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1144:
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72:
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2721:: it lies unused in a nearby quarry 800 m (2,600 ft) from the town. Its weight, often exaggerated, is estimated at 1,000 tonnes (1,100 tons). A fifth, still larger stone weighing approximately 1,200 tonnes (1,300 tons) lies in the same quarry. This quarry was slightly higher than the temple complex, so no lifting was required to move the stones. Through the foundation there run three enormous passages the size of railway tunnels.
3893:
12055:
3906:
141:
3387:) with significant continental influences. It is located in one of the drier regions of the country, giving it an annual average of 450 millimetres or 18 inches of rainfall compared with 800 to 850 millimetres (31 to 33 in) in coastal areas, overwhelmingly concentrated in the months from November to April. Baalbek has hot rainless summers with cool (and occasionally snowy) winters. Autumn and spring are mild and fairly rainy.
3810:
2853:
59:
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2165:
from various quarters as well as Zahlé's growing commercial attractiveness accounted for
Baalbek's decline in the eighteenth century. What repression there was did not always target the Christian community per se. The Shiite 'Usayran family, for example, is also said to have left Baalbek in this period to avoid expropriation by the Harfushes, establishing itself as one of the premier commercial households of
79:
2649:
3093:-like strengthening of the southern entrance to around 1240. Qalawun relocated the two western curtains nearer to the western tower, which was rebuilt with great blocks of stone. The barbican was repaired and more turns added to its approach. From around 1300, no alterations were made to the fortifications apart from repairs such as Sultan
2738:) or Portico, consisting of a broad staircase rising 20 feet (6.1 m) to an arcade of 12 columns flanked by 2 towers. Most of the columns have been toppled and the stairs were entirely dismantled for use in the nearby later wall, but a Latin inscription remains on several of their bases stating that Longinus, a lifeguard of the
2018:. The generosity quieted unrest among Saladin's vassals through the rest of his reign but led his enemies to attempt to take advantage of his presumed weakness. He did not permit Turan Shah to retain Baalbek very long, though, instructing him to lead the Egyptian troops returning home in 1179 and appointing him to a sinecure in
2604:, just south of Baalbek, and by the subsequent attack on the car leaving the scene for the hospital. On 14 August just before the ceasefire took effect, two Lebanese police and five Lebanese soldiers were killed by a drone strike while driving their van around the still-damaged road through Jamaliyeh.
4202:
Daniel
Lohmann wrote that, "due to the lack of remains of temple architecture, it can be assumed that the temple this terrace was built for was never completed or entirely destroyed before any new construction started..." "The unfinished pre-Roman sanctuary construction was incorporated into a master
2680:
on the old road to
Damascus, is built out of granite columns, apparently removed from Baalbek. Further, the jointed columns were once banded together with iron; many were gouged open or toppled by the emirs of Damascus to get at the metal. As late as the 16th century, the Temple of Jupiter still held
2005:
was ignored on behalf of an existing treaty with
Saladin. The siege was maintained peacefully through the snows of winter, with Saladin waiting for the "foolish" commander and his garrison of "ignorant scum" to come to terms. Sometime in spring, Ibn al-Muqaddam yielded and Saladin accepted his terms,
2477:
community. In his speech he referred to
Baalbek's lack of a secondary school and the state of local irrigation compared to the Roman era. His audience included several thousand armed men and the start of the event was delayed due to celebratory gunfire. He also announced the setting up of military
2164:
on account of the
Harfushes' oppression and rapacity, but more critical studies have questioned this interpretation, pointing out that the Harfushes were closely allied to the Orthodox Ma'luf family of Zahlé (where indeed Mustafa Harfush took refuge some years later) and showing that depredations
2916:
were not capable of lifting stones this heavy. They may have simply been rolled into position along temporary earthen banks from the quarry or multiple cranes may have been used in combination. They may also have alternated sides a little at a time, filling in supports underneath each time. The
2607:
Conservation work at
Lebanon's historic sites began in October. The ruins at Baalbek were not directly hit but the effects of blasts during the conflict toppled a block of stones at the Roman ruins and existing cracks in the temples of Jupiter and Bacchus were feared to have widened. Frederique
2282:
and his wife passed through
Baalbek on 1 November 1898, on their way to Jerusalem. He noted both the magnificence of the Roman remains and the drab condition of the modern settlement. It was expected at the time that natural disasters, winter frosts, and the raiding of building materials by the
2336:
in 1984. When the committee inscribed the site, it expressed the wish that the protected area include the entire town within the Arab walls, as well as the southwestern extramural quarter between Bastan-al-Khan, the Roman site and the
Mameluk mosque of Ras-al-Ain. Lebanon's representative gave
2097:
was describing the city's "large and strong fortress". The revived settlement was again destroyed by a flood on 10 May 1318, when water from the east and northeast made holes 30 m (98 ft) wide in walls 4 m (13 ft) thick. 194 people were killed and 1500 houses, 131 shops, 44
3209:(1877.08.14 – 1882.03.28), Apostolic Delegate to Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras (1877.08.14 – 1882.03.28), Apostolic Delegate to Ecuador (1877.08.14 – 1882.03.28), Apostolic Delegate to Peru and Bolivia (1877.08.14 – 1882.03.28), Apostolic Delegate to Venezuela (1877.08.14 – 1882.03.28),
3077:. This includes the great southeast tower. The earliest round of fortifications were two walls to the southwest of the Temples of Jupiter and Bacchus. The original southern gateway with two small towers was filled in and replaced by a new large tower flanked by curtains, probably under
4014:
1943:. In 1171, these captives successfully overpowered their guards and took possession of the castle from its garrison. Muslims from the surrounding area gathered, however, and entered the castle through a secret passageway shown to them by a local. The Crusaders were then massacred.
2000:
for neglecting his duties in
Damascus, however, he demanded his childhood home of Baalbek as compensation. Ibn al-Muqaddam did not consent and Saladin opted to invest the city in late 1178 to maintain peace within his own family. An attempt to pledge fealty to the Christians at
2525:
radio station's offices in a four-storey building in Baalbek which was completely demolished. The attacks also hit Beirut's power stations and bridges on the roads to the south. An estimated $ 52 million damage was caused. Eleven Lebanese were killed as well as two Israelis in
2800:, and three underground passageways 17 ft (5.2 m) wide by 30 ft (9.1 m) high, two of which run east and west and the third connecting them north and south, all bearing inscriptions suggesting their occupation by Roman soldiers. These were surrounded by
2961:. The temple is surrounded by forty-two columns—8 along each end and 15 along each side—nearly 20 m (66 ft) in height. These were probably erected in a rough state and then rounded, polished, and decorated in position. The entrance was preserved as late as
2956:
in the 190s, as his coins are the first to show it beside the Temple of Jupiter. It is the best preserved of the sanctuary's structures, as the other rubble from its ruins protected it. It is enriched by some of the most refined reliefs and sculpture to survive from
2364:. The stone was found underneath and next to the Stone of the Pregnant Woman ("Hajjar al-Hibla") and measures around 19.6 m × 6 m × 5.5 m (64 ft × 20 ft × 18 ft). It is estimated to weigh 1,650 tonnes (1,820 tons).
8826:
Travels along the Mediterranean, and Parts Adjacent; in Company with the Earl of Belmore, during the Years 1816–17–18: Extending as far as the Second Cataract of the Nile, Jerusalem, Damascus, Balbec, &c. &c. Illustrated by Plans and other Engravings,
2180:
hyperbolised "No ruins of antiquity have attracted more attention than those of Heliopolis, or been more frequently or accurately measured and described." Misunderstanding the temple of Bacchus as the "Temple of the Sun", they considered it the best-preserved
1880:
and stepfather of Mahmud, besieged Baalbek with 14 catapults. The outer city held until 10 October and the citadel until the 21st, when Unur surrendered upon a promise of safe passage. In December, Zengi negotiated with Muhammad, offering to trade Baalbek or
8687:
Travel of Marshal Marmont, the Duke of Ragusa, in Hungary, in Transylvania, within Southern Russia, in the Crimea, and on the Shores of the Sea of Azov, to Constantinople, within Certain Parts of Asia Minor, in Syria, in Palestine, and in Egypt (1834–1835),
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1764: 16), either peacefully and by agreement or following a heroic defense and yielding 2,000 oz (57 kg) of gold, 4,000 oz (110 kg) of silver, 2000 silk vests, and 1000 swords. The ruined temple complex was fortified under the name
3017:
for the medieval Arab and Turkish fortifications, although its eastern steps were lost sometime after 1688. Much of the portico was incorporated into a huge wall directly before its gate, but this was demolished in July 1870 by Barker on orders from
2596:. The hospital had been empty for four days, the most unwell patients having been transferred and the rest sent home. No Israelis were killed; Five civilians were abducted and interrogated by the Israelis, presumably because one shared his name with
3813:
8178:
The Expedition for the Survey of the Rivers Euphrates and Tigris, carried on by Order of the British Government, in the Years 1835, 1836, and 1837; Preceded by Geographical and Historical Notices of the Regions Situated between the Rivers Nile and
4203:
plan of monumentalisation. Apparently challenged by the already huge pre-Roman construction, the early imperial Jupiter sanctuary shows both an architectural megalomaniac design and construction technique in the first half of the first century AD."
1549:
twice. The first time, he requested a written reply to his sealed and unopened question; he was favorably impressed by the god's blank reply as his own paper had been empty. He then inquired whether he would return alive from his wars against
9076:
Voyage en Syrie et en Égypte, Pendant les anneés 1783, 1784, & 1785, avec deux Cartes Géographiques & deux Planches gravées, représentant les ruines du Temple du Soleil à Balbek, & celles de la ville de Palmyre dans le Désert de
8681:
Voyage du Maréchal Duc de Raguse en Hongrie, en Transylvanie, dans la Russie Méridionale, en Grimée, et sur les Bords de la Mer d'Azoff, a Constantinople, dans Quelques Parties de l'Asie-Mineure, en Syrie, en Palestine, et en Égypte.
1798:, it was said to have "gates of palaces sculptured in marble and lofty columns also of marble" and that it was the most "stupendous" and "considerable" location in the whole of Syria. It was sacked and razed by the Byzantines under
2240:
occupied the area in 1831, after which it again passed into the hands of the Harfushes. In 1835, the town's population was barely 200 people. In 1850, the Ottomans finally began direct administration of the area, making Baalbek a
532:
In the modern era, Baalbek is a relatively small city that enjoys economic advantages as a sought-after tourist destination. However, the tourism sector has encountered challenges due to conflicts in Lebanon, particularly the
2506:. The following year the Iranians established their headquarters in the Sheikh Abdullah barracks in Baalbek. Ultimately there were between 1,500 and 2,000 Revolutionary Guards in Lebanon, with outposts further south in the
2337:
assurances that the committee's wish would be honoured. Recent cleaning operations at the Temple of Jupiter discovered the deep trench at its edge, whose study pushed back the date of Tell Baalbek's settlement to the
4784:
4072:
2327:
blocks, a process which he theorised could use 512 workers to move a 557 tonnes (614 tons) block. "Baalbek, with its colossal structures, is one of the finest examples of Imperial Roman architecture at its apogee",
7628:
Nelles Guide Syria – Lebanon -Wolfgang Gockel, Helga Bruns – 1998 – Page 202 3886181057 "Ensconced under a white dome further towards town are the mortal remains of Kholat, daughter of Hussein and granddaughter
3060:
The ancient walls of Heliopolis had a circumference of a little less than 4 mi (6 km). Much of the extant fortifications around the complex date to the 13th century reconstruction undertaken by the
9082:
Travel in Syria and Egypt, during the Years 1783, 1784, & 1785, with two maps & two engravings, showing the ruins of the Temple of the Sun at Baalbek & those of the city of Palmyra in the Syrian
1669:, attempted to have himself martyred by disrupting the pagans of Baalbek but was only thrown down the temple stairs along with his companion. It became the seat of its own bishop as well. Under the reign of
2688:
The complex is located on an immense raised plaza erected 5 m (16 ft) over an earlier T-shaped base consisting of a podium, staircase, and foundation walls. These walls were built from about 24
2864:—lay at the western end of the Great Court, raised another 7 m (23 ft) on a 47.7 m × 87.75 m (156.5 ft × 287.9 ft) platform reached by a wide staircase. Under the
2291:
and his associates worked until 1904 and produced a meticulously researched and thoroughly illustrated series of volumes. Later excavations under the Roman flagstones in the Great Court unearthed three
8971:
3089:
replaced that era's southwest tower with one of his own in 1213 and built another in the northwest in 1224; the west tower was probably strengthened around the same time. An inscription dates the
2872:" from the three massive stones in its foundation and, when taken together with the forecourt and Great Court, it is also known as the Great Temple. The Temple of Jupiter proper was circled by a
9135:
The Lands of the Bible Visited and Described in an Extensive Journey Undertaken with Special Reference to the Promotion of Biblical Research and the Advancement of the Cause of Philanthropy,
2608:
Husseini, director-general of Lebanon's Department of Antiquities, requested $ 550,000 from Europeans to restore Baalbek's souk and another $ 900,000 for repairs to other damaged structures.
2900:. Three fell during the late 18th century. 6 columns, however, remain standing along its south side with their entablature. Their capitals remain nearly perfect on the south side, while the
7619:
Michel M. Alouf -History of Baalbek 1922 "After the defeat and murder of Hossein by the Ommiads, his family was led captive to Damascus; but Kholat died at Baalbek on her way into exile."
2085:, defeated the Mongols and placed Baalbek under the rule of their emir in Damascus. Most of the city's still-extant fine mosque and fortress architecture dates to the reign of the sultan
1920:
in 1154 after Ayyub had successfully intrigued against Abaq from his estates near Baalbek. Ayyub then administered the area from Damascus on Nur ad-Din's behalf. In the mid-12th century,
8987:
2236:, in the last half of the 18th century. All the same, Baalbek remained no destination for a traveller unaccompanied by an armed guard. Upon the pasha's death in 1804, chaos ensued until
2912:
blocks weigh up to 60 tonnes (66 tons) each, and one corner block over 100 tonnes (110 tons), all of them raised to a height of 19 m (62.34 ft) above the ground. Individual
2283:
city's residents would shortly ruin the remaining ruins. The archaeological team he dispatched began work within a month. Despite finding nothing they could date prior to Baalbek's
8753:
S. Ephraemi Syri Rabulae Episcopi Edesseni Balaei Aliorumque Opera Selecta e Codicibus Syriacis Manuscriptis in Museo Britannico et Bibliotheca Bodleiana Asservatis Primus Edidit
8528:"'Master, look at the size of those stones! Look at the size of those buildings!' Analogies in Construction Techniques Between the Temples at Heliopolis (Baalbek) and Jerusalem"
12521:
1514:, but it is uncertain how reliable his account is on the point.) By that time, the complex housed three temples on Tell Baalbek: one to Jupiter Heliopolitanus (Baʿal), one to
7958:(1977). "À propos du trilithon de Baalbek: Le transport et la mise en oeuvre des mégalithes" [About the Baalbeck Trilithon: The Transport and Use of the Megaliths].
7739:
1635:, though not yet a Christian, demolished the goddess' temple, raised a basilica in its place, and outlawed the locals' ancient custom of prostituting women before marriage.
