in Ayutthaya"
10276:U.S. Department of State
10081:"HM Second King Pinklao"
9833:Rod-ari, Melody (2016).
7009:The Legend of Suriyothai
6987:Love Destiny (TV series)
6910:Seated Buddha, Ayutthaya
6898:Seated Buddha, Ayutthaya
6568:António Francisco Cardim
6205:(baked clay coins), and
6136:
5180:Architecture of Thailand
4310:The 1686 Siamese embassy
4031:The Ayutthayan official
3850:system codified by King
3694:
3403:of a virtuous and pious
3066:, created in 1966, near
3049:Dutch East India Company
2960:and Tavoy, expelled the
2824:Dutch East India Company
2388:(modern Singapore)) and
2329:Early maritime dominance
1832:between 1400 and 1500
1763:Dutch East India Company
1638:kingdom that existed in
1615:[ʔā.jút.tʰā.jāː]
567:• 1757–1758 (last)
525:• 1758–1767 (last)
11909:An English translation.
11754:Michael Vickery version
11570:. Libraries Unlimited.
10878:www.tourismthailand.org
10789:"Wat Ko Kaew Suttharam"
10471:Indobhasa, Sao (2009).
10297:Ross, Kelly L. (2008).
9940:"The National Language"
9575:The History of Thailand
9365:. Taylor & Francis.
8995:. Ayutthaya-history.com
7069:List of Ayutthaya kings
6779:Luang Prasoet chronicle
6739:George White (merchant)
6485:seven naval expeditions
6465:Contacts with East Asia
6372:presents a letter from
6277:Yellow – Main Factories
5872:Bangkok National Museum
5390:. Currently houses the
5367:Front Palace, Ayutthaya
5344:Elephant Kraal Pavilion
5324:1587 (rebuilt in 1744)
5122:(KCKP) revolves around
4520:Siamese (Thai) language
4452:. Her tributaries were
2780:Royal Thai Armed Forces
2488:Palace Law Codes under
1775:กรุงเทพทวารวดีศรีอยุธยา
13571:1767 disestablishments
13017:Science and technology
12985:Special economic zones
12454:Constitutional history
11919:Chronicle of Ayutthaya
11863:3 October 2018 at the
11852:3 October 2018 at the
11782:CS 1145 Version (1783)
11772:CS 1136 Version (1774)
11109:. 2006. Archived from
10929:"Wat Yai Chaimongkhon"
10903:"Wat Yai Chaimongkhon"
10633:: 1–42. Archived from
10116:A History of Ayutthaya
9537:"War Phra Sri Sanphet"
9346:Thant Myint-U (2011).
9308:The History of Myanmar
9282:Cite journal requires
9223:A History of Ayutthaya
8226:A History of Ayutthaya
8009:Blagden, C.O. (1941).
6502:Meanwhile, a Japanese
6483:sponsored a series of
6368:The French ambassador
6278:
6260:Contacts with the West
6164:This section is empty.
6149:
6113:
6100:Maria Guyomar de Pinha
5901:), as headgear, round
5874:
5382:Main residence of the
5197:
5097:
5092:Modern performance of
5062:and the addition of a
5013:
4812:
4787:
4709:
4700:Buddhist wat mural in
4693:
4586:
4393:
4373:
4328:
4265:
4138:
4135:National Palace Museum
4040:
3972:
3969:National Palace Museum
3903:With the exception of
3737:
3725:
3659:
3628:to Burmese capital of
3513:, proclaiming himself
3497:was overthrown by the
3490:
3482:
3391:
3368:
3285:
3270:
3250:
3207:
3173:Jesuit-designed palace
3130:
3114:
3109:The French ambassador
3071:
3033:of Ayutthaya, c. 1665.
2949:
2944:, constructed by King
2934:
2881:
2827:
2734:Maha Thammarachathirat
2693:
2660:Maha Thammarachathirat
2604:
2598:Borommarachathirat III
2377:
2369:
2342:
1884:or Suphanburi was the
1856:
990:This article contains
695:• Invasions from
641:• Union with the
179:Trade flag (1680–1767)
13374:Mythological creature
12905:Deputy Prime Minister
12821:Intelligence agencies
12201:Northeastern Thailand
11538:A History of Thailand
9796:. 26 September 2017.
8666:Baker, Chris (2003).
8620:สมเด็จพระศรีราชาธิราช
8253:Kasetsiri, Charnvit.
7947:Boeles, J.J. (1964).
7426:Baker, Chris (2003).
6786:Ayutthaya Testimonies
6772:Ayutthaya Testimonies
6370:Chevalier de Chaumont
6289:to the court of King
6267:
6193:History of Thai money
6144:
6111:
5869:
5787:Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon
5757:Borommarachathirat II
5485:Wat Ko Kaew Suttharam
5191:
5120:Khun Chang Khun Phaen
5103:Khun Chang Khun Phaen
5091:
5084:Khun Chang Khun Phaen
5011:
4796:
4782:
4702:Wat Ko Kaew Suttharam
4699:
4688:
4671:Arts and performances
4580:
4379:
4364:
4308:
4258:
4128:
4030:
3962:
3940:Political development
3934:Sunait Chutintaranond
3731:
3716:
3653:
3599:invaded Burma in the
3493:The weakened Burmese
3488:
3480:
3374:
3362:
3355:Nobility and Buddhism
3281:
3259:Wat Ko Kaew Suttharam
3256:
3248:
3241:Late Ayutthaya period
3197:
3120:
3111:Chevalier de Chaumont
3108:
3061:
2940:
2925:
2875:
2821:
2683:
2587:
2375:
2348:
2336:
1921:near the present-day
1841:
1713:invaded Ayutthaya in
601:• Establishment
274:Common languages
13546:18th century in Siam
13032:Traditional medicine
12746:World Heritage Sites
12701:Environmental issues
12071:Peopling of Thailand
11066:History of Ayutthaya
10927:Vandenburg, Tricky.
10901:Vandenburg, Tricky.
10853:History of Ayutthaya
9914:South East Asia site
9350:. Faber & Faber.
9254:: 91. Archived from
9092:The Ship of Sulaiman
9070:Siamese-heritage.org
8839:Harvey, G E (1925).
8544:Wade, Geoff (2000).
7021:King Naresuan (film)
6703:Constantine Phaulkon
6623:the naval expedition
6561:battle of Sekigahara
6310:Constantine Phaulkon
6096:Constantine Phaulkon
5557:Borommarachathirat I
5460:Wat Chai Watthanaram
5327:Prince (later King)
4478:Sultanate of Singora
4384:enters an abandoned
3705:Monarchy of Thailand
3668:reunification effort
3324:, undermined Prince
3265:constructed by King
3185:Constantine Phaulkon
2805:In 1613, after King
2788:Tanintharyi province
2732:and Bayinnaung made
2676:Burmese–Siamese wars
2538:Ayutthaya-Lan Na War
2508:Ayutthaya-Lan Na War
2443:Suphannabhum dynasty
1905:Pre-Ayutthaya cities
1800:Suphan Buri province
1738:, and their kingdom
1699:1686 Siamese embassy
1437:Peopling of Thailand
1373:Rattanakosin Kingdom
286:– official 1351–1408
54:improve this article
13516:Indianized kingdoms
12482:Thailand portal
12388:Nakhon Si Thammarat
12047:History of Thailand
11944:Online Collection:
11824:Sermon (1820)
11822:Culayuddhakaravamsa
11802:Culayuddhakaravamsa
11028:on 20 November 2010
10978:2000AnGIS...6..129L
10689:"Wat Phukhao Thong"
10663:. Ayutthaya2020.com
10659:Guido Vanhaleweyk.
10540:The Kingdom of Siam
10513:Low, James (1839).
10217:on 23 February 2010
10057:(6). Archived from
10047:"Magnificent Ruins"
8991:Tricky Vandenberg.
7766:, pp. 109–110.
7064:History of Thailand
6843:The Rise of Ayudhya
6691:museum in Ayutthaya
6453:Louis XIV of France
6392:Siamese embassy to
5686:Wat Phra Si Sanphet
5680:up to the present.
5676:Pilgrimage site in
5651:Wat Phra Phutthabat
5529:Prince, later King
5430:Prasat Nakhon Luang
5400:King Narai's Palace
5346:(พระที่นั่งเพนียด)
5313:Chedi Phukhao Thong
5299:of Ayutthaya: King
4981:poems enveloped by
4945:, an interleave of
4914:Borommatrailokkanat
4774:Simon de la Loubère
4484:Culture and society
4407:Rattanakosin period
4335:service had become
3883:Borommatrailokkanat
3877:In addition to the
3852:Borommatrailokkanat
3798:coronation ceremony
3581:Bang Pahan district
3377:Kirti Sri Rajasinha
2954:Wat Phra Phutthabat
2942:Wat Chaiwatthanaram
2927:Wat Phra Phutthabat
2594:Borommatrailokkanat
2590:Wat Phra Si Sanphet
2519:Borommatrailokkanat
2003:
1792:History of Thailand
1656:history of Thailand
1628:Empire of Ayutthaya
1490:Thailand portal
1269:Nakhon Si Thammarat
962:"Northern Cities" (
886:Nakhon Si Thammarat
470:Borommatrailokkanat
69:"Ayutthaya Kingdom"
13044:Telecommunications
12696:Floods in Thailand
12594:Siamese Revolution
11614:on 5 November 2023
11451:Dictionary of Wars
11384:General references
11368:. 17 December 2015
11113:on 15 October 2002
10772:Asian Architecture
10640:on 12 October 2017
10211:Mahidol University
10061:on 7 November 2012
10009:Giles Ji Ungpakorn
9944:Mahidol University
9695:, pp. 254–264
9061:Michael Smithies.
8865:Dictionary of Wars
8373:on 26 October 2023
7869:www.britannica.com
7044:Ayutthaya Province
6980:In popular culture
6946:The main prang of
6855:The General Crisis
6839:Charnvit Kasetsiri
6804:Pasuk Phongpaichit
6761:The General Crisis
6745:Jeremias van Vliet
6741:, English merchant
6553:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
6279:
6245:, and vegetables.
6217:King Chulalongkorn
6150:
6114:
5875:
5287:Maha Thammaracha I
5198:
5192:The main prang of
5128:orally-transmitted
5098:
5014:
4813:
4778:Du Royaume de Siam
4710:
4694:
4595:Theravada Buddhism
4587:
4394:
4374:
4329:
4266:
4139:
4041:
3973:
3824:Phra Chao Phaendin
3738:
3726:
3660:
3491:
3483:
3409:Theravada Buddhism
3392:
3369:
3271:
3251:
3208:
3131:
3129:, 23 December 1688
3115:
3072:
3031:Johannes Vingboons
2950:
2935:
2882:
2828:
2814:Peace and commerce
2694:
2670:First Burmese wars
2605:
2563:capture of Malacca
2477:, Tenasserim, and
2458:Zheng He's voyages
2418:Khun Luang Pa-ngua
2378:
2370:
2343:
1999:
1894:Pasuk Phongpaichit
1818:Charnvit Kasetsiri
586:Post-classical era
373:Theravada Buddhism
266:(early 1680s–1688)
13556:1760s in Thailand
13551:1750s in Thailand
13496:Ayutthaya Kingdom
13483:
13482:
13443:
13442:
13430:Traditional games
13079:
13078:
12915:
12914:
12895:Political parties
12799:Foreign relations
12754:
12753:
12648:
12647:
12579:Ayutthaya Kingdom
12574:Sukhothai Kingdom
12488:
12487:
12416:
12415:
12381:Southern Thailand
12307:Northern Thailand
12300:Regional kingdoms
12295:
12294:
12260:Southern Thailand
12234:Northern Thailand
12014:
12013:
12005:Succeeded by
11998:Ayutthaya Kingdom
11986:Sukhothai Kingdom
11970:Ayutthaya dynasty
11743:978-4-89656-613-0
11707:978-974-710-095-2
11652:978-90-04-15600-5
11577:978-1-59158-345-5
11558:A History of Siam
11411:978-1-316-64113-2
11347:978-1-316-64113-2
11314:. 8 November 2015
11265:978-1-316-64113-2
11227:. 10 January 2022
11201:. 8 November 2015
11091:978-0-226-46731-3
10500:, pp. 75–89.