2693:, at their lowest level weighing approximately 300 tonnes (330 tons) each. The tallest retaining wall, on the west, has a second course of monoliths containing the famous "
3218:
1946:
Three major earthquakes occurred in the 12th century, in 1139, 1157, and 1170. The one in 1170 ruined Baalbek's walls and, though Nur ad-Din repaired them, his young heir
2989:'s famed inscription of an eagle, which was entirely covered by the keystone's supporting column. The area around the inscription of the eagle was greatly damaged by the
4060:
745:. The importance of the solar cult is also attested in the name Biḳāʿ al-ʿAzīz borne by the plateau surrounding Baalbek, as it references an earlier solar deity named
494:
9723:
9240:
517:
and modern periods. The city is known for the ruins of the Baalbek temple complex from the Roman period, housing two of the largest and grandest Roman temples: the
10673:
3045:
considered it the "gem of Baalbek". It lies about 150 yd (140 m) from the southeast corner of the Temple of Bacchus. It was known in the 19th century as
9070:
4318:
4282:
3966:
2451:
in 1941 but colonial rule continued until 1943. Baalbek still has its railway station but service has been discontinued since the 1970s, originally owing to the
8802:
4286:
1128:
1862:
4358:
1877:
5570:
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3302:
764:. Some of the best-preserved Roman ruins in Lebanon are located here, including one of the largest temples of the Roman empire. The gods worshipped there (
4716:. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (2nd ed.). Lanham Boulder New York London: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 45–46.
4370:"Current survey and interpretation, show that a pre-Roman floor level about 5 m lower than the late Great Roman Courtyard floor existed underneath".
1909:
2158:. Like the Hamadas, the Harfush emirs were involved on more than one occasion in the selection of Church officials and the running of local monasteries.
1368:
and stalks of grain in his left; its image appeared on local coinage and it was borne through the streets during several festivals throughout the year.
1263:, the "Ten Cities" of Coelesyria, while the 2nd-century Ptolemy did. The population likely varied seasonally with market fairs and the schedules of the
11811:
7149:
1984:
from the west in the summer, suffering a slight defeat at Ibn al-Muqaddam's hands. He was then joined by the main army, riding north under Baldwin and
9701:
4763:
3978:
3321:
2761:
Immediately behind the Propylaeum is a hexagonal forecourt reached through a threefold entrance that was added in the mid-3rd century by the emperor
11269:
9096:
8844:
Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai, and Arabia Petraea. A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838 by E. Robinson and E. Smith, Vol. III
7115:
2098:
orchards, 17 ovens, 11 mills, and 4 aqueducts were ruined, along with the town's mosque and 13 other religious and educational buildings. In 1400,
8327:
Genz, Hermann (2010). "Reflections on the Early Bronze Age IV in Lebanon". In Matthiae, Paolo; Pinnock, Frances; Marchetti, Nicolò; Nigro (eds.).
4899:
3347:(Italy) (1960.07.12 – 1962.01.01), succeeding as Metropolitan Archbishop of Benevento (1962.01.01 – 1982.05.24); previously Titular Archbishop of
3001:
or sanctuary on a platform raised 5 ft (2 m) above it and fronted by 13 steps. The screen between the two sections once held reliefs of
2814:
7.08 m (23.2 ft) high. Six remain standing, out of an original 128. Inscriptions attest that the court was once adorned by portraits of
11310:
6768:
3042:
1898:
2600:, the secretary general of Hezbollah; they were released on August 21. Another 9 civilians were killed on 7 August by a strike in the middle of
9015:
8858:
Later Biblical Researches in Palestine, and in the Adjacent Regions. A Journal of Travels in the Year 1852 by E. Robinson, E. Smith, and Others
8127:
Les observations de plusieurs singularitez & choses memorables, trouvées en Grece, Asie, Judée, Egypte, Arabie, & autres pays estranges
4045:
3255:
2831:
103:
1643:. The enraged locals responded by raping and torturing Christian virgins. They reacted violently again under the freedom permitted to them by
12486:
9716:
9233:
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3156:
2490:'s acceptance of the American plan to evacuate Palestinians from West Beirut. A large number of dissidents, led by Amal's military commander
1050:
priests. The settlement's religious, commercial, and strategic importance was minor enough, however, that it is never mentioned in any known
8329:
Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: 5 May–10 May 2009, "Sapienza", Università di Roma
4030:
12541:
10666:
2713:): a row of three stones, each over 19 m (62 ft) long, 4.3 m (14 ft) high, and 3.6 m (12 ft) broad, cut from
4737:
2478:
training camps to train villagers in southern Lebanon to protect their homes from Israeli attacks. These camps led to the creation of the
1885:
for Damascus, but Unur convinced the atabeg to refuse. Zengi strengthened its fortifications and bestowed the territory on his lieutenant
1380:
and says the bearers were the principal citizens of the town, who prepared for their role with abstinence, chastity, and shaved heads. In
1588:
in AD 215; inscriptions in their honour at the site may date from that occasion; Julia was a Syrian native whose father had been an
1173:
7900:
4354:
2807:, one of which was never completed. The columns' bases and capitals were of limestone; the shafts were monoliths of highly polished red
2660:
The Tell Baalbek temple complex, fortified as the town's citadel during the Middle Ages, was constructed from local stone, mostly white
9332:
4451:
3247:
2639:
8562:
12536:
3152:
8496:
Alliances and Treaties between Frankish and Muslim Rulers in the Middle East: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Period of the Crusades
8132:
Observations on the Many Singularities & Memorable Things Found in Greece, Asia, Judea, Egypt, Arabia, & Other Strange Lands
4212:"It is apparent from a graffito on one of the columns of the Temple of Jupiter that that building was nearing completion in 60 A.D."
3179:, promoted back in 1932, with its name changed (avoiding Egyptian confusion) in 1933 to (non-Metropolitan) Titular archbishopric of
12496:
12491:
9709:
9226:
8599:
8309:
4342:
3328:) (1922.05.17 – 1931.03.30) succeeding as Bishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra (1931.03.30 – 1940.02.03), Metropolitan Archbishop of
1023:), shows signs of almost continual habitation over the last 8–9000 years. It was well-watered both from a stream running from the
12481:
10659:
9294:
3344:
3313:
1651:
were banished to it as a special punishment. The Temple of Jupiter, already greatly damaged by earthquakes, was demolished under
1341:". The present Temple of Jupiter presumably replaced an earlier one using the same foundation; it was constructed during the mid-
8637:
Lohmann, Daniel (2010). "Giant Strides towards Monumentality: The architecture of the Jupiter Sanctuary in Baalbek/Heliopolis".
1693:(560s & 570s), and, up to the time of its conquest by the Muslims, it was renowned for its palaces, monuments, and gardens.
11804:
7745:
6090:
6009:
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1611:) repeatedly execrated the practices of the local pagans in their worship of the Heliopolitan Venus. In AD 297, the actor
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was richly decorated but is now mostly ruined. A westward-facing basilica was constructed over the altar during the reign of
2361:
1955:
538:
514:
6794:
6125:
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2880:: 10 in front and back and 19 along each side. The temple was ruined by earthquakes, destroyed and pillaged for stone under
2066:, seized Damascus and demanded Baalbek's surrender. Instead, its emir did homage and agreed to regular payments of tribute.
12511:
9198:
7236:
5079:
4098:
3312:
Titular Archbishop: Daniel Rivero Rivero (1951 – death 1960.05.23) (born Bolivia) on emeritate, formerly Titular Bishop of
2470:
1893:. Upon Zengi's assassination in 1146, Ayyub surrendered the territory to Unur, who was acting as regent for Muhammad's son
8585:
8472:[Lebanese-German Research Team Discovers the World's Largest Ancient Stone Block in Baalbek] (in German). Berlin:
6285:
2160:
Tradition holds that many Christians quit the Baalbek region in the eighteenth century for the newer, more secure town of
8205:
Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition carried on by Order of the British Government during the Years 1835, 1836, and 1837
6322:
4103:
3329:
2265:
729:
228:
196:
49:
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VICTORIIS D. N. ANTONINI PII FEL. AVG. ET IVLIÆ AVG. MATRIS D. N. CAST. SENAT. PATR., AVR. ANT. LONGINVS SPECVL. LEG. I.
2672:
of Christian and Muslim lords, and the reuse of the temples' stone for fortification and other construction. The nearby
1058:
record, unless under another name. Its enviable position in a fertile valley, major watershed, and along the route from
11954:
9731:
7773:
6959:
4650:
3263:
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7754:
2428:
1782:
in 748, at which time it was dismantled and largely depopulated. It formed part of the district of Damascus under the
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8932:
8894:
8665:
8627:
8409:
8364:
8162:
8078:
8029:
6998:
4691:
4322:
3355:(Italy) (1950.05.06 – 1952.07.10), succeeding as Metropolitan Archbishop of Otranto (Italy) (1952.07.10 – 1960.07.12)
8007:
Damascus and Palmyra: A Journey to the East with a Sketch of the State and Prospects of Syria, under Ibrahim Pasha,
5292:
3132:
and granddaughter of Ali, who died in Baalbek while Husayn's family was being transported as prisoners to Damascus.
2110:
1830:
12546:
10075:
8551:
Remembrances, Impressions, Thoughts, and Passages concerning Travel in the Orient 1832–1833 or Notes from a Voyager
6771:. Austin: Center for American Architecture & Design, University of Texas School of Architecture. Archived from
4002:
3191:
3023:
2765:. Traces remain of the two series of columns which once encircled it, but its original function remains uncertain.
2031:
1661:
states he was also responsible for destroying all the lesser temples and shrines of the city. Around the year 400,
1600:
1491:
1223:, during which time it hosted a Roman garrison. From 15 BC to AD 193, it formed part of the territory of
7432:
3380:
12526:
11495:
9840:
8473:
8139:
Bouckaert, Peter; Houry, Nadim (2007). Whitson, Sarah Leah; Ross, James; Saunders, Joseph; Roth, Kenneth (eds.).
7758:
7749:
6141:
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4093:
3226:
2459:
2353:
71:
7714:
7371:
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7922:
6215:
2473:" in front of a rally in Baalbek attended by 75,000 men. Its objective was to stand up for Lebanon's neglected
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2035:
792:. Local influences are seen in the planning and layout of the temples, which differ from classic Roman design.
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7505:
7489:
7473:
7448:
7403:
7387:
7300:
7273:
6929:
6338:
6250:
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The rectangular Great Court to its west covers around 3 or 4 acres (1.2 or 1.6 ha) and included the main
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5790:
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5381:
5315:
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4921:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2682:
2221:
502:
7689:
7680:
7157:
5063:
3190:
Titular Archbishop: Luigi Poggi (1876.09.29 – death 1877.01.22) on emeritate (promoted) as former Bishop of
2592:
and other sources claimed the IDF was attempting to capture senior Hezbollah officials, particularly Sheikh
293:
7938:
Encyclopaedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography, and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples
7915:
Encyclopaedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography, and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples
6357:
4568:
3857:
1917:
1507:
8856:
8842:
6306:
6157:
5997:
12531:
12453:
11900:
10580:
10280:
8546:
Souvenirs, Impressions, Pensées, et Paysages pendant un Voyage en Orient 1832–1833 ou Notes d'un Voyageur
8203:
7839:
6234:
6199:
4599:
4314:
4079:
3990:
2718:
2631:
2627:
2409:
2381:
1965:
1087:
522:
8904:
Ruprechtsberger, Erwin M. (1999). "Vom Steinbruch zum Jupitertempel von Heliopolis/Baalbek (Libanon) ".
8824:
8603:
8291:
8287:
8005:
7123:
3100:
Material from the ruins is incorporated into a ruined mosque north of downtown and probably also in the
686:
or simply called the "Great God of Heliopolis", but the name may refer to the Egyptians' association of
493:
for "Sun City"). The city flourished under Roman rule. However, it underwent transformations during the
12506:
12501:
12460:
9350:
8591:
3752:
3141:
2619:
2561:
2551:
2275:
2206:
1655:
in 379 and replaced by another basilica (now lost), using stones scavenged from the pagan complex. The
721:
476:
433:
158:
8748:
7876:
6772:
5089:
463:
Baalbek has a history that dates back at least 11,000 years, encompassing significant periods such as
12516:
10687:
10530:
10180:
9318:
9155:
8852:
8838:
8544:
4893:
4346:
4310:
3013:
and his dolphin, and other marine figures but these have been lost. The temple was used as a kind of
2966:
2194:
2186:
2026:, whose family ruled it for the next half-century. When Farrukh Shah died three years later, his son
1803:
1143:
742:
437:
8962:
8298:
Travel around the Dead Sea and within the Biblical Lands undertaken from December 1850 to April 1851
2051:
1924:
mentioned Baalbek's two temples and the legend of their origin under Solomon; it was visited by the
11545:
9925:
9900:
9129:
8768:
7010:
6332:
6135:
6119:
4350:
4108:
3804:
3746:
1947:
1858:
1853:. Upon Buri's succession to Damascus on his father's death in 1128, he granted the area to his son
1408:
317:
8788:
8140:
2717:. They weigh approximately 800 tonnes (880 tons) each. A fourth, still larger stone is called the
1857:. After Buri's murder, Muhammad successfully defended himself against the attacks of his brothers
1430:
shows a similar arrangement but enlarges Mercury into a full figure. Local cults also revered the
1151:
12249:
12129:
9589:
9044:] (in French). Lyons: Jean de Tournes (Ian de Tournes) & Guillaume Gazeau (Guil. Gazeav).
8705:
7870:
5546:
5528:
4395:
The inscriptions were distinct in the 18th century but becoming illegible by the end of the 19th:
3774:
3298:
2970:
2918:
2635:
2448:
1969:
1795:
1458:
site, whence the cult spread far afield, with inscriptions to the Heliopolitan god discovered in
1415:
1384:
445:
153:
8293:
Voyage Autour de la Mer Morte et dans les Terres Bibliques exécuté de Decembre 1850 a Avril 1851
12093:
11380:
10585:
10210:
9739:
9409:
9376:
8424:
8199:
8172:
7933:
7853:
6103:
5993:
5708:
4380:
4326:
3817:
3764:
2585:
2557:
2237:
1977:
1954:
by a 4-month siege in 1174. Having taken control of Damascus on the invitation of its governor
1495:
1342:
1327:
1317:
1248:
1160:
1156:
1035:
865:
645:
633:
592:
506:
441:
402:
9340:
8420:
7910:
7814:
7803:
7607:
7571:
7518:
7499:
7426:
7397:
7381:
7294:
6425:
6351:
6300:
6279:
6263:
6228:
6151:
6084:
6065:
5784:
5478:
5391:
5334:
5261:
5245:
5105:
5021:
4936:
3144:) was a bishopric under Roman and Byzantine rule, but it disappeared due to the Islamic rule.
2913:
11254:
10701:
10490:
10485:
10245:
10240:
10120:
9790:
9207:
9133:
8784:
8701:
8088:
6881:
6370:
6316:
6244:
6209:
6193:
6172:
5907:
5763:
5073:
5056:
4330:
4294:
4270:
4173:
The Egyptian priests' claims that Heliopolis represented a direct descendant of Ra's cult at
3376:
3363:
3232:
Titular Archbishop: Augustinus Accoramboni (1896.06.22 – death 1899.05.17), without prelature
3210:
3172:
3054:
3038:
2432:
2385:
2315:
made a brief study suggesting most of the large blocks could have been moved on rollers with
2030:
was only a child but he was permitted his inheritance and ruled til 1230. He was followed by
2019:
1854:
1632:
826:
746:
588:
526:
464:
449:
258:
8568:
8470:"Libanesisch-deutsches Forscherteam entdeckt weltweit größten antiken Steinblock in Baalbek"
8333:
Excavations, Surveys, and Restorations: Reports on Recent Field Archaeology in the Near East
8125:
4683:
4677:
3844:
2560:
soldiers raided Baalbek and the Dar al-Hikma or Hikmeh Hospital in Jamaliyeh to its north ("
2517:
On 24/25 June 1999, following elections in Israel and the new administration undecided, the
2372:
1908:
as a reprisal for its role in a Turcoman raid on Banyas. Following Ata's murder, his nephew
1094:
was located at the hill's precise summit and the rest of the sanctuary raised to its level.
11490:
11320:
11195:
10851:
10760:
10610:
9990:
9690:
8587:
Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500
8214:
7885:
7849:
7546:
7483:
7467:
7442:
7317:
6001:
5980:
5949:
5843:
5827:
5811:
5728:
4963:
4889:
3340:
2819:
2777:
grove, but better specimens show that the coins displayed a single stalk of grain instead.
2766:
2499:
2177:
2055:
2002:
1985:
1976:, came of age the next year, ending the Crusaders' treaty with Saladin. His former regent,
1869:
1604:
1338:
1313:
1268:
957:
926:
777:
675:
621:
268:
165:
11510:
9342:
8503:, Vol. I. Leiden: translated from the German by Peter M. Holt for Koninklijke Brill.
5121:
4630:
2193:
included carefully measured engravings that proved influential on British and Continental
8:
11045:
10515:
10500:
10295:
10235:
9500:
9254:
8679:
7813:
K., T. (2010). "Baalbek". In Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.).
5744:
5593:
4290:
4190:
2958:
2751:
2739:
2357:
2333:
2077:
took Baalbek in 1260 and dismantled its fortifications. Later in the same year, however,
1689:
claimed the golden idol of Heliopolitan Jupiter was still to be seen during the reign of
1644:
1527:
1515:
1404:
1299:
1169:
977:
914:
765:
757:
683:
641:
285:
8117:
On the Admirableness of the Works of the Ancients and a Presentation of Suspected Things
4785:"IDF strikes Hezbollah stronghold deep in Lebanon; 100 rockets fired at northern Israel"
1775:
1619:; his public profession of faith provoked the audience to drag him from the theater and
448:. The town is known for its historical sites and tourist attractions, including several
11928:
11910:
11874:
11846:
11434:
11065:
10681:
10540:
9850:
9546:
9218:
9090:
9007:
8950:
8886:
8657:
8257:
8249:
8224:
8154:
Early Eastern Christianity: St Margaret's Lectures, 1904, on the Syriac-speaking Church
8001:
7890:
7794:
7071:
5564:
4338:
3832:
3294:
3275:
3271:
3202:
2538:
2452:
2320:
2272:
2216:
During the 18th century, the western approaches were covered with attractive groves of
2173:
1929:
1921:
1834:
1703:
1686:
1523:
1071:
1067:
1006:
946:
781:
750:
665:
605:
534:
472:
8191:
8186:
12269:
12225:
12109:
12083:
11946:
11681:
11564:
10984:
10892:
10856:
10570:
10330:
10325:
10255:
9795:
9115:
9056:
9031:
8938:
8928:
8890:
8725:
8661:
8623:
8514:
8504:
8454:
8405:
8384:
8360:
8336:
8319:
8261:
8158:
8074:
8046:
8025:
7987:
7941:
7918:
7824:
7763:
7639:
7018:
6994:
4717:
4687:
4618:
4278:
4222:
3923:
3336:
3259:
3176:
3082:
3078:
3034:
2953:
2949:
2877:
2846:
2823:
2747:
2623:
2589:
2577:
2533:
2518:
2376:
A detail from a 1911 map of Turkey in Asia, showing Baalbek's former rail connections
2297:
1973:
1894:
1886:
1873:
1850:
1838:
1815:
1753:
1628:
1608:
1563:
1479:
1334:
1292:
1098:
869:
769:
625:
574:
518:
453:
239:
3026:. Two spiral staircases in columns on either side of the entrance lead to the roof.
12220:
12159:
12088:
11652:
11601:
11525:
11136:
10776:
10575:
10195:
10185:
10125:
10080:
10035:
9965:
9935:
9915:
9640:
9630:
9615:
9610:
9346:
9182:
9107:
Baalbek: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen in den Jahren 1898 bis 1905
8999:
8269:
8241:
7979:
7967:
7955:
7820:
5588:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5132:
4764:"Israel conducts air raid on Baalbek, Hezbollah stronghold in Lebanon, sources say"
4298:
3317:
3306:
3267:
3243:
3239:
3108:. In the 19th century, a "shell-topped canopy" from the ruins was used nearby as a
3070:
2865:
2801:
2597:
2494:
moved to Baalbek. Once established in the town the group, which was to evolve into
2483:
2312:
2070:
2063:
1940:
1842:
1807:
1799:
1750:
1674:
1666:
1657:
1427:
1381:
1281:
1278:
1240:
861:
845:
513:
and faced a series of earthquakes, resulting in a decline in importance during the
336:
170:
8777:
Observations on Palæstine or the Holy Land, Syria, Mesopotamia, Cyprus, and Candia
4037:
4020:
An 1873 German map of Asia Minor & Syria, with relief illustrating the Beqaa (
3948:
The Round Temple and the Temple of the Muses located outside the sanctuary complex
3235:
Titular Archbishop: Robert John Seton (1903.06.22 – 1927.03.22), without prelature
12174:
12119:
11977:
11820:
11094:
11004:
10969:
10600:
10495:
10445:
10415:
10395:
10365:
10340:
10335:
10285:
10250:
10165:
9940:
9635:
9516:
9447:
9105:
9050:
8918:
8876:
8764:
8721:
8647:
8617:
8494:
8448:
8399:
8378:
8354:
8273:
8176:
8152:
8110:
8092:
8061:
8040:
8019:
7880:, vol. 3 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 176–178
7805:
A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology, and Geography
7784:
5605:
5598:
5541:
4903:
4471:
from visitors and for use of the olive oil lamps used to make vows to St Barbara.
4383:
4306:
4302:
4066:
The ruins of Baalbek facing west from the hexagonal forecourt in the 19th century
3792:
3359:
3222:
3214:
3175:
of Heliopolis (Latin) / Eliopoli (Curiate Italian), demoted in 1925 to Episcopal
2962:
2815:
2762:
2656:
excavations. (Facing SW, with the Temple of Jupiter labelled "Temple of the Sun")
2593:
2565:
2444:
2417:
2246:
2082:
1787:
1783:
1418:. In these statues, the bust of Mercury is made particularly prominent; a marble
1392:
1232:
1212:
1185:
1051:
1047:
1031:
903:
898:
853:
810:
725:
657:
617:
498:
413:
393:
20:
9211:
9074:
8988:"On the Rise and Fall of Canaanite Religion at Baalbek: A Tale of Five Toponyms"
5191:
4404:
ONINIANÆ CAPITA COLVMNARVM DVA ÆREA AVRO INLVMINATA SVA PECVNIA EX VOTO L. A. S.
2981:; a column of rough masonry was erected in the 1860s or '70s to support it. The
1746:
12347:
11859:
11747:
11429:
11365:
11315:
11279:
11225:
11035:
10897:
10630:
10565:
10545:
10480:
10450:
10400:
10380:
10375:
10355:
10345:
10320:
10200:
10160:
10070:
9960:
9810:
9620:
9579:
9490:
9462:
9427:
9284:
9269:
9035:
8558:
8374:
7075:
5186:
4052:
3758:
3148:
3129:
2885:
2698:
2653:
2491:
2393:
2288:
2284:
2261:
2198:
2145:
2133:
2129:
2059:
2047:
1841:, in 1083; after its recovery, it was ruled in the Seljuks' name by the eunuch
1678:
1511:
1459:
1284:
1264:
1189:
1112:
1027:
1014:
965:
930:
739:
705:
490:
10835:
5403:
5217:
5175:
4573:[West Baalbeck Municipalities Union] (in Arabic). 2013. Archived from
2668:. Over the years, it has suffered from the region's numerous earthquakes, the
1066:
should have made it a wealthy and splendid site from an early age. During the
12475:
12353:
12154:
11936:
11692:
11455:
11186:
11166:
11025:
11000:
10605:
10535:
10470:
10425:
10390:
10215:
9980:
9975:
9920:
9905:
9815:
9442:
9299:
9288:
9250:
8942:
8518:
8380:
A Dictionary of the Bible Dealing with Its Language, Literature, and Contents
8350:
7895:
7657:
5229:
4187:
4186:
Commonly mistaken by European visitors to have been the one described in the
3786:
3740:
3654:
3286:
3198:
3019:
3002:
2770:
2527:
2503:
2413:
2389:
2279:
2197:. For example, details of the Temple of Bacchus's ceiling inspired a bed and
2125:
2102:
pillaged the town, and there was further destruction from a 1459 earthquake.
1791:
1734:
1522:. On a nearby hill, a fourth temple was dedicated to the third figure of the
1483:
1447:
1244:
1204:
1055:
1043:
562:
510:
479:
eras. After Alexander the Great conquered the city in 334 BCE, he renamed it
118:
105:
9668:
8119:] (in Latin). Paris (Parisius): Guillaume Cavellat (Gulielmus Cavellat).
7971:
4654:
2015:
1353:
12383:
12263:
12184:
11824:
11789:
11687:
11677:
11560:
11395:
11215:
11211:
10974:
10949:
10877:
10716:
10560:
10550:
10520:
10510:
10475:
10465:
10460:
10435:
10420:
10410:
10385:
10360:
10115:
10100:
10030:
10015:
10010:
10005:
9890:
9880:
9112:
Baalbek: Results of the Excavations and Surveys from the Years 1898 to 1905
8106:
5903:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5347:
5345:
5343:
4274:
4161:
3827:
3780:
3168:
3128:
Under a white dome further towards town is the tomb of Khawla, daughter of
3101:
3006:
2901:
2897:
2881:
2843:
2839:
2789:
2774:
2681:
27 standing columns out of an original 58; there were only nine before the
2673:
2479:
2466:
2229:
2182:
2155:
2141:
2023:
1981:
1913:
1826:
1726:
1682:
1652:
1636:
1568:
1499:
1463:
1373:
1303:
1197:
1193:
1083:
1059:
1010:
989:
942:
922:
754:
584:
554:
425:
417:
3171:, the Ancient diocese was only nominally restored (no later than 1876) as
2588:
was acting on information that Goldwasser and Regev were at the hospital.
2521:
launched two massive air raids across Lebanon. One of the targets was the
11987:
11892:
11854:
11647:
11459:
11080:
11070:
10816:
10800:
10796:
10620:
10555:
10525:
10455:
10405:
10225:
10155:
10055:
9805:
9597:
9574:
9485:
8920:
State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam: Sultans, Muqtaʿs, and Fallahun
7940:. Vol. VIII (1st ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 1224–1225.
7904:, vol. 3 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 89–90
7232:
6990:
6982:
6798:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6447:
5300:
4485:
3884:
3348:
3140:
Heliopolis (in Phoenicia; not to be confused with the Egyptian bishopric
2942:
2893:
2835:
2808:
2773:. Badly preserved coins of the era led some to believe this was a sacred
2755:
2569:
2487:
2440:
2421:
2228:, who again feuded with other Lebanese tribes. Their power was broken by
2217:
2202:
2027:
1993:
1670:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1535:
1400:
1365:
1208:
837:
609:
541:
since 2011. Today, the city is a stronghold of the militant organization
12431:
11416:
11284:
9011:
8818:(in Latin). Braniewo (Brunsberga): Georg Schönfels (Georgius Schonfels).
7869:
7260:
7258:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6023:
5611:
5446:
5340:
4548:
4546:
12033:
12010:
11657:
11621:
11616:
11354:
10959:
10811:
10710:
10635:
10615:
10505:
10430:
10350:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10270:
10220:
10110:
10025:
9950:
9855:
9830:
9825:
9780:
9775:
9685:
8435:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6408:
5504:
5502:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4454:
in the northwest corner remains partially sculpted and partially plain.
4414:
TIMI BAS AVG. LIB. CAPVT COLVMNÆ ÆNEUM AVRO INLVM VOTVM SVA PECVNIA L.
3836:(1911), the first English novel by an Arab-American, is set in Baalbek.
3086:
2905:
2797:
2793:
2669:
2416:—all traffic had to be unloaded and reloaded at Riyaq. Just before the
2349:
2210:
2137:
1997:
1989:
1717:
1648:
1593:
1559:
1486:. The Roman temple complex grew up from the early part of the reign of
1455:
1439:
1216:
1019:
981:
950:
938:
577:
8303:] (in French). Paris: J. Claye & Co. for Gide & J. Baudry.
8253:
6444:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6388:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4846:
2993:. The interior of the temple is divided into a 98 ft (30 m)
2576:
on 12 July 2006. They were transported by helicopter and supported by
12257:
12200:
11864:
11778:
11773:
11763:
11672:
11570:
11549:
11400:
11360:
11305:
11085:
10913:
10771:
10741:
10706:
10440:
10370:
10315:
10175:
10170:
10150:
10140:
10090:
10060:
10040:
9955:
9875:
9865:
9653:
9569:
9531:
9526:
9495:
9003:
8383:. Vol. IV, Pt. II. University Press of the Pacific in Honolulu.
8013:. Philadelphia: T.K. & P.G. Collins for E.L. Carey & A. Hart.
7255:
6874:
6020:
5887:
5740:
5703:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5272:
5270:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4257:
3927:
3918:
3290:
3030:
2925:
built the tower-altar opposite the temple. In the early 2nd century,
2873:
2869:
2827:
2785:
2725:
2714:
2709:
2694:
2573:
2495:
2436:
2341:
2305:
2293:
1936:
1846:
1779:
1690:
1612:
1577:
1555:
1531:
1369:
1361:
1260:
1256:
1039:
910:
789:
661:
613:
558:
542:
306:
249:
12054:
11555:
11514:
11010:
7917:. Vol. I (1st ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 543–544.
5499:
5154:
4523:
4082:" in the early 20th century, the Temple of Jupiter in the background
2007:
12378:
12304:
12139:
12015:
12005:
11995:
11969:
11918:
11882:
11737:
11540:
11479:
11475:
11375:
11335:
11300:
11248:
11231:
11049:
11040:
10820:
10790:
10781:
10731:
10625:
10130:
10085:
10065:
9930:
9770:
9559:
9541:
9437:
9399:
9176:
8806:
8527:
8245:
8141:"Why They Died: Civilian Casualties in Lebanon during the 2006 War"
8112:
De Admirabili Operum Antiquorum et Rerum Suspiciendarum Praestantia
7577:
5523:
5051:
4468:
4464:
3305:(Turkey) (1945–1947) and Apostolic Delegate to Turkey (1945–1947),
3279:
3206:
3105:
3090:
2889:
2690:
2522:
2250:
2225:
2090:
2043:
2039:
2011:
1822:
1757:
1738:
1640:
1624:
1487:
1467:
1431:
1423:
1346:
1228:
1220:
1181:
985:
821:
637:
570:
11505:
11485:
10831:
10640:
5409:
5267:
5139:
4738:"Israeli Airstrike Hits Hezbollah Stronghold in Northeast Lebanon"
3809:
2161:
1435:
1307:
1075:
918:
687:
668:
12425:
12394:
12321:
12205:
12134:
12114:
12078:
11741:
11732:
11717:
11707:
11667:
11642:
11596:
11534:
11530:
11390:
11370:
11344:
11330:
11324:
11176:
11156:
11146:
11105:
11100:
11055:
11019:
11015:
10954:
10886:
10841:
10786:
10750:
10746:
10725:
10721:
10290:
10275:
10230:
10205:
10145:
10135:
10105:
10050:
10045:
10000:
9970:
9885:
9860:
9785:
9750:
9734:
9658:
9475:
9470:
9404:
9258:
8978:
A Thorough Description: The Places of Pilgrimage in the Holy Land
8795:
A Historical, Theological, and Moral Elucidation of the Holy Land
7015:
Beware of Small States. Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East.