10479:on 25 August 2009
10254:978-0-521-80496-7
9887:Missing or empty
9773:978-1-107-19076-4
9743:978-1-316-64113-2
9633:978-1-107-19076-4
9541:Ayutthaya History
9389:978-0-300-08475-7
9233:978-1-107-19076-4
9168:New Books Network
9149:978-1-316-64113-2
9037:Siam and the West
9016:, pp. 90–121
8977:978-1-316-64113-2
8738:Missing or empty
8311:, pp. 96–97.
8236:978-1-107-19076-4
8185:978-981-5011-25-8
8158:978-0-511-65854-9
7850:978-0-511-65854-9
7792:978-1-316-64113-2
7750:978-1-107-19076-4
7610:978-1-316-64113-2
7583:978-1-316-64113-2
7556:978-1-316-64113-2
7521:978-1-316-64113-2
7494:978-1-316-64113-2
7382:. 27 April 2020.
7359:978-1-316-64113-2
7332:978-1-316-64113-2
7305:. 27 April 2020.
7282:978-1-316-64113-2
7176:978-1-316-64113-2
7149:978-1-316-64113-2
7119:978-1-107-19076-4
6615:Wat Phanan Choeng
6184:
6183:
5844:
5843:
5711:Wat Phutthaisawan
5654:(วัดพระพุทธบาท),
5604:Wat Phanan Choeng
5588:Fall of Ayutthaya
5278:Built during the
5194:Wat Phutthaisawan
4835:Wat Phutthaisawan
4790:of gilded wood."
4623:Tantric Theravada
4619:Roman Catholicism
4607:Mahayana Buddhism
4589:Ayutthaya's main
4583:Wat Phanan Choeng
4370:Wat Phanan Choeng
4366:Pom Phet Fortress
4283:was not adopted.
4238:
4237:
3907:'s succession by
3854:(1448–1488). The
3585:Bang Rachan camps
3577:Bang Ban district
3554:Northern Thailand
3459:Fall of Ayutthaya
3383:(r. 1747–82) and
3375:Painting of King
2898:Portuguese Empire
2802:and taken power.
2738:Sukhothai dynasty
2588:Three pagodas of
2550:Malacca Sultanate
2534:Northern Thailand
2309:
2308:
2284:Dvaravati Kingdom
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2165:Sena Ratchanakhon
2098:Sena Ratchanakhon
1975:Wat Phanan Choeng
1971:Chao Phraya River
1936:near the present
1865:Tamnan mulasasana
1830:Vijaynagar empire
1593:
1579:
1528:Ayutthaya Kingdom
1524:
1523:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1354:Ayutthaya Kingdom
1344:Sukhothai Kingdom
1327:
1326:
1251:Regional kingdoms
1242:
1241:
1085:
1084:
1071:9000 BCE–5500 BCE
998:rendering support
978:
977:
902:
901:
898:
897:
822:
821:
710:Fall of Ayutthaya
513:• 1688–1703
501:• 1656–1688
489:• 1629–1655
477:• 1590–1605
465:• 1448–1488
386:Roman Catholicism
299:Early Modern Thai
242:1488–early 1680s,
155:Anachak Ayutthaya
136:Ayutthaya Kingdom
130:
129:
122:
104:
18:Ayutthaya kingdom
16:(Redirected from
13608:
13561:1767 in Thailand
13463:
13456:
13205:Waste management
13090:
13089:
12941:
12926:
12925:
12765:
12764:
12659:
12658:
12589:Rattanakosin era
12584:Thonburi Kingdom
12539:
12538:
12515:
12508:
12501:
12492:
12491:
12480:
12479:
12478:
12464:Economic history
12459:Military history
12421:Regional history
12373:
12356:
12339:
12327:
12304:
12303:
12221:
12188:
12176:
12151:Central Thailand
12132:
12131:
12040:
12033:
12026:
12017:
12016:
12008:Thonburi Kingdom
11983:Preceded by
11956:
11955:
11926:Western accounts
11882:Burmese accounts
11876:The Siam Society
11747:
11711:
11692:
11683:
11674:
11665:
11656:
11623:
11621:
11619:
11600:
11581:
11562:
11551:
11532:
11513:
11511:
11509:
11485:
11466:
11454:
11443:
11441:
11439:
11415:
11378:
11377:
11375:
11373:
11358:
11352:
11351:
11331:
11325:
11323:
11321:
11319:
11302:
11296:
11295:
11293:
11291:
11276:
11270:
11269:
11249:
11240:
11239:
11234:
11232:
11217:
11211:
11210:
11208:
11206:
11189:
11183:
11180:
11174:
11171:
11160:
11157:
11151:
11150:
11132:
11123:
11122:
11120:
11118:
11099:
11093:
11083:
11077:
11076:
11074:
11072:
11057:
11051:
11044:
11038:
11037:
11035:
11033:
11024:. Archived from
11014:
11005:
11004:
11002:
11000:
10959:
10950:
10944:
10943:
10941:
10939:
10924:
10918:
10917:
10915:
10913:
10898:
10889:
10888:
10886:
10884:
10870:
10864:
10863:
10861:
10859:
10844:
10835:
10834:
10832:
10830:
10815:
10804:
10803:
10801:
10799:
10785:
10776:
10775:
10764:
10758:
10757:
10746:
10740:
10739:
10728:
10722:
10721:
10710:
10704:
10703:
10701:
10699:
10684:
10673:
10672:
10670:
10668:
10656:
10650:
10649:
10647:
10645:
10639:
10624:
10615:
10609:
10608:
10601:
10595:
10594:
10576:
10567:
10566:
10550:
10544:
10543:
10535:
10524:
10523:
10521:
10510:
10501:
10495:
10489:
10488:
10486:
10484:
10468:
10462:
10461:
10459:
10457:
10451:
10442:
10436:
10435:
10417:
10411:
10410:
10393:
10387:
10384:
10378:
10377:
10375:
10373:
10359:
10353:
10352:
10350:
10348:
10325:
10314:
10313:
10311:
10309:
10294:
10288:
10287:
10285:
10283:
10268:
10259:
10258:
10240:
10227:
10226:
10224:
10222:
10203:
10182:
10181:
10176:
10174:
10162:
10153:
10147:
10144:
10138:
10137:
10135:
10133:
10110:
10097:
10096:
10094:
10092:
10077:
10071:
10070:
10068:
10066:
10042:
10036:
10035:
10030:
10028:
10011:(2 April 2012).
10005:
9999:
9998:
9989:
9987:
9982:on 20 April 2012
9966:
9960:
9959:
9957:
9955:
9936:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9925:
9906:
9897:
9896:
9890:
9884:
9878:
9874:
9872:
9864:
9830:
9824:
9823:
9810:
9801:
9800:
9784:
9778:
9777:
9757:
9748:
9747:
9727:
9721:
9720:
9702:
9696:
9690:
9681:
9675:
9666:
9665:
9647:
9638:
9637:
9617:
9611:
9610:
9609:. 15 April 2019.
9597:
9588:
9585:
9579:
9578:
9570:
9564:
9563:
9551:
9545:
9544:
9533:
9527:
9526:
9520:
9511:
9502:
9501:
9498:Tourism Thailand
9490:
9484:
9483:
9467:
9461:
9460:
9454:
9446:
9438:
9425:
9424:
9416:
9401:
9400:
9398:
9396:
9373:
9367:
9366:
9358:
9352:
9351:
9343:
9337:
9331:
9312:
9311:
9303:
9292:
9291:
9285:
9280:
9278:
9270:
9268:
9266:
9260:
9253:
9244:
9238:
9237:
9217:
9194:
9188:
9182:
9178:
9172:
9171:
9160:
9154:
9153:
9133:
9127:
9124:
9118:
9105:
9096:
9095:
9087:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9076:
9067:
9058:
9052:
9047:
9041:
9040:
9032:
9026:
9023:
9017:
9011:
9005:
9004:
9002:
9000:
8988:
8982:
8981:
8961:
8948:
8945:
8924:
8914:
8881:
8880:
8868:
8858:
8845:
8844:
8841:History of Burma
8836:
8827:
8826:
8818:
8807:
8806:
8804:
8802:
8788:
8782:
8781:
8779:
8777:
8754:
8748:
8747:
8741:
8736:
8734:
8726:
8718:
8712:
8711:
8663:
8646:
8645:
8627:
8621:
8618:
8612:
8606:
8600:
8599:
8573:
8541:
8535:
8534:
8532:
8530:
8521:. Archived from
8510:
8504:
8503:
8487:
8481:
8480:
8470:
8464:
8458:
8449:
8443:
8437:
8431:
8422:
8416:
8410:
8404:
8398:
8392:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8378:
8357:
8351:
8345:
8336:
8330:
8324:
8318:
8312:
8306:
8300:
8294:
8288:
8287:
8285:
8283:
8274:. Archived from
8268:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8250:
8241:
8240:
8220:
8214:
8213:
8203:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8192:
8169:
8163:
8162:
8142:
8136:
8135:
8103:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8079:
8070:
8069:
8064:
8062:
8048:
8042:
8041:
8035:
8033:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7995:
7989:
7978:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7967:
7953:
7944:
7938:
7937:
7912:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7901:
7886:
7880:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7861:
7855:
7854:
7834:
7823:
7821:
7803:
7797:
7796:
7776:
7767:
7761:
7755:
7754:
7734:
7697:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7680:
7674:
7673:
7671:
7669:
7659:
7653:
7647:
7641:
7639:
7621:
7615:
7614:
7594:
7588:
7587:
7567:
7561:
7560:
7540:
7527:
7525:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7478:
7472:
7471:
7423:
7412:
7411:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7343:
7337:
7336:
7316:
7310:
7309:
7293:
7287:
7286:
7266:
7260:
7259:
7241:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7200:
7181:
7180:
7160:
7154:
7153:
7133:
7124:
7123:
7103:
6999:
6971:
6959:
6943:
6931:
6919:
6907:
6895:
6883:
6866:Victor Lieberman
6729:, French Admiral
6727:Claude de Forbin
6689:Japanese Village
6687:Interior of the
6684:
6674:
6671:
6662:
6650:
6637:A 1634 Japanese
6634:
6603:
6591:
6493:tributary system
6440:
6425:
6405:
6389:
6365:
6353:
6341:
6287:Duarte Fernandes
6179:
6176:
6166:You can help by
6159:
6152:
6027:
5991:
5977:
5964:), as headgear,
5963:
5925:), as trousers.
5924:
5900:
5887:: The king wore
5820:
5795:
5774:
5749:
5741:Wat Ratchaburana
5719:
5694:
5664:
5634:
5612:
5597:
5574:
5549:
5523:
5497:
5468:
5438:
5412:
5375:
5353:
5321:
5280:Sukhothai period
5275:
5242:
5219:
5169:
5160:nithan Kham Klon
5113:
5068:Anirut Kham Chan
4974:
4944:
4743:
4729:
4643:
4529:
4326:
4323:
4194:
4071:were subject to
3999:tributary rulers
3839:
3800:was directed by
3776:
3626:Central Thailand
3601:Sino-Burmese War
3527:Tenasserim Coast
3519:Konbaung dynasty
3448:of Japan or the
3235:Siege of Bangkok
3127:Pope Innocent XI
3080:Si Suthammaracha
3070:provincial hall.