5871:
4768:
4447:
4253:
3897:
3325:
3293:(1936.03.07 – death 1950.09.18), mainly as papal diplomat :
3074:
3066:
2934:
2930:
2852:
2811:
2804:
2661:
2511:
2425:
2316:
2150:
2086:
2074:
1951:
1925:
1890:
1662:
1647:. The city was so noted for its hostility to the Christians that
1623:. In the early 4th century, the deacon Cyril defaced many of the
1620:
1616:
1551:
1519:
1503:
1411:
1396:
1357:
1330:
1320:
1224:
1102:
1079:
1063:
973:
969:
961:
841:
802:
773:
421:
146:
58:
12047:
9148:
The Shiite Emirates of Ottoman Syria (Mid-17th–Mid-18th Century)
8906:
Linzer Archäologische Forschungen (Linz Archaeological Research)
8646:
Lyons, Malcolm Cameron; Jackson, David Edward Pritchett (1982).
8401:
From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260
6845:
6843:
6076:
6074:
4574:
2952:—once wrongly credited to Jupiter—may have been completed under
2038:, who received it in 1237 as compensation for being deprived of
1821:
In 1075, it was finally lost to the Fatimids on its conquest by
1639:
also credited him with ending the locals' continued practice of
12417:
12406:
12400:
12335:
12310:
12291:
12280:
12244:
12215:
12210:
12179:
12164:
12063:
12025:
11768:
11722:
11712:
11696:
11661:
11626:
11611:
11606:
11520:
11438:
11424:
11385:
11340:
11274:
11161:
11150:
11121:
10944:
10923:
10882:
10861:
10845:
10826:
10806:
10766:
10260:
10095:
9945:
9910:
9895:
9870:
9800:
9760:
9625:
9605:
9554:
9521:
9480:
9457:
9452:
9432:
9414:
9381:
9279:
9204:
8803:
Radziwiłł, Mikołaj Krzystof (Nicolaus Christophorus Radzivilus)
6878:
5855:
5559:
4430:
4426:
3910:
3905:
3892:
3250:(Pennsylvania, USA) (1929.04.26 – 1935.11.26), later Bishop of
3109:
3097:'s restoration of the moat in preparation for Timur's arrival.
3094:
3062:
3014:
2998:
2986:
2974:
2926:
2909:
2861:
2743:
2665:
2601:
2401:
2329:
2324:
1905:
1866:
1722:
1546:
1542:
1471:
1451:
1388:
1377:
1350:
1323:
1288:
1236:
649:
629:
468:
429:
254:
8973:
Gründtliche Beschreibung: Der Wallfart nach dem heyligen Lande
8208:. London: Spttiswoode & Co. for Longmans, Green, & Co.
7889:
7768:
7359:
7347:
6292:
6290:
6288:
4379:
The staircase is shown intact on a coin from the reign of the
3824:, and was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839.
2904:'s winter winds have worn the northern faces almost bare. The
2541:. Baalbek was a major target, with more than 70 bombs dropped.
1778:") but was sacked with great violence by the Damascene caliph
12372:
12364:
12299:
12274:
12169:
12149:
12124:
12000:
11959:
11726:
11702:
11591:
11586:
11499:
11469:
11465:
11258:
11181:
11126:
11090:
11075:
11060:
11029:
10978:
10964:
10928:
10756:
10735:
10590:
10265:
9765:
9755:
9645:
9564:
9536:
9422:
9386:
8866:
Rowland, Benjamin Jr. (1956). "The Vine-Scroll in Gandhāra".
8232:
Coulton, J.J. (1974). "Lifting in Early Greek Architecture".
8089:
Baumgarten, Martin von (Martinus à Baumgarten in Braitenbach)
6987:
The vanished Imam : Musa al Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon
6840:
3879:
3866:
3117:
3113:
3010:
2938:
2781:
2729:
2702:
2677:
2405:
2397:
2345:
2301:
2166:
2099:
2078:
1589:
1443:
1419:
1310:
1252:
1107:
1091:
785:
671:
599:
484:
345:
8882:
The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–run1187
8094:
Peregrinatio in Aegyptum, Arabiam, Palaestinam, & Syriam
7802:
Smith, William; Anthon, Charles, eds. (1862). "Heliopolis".
3186:
The title has not been assigned since 1965. It was held by:
2842:; it was later altered to make it eastward-facing like most
2648:
580:
discovered in the 1920s and a separate serpent incantation.
12388:
12329:
12144:
11350:
11264:
11190:
11171:
11131:
10918:
10020:
9995:
9985:
9835:
9820:
9505:
8790:
Historica, Theologica, et Moralis Terrae Sanctae Elucidatio
7688:
Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1838). "poetical illustration".
7070:
Middle East International. No 603, 2 July 1999; Publishers
6013:
5680:
4174:
3972:
Remains of the Propylaeum, the eastern entrance to the site
3871:
3254:(USA) (1935.11.26 – 1937.01.05), restyled (only) Bishop of
2994:
2922:
2507:
2474:
2458:
The Roman ruins have been the setting for the long running
2420:, the population was still around 5000, about 2000 each of
2338:
2242:
2094:
1882:
1811:
1475:
679:
381:
372:
369:
354:
6958:
Ludvigsen, Børre (2008). "Lebanon: Railways: Riyaq–Homs".
6928:
Ludvigsen, Børre (2008). "Lebanon: Railways: Background".
4675:
3777:
scholar, philosopher, architect, mathematician, astronomer
2360:
discovered a sixth, much larger stone suggested to be the
11221:
10190:
9584:
8797:] (in Latin). Antwerp (Antuerpia): Balthasar Moretus.
8060:
Baldwin, Marshall W., ed. (1969). "The Rise of Saladin".
6576:
6574:
4603:
3362:(1962.04.18 – death 1965.08.23) as papal diplomat :
3270:(papal ambassador) to Ireland (1951.11.27 – 1954.06.08),
3069:
following the devastation of the earlier defenses by the
3029:
The Temple of Venus—also known as the Circular Temple or
2724:
The temple complex was entered from the east through the
2581:
2300:
pottery dated to the 6th–4th centuries BC. The
653:
9248:
6559:
6185:
6183:
6181:
5658:
5656:
5489:
5487:
5436:
5434:
4873:
4871:
4858:
4856:
4783:
Amun, Fadi; Hashmonai, Adi; Peleg, Bar (12 March 2024).
4682:(illustrated ed.). Hunter Publishing, Inc. p.
2921:
enriched its sanctuary in turn. In the mid-1st century,
2742:, and Septimius, a freedman, gilded their capitals with
1845:
until he was deposed for conspiring against the usurper
7208:
7184:
6828:
6818:
6816:
6748:
6678:
6676:
6613:
6591:
6589:
6472:
6220:
6218:
2564:"). Their mission was to rescue two captured soldiers,
1101:, the temple complex was said to have been a palace of
809:(שום בעלבכי). It also appears in two early 5th-century
805:, a second-century rabbinic text, as a kind of garlic,
691:
9161:
The Ruins of Balbec, otherwise Heliopolis in Cœlosyria
8755:(in Latin). Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 159–209.
7599:
7597:
7595:
7563:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7555:
7524:
7510:
7508:
7418:
7416:
7414:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7406:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7280:
7278:
7276:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7084:
6736:
6649:
6571:
6535:
6513:
6511:
6343:
6341:
6255:
6253:
5369:
4909:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4823:
2856:
The Great Court of ancient Heliopolis's temple complex
2640:
List of ancient architectural records § Monoliths
1176:
in the 330s BC, Baalbek (under its Hellenic name
1070:
period, the local temples were largely devoted to the
1009:
Baalbek, part of a valley to the east of the northern
960:
proposed the association of Baalbek with the town of
436:. In 1998, Baalbek had a population of 82,608, mostly
12522:
Populated places established in the 7th millennium BC
8773:
A Description of the East, and Some other Countries,
7335:
6712:
6700:
6547:
6362:
6360:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5755:
5753:
5653:
5484:
5431:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5318:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4868:
4853:
4712:
Najem, Tom; Amore, Roy C.; Abu Khalil, As'ad (2021).
4637:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2020.
3351:(1950.05.06 – 1952.07.10) as Coadjutor Archbishop of
3274:
to Great Britain (1954.06.08 – death 1963.07.16) and
2408:) to its north. This Aleppo Railway connected to the
1538:
as the two largest sanctuaries in the Western world.
384:
357:
9071:
Volney, Constantin François de Chasseboeuf, comte de
8335:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 205–218.
7844:. London: T. Cook & Son. 1876. pp. 359–365.
7459:
7457:
7455:
7453:
7451:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7303:
6813:
6688:
6673:
6661:
6637:
6625:
6586:
6523:
6439:
The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788
6164:
6162:
6160:
5941:
4711:
4635:
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
3303:
Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Constantinople
2046:. It was seized in 1246 after a year of assaults by
1259:. The 1st-century Pliny did not number it among the
1042:
later credited the site's foundation to a colony of
913:
of Baalbek has been debated since the 18th century.
407:
378:
375:
366:
351:
348:
342:
8716:. Lyon: Horace Boissat & George Remeus: 296 ff.
8553:] (in French). Brussels (Bruxelles): L. Hauman.
7323:
7196:
7172:
7081:
7078:; Michael Jansen pp.4-5; Reinoud Leendes pp.5&7
6909:
6724:
6601:
6508:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5720:
5718:
5668:
5641:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4820:
3201:(1877.07.24 – 1893.01.16) as papal diplomat :
2176:began to visit the colossal and picturesque ruins.
1916:, ruled Baalbek. He was forced to relinquish it to
1904:In December 1151, it was raided by the garrison of
1510:", credited most of the complex to the 2nd-century
1034:, from numerous rills formed by meltwater from the
363:
339:
8639:Bolletino di Archaologia (Bulletin of Archaeology)
8434:. New York: D. Appleton & Co., illustrated by
6496:
6484:
4782:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4235:Colonia Heliopolis Iovi Optimo Maximo Helipolitano
3822:Six detached pillars of the Great Temple at Balbec
1530:(Adon or Seimios). Ultimately, the site vied with
1090:was probably the focus of earlier worship, as its
632:towns continued to be used alongside the official
9048:
8493:Köhler, Michael (2013). Hirschler, Konrad (ed.).
7841:Cook's Tourists' Handbook for Palestine and Syria
7650:
6897:
6855:
6328:
6131:
6115:
6080:
1849:in 1110. Toghtekin then gave the town to his son
12473:
8182:. London: Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans.
8045:. Dearborn: Imam Mahdi Association of Marjaeya.
7801:
7640:"Titular See of Heliopolis in Phœnicia, Lebanon"
7109:
7107:
7105:
5202:
2412:but—because that line was built to a 1.05-meter
2220:, but the town itself suffered badly during the
1438:. One of these was taken to Rome by the emperor
8903:
8645:
8525:
8099:A Trip to Egypt, Arabia, Palestine, & Syria
7365:
7353:
6296:
5686:
4500:
2860:The Temple of Jupiter—once wrongly credited to
2834:, dedicated by the city's Roman colonists. The
2136:. In recognition of their prominence among the
1490:in the late 1st century BC until the
1196:during their eastern wars. The settlers of the
553:A few kilometres from the swamp from which the
509:. In later periods, the city was sacked by the
8622:. Routledge Companions to History. Routledge.
8526:Kropp, Andreas; Lohmann, Daniel (April 2011).
8404:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
7978:
6849:
5992:
2392:, on 19 June 1902. It formed a station on the
1996:and plundered Baalbek. Upon the deposition of
1345:and probably completed around AD 60. His
11805:
10667:
9717:
9326:
9234:
8605:Letters from Egypt, Edom, and the Holy Land,
7733:
7679:Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1838). "picture".
7102:
4152:The name also appears in the Hellenized form
3213:to Brazil (1882.03.28 – 1882.10.18), created
3157:Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Baalbek
3112:, propped up to show locals the direction of
3037:in the early 3rd century but destroyed under
2556:On the evening of 1 August 2006, hundreds of
1627:in Heliopolis; he was killed and (allegedly)
1155:Roman Heliopolis and its surroundings in the
953:Bacchus", from the classical temple complex.
933:asserts that it is probably a contraction of
428:, about 67 km (42 mi) northeast of
11819:
9095:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8785:Quaresmio, Francisco (Franciscus Quaresmius)
3783:(1880s–1939), American lecturer from Baalbek
3155:, which in 1964 was promoted to the present
3123:
2977:had slid 2 ft (1 m) following the
1434:, black conical stones considered sacred to
891:
877:
38:
9085:] (in French). Paris: Volland; Desenne.
9049:Venning, Timothy; Frankopan, Peter (2015).
8710:Journal des Voyages de Monsieur de Monconys
8501:The Muslim World in the Age of the Crusades
8268:
7858:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography,
7808:. New York: Harper & Bros. p. 349.
7707:"Yogyakarta dan Libanon Bentuk Kota Kembar"
6769:"Adam's Bed: 16 Varieties of (Im)propriety"
6565:
4233:
2169:and later even serving as consuls of Iran.
1615:converted in the middle of a scene mocking
1147:Reconstruction of Temple of Jupiter/Baalbek
714:
583:Baalbek was called "Heliopolis" during the
569:("Source of the Two Rivers"), the abode of
11812:
11798:
10674:
10660:
9724:
9710:
9333:
9319:
9241:
9227:
8822:
8583:
8307:
8134:] (in French). Paris: Gilles Corrozet.
8107:Belon, Pierre (Petrus Bellonius Cenomanus)
8087:
8073:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
7863:. London: John Murray. pp. 1036–1038.
7837:
7704:
7237:"Cleanup to Start at Old Sites in Lebanon"
6754:
6619:
6478:
5699:
5697:
5695:
4491:
3258:(USA) (1937.01.05 – 1950.07.12), promoted
1901:, who also served as viceroy of Damascus.
8801:
8783:
8720:
8676:Marmont, Auguste-Frédéric-Louis Viesse de
8557:
8542:
8429:Picturesque Palestine, Sinai, and Egypt,
8397:
8288:De Saulcy, Louis Félicien Joseph Caignart
8286:
8282:] (in French). Paris: André Cailleau.
7823:: Harvard University Press. p. 115.