3044:
3026:
2718:Maha Chakkraphat
2656:Maha Chakkraphat
2625:
2609:Muang Look Luang
2433:
2423:Muang Look Luang
2414:Chainat Province
2398:Tenasserim coast
2304:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2144:
2120:
2096:
2083:
2070:
2061:
2060:Ayutthaya Island
2056:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2004:
1998:
1946:
1931:
1776:
1749:
1711:Konbaung dynasty
1696:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1588:
1586:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1364:Thonburi Kingdom
1340:
1339:
1255:
1254:
1100:
1099:
1081:2,100 BCE–200 CE
1063:
1062:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1031:
1013:
1012:
1004: instead of
986:
985:
969:
967:
960:
954:
951:
894:
893:
880:
879:
866:
865:
852:
851:
838:
837:
830:Thonburi Kingdom
826:
825:
813:
812:
799:
798:
785:
784:
778:
777:
762:
761:
737:
702:1759–60, 1765–67
665:1564–68, 1569–84
590:early modern era
348:Chinese dialects
342:
333:
324:
312:
303:
294:
285:
259:
255:
246:
243:
240:
216:
204:
192:Seal (1657–1688)
189:
175:
157:
151:
143:
142:
132:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
13616:
13615:
13611:
13610:
13609:
13607:
13606:
13605:
13511:Former kingdoms
13486:
13485:
13484:
13479:
13466:
13459:
13452:
13439:
13344:Public holidays
13339:Performing arts
13219:
13122:Sex trafficking
13075:
12939:
12911:
12750:
12716:Protected areas
12644:
12613:
12528:
12519:
12489:
12484:
12476:
12474:
12468:
12447:Topical history
12442:
12412:
12376:
12367:
12350:
12333:
12321:
12291:
12255:
12229:
12215:
12196:
12182:
12170:
12146:
12121:
12075:
12049:
12044:
12010:
12001:
11996:
11988:
11978:
11974:Founding year:
11972:
11967:
11941:
11928:
11884:
11865:Wayback Machine
11854:Wayback Machine
11786:Sanggitiyavamsa
11744:
11720:
11708:
11653:
11635:
11630:
11628:Further reading
11617:
11615:
11597:
11578:
11548:
11529:
11507:
11505:
11503:
11482:
11463:
11437:
11435:
11433:
11412:
11386:
11381:
11371:
11369:
11360:
11359:
11355:
11348:
11332:
11328:
11317:
11315:
11304:
11303:
11299:
11289:
11287:
11278:
11277:
11273:
11266:
11250:
11243:
11230:
11228:
11219:
11218:
11214:
11204:
11202:
11191:
11190:
11186:
11181:
11177:
11172:
11163:
11158:
11154:
11147:
11133:
11126:
11116:
11114:
11101:
11100:
11096:
11084:
11080:
11070:
11068:
11058:
11054:
11045:
11041:
11031:
11029:
11016:
11015:
11008:
10998:
10996:
10957:
10951:
10947:
10937:
10935:
10925:
10921:
10911:
10909:
10899:
10892:
10882:
10880:
10872:
10871:
10867:
10857:
10855:
10845:
10838:
10828:
10826:
10816:
10807:
10797:
10795:
10787:
10786:
10779:
10766:
10765:
10761:
10748:
10747:
10743:
10730:
10729:
10725:
10712:
10711:
10707:
10697:
10695:
10685:
10676:
10666:
10664:
10657:
10653:
10643:
10641:
10637:
10622:
10616:
10612:
10603:
10602:
10598:
10591:
10577:
10570:
10562:. 30 May 2020.
10552:
10551:
10547:
10536:
10527:
10519:
10511:
10504:
10496:
10492:
10482:
10480:
10469:
10465:
10455:
10453:
10449:
10443:
10439:
10432:
10418:
10414:
10407:
10395:
10394:
10390:
10385:
10381:
10371:
10369:
10361:
10360:
10356:
10346:
10344:
10342:
10326:
10317:
10307:
10305:
10303:Freisian School
10295:
10291:
10281:
10279:
10270:
10269:
10262:
10255:
10241:
10230:
10220:
10218:
10205:
10204:
10185:
10172:
10170:
10160:
10154:
10150:
10145:
10141:
10131:
10129:
10127:
10111:
10100:
10090:
10088:
10079:
10078:
10074:
10064:
10062:
10043:
10039:
10026:
10024:
10006:
10002:
9985:
9983:
9968:
9967:
9963:
9953:
9951:
9950:on 5 March 2010
9938:
9937:
9933:
9923:
9921:
9908:
9907:
9900:
9888:
9886:
9876:
9875:
9866:
9865:
9861:j.ctt1dfnt2b.10
9853:
9831:
9827:
9812:
9811:
9804:
9786:
9785:
9781:
9774:
9758:
9751:
9744:
9728:
9724:
9717:
9703:
9699:
9691:
9684:
9678:Syamananda 1990
9676:
9669:
9662:
9648:
9641:
9634:
9618:
9614:
9599:
9598:
9591:
9586:
9582:
9571:
9567:
9552:
9548:
9535:
9534:
9530:
9518:
9512:
9505:
9492:
9491:
9487:
9468:
9464:
9448:
9447:
9439:
9428:
9417:
9404:
9394:
9392:
9390:
9374:
9370:
9359:
9355:
9344:
9340:
9332:
9315:
9304:
9295:
9283:
9281:
9272:
9271:
9264:
9262:
9261:on 15 July 2020
9258:
9251:
9245:
9241:
9234:
9218:
9197:
9189:
9185:
9179:
9175:
9162:
9161:
9157:
9150:
9134:
9130:
9125:
9121:
9106:
9099:
9088:
9084:
9074:
9072:
9065:
9059:
9055:
9048:
9044:
9033:
9029:
9024:
9020:
9012:
9008:
8998:
8996:
8989:
8985:
8978:
8962:
8951:
8946:
8927:
8915:
8884:
8877:
8859:
8848:
8837:
8830:
8819:
8810:
8800:
8798:
8790:
8789:
8785:
8775:
8773:
8771:
8755:
8751:
8739:
8737:
8728:
8727:
8720:
8719:
8715:
8664:
8649:
8642:
8628:
8624:
8619:
8615:
8607:
8603:
8542:
8538:
8528:
8526:
8525:on 3 March 2016
8511:
8507:
8499:. 21 May 2020.
8489:
8488:
8484:
8471:
8467:
8459:
8452:
8444:
8440:
8432:
8425:
8417:
8413:
8405:
8401:
8393:
8386:
8376:
8374:
8359:
8358:
8354:
8346:
8339:
8331:
8327:
8319:
8315:
8307:
8303:
8295:
8291:
8281:
8279:
8270:
8269:
8265:
8257:
8251:
8244:
8237:
8221:
8217:
8204:
8200:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8170:
8166:
8159:
8143:
8139:
8104:
8097:
8087:
8085:
8081:
8080:
8073:
8060:
8058:
8049:
8045:
8031:
8029:
8007:
8003:
7993:
7991:
7987:
7979:
7975:
7965:
7963:
7951:
7945:
7941:
7916:Roberts, Edmund
7913:
7909:
7899:
7897:
7895:Paths Unwritten
7887:
7883:
7873:
7871:
7863:
7862:
7858:
7851:
7835:
7826:
7818:
7804:
7800:
7793:
7777:
7770:
7762:
7758:
7751:
7735:
7700:
7691:
7689:
7682:
7681:
7677:
7667:
7665:
7661:
7660:
7656:
7648:
7644:
7636:
7622:
7618:
7611:
7595:
7591:
7584:
7568:
7564:
7557:
7541:
7530:
7522:
7506:
7502:
7495:
7479:
7475:
7424:
7415:
7408:
7394:
7390:
7372:
7371:
7367:
7360:
7344:
7340:
7333:
7317:
7313:
7295:
7294:
7290:
7283:
7267:
7263:
7256:
7242:
7223:
7213:
7211:
7202:
7201:
7184:
7177:
7161:
7157:
7150:
7134:
7127:
7120:
7104:
7081:
7077:
7035:
6982:
6975:
6972:
6963:
6960:
6951:
6944:
6935:
6932:
6923:
6920:
6911:
6908:
6899:
6896:
6887:
6884:
6875:
6857:
6851:
6819:Three Seals Law
6795:
6774:
6768:
6763:
6757:
6733:Yamada Nagamasa
6699:
6692:
6685:
6676:
6672:
6667:Yamada Nagamasa
6663:
6654:
6651:
6642:
6635:
6626:
6604:
6595:
6592:
6557:Tokugawa Ieyasu
6477:
6475:Yamada Nagamasa
6467:
6460:
6457:Charles Le Brun
6441:
6432:
6429:Ok-khun Chamnan
6426:
6417:
6406:
6397:
6390:
6381:
6366:
6357:
6354:
6345:
6342:
6296:Chairachathirat
6276:
6274:
6272:
6262:
6225:
6211:as currencies.
6195:
6189:
6180:
6174:
6171:
6146:Floating market
6139:
6106:
6092:
6050:3. Villagers:
5992:), as a skirt.
5950:The queen wore
5934:, as headgear,
5903:Mandarin collar
5864:
5854:
5849:
5827:(r. 1733–1758)
5766:Wat Thammikarat
5735:sword fighting
5653:
5566:Wat Na Phra Men
5331:
5240:
5234:
5186:
5176:
5086:
5080:
5006:
5000:
4896:
4886:
4849:
4843:
4683:
4673:
4575:
4516:
4491:
4486:
4430:
4398:Royal Thai Army
4359:
4351:Main articles:
4349:
4324:
4314:Artus de Lionne
4025:
4019:
3957:
3947:
3942:
3929:
3923:
3711:
3697:
3692:
3648:
3642:
3566:Nemyo Thihapate
3515:King Alaungpaya
3495:Toungoo dynasty
3475:
3463:Main articles:
3461:
3428:
3357:
3341:
3313:
3276:
3243:
3148:South China Sea
3062:Statue of King
3056:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3016:
3008:Main articles:
3006:
2906:Yamada Nagamasa
2878:Yamada Nagamasa
2870:
2816:
2772:Sulak Sivaraksa
2722:Mahinthrathirat
2698:Taungoo dynasty
2678:
2672:
2628:Prime Ministers
2582:
2572:
2523:Northern Cities
2514:
2504:
2466:
2394:Malay Peninsula
2359:Northern Cities
2331:
2314:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2132:
2108:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2023:
2021:
2014:
1940:
1925:
1923:Wat Thammikarat
1907:
1873:Malay Peninsula
1802:
1788:
1783:
1683:Northern Cities
1619:
1618:
1610:
1535:
1531:
1520:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1097:
1087:
1086:
1060:
1049:
1029:
1022:
1011:
1010:
1009:
996:Without proper
987:
983:
974:
973:
972:
961:
957:
952:
948:
938:
891:
877:
863:
849:
835:
817:Northern Cities
810:
796:
782:
739:
712:
699:
686:
672:
662:
660:Toungoo dynasty
645:
643:Northern Cities
632:
622:
612:
602:
568:
556:
526:
514:
502:
490:
478:
466:
454:
431:
422:
413:
403:Mandala kingdom
394:
380:
371:
357:
340:
331:
322:
310:
301:
292:
283:
269:
244:
241:
238:
223:
207:
195:
194:
193:
190:
182:
181:
176:
158:
152:
145:
137:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13614:
13604:
13603:
13598:
13593:
13588:
13583:
13578:
13573:
13568:
13563:
13558:
13553:
13548:
13543:
13538:
13533:
13528:
13523:
13518:
13513:
13508:
13503:
13498:
13481:
13480:
13478:
13477:
13472:
13465:
13464:
13457:
13449:
13448:
13445:
13444:
13441:
13440:
13438:
13437:
13432:
13427:
13426:
13425:
13423:Solar calendar
13420:
13418:Lunar calendar
13410:
13409:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13393:
13388:
13383:
13378:
13377:
13376:
13371:
13366:
13351:
13346:
13341:
13336:
13335:
13334:
13324:
13319:
13314:
13309:
13304:
13303:
13302:
13292:
13287:
13282:
13277:
13272:
13262:
13257:
13252:
13251:
13250:
13240:
13235:
13229:
13227:
13221:
13220:
13218:
13217:
13212:
13207:
13202:
13197:
13192:
13187:
13182:
13181:
13180:
13175:
13165:
13160:
13155:
13150:
13149:
13148:
13138:
13137:
13136:
13126:
13125:
13124:
13119:
13114:
13109:
13099:
13093:
13087:
13081:
13080:
13077:
13076:
13074:
13073:
13072:
13071:
13066:
13061:
13051:
13046:
13041:
13039:Stock Exchange
13036:
13035:
13034:
13029:
13024:
13014:
13013:
13012:
13007:
13002:
12997:
12992:
12982:
12977:
12976:
12975:
12970:
12960:
12955:
12954:
12953:
12943:
12935:
12929:
12923:
12917:
12916:
12913:
12912:
12910:
12909:
12908:
12907:
12900:Prime Minister
12897:
12892:
12887:
12886:
12885:
12880:
12870:
12865:
12864:
12863:
12858:
12853:
12843:
12838:
12833:
12828:
12823:
12818:
12817:
12816:
12806:
12801:
12796:
12795:
12794:
12784:
12779:
12774:
12768:
12762:
12756:
12755:
12752:
12751:
12749:
12748:
12743:
12738:
12733:
12728:
12723:
12718:
12713:
12708:
12703:
12698:
12693:
12688:
12683:
12678:
12676:Municipalities
12673:
12668:
12662:
12656:
12650:
12649:
12646:
12645:
12643:
12642:
12637:
12632:
12627:
12621:
12619:
12615:
12614:
12612:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12586:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12569:Initial states
12566:
12561:
12556:
12551:
12545:
12543:
12536:
12530:
12529:
12518:
12517:
12510:
12503:
12495:
12486:
12485:
12473:
12470:
12469:
12467:
12466:
12461:
12456:
12450:
12448:
12444:
12443:
12441:
12440:
12435:
12430:
12424:
12422:
12418:
12417:
12414:
12413:
12411:
12410:
12405:
12400:
12395:
12390:
12384:
12382:
12378:
12377:
12375:
12374:
12362:
12357:
12345:
12340:
12328:
12316:
12310:
12308:
12301:
12297:
12296:
12293:
12292:
12290:
12289:
12284:
12279:
12274:
12269:
12263:
12261:
12257:
12256:
12254:
12253:
12248:
12243:
12237:
12235:
12231:
12230:
12228:
12227:
12222:
12210:
12204:
12202:
12198:
12197:
12195:
12194:
12189:
12177:
12165:
12160:
12154:
12152:
12148:
12147:
12145:
12144:
12138:
12136:
12129:
12127:Initial states
12123:
12122:
12120:
12119:
12114:
12109:
12104:
12099:
12094:
12089:
12083:
12081:
12077:
12076:
12074:
12073:
12068:
12063:
12057:
12055:
12051:
12050:
12043:
12042:
12035:
12028:
12020:
12012:
12011:
12006:
12003:
11993:Ruling dynasty
11989:
11984:
11980:
11979:
11973:
11968:
11959:
11954:
11953:
11948:
11940:
11939:External links
11937:
11936:
11935:
11927:
11924:
11923:
11922:
11915:Yodaya Yazawin
11911:
11898:
11883:
11880:
11868:
11867:
11843:
11837:
11827:
11818:
11815:
11812:
11806:
11798:
11795:
11792:
11789:
11783:
11780:
11777:in pp. 232–244
11773:
11770:
11764:
11761:
11742:
11719:
11714:
11713:
11712:
11706:
11693:
11684:
11675:
11666:
11657:
11651:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11625:
11624:
11601:
11595:
11582:
11576:
11563:
11552:
11546:
11533:
11527:
11514:
11501:
11486:
11481:978-0521800860
11480:
11467:
11461:
11444:
11431:
11416:
11410:
11395:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11379:
11353:
11346:
11326:
11297:
11271:
11264:
11241:
11212:
11184:
11175:
11161:
11152:
11145:
11124:
11094:
11078:
11052:
11039:
11006:
10945:
10919:
10890:
10865:
10836:
10805:
10793:Thailandee.com
10777:
10759:
10741:
10723:
10705:
10674:
10651:
10610:
10596:
10589:
10568:
10545:
10525:
10522:. p. 177.
10502:
10490:
10463:
10437:
10431:978-0521800860
10430:
10412:
10406:978-9835600661
10405:
10388:
10379:
10354:
10340:
10315:
10289:
10260:
10253:
10228:
10183:
10148:
10139:
10125:
10098:
10087:on 10 May 2013
10072:
10037:
10000:
9961:
9931:
9920:on 31 May 2009
9910:"Introduction"
9898:
9877:|journal=
9851:
9825:
9802:
9779:
9772:
9749:
9742:
9722:
9716:978-0521800860
9715:
9697:
9682:
9667:
9661:978-0521800860
9660:
9639:
9632:
9612:
9589:
9580:
9565:
9546:
9528:
9503:
9485:
9462:
9426:
9402:
9388:
9368:
9353:
9338:
9313:
9293:
9284:|journal=
9239:
9232:
9195:
9193:, p. 109.
9183:
9173:
9155:
9148:
9128:
9119:
9097:
9082:
9053:
9042:
9027:
9018:
9006:
8983:
8976:
8949:
8925:
8882:
8875:
8846:
8828:
8808:
8783:
8769:
8749:
8713:
8647:
8640:
8622:
8613:
8601:
8536:
8505:
8482:
8465:
8463:, p. 110.
8461:Thepthani 1953
8450:
8448:, p. 109.
8446:Thepthani 1953
8438:
8436:, p. 104.
8434:Thepthani 1953
8423:
8421:, p. 103.
8419:Thepthani 1953
8411:
8409:, p. 102.
8407:Thepthani 1953
8399:
8397:, p. 101.
8395:Thepthani 1953
8384:
8352:
8348:Thepthani 1953
8337:
8333:Thepthani 1953
8325:
8321:Thepthani 1953
8313:
8309:Thepthani 1953
8301:
8297:Thepthani 1953
8289:
8278:on 19 May 2020
8263:
8242:
8235:
8215:
8198:
8184:
8164:
8157:
8137:
8095:
8071:
8043:
8021:(1): 122–124.
8001:
7973:
7939:
7907:
7881:
7856:
7849:
7824:
7817:978-0521800860
7816:
7798:
7791:
7768:
7756:
7749:
7698:
7675:
7654:
7642:
7635:978-0521800860
7634:
7616:
7609:
7589:
7582:
7562:
7555:
7528:
7520:
7500:
7493:
7473:
7413:
7407:978-0521800860
7406:
7388:
7365:
7358:
7338:
7331:
7311:
7288:
7281:
7261:
7255:978-0521800860
7254:
7221:
7182:
7175:
7155:
7148:
7125:
7118:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7017:
7005:
7002:Bupphesanniwat
6981:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6973:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6954:
6952:
6945:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6878:
6874:
6871:
6850:
6847:
6831:Prince Damrong
6824:Prince Damrong
6794:
6791:
6767:
6764:
6756:
6755:Historiography
6753:
6752:
6751:
6742:
6736:
6730:
6724:
6718:
6711:
6706:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6693:
6686:
6679:
6677:
6664:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6645:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6627:
6605:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6586:
6489:Emperor Yongle
6466:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6443:A portrait of
6442:
6435:
6433:
6427:
6420:
6418:
6407:
6400:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6382:
6367:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6336:
6291:Ramathibodi II
6261:
6258:
6224:
6221:
6188:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6162:
6160:
6138:
6135:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6072:
6048:
6047:
6033:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6004:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5834:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5799:
5796:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5768:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5753:
5750:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5729:
5723:
5720:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5698:
5695:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5658:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5638:
5635:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5613:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5584:
5582:Ramathibodi II
5578:
5575:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5553:
5550:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5527:
5524:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5491:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5472:
5469:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5448:
5442:
5439:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5416:
5413:
5406:
5396:
5395:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5325:
5322:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5293:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5233:
5230:
5175:
5172:
5082:Main article:
5079:
5076:
5018:Indian culture
5002:Main article:
4999:
4994:
4885:
4882:
4845:Main article:
4842:
4839:
4672:
4669:
4574:
4571:
4532:Khmer language
4515:
4512:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4429:
4426:
4348:
4345:
4236:
4235:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4046:Ramathibodi II
4018:
4015:
4007:cult practices
3946:
3945:Social classes
3943:
3941:
3938:
3925:Main article:
3922:
3921:Mandala system
3919:
3864:palace economy
3779:Gautama Buddha
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3644:Main article:
3641:
3638:
3541:Ayutthaya city
3460:
3457:
3427:
3424:
3356:
3353:
3340:
3337:
3312:
3309:
3275:
3272:
3269:(r. 1733–1758)
3242:
3239:
3220:revolt in 1686
3046:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3028:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3005:
3002:
2902:Red Seal Ships
2894:Dutch Republic
2869:
2866:
2840:Safavid Empire
2836:Ottoman Empire
2815:
2812:
2674:Main article:
2671:
2668:
2652:succession law
2639:Samuha Kalahom
2602:Ramathibodi II
2571:
2568:
2530:Lan Na Kingdom
2503:
2500:
2465:
2464:Age of warfare
2462:
2456:, a scribe on
2439:Uthong dynasty
2406:mandala system
2330:
2327:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2276:(r. 1347–1369)
2272:
2269:(r. 1252–1347)
2265:
2262:(r. 1211–1252)
2258:
2255:(r. 1149–1211)
2251:
2242:
2239:(r. 1081–1147)
2235:
2232:(r. 1022–1081)
2228:
2225:(r. 1004–1022)
2221:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2125:
2122:Kampoch Nakhon
2113:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2089:
2088:
2076:
2075:
2064:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2013:
1915:Kamphaeng Phet
1906:
1903:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1640:Southeast Asia
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1442:Constitutional
1439:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1396:
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1387:
1386:
1384:
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1356:
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1338:
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1321:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1228:671 CE–1025 CE
1226:
1220:
1219:
1218:638 CE–1292 CE
1216:
1210:
1209:
1208:629 CE–1292 CE
1206:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1188:500 CE–1200 CE
1186:
1180:
1179:
1178:468 CE–1388 CE
1176:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1158:100 CE–1500 CE
1156:
1150:
1149:
1148:100 CE–1277 CE
1146:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1128:200 BCE–700 CE
1126:
1120:
1119:
1118:691 BCE–638 CE
1116:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1098:
1095:Initial states
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1000:, you may see
988:
981:
980:
979:
976:
975:
971:
970:
955:
945:
944:
943:
940:
939:
937:
936:
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623:
620:
617:
616:
613:
610:
607:
606:
603:
600:
597:
596:
593:
592:
583:
582:Historical era
579:
578:
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574:
569:
566:
563:
562:
557:
554:
551:
550:
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375:
365:
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344:
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326:
317:
305:
296:
287:
277:
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261:
247:
231:
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217:
209:
208:
205:
197:
196:
191:
184:
183:
177:
170:
169:
168:
165:
164:
160:
159:
141:อาณาจักรอยุธยา
138:
135:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13613:
13602:
13599:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13584:
13582:
13579:
13577:
13574:
13572:
13569:
13567:
13564:
13562:
13559:
13557:
13554:
13552:
13549:
13547:
13544:
13542:
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13537:
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13529:
13527:
13524:
13522:
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13509:
13507:
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13323:
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13310:
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13179:
13176:
13174:
13171:
13170:
13169:
13166:
13164:
13161:
13159:
13156:
13154:
13153:Ethnic groups
13151:
13147:
13144:
13143:
13142:
13139:
13135:
13132:
13131:
13130:
13127:
13123:
13120:
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13020:
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13018:
13015:
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13008:
13006:
13003:
13001:
12998:
12996:
12993:
12991:
12988:
12987:
12986:
12983:
12981:
12980:Manufacturing
12978:
12974:
12971:
12969:
12966:
12965:
12964:
12961:
12959:
12956:
12952:
12949:
12948:
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12927:
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12922:
12918:
12906:
12903:
12902:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12891:
12888:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12875:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12862:
12859:
12857:
12854:
12852:
12849:
12848:
12847:
12844:
12842:
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12837:
12834:
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12827:
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12822:
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12812:
12811:
12810:
12807:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12793:
12790:
12789:
12788:
12785:
12783:
12780:
12778:
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12773:
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12769:
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12761:
12757:
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12712:
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12592:
12590:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12564:Early history
12562:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12546:
12544:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12531:
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12511:
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12502:
12497:
12496:
12493:
12483:
12471:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
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12449:
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12439:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12425:
12423:
12419:
12409:
12406:
12404:
12401:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12385:
12383:
12379:
12371:
12366:
12363:
12361:
12358:
12354:
12349:
12346:
12344:
12341:
12337:
12332:
12329:
12325:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12311:
12309:
12305:
12302:
12298:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12278:
12275:
12273:
12272:Raktamaritika
12270:
12268:
12265:
12264:
12262:
12258:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12238:
12236:
12232:
12226:
12223:
12219:
12214:
12211:
12209:
12206:
12205:
12203:
12199:
12193:
12190:
12186:
12181:
12180:Suphannabhumi
12178:
12174:
12169:
12166:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12156:
12155:
12153:
12149:
12143:
12140:
12139:
12137:
12133:
12130:
12128:
12124:
12118:
12115:
12113:
12110:
12108:
12105:
12103:
12100:
12098:
12095:
12093:
12090:
12088:
12085:
12084:
12082:
12078:
12072:
12069:
12067:
12066:Early history
12064:
12062:
12059:
12058:
12056:
12052:
12048:
12041:
12036:
12034:
12029:
12027:
12022:
12021:
12018:
12009:
12000:
11999:
11994:
11987:
11981:
11977:
11971:
11966:
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11957:
11952:
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11912:
11910:
11906:
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11899:
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11810:
11807:
11805:
11803:
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11796:
11793:
11790:
11787:
11784:
11781:
11778:
11774:
11771:
11768:
11765:
11762:
11759:
11755:
11751:
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11749:
11745:
11739:
11735:
11729:
11725:
11718:
11709:
11703:
11699:
11694:
11690:
11685:
11681:
11676:
11672:
11667:
11663:
11658:
11654:
11648:
11644:
11643:
11637:
11636:
11633:General works
11613:
11609:
11608:
11602:
11598:
11596:0-300-08475-7
11592:
11588:
11583:
11579:
11573:
11569:
11568:Lao Folktales
11564:
11560:
11559:
11553:
11549:
11547:974-07-6413-4
11543:
11539:
11534:
11530:
11528:974-7534-58-4
11524:
11520:
11515:
11504:
11502:9971-77-491-7
11498:
11494:
11493:
11487:
11483:
11477:
11473:
11468:
11464:
11462:0-8160-3928-3
11458:
11453:
11452:
11445:
11434:
11432:0-521-27525-3
11428:
11424:
11423:
11417:
11413:
11407:
11403:
11402:
11396:
11394:
11393:
11388:
11387:
11367:
11363:
11357:
11349:
11343:
11339:
11338:
11330:
11313:
11312:
11307:
11301:
11285:
11281:
11275:
11267:
11261:
11257:
11256:
11248:
11246:
11238:
11226:
11222:
11216:
11200:
11199:
11194:
11188:
11182:Boxer, p. 297
11179:
11170:
11168:
11166:
11159:Boxer, p. 293
11156:
11148:
11146:974-524-005-2
11142:
11138:
11131:
11129:
11112:
11108:
11104:
11098:
11092:
11088:
11082:
11067:
11063:
11056:
11049:
11043:
11027:
11023:
11019:
11013:
11011:
10995:
10991:
10987:
10983:
10979:
10975:
10971:
10968:(2). DeKalb:
10967:
10963:
10956:
10949:
10934:
10930:
10923:
10908:
10904:
10897:
10895:
10879:
10875:
10869:
10854:
10850:
10843:
10841:
10825:
10821:
10814:
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10810:
10794:
10790:
10784:
10782:
10773:
10769:
10763:
10755:
10751:
10745:
10737:
10733:
10727:
10719:
10718:Atlas Obscura
10715:
10709:
10694:
10690:
10683:
10681:
10679:
10662:
10655:
10636:
10632:
10628:
10621:
10614:
10606:
10600:
10592:
10590:9-0041-0613-8
10586:
10583:. E.J.Brill.
10582:
10575:
10573:
10565:
10561:
10560:
10555:
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10530:
10518:
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10416:
10408:
10402:
10398:
10392:
10383:
10368:
10364:
10358:
10343:
10341:1-884964-04-4
10337:
10333:
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10320:
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10190:
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10159:
10152:
10143:
10128:
10126:9781107190764
10122:
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10107:
10105:
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9949:
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9935:
9919:
9915:
9911:
9905:
9903:
9894:
9882:
9870:
9862:
9858:
9854:
9852:9781607324683
9848:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9829:
9821:
9820:
9815:
9809:
9807:
9799:
9798:34:00–1:13:00
9795:
9794:
9789:
9783:
9775:
9769:
9765:
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9718:
9712:
9708:
9701:
9694:
9689:
9687:
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9674:
9672:
9663:
9657:
9653:
9646:
9644:
9635:
9629:
9625:
9624:
9616:
9608:
9607:
9602:
9596:
9594:
9584:
9576:
9569:
9561:
9557:
9550:
9542:
9538:
9532:
9524:
9517:
9510:
9508:
9499:
9495:
9489:
9481:
9477:
9473:
9466:
9458:
9452:
9444:
9437:
9435:
9433:
9431:
9422:
9415:
9413:
9411:
9409:
9407:
9391:
9385:
9381:
9380:
9372:
9364:
9357:
9349:
9342:
9335:
9330:
9328:
9326:
9324:
9322:
9320:
9318:
9309:
9302:
9300:
9298:
9289:
9276:
9257:
9250:
9243:
9235:
9229:
9225:
9224:
9216:
9214:
9212:
9210:
9208:
9206:
9204:
9202:
9200:
9192:
9187:
9177:
9169:
9165:
9159:
9151:
9145:
9141:
9140:
9132:
9123:
9117:
9116:974-7551-61-6
9113:
9109:
9104:
9102:
9093:
9086:
9071:
9064:
9057:
9051:
9046:
9038:
9031:
9022:
9015:
9010:
8994:
8987:
8979:
8973:
8969:
8968:
8960:
8958:
8956:
8954:
8944:
8942:
8940:
8938:
8936:
8934:
8932:
8930:
8923:
8919:
8913:
8911:
8909:
8907:
8905:
8903:
8901:
8899:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8889:
8887:
8878:
8876:0-8160-3928-3
8872:
8867:
8866:
8857:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8842:
8835:
8833:
8824:
8817:
8815:
8813:
8797:
8793:
8787:
8772:
8770:9787508507088
8766:
8762:
8761:
8753:
8745:
8732:
8724:
8717:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8662:
8660:
8658:
8656:
8654:
8652:
8643:
8641:974-92593-1-9
8637:
8633:
8626:
8617:
8611:, p. 355
8610:
8605:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8585:
8581:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8540:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8509:
8502:
8498:
8497:
8492:
8486:
8478:
8477:
8469:
8462:
8457:
8455:
8447:
8442:
8435:
8430:
8428:
8420:
8415:
8408:
8403:
8396:
8391:
8389:
8372:
8368:
8367:
8362:
8356:
8350:, p. 99.
8349:
8344:
8342:
8335:, p. 98.
8334:
8329:
8323:, p. 97.
8322:
8317:
8310:
8305:
8299:, p. 95.
8298:
8293:
8277:
8273:
8267:
8256:
8249:
8247:
8238:
8232:
8228:
8227:
8219:
8211:
8210:
8202:
8187:
8181:
8177:
8176:
8168:
8160:
8154:
8150:
8149:
8141:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8102:
8100:
8084:
8078:
8076:
8068:
8056:
8055:
8047:
8040:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8005:
7986:
7985:
7977:
7961:
7957:
7950:
7943:
7936:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7922:
7917:
7911:
7896:
7892:
7885:
7870:
7866:
7860:
7852:
7846:
7842:
7841:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7819:
7813:
7809:
7802:
7794:
7788:
7784:
7783:
7775:
7773:
7765:
7760:
7752:
7746:
7742:
7741:
7733:
7731:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7719:
7717:
7715:
7713:
7711:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7688:, 21 May 2020
7687:
7686:
7679:
7664:
7658:
7652:, p. 86.
7651:
7646:
7637:
7631:
7627:
7620:
7612:
7606:
7602:
7601:
7593:
7585:
7579:
7575:
7574:
7566:
7558:
7552:
7548:
7547:
7539:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7523:
7517:
7513:
7512:
7504:
7496:
7490:
7486:
7485:
7477:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7422:
7420:
7418:
7409:
7403:
7399:
7392:
7385:
7381:
7380:
7375:
7369:
7361:
7355:
7351:
7350:
7342:
7334:
7328:
7324:
7323:
7315:
7308:
7304:
7303:
7298:
7292:
7284:
7278:
7274:
7273:
7265:
7257:
7251:
7247:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7210:. 21 May 2020
7209:
7205:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7187:
7178:
7172:
7168:
7167:
7159:
7151:
7145:
7141:
7140:
7132:
7130:
7121:
7115:
7111:
7110:
7102:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7079:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7049:Baan Hollanda
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7027:
7023:
7022:
7018:
7015:
7011:
7010:
7006:
7003:
6998:
6997:บุพเพสันนิวาส
6993:
6989:
6988:
6984:
6983:
6970:
6965:
6958:
6953:
6949:
6942:
6937:
6930:
6925:
6918:
6913:
6906:
6901:
6894:
6889:
6882:
6877:
6876:
6870:
6867:
6863:
6856:
6846:
6844:
6840:
6834:
6832:
6827:
6825:
6820:
6816:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6790:
6787:
6782:
6780:
6773:
6762:
6750:
6746:
6743:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6725:
6722:
6719:
6716:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6690:
6683:
6678:
6668:
6661:
6656:
6649:
6644:
6640:
6639:Red seal ship
6633:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6607:Luang Pho Tho
6602:
6597:
6590:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6564:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6522:for Japanese
6521:
6517:
6514:, as well as
6513:
6512:Chinese silks
6509:
6505:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6476:
6472:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6404:
6399:
6395:
6388:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6364:
6359:
6352:
6347:
6340:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6318:
6315:
6311:
6306:
6304:
6299:
6297:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6270:
6266:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6231:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6200:
6199:cowrie shells
6194:
6178:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6158:
6154:
6153:
6147:
6143:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6124:
6123:floating rice
6119:
6110:
6105:
6104:Baan Hollanda
6101:
6097:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5993:
5987:
5983:
5982:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5946:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5926:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5896:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5859:
5839:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5803:Ramathibodi I
5800:
5797:
5794:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5733:krabi-krabong
5730:
5728:
5727:Ramathibodi I
5724:
5721:
5718:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5702:Ramathibodi I
5699:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5657:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5384:Front Palaces
5381:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5358:
5356:16th century
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5335:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5297:Front Palaces
5294:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5243:
5239:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5204:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5181:
5171:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5112:ขุนช้างขุนแผน
5109:
5105:
5104:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5026:national epic
5023:
5019:
5010:
5005:
4998:
4993:
4991:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4979:
4970:
4966:
4965:Kap hor Klong
4962:
4961:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4949:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4895:
4891:
4890:Thai language
4881:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4856:
4848:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4831:Krabi-krabong
4828:
4826:
4821:
4818:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4665:
4664:Spirit houses
4661:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4650:Thai folklore
4647:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4584:
4579:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4511:
4509:
4504:
4501:
4498:in France or
4497:
4496:Ancien Regime
4481:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4468:and Malacca.