6957:
6927:
6742:
6655:
6580:
6541:
6189:
5493:
4862:
3135:
2352:. In the summer of 2014, a team from the
2089:in the 1280s. By the early 14th century,
2022:. Baalbek was then granted to his nephew
1442:, a former priest "of the sun" at nearby
1203:may have arrived as early as the time of
1201:Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana
1123:as late as the 16th-century visit of the
608:, meaning "Sun City" in reference to the
9295:Rachid Karami International Fair–Tripoli
9287:(the Holy Valley) and the Forest of the
8874:
8851:
8837:
8746:
8700:
8446:
8373:
7984:Roman Building: Materials and Techniques
7377:
7227:
7225:
7223:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6834:
6718:
6706:
6553:
6224:
5375:
5116:
5114:
5085:
4915:
4877:
4597:
4177:, however, is almost certainly mistaken.
4008:Massive columns of the Temple of Jupiter
2851:
2647:
2532:
2371:
2260:
2124:In 1516, Baalbek was conquered with the
2109:
1988:; they defeated Saladin's elder brother
1716:
1702:
1599:The town became a battleground upon the
1273:
1150:
1142:
11833:With correspondence to modern geography
9150:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
9103:
8985:
8969:
8865:
8763:
8674:
8636:
8619:The Routledge Companion to the Crusades
8598:
8231:
8198:
8171:
8150:
8101:] (in Latin). Nürnberg (Noriberga).
8059:
8000:
7530:
7143:
7141:
7113:
6822:
6694:
6682:
6667:
6643:
6631:
6595:
6529:
6441:. Cambridge University Press, Page 166.
6259:
5692:
5674:
5662:
5647:
5584:
5582:
5069:
4833:
3761:(820–912), mathematician and translator
3749:(c. 600 – c. 680), chemist and inventor
3366:to Indonesia (1962.04.18 – 1965.08.23).
1935:Baalbek's citadel served as a jail for
565:) flow, Baalbek may be the same as the
416:: ܒܥܠܒܟ) is a city located east of the
12474:
9145:
9128:
9114:] (in German). Walter de Gruyter.
9069:
9030:
8779:. London: W. Bowyer. pp. 106–113.
8492:
8467:
8450:Baalbek: Heliopolis: "City of the Sun"
8418:
8359:. Vol. I. London: Penguin Books.
8349:
8038:
7691:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839
7687:
7682:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839
7678:
7603:
7567:
7514:
7495:
7422:
7393:
7290:
6915:
6730:
6607:
6517:
6347:
6275:
6147:
6010:Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae
5780:
5759:
5474:
5440:
5387:
5330:
5257:
5241:
5101:
4932:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4051:Baalbek in 1910, after the arrival of
3053:(St Barbara's), having been used as a
3041:, who raised a basilica in its place.
2644:List of largest monoliths in the world
2348:including a spout dating to the early
612:there. The name is attested under the
11793:
10655:
9705:
9314:
9222:
9178:The Entrance to the Temple of Jupiter
8769:"Of Baalbeck, the antient Heliopolis"
8649:Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War
8453:. Beirut: Dar el-Machreq Publishers.
8123:
8105:
8017:
7341:
7231:
7220:
7147:
7114:Butters, Andrew Lee (2 August 2006).
6946:
6921:
6502:
6490:
6366:
6168:
5111:
4676:Wolfgang Gockel; Helga Bruns (1998).
3798:
1446:, who erected a temple for it on the
897:
12487:Populated places in Baalbek District
9154:
9141:. Edinburgh: William Whyte & Co.
8916:
8615:
8326:
8212:
7954:
7848:
7542:
7479:
7463:
7438:
7329:
7313:
7138:
6903:
6861:
6312:
6240:
6205:
5976:
5945:
5839:
5823:
5807:
5724:
5632:
5579:
5459:
5351:
5160:
4959:
4517:
4099:List of Catholic dioceses in Lebanon
3221:(1893.01.19 – 1894.05.18), promoted
2652:1911 diagram of the ruins after the
2537:A map of Israeli bombing during the
2486:, Amal split into two factions over
1966:Ayyubid victory at the Horns of Hama
1562:, broken to pieces. In AD 193,
12542:Sunni Muslim communities in Lebanon
8747:Overbeck, J. Josephus, ed. (1865).
8696:] (in French). Paris: Ladvocat.
8468:Kehrer, Nicole (21 November 2014).
8138:
7782:
7214:
7202:
7190:
7178:
7096:
6058:
6016:: Impensis ed. Weberi. p. 561.
6012:(in Greek and Latin). Vol. I.
4700:
4104:List of colossal sculptures in situ
2929:added the temple's forecourt, with
2545:
2356:led by Jeanine Abdul Massih of the
2034:, who was succeeded by his brother
1721:The probable remains of a medieval
1119:remained obscured by the citadel's
1111:and given as a wedding gift to the
892:
878:
857:
397:
39:
13:
11955:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium
9667:
9193:– via World Digital Library.
9185:: Library of Congress. 29 May 2013
9169:
8151:Burkitt, Francis Crawford (1904).
7931:
7908:
7884:
7867:
7812:
7755:Archaeological research in Baalbek
7705:Syaifullah, M. (26 October 2008).
7583:
7264:
6463:
6418:
6096:
6043:
5508:
5422:
5276:
5145:
5014:
4552:
4425:It has also been misattributed to
4160:in records describing the acts of
3984:The Great Court of Temples Complex
2105:
2054:. When as-Salih Ayyub's successor
1603:. Early Christian writers such as
1372:compared the rituals to those for
1030:SE of the citadel and, during the
14:
12558:
8986:Steiner, Richard C. (Fall 2009).
8870:. Vol. 19. pp. 353–361.
8861:. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
8847:. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
8280:Travel to Syria and Mount Lebanon
8216:Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion
6766:
4433:. The locals once knew it as the
3734:
3194:(Italy) (1871.10.27 – 1876.09.29)
2985:also damaged the area around the
2796:basins to its north and south, a
2224:, after which it was held by the
2205:and its portico inspired that of
1771:
1681:for incorporation in the rebuilt
1677:were disassembled and shipped to
1498:. (The 6th-century chronicles of
1416:sun, moon, and five known planets
1403:, he was encased in a pillarlike
525:. It was inscribed in 1984 as an
12537:7th-millennium BC establishments
12053:
12046:
10682:
9733:
9341:
9249:
8925:Islamic History and Civilization
8275:Voyage de Syrie et du Mont-Leban
7698:
7672:
7632:
7622:
7613:
7064:
7055:
7046:
7037:
7028:
7004:
6976:
6867:
6787:
6760:
6431:
6376:
4714:Historical Dictionary of Lebanon
4598:Olausson, Lena (2 August 2006).
4467:caretaker Um Kasim would demand
4457:
4440:
4419:
4389:
4373:
4364:
4263:
4071:
4059:
4044:
4029:
4013:
4001:
3989:
3977:
3965:
3953:
3941:
3917:
3904:
3891:
3878:
3865:
3808:
3789:(1872–1949), poet and journalist
3266:(1950.07.12 – 1959.11.12), also
2482:. In 1982, at the height of the
2469:announced the launching of the "
2172:From the 16th century, European
1958:, Saladin rewarded him with the
1120:
949:proposes a Semitic adaption of "
694:. It was sometimes described as
557:(the classical Leontes) and the
456:, and a Roman quarry site named
335:
139:
77:
70:
57:
12497:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
12492:World Heritage Sites in Lebanon
11316:Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)
9740:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
8927:, Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill.
8543:Lamartine, Alphonse de (1835).
8474:German Archaeological Institute
8042:God's Emissaries: Adam to Jesus
7769:Baalbeck International Festival
7759:German Archaeological Institute
7116:"Behind the Battle for Baalbek"
6873:
6795:"St George's Church Bloomsbury"
6437:Stefan Winter (11 March 2010).
5986:
5897:
5881:
5865:
5849:
5734:
5553:
5535:
5517:
5397:
5360:
5297:German Archaeological Institute
5285:
5223:
5211:
5180:
5169:
5045:
5036:
5027:
4883:
4849:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
4839:
4811:
4802:
4776:
4756:
4730:
4242:
4215:
4206:
4196:
4180:
4167:
4146:
4094:Cities of the ancient Near East
3229:(1894.05.18 – death 1904.11.14)
2746:in gratitude for the safety of
2367:
2354:German Archaeological Institute
1897:. It was granted to the eunuch
1407:and surrounded (like the Greco-
1364:raised in his right hand and a
78:
28:City in Baalbek-Hermel, Lebanon
16:City in Baalbek-Hermel, Lebanon
12482:Tourist attractions in Lebanon
10688:Phoenician cities and colonies
10596:Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)
9146:Winter, Stefan Helmut (2002).
8992:Journal of Biblical Literature
8970:Sedlitz, Melchior von (1580).
8889:: Cambridge University Press.
8660:: Cambridge University Press.
8398:Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977).
4669:
4643:
4589:
4561:
4121:
3309:to Lebanon (1947 – 1950.09.18)
3162:
3057:church into the 18th century.
2884:, and 8 columns were taken to
2460:Baalbek International Festival
2256:
1707:The ruins of a Baalbek mosque
1698:
1685:sometime between 532 and 537.
1506:, which claimed Baalbek as a "
1316:first with the worship of the
1116:
209:16 km (6 sq mi)
1:
8982:Reprinted at Görlitz in 1591.
8808:Hierosolymitana Peregrinatio
8308:Frauberger, Heinrich (1892).
8227:: Cambridge University Press.
8213:Cook, Arthur Bernard (1914).
7797:: Cambridge University Press.
7764:GCatholic – Latin titular see
7150:"Minute by Minute:: August 2"
4897:, Bk XIV, Ch. 8, §6
4651:"Mohafazah de Baalbek-Hermel"
4478:
3851:
3839:The events of the 1984 novel
3381:Köppen climate classification
3339:(1960.07.12 – 1962.01.01) as
3332:(Bolivia) (1940.02.03 – 1951)
3316:(1922.05.17 – 1931.03.30) as
3297:to Iran (1936.03.07 – 1945),
3242:(1929.04.26 – 1935.11.26) as
2997:and a 36 ft (11 m)
2498:, began to work with Iranian
2388:-owned railway concession in
2380:Baalbek was connected to the
2362:world's largest ancient block
2332:reported in making Baalbek a
2185:in the world. The Englishman
2115:
1708:
1105:'s which was put together by
1000:
988:, and the "Plain of Aven" in
831:
814:
201:7 km (3 sq mi)
9052:A Chronology of the Crusades
8002:Addison, Charles Greenstreet
7744:Panoramas of the temples at
6964:. Halden: Østfold University
6934:. Halden: Østfold University
5599:Bk. V, Ch. 15, §22
5571:Bk. 14, Ch. 2, §10
5135:: Library of Congress. 2015.
3147:In 1701, Eastern Catholics (
2868:, it was also known as the "
2558:Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)
2266:The largest stone at Baalbek
1745: 13), in 636, or under
1733:Baalbek was occupied by the
1414:) by busts representing the
1326:and then with the Greek and
1136:
217:1,170 m (3,840 ft)
7:
12512:Phoenician sites in Lebanon
12454:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
11901:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa
10281:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
10241:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
9042:A Cosmography of the Levant
8980:] (in German). Fritsch.
8878:A History of the Crusades,
8823:Richardson, Robert (1822).
8234:Journal of Hellenic Studies
8063:A History of the Crusades,
7982:; Mathews, Anthony (1999).
7909:Sobernheim, Moritz (1913).
7868:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878),
7856:. In Smith, William (ed.).
6382:le Strange, 1890, p. xxiii.
5712:, Vol. I, Ch. 23.
4653:. Localiban. Archived from
4463:In the 1870s and '80s, its
4412:M. PRO SAL D. IMP. ANTONIN
4087:
4080:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
3583:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
3443:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
2896:for incorporation into the
2719:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
2632:Temples of the Beqaa Valley
2628:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
2144:, the Ottomans awarded the
1271:to the coast and interior.
1207:but were more probably the
1086:). The site of the present
408:
10:
12563:
12461:Legacy of the Roman Empire
11668:Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)
9438:Chmestar - Gharbi Baalbeck
9351:Baalbek-Hermel Governorate
8592:Palestine Exploration Fund
8221:Zeus God of the Bright Sky
8024:. Beirut: American Press.
7932:Zettersteen, K.V. (1936).
7791:Cambridge Medieval History
7783:Hussey, J.M., ed. (1966).
7740:Google Maps satellite view
7734:Sources and external links
5129:ALA-LC Romanization Tables
4400:M. DIIS HELIVPOL. PRO SAL.
4269:Notable visitors included
4036:Panorama, around 1870, by
3934:
3726:
3393:
3370:
3142:Heliopolis in Augustamnica
2769:reckoned it as the town's
2730:
2703:
2620:Temple of Jupiter, Baalbek
2617:
2562:Operation Sharp and Smooth
2552:Operation Sharp and Smooth
2549:
1790:before being conquered by
1518:(Ashtart), and a third to
995:
600:
485:
452:, a Great Mosque from the
434:Baalbek-Hermel Governorate
286:UNESCO World Heritage Site
18:
12449:
12416:
12363:
12320:
12290:
12243:
12234:
12193:
12102:
12071:
12062:
12044:
12024:
11986:
11968:
11945:
11927:
11909:
11891:
11873:
11845:
11838:
11831:
11756:
11635:
11579:
11448:
11421:Portus Magonis (Portimão)
11409:
11293:
11240:
11204:
11114:
10993:
10985:Strato's Tower (Caesarea)
10937:
10906:
10870:
10694:
10531:Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai
10181:Phoenician port of Beirut
10101:Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze)
9746:
9678:
9665:
9369:
9357:
9265:
9104:Wiegand, Theodor (1925).
8875:Runciman, Steven (1951).
8708:[Syrian Travel].
8311:Die Akropolis von Baalbek
8067:The First Hundred Years,
8018:Alouf, Michel M. (1944).
5604:29 September 2018 at the
3807:'s poetical illustration
3652:
3582:
3512:
3442:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3394:Climate data for Baalbek
3282:(1959.11.12 – 1963.07.16)
3124:Tomb of Husayn's daughter
2344:. Finds included pottery
2154:concessions to Baalbek's
1833:. It was briefly held by
1806:in 1000, and occupied by
1673:, eight of the complex's
1592:priest "of the sun" like
1450:. Heliopolis was a noted
1177:
720:) to distinguish it from
640:, who were successors of
324:
312:
302:
292:
283:
279:
265:
248:
237:
226:
221:
213:
205:
194:
189:
181:
176:
164:
152:
134:
119:34.0063361°N 36.2073222°E
99:
65:
56:
47:
33:
11167:Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)
9901:Canalizations of Zenobia
8917:Sato, Tsugitaka (1997).
8775:Vol. II, Pt. I
8611:. London: Henry Colburn.
8584:le Strange, Guy (1890).
8567:. Livius. Archived from
6132:Venning & al. (2015)
6116:Venning & al. (2015)
6081:Venning & al. (2015)
4569:
4437:or "Court of Happiness".
4114:
4109:List of megalithic sites
3805:Letitia Elizabeth Landon
3747:Callinicus of Heliopolis
2613:
2471:Movement of the Deprived
2232:, the rebel governor of
2114:Baalbek & environs,
1950:was made to yield it to
1939:taken by the Zengids as
1865:and gave Baalbek to his
1725:in front of some of the
1631:. Around the same time,
1554:and received in reply a
1192:. It was annexed by the
19:Not to be confused with
12547:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
12456:; Proposed; in Danger
12250:Palestinian territories
10086:Kouachra megalith field
9976:Heliopolis in Phoenicia
9055:. Abingdon: Routledge.