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4319:
4316:. Painted by
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4264:
4263:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4197:Social class
4195:
4192:
4190:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4154:Kukrit Pramoj
4151:
4147:
4146:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3951:Thai nobility
3937:
3935:
3928:
3918:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3873:
3872:Jan van Vliet
3869:
3866:, the French
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3811:According to
3809:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3792:, or Vishnu (
3791:
3787:
3782:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3674:, across the
3673:
3669:
3665:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3562:Maha Nawrahta
3559:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3537:Singkhon Pass
3534:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3487:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3423:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3366:
3361:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3247:
3238:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3125:meeting with
3124:
3119:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3050:
3043:
3032:
3025:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2990:Athittayawong
2986:
2982:
2981:Chetthathirat
2977:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2874:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2844:Mughal Empire
2841:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2820:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2754:between King
2753:
2752:elephant duel
2749:
2746:
2741:
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2726:Buddhist monk
2723:
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2368:
2364:
2361:, Ayutthaya,
2360:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2339:Fra Mauro map
2335:
2326:
2324:
2321:cities, or a
2319:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2266:
2250:
2229:
2218:(r. 974–1004)
2215:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2196:Sai Nam Peung
2190:
2181:
2175:
2173:Buddha Sakorn
2171:
2166:
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2077:
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2069:
2054:
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2027:
2018:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1919:Lopburi River
1916:
1912:
1902:
1899:
1896:, argue that
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
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1687:Toungoo Burma
1684:
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1248:
1247:
1238:790 CE–974 CE
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
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1202:
1201:
1198:600 CE–800 CE
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
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1172:
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1168:300 CE–700 CE
1167:
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1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
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1127:
1125:
1124:Raktamaritika
1122:
1121:
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1115:
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1111:
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907:Today part of
905:
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81:
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
13386:Architecture
13317:Martial arts
13238:Architecture
13129:Demographics
13117:Prostitution
13112:Lèse majesté
12958:Car industry
12951:Central bank
12809:Human rights
12782:Constitution
12578:
12241:Singhanavati
12142:Suvarnabhumi
12112:1973 to 2001
12107:1932 to 1973
12102:Rattanakosin
12091:
11997:
11991:
11969:
11960:
11931:
11918:
11914:
11904:
11894:
11885:
11871:
11869:
11842:(in English)
11831:Paramanuchit
11821:
11801:
11785:
11733:
11727:
11723:
11721:
11716:
11697:
11688:
11679:
11670:
11661:
11641:
11616:. Retrieved
11612:the original
11606:
11586:
11567:
11557:
11537:
11518:
11506:. Retrieved
11491:
11471:
11450:
11436:. Retrieved
11421:
11400:
11390:
11370:. Retrieved
11365:
11356:
11336:
11329:
11316:. Retrieved
11309:
11300:
11288:. Retrieved
11283:
11274:
11254:
11236:
11229:. Retrieved
11224:
11215:
11203:. Retrieved
11196:
11187:
11178:
11155:
11136:
11115:. Retrieved
11111:the original
11106:
11097:
11081:
11069:. Retrieved
11065:
11055:
11047:
11046:Tome Pires.
11042:
11030:. Retrieved
11026:the original
11021:
10997:. Retrieved
10965:
10961:
10948:
10936:. Retrieved
10932:
10922:
10910:. Retrieved
10906:
10881:. Retrieved
10877:
10868:
10856:. Retrieved
10852:
10827:. Retrieved
10824:Wat Kudi Dao
10823:
10796:. Retrieved
10792:
10771:
10762:
10753:
10744:
10735:
10726:
10717:
10708:
10696:. Retrieved
10692:
10665:. Retrieved
10654:
10642:. Retrieved
10635:the original
10630:
10626:
10613:
10599:
10580:
10563:
10557:
10548:
10539:
10515:
10493:
10481:. Retrieved
10477:the original
10466:
10454:. Retrieved
10440:
10421:
10415:
10396:
10391:
10382:
10370:. Retrieved
10366:
10357:
10345:. Retrieved
10330:
10306:. Retrieved
10302:
10292:
10280:. Retrieved
10275:
10244:
10219:. Retrieved
10215:the original
10210:
10178:
10171:. Retrieved
10164:
10151:
10142:
10130:. Retrieved
10115:
10089:. Retrieved
10085:the original
10075:
10063:. Retrieved
10059:the original
10054:
10050:
10040:
10032:
10025:. Retrieved
10016:
10003:
9993:
9991:
9984:. Retrieved
9980:the original
9973:
9964:
9952:. Retrieved
9948:the original
9943:
9934:
9922:. Retrieved
9918:the original
9913:
9889:|title=
9828:
9817:
9797:
9791:
9782:
9762:
9732:
9725:
9706:
9700:
9680:, p. 94
9651:
9622:
9615:
9604:
9583:
9574:
9568:
9560:Bangkok Post
9559:
9549:
9540:
9531:
9522:
9497:
9488:
9479:
9475:
9465:
9442:
9420:
9393:. Retrieved
9378:
9371:
9362:
9356:
9347:
9341:
9307:
9275:cite journal
9263:. Retrieved
9256:the original
9242:
9222:
9186:
9176:
9167:
9158:
9138:
9131:
9122:
9107:
9091:
9085:
9075:28 September
9073:. Retrieved
9069:
9056:
9045:
9036:
9030:
9021:
9009:
8997:. Retrieved
8986:
8966:
8864:
8840:
8822:
8799:. Retrieved
8795:
8786:
8774:. Retrieved
8759:
8752:
8740:|title=
8721:. p. 7
8716:
8678:(1): 41–62.
8675:
8671:
8631:
8625:
8616:
8604:
8553:
8549:
8539:
8527:. Retrieved
8523:the original
8518:
8508:
8500:
8494:
8485:
8475:
8468:
8441:
8414:
8402:
8375:. Retrieved
8371:the original
8364:
8355:
8328:
8316:
8304:
8292:
8280:. Retrieved
8276:the original
8266:
8225:
8218:
8208:
8201:
8189:. Retrieved
8174:
8167:
8147:
8140:
8115:
8111:
8086:. Retrieved
8066:
8059:. Retrieved
8053:
8046:
8037:
8030:. Retrieved
8018:
8014:
8004:
7992:. Retrieved
7983:
7976:
7964:. Retrieved
7962:(1): 102–103
7959:
7955:
7942:
7933:
7920:
7910:
7898:. Retrieved
7894:
7884:
7872:. Retrieved
7868:
7859:
7839:
7807:
7801:
7781:
7759:
7739:
7690:, retrieved
7684:
7678:
7666:. Retrieved
7657:
7645:
7625:
7619:
7599:
7592:
7572:
7565:
7545:
7510:
7503:
7483:
7476:
7438:(1): 41–62.
7435:
7431:
7397:
7391:
7383:
7377:
7368:
7348:
7341:
7321:
7314:
7306:
7300:
7291:
7271:
7264:
7245:
7212:. Retrieved
7207:
7165:
7158:
7138:
7108:
7019:
7007:
7001:
6985:
6948:Wat Mahathat
6862:Anthony Reid
6858:
6842:
6835:
6828:
6812:
6807:
6796:
6783:
6775:
6721:Louis Laneau
6666:
6665:Portrait of
6611:Sam Pao Kong
6610:
6606:
6565:
6546:
6538:
6532:
6526:handles and
6501:
6481:Ming dynasty
6478:
6319:
6307:
6300:
6280:
6247:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6212:
6206:
6202:
6196:
6175:January 2022
6172:
6168:adding to it
6163:
6133:unreliable.
6131:
6127:
6115:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6068:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6049:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6029:
6028:), and wore
6020:hair style (
6017:
6013:
6008:
6000:
5996:
5979:
5965:
5951:
5947:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5912:
5906:
5888:
5884:
5879:
5876:
5777:Before 1351
5722:Before 1351
5626:Wat Phra Ram
5541:Wat Mahathat
5526:Before 1711
5515:Wat Kudi Dao
5476:Prasat Thong
5446:Prasat Thong
5282:(1238–1438)
5226:
5207:
5201:
5199:
5174:Architecture
5159:
5155:
5149:
5131:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5101:
5099:
5093:
5064:happy ending
5044:
5029:
5015:
4996:
4989:
4983:
4977:
4973:กาพย์ห่อโคลง
4964:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4899:
4897:
4877:
4872:
4870:(กาพย์) and
4866:
4860:
4854:
4850:
4829:
4822:
4814:
4807:
4801:
4788:
4783:
4777:
4763:
4755:
4749:
4745:
4731:
4717:
4711:
4681:Sepak takraw
4655:
4654:
4645:
4633:
4627:
4615:Missionaries
4588:
4544:
4524:Mon language
4517:
4505:
4492:
4470:
4431:
4411:
4401:
4395:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4300:
4285:
4281:caste system
4276:Dharmaśāstra
4275:
4271:Dharmaśāstra
4269:
4267:
4260:
4250:
4239:
4231:
4225:
4215:
4205:
4200:Description
4188:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4150:Jit Phumisak
4143:
4140:
4119:
4115:
4107:
4103:
4092:
4080:
4076:
4075:. Above the
4068:
4057:
4053:
4042:
4010:
3974:
3930:
3913:
3909:Ekathotsarot
3902:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3878:
3876:
3855:
3845:
3841:
3827:
3823:
3821:
3810:
3783:
3758:chakravartin
3756:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3684:
3661:
3658:, early 1866
3656:John Thomson
3634:
3621:
3609:
3574:
3570:Western Siam
3546:
3532:Chakravartin
3531:
3492:
3442:
3433:Nguyễn Lords
3429:
3417:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3326:Thammathibet
3314:
3305:Sino-Siamese
3286:
3282:
3277:
3232:
3225:
3209:
3181:
3132:
3092:
3073:
3051:, Amsterdam.