8447:Jidejian, Nina (1975).
8425:Wilson, Charles William
8419:Jessup, Samuel (1881).
8200:Chesney, Francis Rawdon
8173:Chesney, Francis Rawdon
8157:. London: John Murray.
8039:Arastu, Rizwan (2014).
7972:10.3406/syria.1977.6623
7901:Encyclopædia Britannica
7877:Encyclopædia Britannica
7816:The Classical Tradition
7774:Baalbek Railway Station
7694:. Fisher, Son & Co.
7685:. Fisher, Son & Co.
7148:Nahla (2 August 2006).
5994:Niebuhr, Barthold Georg
4902:1 November 2022 at the
4570:إتحاد بلديات غربي بعلبك
3753:Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i
3322:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
3299:Apostolic Administrator
3219:S. Bartolomeo all'Isola
3181:Heliopolis in Phoenicia
2941:at the southern end of
2919:Julio-Claudian emperors
2636:List of Roman monoliths
2572:, who were abducted by
2449:independence of Lebanon
2410:Beirut–Damascus Railway
2195:Neoclassical architects
2050:, who bestowed it upon
1121:medieval fortifications
958:Biblical archaeologists
848:. It was pronounced as
735:Heliopolis in Phoenicia
548:
495:Christianization period
432:. It is the capital of
23:, in the United States.
12527:Roman sites in Lebanon
11996:Aelia Augusta Aeclanum
10586:Temple of the Obelisks
10236:Roman Forum of Berytus
10136:Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir)
9886:Berytus (Roman Beirut)
9672:
9410:Beit Chama - Aaqidiyeh
9037:Cosmographie de Levant
8702:Monconys, Balthasar de
8124:Belon, Pierre (1554).
7366:Ruprechtsberger (1999)
7354:Ruprechtsberger (1999)
7034:David Hirst pp.187-188
6961:Al Mashriq: The Levant
6931:Al Mashriq: The Levant
6329:Venning & al. 2015
6297:Lyons & al. (1982)
5909:Hist. Compend. Dynast.
5687:Kropp & al. (2011)
5299:. 2004. Archived from
5042:Brit. Mus. Add. 12150.
4234:
3847:take place in Baalbek.
3818:William Henry Bartlett
3816:. is on a painting by
3771:Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī
3765:Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir
3151:) established anew an
3136:Ecclesiastical history
2857:
2657:
2542:
2377:
2269:
2238:Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt
2121:
2058:was murdered in 1250,
2052:Saʿd al-Din al-Humaidi
1730:
1714:
1295:
1163:
1148:
1018:
941:of the Source" of the
929:as "City of the Sun".
866:Modern Standard Arabic
715:
709:
124:34.0063361; 36.2073222
11011:Cape Melqart (Cefalù)
10246:Roman temple of Bziza
9791:Akkar plain foothills
9671:
9214:on 12 September 2007.
9208:World Heritage Centre
8759:(in Classical Syriac)
8654:Oriental Publications
8316:The Baalbek Acropolis
8146:. Human Rights Watch.
7886:Hogarth, David George
7850:Donne, William Bodham
6882:World Heritage Centre
6850:Adam & al. (1999)
5033:Mishnah, Maaserot 5:8
4600:"How to Say: Baalbek"
3377:mediterranean climate
3364:Apostolic Internuncio
3211:Apostolic Internuncio
3173:Titular archbishopric
2855:
2651:
2536:
2375:
2264:
2113:
1720:
1706:
1545:consulted the site's
1356:god in the pose of a
1277:
1227:. It is mentioned in
1180:) formed part of the
1154:
1146:
722:its namesake in Egypt
690:with their great god
527:UNESCO World Heritage
450:ancient Roman temples
267: • Summer (
11688:Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)
11526:Carthage (Cartagena)
10914:Callista (Santorini)
10852:Tipasa in Mauretania
10812:Rusippisir (Taksebt)
9255:World Heritage Sites
8833:. London: T. Cadell.
8616:Lock, Peter (2013).
8564:Baalbek (Heliopolis)
7854:"Helio′polis Syriae"
7786:The Byzantine Empire
6004:[CCLXXXIX].
5894:, III.7 & IV.22.
3358:Titular Archbishop:
3341:Coadjutor Archbishop
3335:Titular Archbishop:
3285:Titular Archbishop:
3197:Titular Archbishop:
2798:subterranean chamber
2500:Revolutionary Guards
1601:rise of Christianity
1492:rise of Christianity
984:where Solomon had a
732:is distinguished as
636:ones imposed by the
622:Ammianus Marcellinus
11425:Olissipona (Lisbon)
10501:Tell Rasm El Hadeth
9501:Haouch Tall Safiyeh
8590:. Committee of the
8480:on 12 December 2014
8442:. pp. 453–476.
8318:] (in German).
7241:The Washington Post
6775:on 2 September 2010
4657:on 21 February 2017
4349:(1838 & 1852),
4191:First Book of Kings
3841:Les fous de Baalbek
3513:Daily mean °C (°F)
2752:Antoninus Caracalla
2740:1st Parthian Legion
2358:Lebanese University
2334:World Heritage Site
2268:, uncovered in 2014
2249:and its governor a
1645:Julian the Apostate
1516:Venus Heliopolitana
1508:wonder of the world
1300:Classical Antiquity
1170:Alexander the Great
978:First Book of Kings
697:Heliopolis in Syria
656:in the sky and its
642:Alexander the Great
624:notes that earlier
535:1975–1990 civil war
497:and the subsequent
115: /
91:Location in Lebanon
12532:Tourism in Lebanon
12277:: Emmaus Nicopolis
12260:: Aelia Capitolina
12072:Of legion veterans
11929:Gallia Narbonensis
11911:Gallia Lugdunensis
11875:Britannia Inferior
11847:Britannia Superior
11597:Balanaea (Baniyas)
10827:Rusuccuru (Dellys)
10541:Tell Sultan Yakoub
10491:Tell Neba'a Litani
10486:Tell Neba'a Chaate
9851:Baidar ech Chamout
9673:
9370:Towns and villages
9291:(Horsh Arz el-Rab)
8600:Lindsay, Alexander
8021:History of Baalbek
7660:. Climate-Data.org
7658:"Climate: Baalbek"
7243:. Associated Press
7235:(4 October 2006).
7217:, p. 164–165.
7193:, p. 127–128.
7160:on 3 November 2020
7126:on 24 October 2012
7072:Christopher Mayhew
6801:on 4 November 2007
6566:de la Roque (1722)
6006:Chronicon Paschale
5303:on 11 October 2004
5293:"Lebanon, Baalbek"
5218:Song of Songs 8:11
3845:Gérard de Villiers
3833:The Book of Khalid
3799:In popular culture
3295:Apostolic Delegate
3276:Titular Archbishop
3272:Apostolic Delegate
3203:Apostolic Delegate
3153:Eparchy of Baalbek
3051:Barbarat el-Atikah
2878:Corinthian columns
2858:
2664:and a rough white
2658:
2578:Apache helicopters
2543:
2539:Second Lebanon War
2510:villages, such as
2502:, veterans of the
2453:Lebanese Civil War
2378:
2296:and a fragment of
2270:
2122:
1978:Raymond of Tripoli
1972:, the young leper
1961:emirate of Baalbek
1930:Benjamin of Tudela
1835:Muslim ibn Quraysh
1802:in 974, raided by
1731:
1715:
1687:Michael the Syrian
1675:Corinthian columns
1621:stone him to death
1524:Heliopolitan Triad
1296:
1174:conquest of Persia
1164:
1149:
1082:), and their son (
1072:Heliopolitan Triad
899:[ˈbʕalbik]
760:, it was known as
738:, from its former
710:Heliopolis Syriaca
606:Hellenistic period
604:) used during the
537:, and the ongoing
206: • Metro
182: • Mayor
12507:Phoenician cities
12502:Great Rift Valley
12469:
12468:
12445:
12444:
12441:
12440:
12270:Caesarea Maritima
12194:Possible colonies
12084:Caesarea Maritima
12042:
12041:
12001:Castra Taurinorum
11947:Germania Inferior
11787:
11786:
11417:Portus Hannibalis
11306:Arambys (Mogador)
11191:Ushu (Palaetyrus)
11172:Porphyreon (Jieh)
11041:Kapara (Soluntum)
10857:Tipasa in Numidia
10807:Rusicade (Skikda)
10649:
10648:
10581:Temple of Jupiter
10571:Temple of Bacchus
10331:Tell Ain Ghessali
10326:Tell Ain el Meten
10256:Saraain El Faouqa
9699:
9698:
9308:
9307:
9121:978-3-11-002370-1
9062:978-1-138-80269-8
8706:"Voyage de Syrie"
8641:. Special: 29–30.
8510:978-90-04-24857-1
8460:978-2-7214-5884-1
8390:978-1-4102-1729-5
8342:978-3-447-06216-9
8270:de la Roque, Jean
8052:978-0-692-21411-4
7993:978-0-415-20866-6
7980:Adam, Jean-Pierre
7956:Adam, Jean-Pierre
7830:978-0-674-03572-0
7717:on 18 August 2009
7644:www.gcatholic.org
7061:David Hirst p.235
7052:David Hirst p.186
7043:David Hirst p.190
7023:978-0-571-23741-8
7017:Faber and Faber.
6755:Frauberger (1892)
6620:Richardson (1822)
6479:Baumgarten (1594)
4723:978-1-5381-2043-9
4248:It is mentioned,
4223:Septimius Severus
3960:Temple of Bacchus
3731:
3730:
3337:Raffaele Calabria
3260:Archbishop-Bishop
3177:Titular bishopric
3035:Septimius Severus
3033:—was added under
2954:Septimius Severus
2950:Temple of Bacchus
2824:Septimius Severus
2748:Septimius Severus
2676:, a 13th-century
2624:Temple of Bacchus
2400:to its south and
2042:by their brother
1986:Humphrey of Toron
1974:king of Jerusalem
1754:defeat at Yarmouk
1572:rights. His wife
1566:granted the city
1564:Septimius Severus
1335:Heliopolitan Zeus
1293:Temple of Bacchus
1099:Islamic mythology
1088:Temple of Jupiter
976:'s cities in the
917:took it to mean "
870:vowels are marked
567:manbaa al-nahrayn
523:Temple of Jupiter
519:Temple of Bacchus
406:
328:
327:
12554:
12517:Coloniae (Roman)
12241:
12240:
12221:Emmaus Nicopolis
12089:Aelia Capitolina
12069:
12068:
12057:
12050:
11843:
11842:
11814:
11807:
11800:
11791:
11790:
11556:Tagilit (Tíjola)
11331:Shalat (Chellah)
11301:Azama (Azemmour)
10686:
10676:
10669:
10662:
10653:
10652:
10576:Temple of Eshmun
10186:Plain of Zgharta
10126:Maronite mummies
10081:Khirbet El-Knese
10036:Kamouh el Hermel
9966:Haret ech Cheikh
9936:Douris (Baalbek)
9916:Deir El Aachayer
9738:
9737:
9726:
9719:
9712:
9703:
9702:
9641:Temnine Et Tahta
9616:Seriine el Tahta
9611:Seriine el Fawka
9453:Fakiha - Jdeydeh
9347:Baalbek District
9345:
9335:
9328:
9321:
9312:
9311:
9253:
9243:
9236:
9229:
9220:
9219:
9215:
9210:. Archived from
9194:
9192:
9190:
9165:
9151:
9142:
9125:
9100:
9094:
9086:
9066:
9045:
9027:
9025:
9023:
9014:. Archived from
9004:10.2307/25610200
8981:
8966:
8960:
8956:
8954:
8946:
8913:
8900:
8871:
8862:
8853:Robinson, Edward
8848:
8839:Robinson, Edward
8834:
8819:
8812:A Jerusalem Trip
8798:
8780:
8765:Pococke, Richard
8760:
8756:
8743:
8722:Maundrell, Henry
8717:
8697:
8671:
8642:
8633:
8612:
8595:
8580:
8578:
8576:
8554:
8539:
8537:
8535:
8530:. pp. 38–50
8522:
8489:
8487:
8485:
8476:. Archived from
8464:
8443:
8415:
8394:
8370:
8346:
8323:
8304:
8283:
8265:
8228:
8209:
8183:
8168:
8147:
8145:
8135:
8120:
8102:
8084:
8056:
8035:
8014:
7997:
7975:
7951:
7928:
7905:
7893:
7881:
7873:
7864:
7845:
7834:
7809:
7798:
7793:, Vol. IV.
7750:Discover Lebanon
7727:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7713:. Archived from
7711:Tempo Interaktif
7702:
7696:
7695:
7686:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7665:
7654:
7648:
7647:
7636:
7630:
7626:
7620:
7617:
7611:
7601:
7590:
7581:
7575:
7565:
7550:
7540:
7534:
7528:
7522:
7512:
7503:
7493:
7487:
7477:
7471:
7461:
7446:
7436:
7430:
7420:
7401:
7391:
7385:
7375:
7369:
7363:
7357:
7351:
7345:
7339:
7333:
7327:
7321:
7311:
7298:
7288:
7271:
7262:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7229:
7218:
7212:
7206:
7200:
7194:
7188:
7182:
7176:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7156:. Archived from
7145:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7122:. Archived from
7111:
7100:
7094:
7079:
7068:
7062:
7059:
7053:
7050:
7044:
7041:
7035:
7032:
7026:
7008:
7002:
6980:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6955:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6925:
6919:
6913:
6907:
6901:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6871:
6865:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6838:
6832:
6826:
6820:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6797:. Archived from
6791:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6764:
6758:
6752:
6746:
6743:De Saulcy (1853)
6740:
6734:
6728:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6704:
6698:
6692:
6686:
6680:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6656:Lamartine (1835)
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6623:
6617:
6611:
6605:
6599:
6593:
6584:
6581:Maundrell (1703)
6578:
6569:
6563:
6557:
6551:
6545:
6542:Quaresmio (1639)
6539:
6533:
6527:
6521:
6515:
6506:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6482:
6476:
6470:
6461:
6442:
6435:
6429:
6416:
6383:
6380:
6374:
6364:
6355:
6345:
6336:
6326:
6320:
6310:
6304:
6294:
6283:
6273:
6267:
6257:
6248:
6238:
6232:
6222:
6213:
6203:
6197:
6190:Humphreys (1977)
6187:
6176:
6166:
6155:
6145:
6139:
6129:
6123:
6113:
6107:
6094:
6088:
6078:
6069:
6056:
6050:
6041:
6018:
6017:
5990:
5984:
5974:
5953:
5943:
5916:
5915:
5901:
5895:
5885:
5879:
5869:
5863:
5853:
5847:
5837:
5831:
5821:
5815:
5805:
5788:
5778:
5767:
5757:
5748:
5743:, translated in
5738:
5732:
5722:
5713:
5701:
5690:
5684:
5678:
5672:
5666:
5660:
5651:
5645:
5639:
5630:
5609:
5586:
5577:
5576:
5557:
5551:
5539:
5533:
5521:
5515:
5506:
5497:
5494:Radziwiłł (1601)
5491:
5482:
5472:
5466:
5457:
5444:
5438:
5429:
5420:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5385:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5364:
5358:
5349:
5338:
5328:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5289:
5283:
5274:
5265:
5255:
5249:
5239:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5204:New Class. Dict.
5200:
5189:
5184:
5178:
5173:
5167:
5158:
5152:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5126:
5118:
5109:
5099:
5093:
5083:
5077:
5067:
5061:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5025:
5012:
4967:
4957:
4940:
4930:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4866:
4863:Lendering (2013)
4860:
4851:
4850:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4818:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4772:. 23 April 2024.
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4742:Voice of America
4734:
4728:
4727:
4709:
4698:
4697:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4626:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4565:
4559:
4550:
4521:
4515:
4498:
4489:
4472:
4461:
4455:
4444:
4438:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4406:
4405:
4393:
4387:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4362:
4267:
4261:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4230:
4229:
4225:bear the legend
4219:
4213:
4210:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4184:
4178:
4171:
4165:
4150:
4144:
4125:
4075:
4063:
4048:
4033:
4017:
4005:
3993:
3981:
3969:
3957:
3945:
3922:
3921:
3909:
3908:
3896:
3895:
3883:
3882:
3870:
3869:
3812:
3775:Lebanese-Iranian
3391:
3390:
3318:Coadjutor Bishop
3307:Apostolic Nuncio
3268:Apostolic Nuncio
3256:Savannah–Atlanta
3244:Auxiliary Bishop
3238:Titular Bishop:
2983:1759 earthquakes
2979:1759 earthquakes
2733:
2732:
2706:
2705:
2683:1759 earthquakes
2598:Hassan Nasrallah
2546:2006 Lebanon War
2484:Israeli invasion
2313:Jean-Pierre Adam
2222:1759 earthquakes
2120:
2117:
2064:sultan of Aleppo
1963:
1941:prisoners of war
1872:. In July 1139,
1808:Salih ibn Mirdas
1796:mid-10th century
1773:
1769:
1762:
1761:
1743:
1742:
1737:in AD 634 (
1713:
1710:
1667:bishop of Edessa
1658:Easter Chronicle
1496:4th century
1428:Transalpine Gaul
1343:1st century
1333:under the name "
1247:of nearly every
1078:), his consort (
901:
895:
894:
881:
880:
862:Classical Arabic
859:
846:bishop of Edessa
836:
833:
819:
816:
800:
799:
736:
718:
699:
603:
602:
539:Syrian civil war
488:
487:
411:
401:
399:
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
360:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
272:
145:
143:
142:
130:
129:
127:
126:
125:
120:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
81:
80:
74:
61:
42:
41:
31:
30:
12562:
12561:
12557:
12556:
12555:
12553:
12552:
12551:
12472:
12471:
12470:
12465:
12437:
12412:
12403:: Philippopolis
12359:
12332:: Arca Caesarea
12316:
12286:
12248:
12236:
12230:
12189:
12098:
12058:
12052:
12051:
12038:
12020:
11982:
11978:Augusta Emerita
11964:
11941:
11923:
11905:
11887:
11869:
11834:
11827:
11818:
11788:
11783:
11752:
11643:Aspis (Kelibia)
11631:
11575:
11444:
11430:Ossonoba (Faro)
11405:
11289:
11236:
11200:
11137:Athar (Tripoli)
11110:
10989:
10933:
10902:
10866:
10742:Iol (Cherchell)
10690:
10680:
10650:
10645:
10601:Tyre Necropolis
10496:Tell Qasr Labwe
10446:Tell Kabb Elias
10416:Tell Hoch Rafqa
10396:Tell El Ghassil
10366:Tell Bir Dakoue
10341:Tell Ain Saouda
10336:Tell Ain Nfaikh
10286:Tahun ben Aissa
10251:Sands of Beirut
9991:Jabal es Saaïdé
9941:Elaea (Lebanon)
9926:Deir Mar Maroun
9742:
9732:
9730:
9700:
9695:
9691:Jabal es Saaïdé
9674:
9663:
9636:Temnin el Fawka
9594:Ram - Jbenniyeh
9365:
9353:
9339:
9309:
9304:
9261:
9247:
9197:
9188:
9186:
9175:
9172:
9170:Further reading
9122:
9088:
9087:
9063:
9021:
9019:
9018:on 4 March 2016
8958:
8957:
8948:
8947:
8935:
8897:
8758:
8727:A Journey from
8668:
8656:, No. 30.
8630:
8574:
8572:
8559:Lendering, Jona
8533:
8531:
8511:
8483:
8481:
8461:
8412:
8391:
8375:Hastings, James
8367:
8356:The Greek Myths
8343:
8331:. Vol. 2:
8300:], Vol. II
8219:. Vol. I:
8165:
8143:
8081:
8053:
8032:
7994:
7948:
7925:
7891:"Baalbek"
7871:"Baalbec"
7831:
7736:
7731:
7730:
7720:
7718:
7703:
7699:
7677:
7673:
7663:
7661:
7656:
7655:
7651:
7638:
7637:
7633:
7627:
7623:
7618:
7614:
7602:
7593:
7582:
7578:
7566:
7553:
7541:
7537:
7529:
7525:
7513:
7506:
7494:
7490:
7478:
7474:
7462:
7449:
7437:
7433:
7421:
7404:
7392:
7388:
7378:Hastings (2004)
7376:
7372:
7364:
7360:
7352:
7348:
7340:
7336:
7328:
7324:
7312:
7301:
7289:
7274:
7263:
7256:
7246:
7244:
7230:
7221:
7213:
7209:
7201:
7197:
7189:
7185:
7177:
7173:
7163:
7161:
7154:Lebanon Updates
7146:
7139:
7129:
7127:
7112:
7103:
7095:
7082:
7069:
7065:
7060:
7056:
7051:
7047:
7042:
7038:
7033:
7029:
7009:
7005:
6981:
6977:
6967:
6965:
6956:
6947:
6937:
6935:
6926:
6922:
6914:
6910:
6902:
6898:
6887:
6885:
6872:
6868:
6860:
6856:
6848:
6841:
6835:Jidejian (1975)
6833:
6829:
6821:
6814:
6804:
6802:
6793:
6792:
6788:
6778:
6776:
6765:
6761:
6753:
6749:
6741:
6737:
6729:
6725:
6719:Robinson (1856)
6717:
6713:
6707:Robinson (1841)
6705:
6701:
6693:
6689:
6681:
6674:
6666:
6662:
6654:
6650:
6642:
6638:
6630:
6626:
6618:
6614:
6606:
6602:
6594:
6587:
6579:
6572:
6564:
6560:
6554:Monconys (1665)
6552:
6548:
6540:
6536:
6528:
6524:
6516:
6509:
6501:
6497:
6489:
6485:
6477:
6473:
6462:
6445:
6436:
6432:
6417:
6386:
6381:
6377:
6365:
6358:
6346:
6339:
6327:
6323:
6311:
6307:
6295:
6286:
6274:
6270:
6258:
6251:
6239:
6235:
6225:Runciman (1951)
6223:
6216:
6204:
6200:
6188:
6179:
6167:
6158:
6146:
6142:
6130:
6126:
6114:
6110:
6095:
6091:
6079:
6072:
6057:
6053:
6042:
6021:
6002:"σπθʹ Ὀλυμπιάς"
6000:, eds. (1832).
5998:Dindorf, Ludwig
5991:
5987:
5975:
5956:
5944:
5919:
5913:
5902:
5898:
5886:
5882:
5870:
5866:
5854:
5850:
5838:
5834:
5822:
5818:
5806:
5791:
5779:
5770:
5758:
5751:
5739:
5735:
5723:
5716:
5702:
5693:
5685:
5681:
5673:
5669:
5661:
5654:
5646:
5642:
5638:, p. 1037.
5631:
5612:
5606:Wayback Machine
5587:
5580:
5574:
5558:
5554:
5540:
5536:
5522:
5518:
5507:
5500:
5492:
5485:
5473:
5469:
5465:, p. 1038.
5458:
5447:
5439:
5432:
5421:
5410:
5402:
5398:
5386:
5382:
5376:Jidejian (1975)
5374:
5370:
5365:
5361:
5357:, p. 1036.
5350:
5341:
5329:
5316:
5306:
5304:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5275:
5268:
5256:
5252:
5240:
5236:
5228:
5224:
5216:
5212:
5201:
5192:
5187:1 Kings 9:17–18
5185:
5181:
5174:
5170:
5159:
5155:
5144:
5140:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5112:
5100:
5096:
5086:Overbeck (1865)
5084:
5080:
5068:
5064:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5032:
5028:
5013:
4970:
4958:
4943:
4931:
4922:
4916:Jidejian (1975)
4914:
4910:
4904:Wayback Machine
4888:
4884:
4878:Jidejian (1975)
4876:
4869:
4861:
4854:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4832:
4821:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4793:
4791:
4781:
4777:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4747:
4745:
4744:. 23 March 2024
4736:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4710:
4701:
4694:
4679:Syria – Lebanon
4674:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4629:
4623:Merriam–Webster
4617:
4608:
4606:
4594:
4590:
4580:
4578:
4577:on 23 July 2021
4571:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4551:
4524:
4516:
4501:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4475:
4462:
4458:
4445:
4441:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4384:Philip the Arab
4378:
4374:
4369:
4365:
4268:
4264:
4247:
4243:
4228:COL·HEL·I·O·M·H
4227:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4197:
4185:
4181:
4172:
4168:
4151:
4147:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4067:
4064:
4055:
4049:
4040:
4034:
4025:
4018:
4009:
4006:
3997:
3996:Temple of Venus
3994:
3985:
3982:
3973:
3970:
3961:
3958:
3949:
3946:
3937:
3916:
3903:
3890:
3877:
3864:
3854:
3814:Ruins at Balbec
3801:
3793:Harfush dynasty
3737:
3732:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3373:
3360:Ottavio De Liva
3223:Cardinal-Bishop
3215:Cardinal-Priest
3165:
3138:
3126:
3104:on the road to
2991:1759 earthquake
2876:of 54 unfluted
2816:Marcus Aurelius
2763:Philip the Arab
2685:and six today.
2646:
2616:
2594:Mohammad Yazbek
2582:unmanned drones
2566:Ehud Goldwasser
2554:
2548:
2465:In March 1974,
2447:proclaimed the
2445:Georges Catroux
2418:First World War
2370:
2276:Wilhelm II
2259:
2247:Damascus Eyalet
2191:Ruins of Balbec
2159:
2118:
2108:
2106:Early modernity
2083:sultan of Egypt
2036:as-Salih Ismail
1959:
1956:Ibn al-Muqaddam
1794:in 942. In the
1765:
1759:
1758:
1740:
1739:
1711:
1701:
1478:, and near the
1166:
1165:
1139:
1005:The hilltop of
1003:
998:
904:Lebanese Arabic
834:
820:translation of
817:
813:manuscripts, a
801:appears in the
797:
796:
734:
695:
674:was more often
658:personification
551:
362:
338:
334:
298:Cultural: i, iv
288:
266:
140:
138:
123:
121:
117:
114:
109:
106:
104:
102:
101:
95:
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:
86:
82:
52:
43:
36:
29:
24:
21:Balbec, Indiana
17:
12:
11:
5:
12560:
12550:
12549:
12544:
12539:
12534:
12529:
12524:
12519:
12514:
12509:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12489:
12484:
12467:
12466:
12464:
12463:
12457:
12450:
12447:
12446:
12443:
12442:
12439:
12438:
12436:
12435:
12429:
12422:
12420:
12414:
12413:
12411:
12410:
12404:
12398:
12392:
12386:
12381:
12376:
12369:
12367:
12361:
12360:
12358:
12357:
12351:
12345:
12339:
12333:
12326:
12324:
12318:
12317:
12315:
12314:
12308:
12302:
12296:
12294:
12288:
12287:
12285:
12284:
12278:
12272:
12267:
12261:
12254:
12252:
12238:
12235:Locations with
12232:
12231:
12229:
12228:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12208:
12203:
12197:
12195:
12191:
12190:
12188:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12172:
12167:
12162:
12157:
12152:
12147:
12142:
12137:
12132:
12127:
12122:
12117:
12112:
12106:
12104:
12103:Of late Empire
12100:
12099:
12097:
12096:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12075:
12073:
12066:
12060:
12059:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12039:
12037:
12036:
12030:
12028:
12022:
12021:
12019:
12018:
12013:
12008:
12003:
11998:
11992:
11990:
11984:
11983:
11981:
11980:
11974:
11972:
11966:
11965:
11963:
11962:
11957:
11951:
11949:
11943:
11942:
11940:
11939:
11933:
11931:
11925:
11924:
11922:
11921:
11915:
11913:
11907:
11906:
11904:
11903:
11897:
11895:
11889:
11888:
11886:
11885:
11879:
11877:
11871:
11870:
11868:
11867:
11862:
11860:Lindum Colonia
11857:
11851:
11849:
11840:
11836:
11835:
11832:
11829:
11828:
11817:
11816:
11809:
11802:
11794:
11785:
11784:
11782:
11781:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11760:
11758:
11754:
11753:
11751:
11750:
11745:
11735:
11730:
11720:
11715:
11713:Sicca (El Kef)
11710:
11705:
11700:
11690:
11685:
11675:
11670:
11665:
11655:
11650:
11645:
11639:
11637:
11633:
11632:
11630:
11629:
11624:
11619:
11614:
11609:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11583:
11581:
11577:
11576:
11574:
11573:
11568:
11558:
11553:
11543:
11538:
11528:
11523:
11518:
11508:
11503:
11493:
11488:
11483:
11473:
11463:
11452:
11450:
11446:
11445:
11443:
11442:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11419:
11413:
11411:
11407:
11406:
11404:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11348:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11297:
11295:
11291:
11290:
11288:
11287:
11282:
11280:Ras il-Wardija
11277:
11272:
11267:
11262:
11252:
11244:
11242:
11238:
11237:
11235:
11234:
11229:
11219:
11208:
11206:
11202:
11201:
11199:
11198:
11193:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11162:Gebal (Byblos)
11159:
11157:Botrys (Teros)
11154:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11118:
11116:
11112:
11111:
11109:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11088:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11043:
11038:
11036:Heraclea Minoa
11033:
11023:
11013:
11008:
10997:
10995:
10991:
10990:
10988:
10987:
10982:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10941:
10939:
10935:
10934:
10932:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10910:
10908:
10904:
10903:
10901:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10880:
10874:
10872:
10868:
10867:
10865:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10839:
10829:
10824:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10794:
10784:
10779:
10774:
10769:
10767:Kissi (Djinet)
10764:
10754:
10744:
10739:
10729:
10719:
10714:
10704:
10698:
10696:
10692:
10691:
10679:
10678:
10671:
10664:
10656:
10647:
10646:
10644:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10566:Temnin el-Foka
10563:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10546:Tell Taalabaya
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10513:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10481:Tell Nahariyah
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10451:Tell Majdaloun
10448:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10401:Tell El Hadeth
10398:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10381:Tell Derzenoun
10378:
10376:Tell Delhamieh
10373:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10356:Tell Bar Elias
10353:
10348:
10346:Tell Ain Sofar
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10321:Tell Ain Cerif
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10203:
10201:Qalaat Tannour
10198:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10161:Nahle, Lebanon
10158:
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10071:Khallet Michte
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9811:Anjar, Lebanon
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9747:
9744:
9743:
9729:
9728:
9721:
9714:
9706:
9697:
9696:
9694:
9693:
9688:
9682:
9680:
9676:
9675:
9666:
9664:
9662:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9648:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9600:
9595:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9511:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9491:Hosh el Rafika
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9465:
9463:Hadath Baalbek
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9373:
9371:
9367:
9366:
9358:
9355:
9354:
9338:
9337:
9330:
9323:
9315:
9306:
9305:
9303:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9266:
9263:
9262:
9246:
9245:
9238:
9231:
9223:
9217:
9216:
9195:
9171:
9168:
9167:
9166:
9152:
9143:
9126:
9120:
9101:
9067:
9061:
9046:
9028:
8998:(3): 507–525.