3029:Painting by
2994:
2985:Prasat Thong
2978:
2951:
2946:Prasat Thong
2913:Si Saowaphak
2910:
2890:Ekathotsarot
2883:
2861:Front Palace
2857:
2832:Ekathotsorot
2829:
2804:
2742:
2716:forced King
2712:led by King
2695:
2686:Tabinshwehti
2664:
2649:
2644:Samuha Nayok
2643:
2637:
2633:Samuha Nayok
2631:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2547:
2527:
2515:
2490:Trailokkanat
2487:
2467:
2451:
2436:
2432:เมืองลูกหลวง
2421:
2403:
2379:
2315:
2299:
2295:
2289:Lavo Kingdom
2244:
2211:(r. 877–974)
2199:Dhammikaraja
2188:
2168:(1157–1388)
2164:
2157:
2150:
2124:(1347–1351)
2121:
2100:(1157–1388)
2097:
2084:
2071:
2000:
1979:
1964:
1956:Lavo Kingdom
1949:
1911:Phran Kratai
1908:
1897:
1885:
1878:
1864:
1857:
1843:
1842:
1837:King Mongkut
1834:
1826:Yuan dynasty
1822:Song dynasty
1806:Lavo Kingdom
1803:
1796:Lavo Kingdom
1766:
1758:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1707:
1660:
1652:Vijayanagara
1627:
1604:
1596:
1582:
1527:
1525:
1409:2001–present
1376:1782–present
1353:
1336:Main history
1138:52 CE–600 CE
1114:Singhanavati
1104:Suvarnabhumi
989:
958:
949:
771:Succeeded by
770:
765:
715:7 April 1767
683:Qing dynasty
605:4 March 1351
494:Prasat Thong
377:
368:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
13501:Tai history
13435:Video games
13027:Measurement
12933:Agriculture
12686:Earthquakes
12625:Archaeology
12559:Tai peoples
12433:Phitsanulok
12368: [
12351: [
12334: [
12322: [
12287:Tambralinga
12251:Haripuñjaya
12216: [
12183: [
12171: [
11963:Royal house
11438:6 September
11318:27 February
11205:27 February
11117:11 February
10972:: 129–136.
10938:19 December
10564:11:48–14:31
10483:22 December
10372:21 December
10347:10 December
10278:. July 2009
10207:"Ayutthaya"
9577:. ABC-CLIO.
9395:20 November
9310:. ABC-CLIO.
8609:Higham 1989
8571:10722/42537
8118:: 202–203.
7384:50:02–50:52
6800:Chris Baker
6715:Guy Tachard
6673: 1630
6326:coup d'état
6077:: wore the
6038:: wore the
5938:, and wore
5489:Phetchaburi
5303:, and King
5301:Trailokanat
5267:Phitsanulok
5263:Chan Palace
5254:Sponsor(s)
5196:, Ayutthaya
5168:นิทานคำกลอน
5138:troubadours
5050:. His son,
4963:verses) or
4706:Phetchaburi
4630:Satsana Phi
4508:Chris Baker
4438:Junk Ceylon
4386:Bago, Burma
4337:phrai luang
4325: 1680
4232:phrai luang
4216:phrai luang
4167:phrai luang
4073:impressment
4003:incarnation
3817:bodhisattva
3750:chakkraphat
3676:Chao Phraya
3593:Shan States
3589:Bang Rachan
3550:Hsinbyushin
3523:Lower Burma
3511:Upper Burma
3405:Bodhisattva
3307:community.
3263:Phetchaburi
3189:Catholicism
3156:the Vatican
3123:Guy Tachard
2974:royal guard
2846:, Ming and
2807:Anaukpetlun
2800:Nanda Bayin
2543:Phitsanulok
2495:Pegu (Bago)
2247:(1147–1149)
2087:(974–1211)
1941: [
1938:Wat Ayodhya
1934:Pasak River
1926: [
1890:Chris Baker
1667:Chao Phraya
1467:Phitsanulok
1204:Haripuñjaya
1144:Tambralinga
1067:Spirit Cave
1028:History of
1006:Thai script
858:Phitsanulok
766:Preceded by
625:1290s–1490s
250:Phitsanulok
13490:Categories
13295:Literature
13107:Corruption
13022:Inventions
12940:(currency)
12873:Parliament
12841:Ministries
12804:Government
12792:Commission
12691:Ecoregions
12609:since 2001
12549:Prehistory
12542:Chronology
12314:Chiang Mai
12277:Langkasuka
12213:Khottrabun
12208:Canasapura
12117:Since 2001
12061:Prehistory
12002:1351–1767
11618:5 November
11372:28 January
11290:28 January
11231:30 January
11032:30 January
10883:28 January
10644:14 October
10308:8 November
10282:8 November
10221:1 November
10091:17 October
10065:17 October
9954:17 October
9482:: 115–129.
9445:. Bangkok.
9334:Wyatt 2003
9191:Wyatt 2003
9025:Rajanubhab
9014:Wyatt 2003
8999:20 October
8922:9747534584
8556:(2): 273.
8519:The Nation
8377:26 October
8191:2 February
8088:15 October
7764:Wyatt 2003
7692:29 October
7668:29 October
7650:Wyatt 2003
7075:References
7054:Bang Rajan
7014:Suriyothai
6853:See also:
6770:See also:
6759:See also:
6749:Opperhoofd
6548:Kirishitan
6545:converts (
6469:See also:
6412:with King
6269:Portuguese
6235:Tomé Pires
6191:See also:
6094:See also:
6069:chong kben
6030:chong kben
6026:ทรงมหาดไทย
5940:chong kben
5914:chong kben
5856:See also:
5847:Daily life
5838:Borommakot
5832:Borommakot
5825:Borommakot
5598:1824–51).
5531:Borommakot
5505:Borommakot
5334:Borommakot
5236:See also:
5178:See also:
5151:samut thai
5124:Khun Phaen
5116:Khun Phaen
4990:Jindamanee
4888:See also:
4841:Literature
4770:King Narai
4757:lakhon nai
4677:Muay Boran
4675:See also:
4567:Portuguese
4530:1515. The
4489:Population
4422:elephantry
4288:Chiang Mai
4093:Phrai Suay
4021:See also:
3949:See also:
3775:dharmaraja
3734:Intharacha
3699:See also:
3690:Government
3605:Phraya Tak
3597:Qing China
3507:Aung Zeiya
3365:Borommakot
3330:Borommakot
3289:Qing China
3267:Borommakot
3171:for a new
2962:Portuguese
2848:Qing China
2760:Mingyi Swa
2714:Bayinnaung
2688:of Pegu's
2615:Chatusadom
2576:Chatusadom
2574:See also:
2554:Ming China
2506:See also:
2396:up to the
2179:Kothrabong
2161:(974–1211)
2151:Sangkaburi
2074:(877–974)
2072:Sangkaburi
1986:Sankhaburi
1810:Suphanburi
1790:See also:
1675:Suphanburi
1634:and later
1611:pronounced
1234:Canasapura
1154:Langkasuka
1077:Ban Chiang
1058:Prehistory
965:Mueang Nua
872:Sawangburi
803:Suphanburi
742:~2,500,000
724:Population
572:Phonphinit
399:Government
338:Portuguese
245:1688–1767)
239:1351–1463,
110:April 2021
80:newspapers
13285:Festivals
13280:Etiquette
13233:Animation
13200:Squatting
13141:Education
13054:Transport
12973:Renewable
12861:Air Force
12826:Judiciary
12787:Elections
12736:Volcanoes
12721:Provinces
12711:Mountains
12666:Addresses
12654:Geography
12635:Education
12604:1973–2001
12599:1932–1973
12282:Srivijaya
12246:Ngoenyang
12168:Phip Phli
12158:Dvaravati
12135:Legendary
12092:Ayutthaya
12087:Sukhothai
12054:Antiquity
11811:(in Thai)
11779:(in Thai)
11760:(in Thai)
11645:. Brill.
11071:1 January
10051:Frontline
9924:3 October
9879:ignored (
9869:cite book
9693:Wood 1924
9451:cite book
9265:30 August
9181:century."
8708:154278025
8692:0022-4634
8596:162645676
8580:0022-4634
8132:161257067
7900:11 August
7874:11 August
7468:154278025
7452:0022-4634
7307:6:14–6:40
7214:3 January
6543:Christian
6539:Ban Yipun
6535:Ayutthaya
6528:scabbards
6516:deerskins
6394:Louis XIV
6374:Louis XIV
6322:Phetracha
6213:Pod duang
6208:pod duang
6059:mahadthai
6018:mahadthai
5923:โจงกระเบน
5911:and wore
5291:Sukhothai
5146:epic poem
5142:minstrels
4825:James Low
4817:muay Thai
4798:Muay Thai
4766:Louis XIV
4500:Feudalism
4480:in 1680.
4428:Territory
4226:phrai som
4182:phrai som
4165:, called
4137:, Taipei.
3985:courtiers
3971:, Taipei.
3860:feudalism
3838:Rājāśabda
3806:Hindu god
3719:Uthumphon
3640:Aftermath
3617:palladium
3505:in 1752.
3413:Sri Lanka
3385:Sinhalese
3322:Uthumphon
3228:Phetracha
3216:Makassars
3204:Phetracha
3169:Ayutthaya
2766:in which
2386:Singapura
2154:(877–974)
1882:Sukhothai
1851:Kambujans
1814:Angkorian
1740:Krung Tai
1719:1765–1767
1715:1759–1760
1703:Louis XIV
1679:Srivijaya
1644:Ayutthaya
1626:) or the
1583:Ayutthaya
1400:1973–2001
1391:1932–1973
1382:1782–1932
1368:1767–1782
1358:1351–1767
1348:1238–1438
1323:1810–1902
1313:1808–1916
1303:1605–1680
1293:1457–1902
1283:1292–1775
1273:1278–1782
1263:1094–1338
1224:Srivijaya
1214:Ngoenyang
1184:Dvaravati
1108:Legendary
992:Thai text
934:Singapore
755:Photduang
675:1605–1767
648:1378–1569
635:1370–1409
518:Phetracha
378:Minority:
369:Majority:
362:Religion
235:Ayutthaya
222:the Great
163:1351–1767
13470:Category
13312:Marriage
13290:Folklore
13260:Clothing
13195:Religion
13185:Language
13178:COVID-19
13163:Gambling
13158:Feminism
13097:Abortion
13069:Railways
13059:Airports
12868:Monarchy
12846:Military
12836:Localism
12760:Politics
12741:Wildlife
12640:Military
12630:Economic
12618:By topic
12554:Peopling
12526:articles
12522:Thailand
12097:Thonburi
11861:Archived
11850:Archived
11508:8 August
10994:24199802
10173:17 March
10021:Archived
9975:UN ESCAP
8776:2 August
8731:cite web
8700:20072474
8588:20072252
8366:Matichon
8061:13 April
8032:13 April
8027:41559979
7994:13 April
7966:13 April
7930:12212199
7460:20072474
7033:See also
7026:Naresuan
6747:, Dutch
6619:Zheng He
6572:Ayuthaya
6520:shagreen
6497:Zheng He
6471:Zheng He
6445:Kosa Pan
6376:to King
6187:Currency
6083:pha nung
6044:pha nung
6001:pha nung
5981:pha nung
5852:Clothing
5678:Thailand
5672:Songtham
5656:Saraburi
5642:Ramesuan
5592:Rama III
5329:Naresuan
5305:Naresuan
5248:Picture
5222:Wat Arun
5212:-style (
5072:Anirudha
5031:Ramakien
5022:Thailand
5004:Ramakien
4997:Ramakien
4910:Sanskrit
4864:(โคลง),
4858:(ร่าย),
4809:pra jiad
4803:mongkhon
4746:Ramakien
4714:Ramakien
4591:religion
4573:Religion
4555:Japanese
4514:Language
4450:Songkhla
4444:Island,
4414:infantry
4382:Naresuan
4347:Military
4058:chao nai
4035:wearing
4033:Kosa Pan
4011:devaraja
3905:Naresuan
3834:Sanskrit
3829:Rachasap
3813:Buddhism
3802:brahmins
3771:Sanskrit
3754:Sanskrit
3723:Ekkathat
3672:Thonburi
3622:en masse
3437:Cambodia
3318:Ekkathat
3206:in 1688.
2958:Cambodia
2931:Songtham
2917:Songtham
2852:Tokugawa
2796:Martaban
2792:Moulmein
2776:observed
2768:Naresuan
2756:Naresuan
2748:Naresuan
2624:จตุสดมภ์
2618:system (
2558:Zheng He
2479:Martaban
2410:Ramesuan
2351:Lan Xang
1847:Cambodia
1723:Thonburi
1648:Thailand
1452:Economic
1447:Military
1048:Timeline
1030:Thailand
1019:a series
1017:Part of
929:Cambodia
924:Malaysia
914:Thailand
751:Currency
697:Konbaung
560:Ramesuan
530:Ekkathat
482:Naresuan
382:Hinduism
346:Various
290:Old Thai
220:Naresuan
13454:Outline
13364:Aquatic
13354:Symbols
13265:Cuisine
13225:Culture
13085:Society
13049:Tourism
12968:Nuclear
12921:Economy
12777:Cabinet
12726:Regions
12706:Islands
12681:Climate
12671:Borders
12534:History
12438:Bangkok
12398:Pattani
12393:Singora
12331:Lamphun
12319:Lampang
12267:Pan Pan
12225:Wen Dan
12192:Tun Sun
12080:History
11366:Youtube
11311:YouTube
11284:Youtube
11225:Youtube
11198:YouTube
10974:Bibcode
10912:21 July
10858:21 July
10829:21 July
10798:21 July
10698:21 July
10559:YouTube
10132:8 March
10027:2 April
9994:Sakdina
9986:2 April
9819:YouTube
9793:YouTube
9606:YouTube
8801:25 July
8496:YouTube
7379:YouTube
7302:YouTube
7208:Youtube
6873:Gallery
6713:Father
6621:during
6410:eclipse
6314:Lopburi
6283:Malacca
6090:Economy
5990:ผ้านุ่ง
5931:lomphok
5890:mongkut
5404:Lopburi
5388:Mongkut
5060:Hanuman
5052:Rama II
5036:Ayodhya
4918:mandala
4603:Brahmin
4551:Persian
4540:Chinese
4446:Singora
4424:corps.
4418:cavalry
4327:–1732).
4290:in the
4178:mun nai
4145:sakdina
4037:Lomphok
4023:Sakdina
3914:uparaja
3898:Kalahom
3893:uparaja
3888:uparaja
3879:sakdina
3856:sakdina
3847:sakdina
3804:as the
3796:). The
3709:Uparaja
3680:Bangkok
3453:Rajputs
3446:Samurai
3177:Lopburi
3160:Bangkok
3152:Jesuits
3143:English
3068:Lopburi
2998:Kalahom
2745:Uparaja
2454:Ma Huan
2390:Sumatra
2382:Temasek
2176:Khodhom
2158:Ayodhya
2085:Ayodhya
1994:Lopburi
1982:Lopburi
1967:amatyas
1960:Lopburi
1786:Origins
1781:History
1727:Bangkok
1671:Lopburi
1663:mandala
1636:Siamese
1605:Ayodhyā
1597:Ayudhyā
1578::
1472:Bangkok
1299:Singora
1289:Pattani
1194:Wen Dan
1164:Pan Pan
1134:Tun Sun
919:Myanmar
789:Lopburi
734:•
708:•
681:•
658:of the
654:•
541:Viceroy
439:Monarch
352:Chinese
329:Persian
264:Lopburi
228:Capital
94:scholar
13475:Portal
13406:Flower
13396:Emblem
13381:Anthem
13359:Animal
13349:Sports
13300:Poetry
13255:Cinema
13248:Comics
13190:Racism
13168:Health
13134:People
12963:Energy
12890:Police
12883:Senate
12731:Rivers
12524:
12360:Phayao
12343:Lan Na
11995:of the
11858:Vol. 2
11847:Vol. 1
11740:
11704:
11649:
11593:
11574:
11544:
11525:
11499:
11478:
11459:
11429:
11408:
11344:
11324:"8:49"
11262:
11143:
11089:
10999:28 May
10992:
10667:31 May
10587:
10456:24 May
10428:
10403:
10338:
10251:
10123:
9859:
9849:
9770:
9740:
9713:
9658:
9630:
9386:
9230:
9146:
9114:
8974:
8920:
8873:
8767:
8706:
8698:
8690:
8638:
8594:
8586:
8578:
8282:10 May
8233:
8182:
8155:
8130:
8025:
7928:
7847:
7814:
7789:
7747:
7632:
7607:
7580:
7553:
7518:
7491:
7466:
7458:
7450:
7404:
7356:
7329:
7279:
7252:
7173:
7146:
7116:
6815:Rama I
6789:1767.
6580:Patani
6566:Padre
6508:silver
6504:colony
6459:, 1686
6243:arrack
6230:sappan
6203:prakab
6102:, and
6064:sarong
5999:, and
5860:, and
5452:Rama V
5257:Notes
5251:Built
5218:ปรางค์
5048:Rama I
4978:khlong
4948:khlong
4906:Ceylon
4901:Chanda
4878:khlong
4861:khlong
4733:lakhon
4730:) and
4565:, and
4458:Pahang
4454:Patani
4442:Phuket
4242:sangha
4206:munnai
4089:corvée
4079:was a
4050:corvée
3997:) and
3767:Vishnu
3763:avatar
3707:, and
3471:, and
3420:Rama I
3301:Rama I
3297:Taksin
3164:Mergui
3141:, and
3139:French
2850:, and
2826:(VOC).
2704:. The
2630:; the
2600:, and
2475:Mergui
2447:Angkor
2367:Champa
2363:Angkor
2318:Uthong
2203:Uthong
2189:Vacant
1990:Uthong
1980:After
1861:barays
1798:, and
1748:กรุงไท
1630:was a
1571:อยุธยา
1431:Topics
1279:Lan Na
1259:Phayao
1021:on the
844:Phimai
656:Vassal
545:
458:Uthong
443:
341:
332:
323:
311:
302:
293:
284:
144:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
13461:Index
13391:Deity
13327:Music
13322:Media
13307:Names
13275:Drama
13215:Women
13102:Crime
12946:Banks
12938:Baht
12408:Reman
12403:Satun
12372:]
12365:Phrae
12355:]
12338:]
12326:]
12220:]
12187:]
12175:]
11835:Vol.1
11237:56:05
10990:S2CID
10958:(PDF)
10638:(PDF)
10623:(PDF)
10520:(PDF)
10452:. UKM
10450:(PDF)
10161:(PDF)
9857:JSTOR
9519:(PDF)
9259:(PDF)
9252:(PDF)
9066:(PDF)
8704:S2CID
8696:JSTOR
8592:S2CID
8584:JSTOR
8529:6 May
8501:14:53
8258:(PDF)
8128:S2CID
8039:1767.
8023:JSTOR
7988:(PDF)
7952:(PDF)
7464:S2CID
7456:JSTOR
6576:Ligor
6524:sword
6455:, by
6449:Narai
6414:Narai
6378:Narai
6303:Narai
6250:Dutch
6137:Trade
6079:sabai
6075:Women
6040:sabai
6036:Women
5997:sabai
5967:sabai
5953:chada
5948:Women
5936:khrui
5908:khrui
5905:with
5899:มงกุฎ
5830:King
5801:King
5798:1357
5755:King
5752:1424
5725:King
5700:King
5697:1351
5670:King
5667:1624
5640:King
5637:1369
5615:1324
5580:King
5577:1503
5555:King
5552:1374
5503:King
5500:1734
5474:King
5471:1630
5444:King
5441:1631
5420:Narai
5418:King
5415:1666
5332:King
5285:King
5245:Name
5209:prang
5203:stupa
5133:sepha
5094:sepha
4943:ลิลิต
4935:Lilit
4927:klong
4611:Islam
4599:Hindu
4563:Dutch
4547:Malay
4536:Khmer
4474:Narai
4466:Kedah
4462:Perak
4434:Ligor
4402:Phrai
4380:King
4333:phrai
4262:万国来朝图
4189:phrai
4176:, or
4163:phrai
4158:phrai
4120:phrai
4077:phrai
4069:phrai
4054:phrai
3981:realm
3842:sakna
3790:Shiva
3786:Indra
3695:Kings
3624:from
3558:Tavoy
3387:monk
3381:Kandy
3212:Chams
3135:Dutch
3099:Narai
3088:Narai
3084:Narai
3064:Narai
3010:Narai
2702:Burma
2684:King
2580:Muang
2471:Tavoy
2355:Lanna
2323:Chola
2296:Note:
2193:Luang
2185:Narai
2182:Kreak
1945:]
1930:]
1869:Lanka
1759:Iudea
1691:Narai
1319:Reman
1309:Satun
738:1600
506:Narai
390:Islam
320:Malay
315:Khmer
308:Khmer
260:1590)
101:JSTOR
87:books
13413:Time
13401:Flag
13369:Bird
13269:wine
13005:NEEC
12995:CWEC
12856:Navy
12851:Army
12814:LGBT
12428:Isan
12163:Lavo
11976:1351
11905:Lit.
11895:Lit.
11738:ISBN
11702:ISBN
11647:ISBN
11620:2023
11591:ISBN
11572:ISBN
11542:ISBN
11523:ISBN
11510:2009
11497:ISBN
11476:ISBN
11457:ISBN
11440:2009
11427:ISBN
11406:ISBN
11374:2022
11342:ISBN
11320:2022
11292:2022
11260:ISBN
11233:2022
11207:2022
11141:ISBN
11119:2010
11087:ISBN
11073:2010
11034:2010
11001:2013
10940:2021
10914:2021
10885:2022
10860:2021
10831:2021
10800:2021
10700:2021
10669:2017
10646:2017
10585:ISBN
10485:2009
10458:2012
10426:ISBN
10401:ISBN
10374:2021
10349:2009
10336:ISBN
10310:2009
10284:2009
10249:ISBN
10223:2009
10175:2013
10134:2022
10121:ISBN
10093:2009
10067:2009
10029:2012
9988:2012
9956:2009
9926:2009
9893:help
9881:help
9847:ISBN
9768:ISBN
9738:ISBN
9711:ISBN
9656:ISBN
9628:ISBN
9457:link
9397:2009
9384:ISBN
9288:help
9267:2023
9228:ISBN
9144:ISBN
9112:ISBN
9077:2018
9001:2013
8972:ISBN
8918:ISBN
8871:ISBN
8803:2009
8778:2009
8765:ISBN
8744:help
8688:ISSN
8636:ISBN
8576:ISSN
8531:2019
8379:2023
8284:2020
8231:ISBN
8193:2024
8180:ISBN
8153:ISBN
8090:2023
8063:2023
8034:2023
7996:2023
7968:2023
7926:OCLC
7902:2024
7876:2024
7845:ISBN
7812:ISBN
7787:ISBN
7745:ISBN
7694:2023
7670:2023
7630:ISBN
7605:ISBN
7578:ISBN
7551:ISBN
7516:ISBN
7489:ISBN
7448:ISSN
7402:ISBN
7354:ISBN
7327:ISBN
7277:ISBN
7250:ISBN
7216:2022
7171:ISBN
7144:ISBN
7114:ISBN
6992:Thai
6841:'s "
6806:'s "
6802:and
6784:The
6578:and
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