8983:
8967:
8959:|journal=
8933:
8914:
8901:
8895:
8872:
8863:
8849:
8835:
8820:
8799:
8781:
8761:
8749:"Rabulae Vita"
8744:
8718:
8698:
8690:Vol. III:
8672:
8666:
8643:
8634:
8628:
8613:
8596:
8581:
8571:on 2 July 2015
8555:
8540:
8523:
8509:
8490:
8465:
8459:
8444:
8416:
8410:
8395:
8389:
8371:
8365:
8351:Graves, Robert
8347:
8341:
8324:
8305:
8284:
8266:
8246:10.2307/630416
8229:
8210:
8196:
8195:
8194:
8189:
8169:
8163:
8148:
8136:
8121:
8103:
8085:
8079:
8057:
8051:
8036:
8030:
8015:
7998:
7992:
7976:
7966:(1/2): 31–63.
7952:
7946:
7929:
7923:
7906:
7896:Chisholm, Hugh
7882:
7865:
7846:
7835:
7829:
7810:
7799:
7780:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7752:
7742:
7735:
7732:
7729:
7728:
7697:
7671:
7649:
7631:
7621:
7612:
7591:
7576:
7551:
7535:
7531:Coulton (1974)
7523:
7504:
7488:
7472:
7447:
7431:
7402:
7386:
7370:
7358:
7346:
7344:, p. 139.
7334:
7322:
7299:
7272:
7254:
7219:
7207:
7205:, p. 137.
7195:
7183:
7181:, p. 127.
7171:
7137:
7101:
7099:, p. 124.
7080:
7076:Dennis Walters
7063:
7054:
7045:
7036:
7027:
7003:
6975:
6945:
6920:
6908:
6896:
6866:
6854:
6839:
6827:
6823:Wiegand (1925)
6812:
6786:
6767:Coote, James.
6759:
6747:
6735:
6723:
6711:
6699:
6695:Lindsay (1838)
6687:
6683:Addison (1838)
6672:
6668:Marmont (1837)
6660:
6648:
6644:Chesney (1868)
6636:
6632:Chesney (1850)
6624:
6612:
6600:
6596:Pococke (1745)
6585:
6570:
6558:
6546:
6534:
6530:Sedlitz (1580)
6522:
6507:
6495:
6483:
6471:
6469:, p. 178.
6443:
6430:
6384:
6375:
6356:
6337:
6321:
6305:
6284:
6268:
6260:Baldwin (1969)
6249:
6233:
6214:
6198:
6177:
6156:
6140:
6124:
6108:
6089:
6070:
6051:
6049:, p. 177.
6019:
5985:
5954:
5917:
5896:
5880:
5864:
5848:
5832:
5816:
5789:
5768:
5749:
5733:
5714:
5691:
5679:
5675:Rowland (1956)
5667:
5663:Lohmann (2010)
5652:
5648:Lohmann (2010)
5640:
5610:
5578:
5552:
5534:
5516:
5498:
5483:
5467:
5445:
5443:, p. 224.
5430:
5408:
5396:
5380:
5368:
5359:
5339:
5314:
5284:
5266:
5250:
5234:
5222:
5210:
5190:
5179:
5168:
5153:
5138:
5110:
5094:
5078:
5070:Burkitt (1904)
5062:
5044:
5035:
5026:
4968:
4941:
4920:
4908:
4882:
4867:
4852:
4838:
4834:Steiner (2009)
4819:
4810:
4808:KTU 1.4 IV 21.
4801:
4775:
4755:
4729:
4722:
4699:
4692:
4668:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4627:
4615:
4588:
4560:
4558:, p. 176.
4522:
4499:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4456:
4439:
4435:Dar es-Sa'adeh
4418:
4388:
4372:
4363:
4262:
4241:
4214:
4205:
4195:
4179:
4166:
4145:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4058:
4056:
4050:
4043:
4041:
4035:
4028:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3914:
3901:
3888:
3875:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3843:(SAS, #74) by
3837:
3825:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3768:
3762:
3759:Qusta ibn Luqa
3756:
3750:
3744:
3736:
3735:Notable people
3733:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3389:
3375:Baalbek has a
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3356:
3333:
3310:
3283:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3195:
3164:
3161:
3149:Byzantine Rite
3137:
3134:
3125:
3122:
3055:Greek Orthodox
2886:Constantinople
2786:burnt offering
2615:
2612:
2550:Main article:
2547:
2544:
2492:Hussein Musawi
2394:standard-gauge
2369:
2366:
2289:Otto Puchstein
2258:
2255:
2156:Harfush family
2146:sanjak of Homs
2134:Selim the Grim
2107:
2104:
2060:al-Nasir Yusuf
2048:as-Salih Ayyub
2032:al-Ashraf Musa
1964:following the
1912:, emir of the
1780:Marwan II
1749:following the
1729:fortifications
1700:
1697:
1691:Justin II
1679:Constantinople
1512:Antoninus Pius
1387:attested from
1265:Indian monsoon
1141:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1113:Queen of Sheba
1074:: a male god (
1002:
999:
997:
994:
968:, the town of
966:Book of Joshua
921:(Lord) of the
807:shum ba'albeki
740:Roman province
646:Greek religion
550:
547:
501:following the
458:Hajar al-Hibla
454:Umayyad period
440:, followed by
414:Syriac-Aramaic
326:
325:
322:
321:
314:
310:
309:
304:
300:
299:
296:
290:
289:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
263:
262:
252:
246:
245:
242:
235:
234:
231:
224:
223:
219:
218:
215:
211:
210:
207:
203:
202:
199:
192:
191:
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
174:
173:
168:
162:
161:
159:Baalbek-Hermel
156:
150:
149:
136:
132:
131:
97:
96:
90:
84:
83:
76:
75:
69:
68:
67:
66:
63:
62:
54:
53:
48:
45:
44:
37:
34:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12559:
12548:
12545:
12543:
12540:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12479:
12477:
12462:
12458:
12455:
12452:
12451:
12448:
12433:
12430:
12427:
12424:
12423:
12421:
12419:
12415:
12408:
12405:
12402:
12399:
12396:
12393:
12390:
12387:
12385:
12382:
12380:
12377:
12374:
12371:
12370:
12368:
12366:
12362:
12355:
12352:
12349:
12346:
12343:
12340:
12337:
12334:
12331:
12328:
12327:
12325:
12323:
12319:
12312:
12309:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12297:
12295:
12293:
12289:
12282:
12279:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12265:
12262:
12259:
12256:
12255:
12253:
12251:
12246:
12242:
12239:
12233:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12198:
12196:
12192:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12180:Philippopolis
12178:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12166:
12163:
12161:
12158:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12148:
12146:
12145:Arca Caesarea
12143:
12141:
12138:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12107:
12105:
12101:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12076:
12074:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12061:
12056:
12049:
12035:
12032:
12031:
12029:
12027:
12023:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11993:
11991:
11989:
11985:
11979:
11976:
11975:
11973:
11971:
11967:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11952:
11950:
11948:
11944:
11938:
11937:Narbo Martius
11935:
11934:
11932:
11930:
11926:
11920:
11917:
11916:
11914:
11912:
11908:
11902:
11899:
11898:
11896:
11894:
11890:
11884:
11881:
11880:
11878:
11876:
11872:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11852:
11850:
11848:
11844:
11841:
11837:
11830:
11826:
11822:
11815:
11810:
11808:
11803:
11801:
11796:
11795:
11792:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11761:
11759:
11755:
11749:
11746:
11743:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11728:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11698:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11683:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11669:
11666:
11663:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11641:
11640:
11638:
11634:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11592:Marat (Amrit)
11590:
11588:
11585:
11584:
11582:
11578:
11572:
11569:
11566:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11551:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11536:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11516:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11504:
11501:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11486:Gadir (Cadiz)
11484:
11481:
11477:
11474:
11471:
11467:
11464:
11461:
11457:
11454:
11453:
11451:
11447:
11440:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11414:
11412:
11408:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11356:
11352:
11349:
11346:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11326:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11311:Caricus Murus
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11298:
11296:
11292:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11265:Gaulos (Gozo)
11263:
11260:
11256:
11253:
11250:
11246:
11245:
11243:
11239:
11233:
11230:
11227:
11223:
11220:
11217:
11213:
11210:
11209:
11207:
11203:
11197:
11194:
11192:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11152:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11119:
11117:
11113:
11107:
11106:Ṣiṣ (Palermo)
11104:
11102:
11099:
11096:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11051:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11031:
11027:
11024:
11021:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11006:
11002:
10999:
10998:
10996:
10992:
10986:
10983:
10980:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10942:
10940:
10936:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10911:
10909:
10905:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10888:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10875:
10873:
10869:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10847:
10843:
10840:
10837:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10822:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10802:
10798:
10795:
10792:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10762:
10758:
10755:
10752:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10737:
10733:
10730:
10727:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10712:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10699:
10697:
10693:
10689:
10685:
10677:
10672:
10670:
10665:
10663:
10658:
10657:
10654:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10536:Tell Shamsine
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10471:Tell Mureibit
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10426:Tell Khardane
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10391:Tell el-Burak
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10216:Ras Baalbek I
10214:
10212:
10211:Qasr el Banat
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10196:Qal'at Bustra
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9981:Hermel plains
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9921:Deir Al-Ahmar
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9906:Dahr El Ahmar
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9841:Augusti Pagus
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9816:Antelias cave
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9748:
9745:
9741:
9736:
9727:
9722:
9720:
9715:
9713:
9708:
9707:
9704:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9683:
9681:
9677:
9670:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9443:Deir el Ahmar
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9363:
9356:
9352:
9348:
9344:
9336:
9331:
9329:
9324:
9322:
9317:
9316:
9313:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9290:
9289:Cedars of God
9286:
9285:Ouadi Qadisha
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9267:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9252:
9244:
9239:
9237:
9232:
9230:
9225:
9224:
9221:
9213:
9209:
9206:
9202:
9201:
9196:
9184:
9180:
9179:
9174:
9173:
9163:
9162:
9157:
9153:
9149:
9144:
9140:
9139:
9136:
9131:
9127:
9123:
9117:
9113:
9109:
9108:
9102:
9098:
9092:
9084:
9079:
9078:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9058:
9054:
9053:
9047:
9043:
9039:
9038:
9033:
9032:Thevet, André
9029:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9005:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8975:
8974:
8968:
8964:
8952:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8934:90-04-10649-9
8930:
8926:
8922:
8921:
8915:
8911:
8908:(in German).
8907:
8902:
8898:
8896:0-521-34771-8
8892:
8888:
8884:
8883:
8880:Vol. II:
8879:
8873:
8869:
8868:Artibus Asiae
8864:
8860:
8859:
8854:
8850:
8846:
8845:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8831:
8828:
8821:
8817:
8816:
8813:
8809:
8804:
8800:
8796:
8792:
8791:
8786:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8762:
8754:
8750:
8745:
8741:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8723:
8719:
8715:
8712:(in French).
8711:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8693:
8689:
8684:
8683:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8667:0-521-31739-8
8663:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8650:
8644:
8640:
8635:
8631:
8629:9781135131371
8625:
8621:
8620:
8614:
8610:
8609:
8606:
8601:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8588:
8582:
8570:
8566:
8565:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8547:
8541:
8529:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8506:
8502:
8498:
8497:
8491:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8466:
8462:
8456:
8452:
8451:
8445:
8441:
8440:J.D. Woodward
8437:
8433:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8417:
8413:
8411:0-87395-263-4
8407:
8403:
8402:
8396:
8392:
8386:
8382:
8381:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8366:9780141959658
8362:
8358:
8357:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8312:
8306:
8302:
8299:
8295:
8294:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8276:
8271:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8217:
8211:
8207:
8206:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8184:
8181:
8180:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8164:9781593331016
8160:
8156:
8155:
8149:
8142:
8137:
8133:
8129:
8128:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8113:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8095:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8080:9780299048341
8076:
8072:
8071:
8068:
8064:
8058:
8054:
8048:
8044:
8043:
8037:
8033:
8031:9781585090631
8027:
8023:
8022:
8016:
8012:
8011:
8008:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7989:
7986:. Routledge.
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7962:(in French).
7961:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7930:
7926:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7907:
7903:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7878:
7872:
7866:
7862:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7842:
7836:
7832:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7817:
7811:
7807:
7806:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7787:
7781:
7779:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7701:
7693:
7692:
7684:
7683:
7675:
7659:
7653:
7645:
7641:
7635:
7625:
7616:
7609:
7605:
7604:Jessup (1881)
7600:
7598:
7596:
7588:
7586:
7580:
7573:
7569:
7568:Jessup (1881)
7564:
7562:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7548:
7544:
7539:
7533:, p. 16.
7532:
7527:
7520:
7516:
7515:Jessup (1881)
7511:
7509:
7501:
7497:
7496:Jessup (1881)
7492:
7485:
7481:
7476:
7469:
7465:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7452:
7444:
7440:
7435:
7428:
7424:
7423:Jessup (1881)
7419:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7407:
7399:
7395:
7394:Jessup (1881)
7390:
7383:
7379:
7374:
7368:, p. 17.
7367:
7362:
7356:, p. 15.
7355:
7350:
7343:
7338:
7332:, p. 52.
7331:
7326:
7319:
7315:
7310:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7296:
7292:
7291:Jessup (1881)
7287:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7279:
7277:
7270:, p. 90.
7269:
7267:
7261:
7259:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7216:
7211:
7204:
7199:
7192:
7187:
7180:
7175:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7144:
7142:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7098:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7077:
7073:
7067:
7058:
7049:
7040:
7031:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7007:
7000:
6999:1-85043-025-X
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6979:
6963:
6962:
6954:
6952:
6950:
6933:
6932:
6924:
6917:
6916:Kehrer (2014)
6912:
6905:
6900:
6883:
6880:
6876:
6870:
6863:
6858:
6852:, p. 35.
6851:
6846:
6844:
6837:, p. 15.
6836:
6831:
6824:
6819:
6817:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6774:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6751:
6744:
6739:
6732:
6731:Wilson (1847)
6727:
6720:
6715:
6708:
6703:
6696:
6691:
6684:
6679:
6677:
6669:
6664:
6657:
6652:
6645:
6640:
6633:
6628:
6621:
6616:
6609:
6608:Volney (1787)
6604:
6597:
6592:
6590:
6582:
6577:
6575:
6567:
6562:
6555:
6550:
6543:
6538:
6531:
6526:
6519:
6518:Thevet (1554)
6514:
6512:
6504:
6499:
6492:
6487:
6480:
6475:
6468:
6466:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6440:
6434:
6427:
6423:
6421:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6379:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6361:
6353:
6349:
6348:Jessup (1881)
6344:
6342:
6334:
6330:
6325:
6318:
6314:
6309:
6302:
6298:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6281:
6277:
6276:Köhler (2013)
6272:
6265:
6261:
6256:
6254:
6246:
6242:
6237:
6230:
6226:
6221:
6219:
6211:
6207:
6202:
6195:
6191:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6174:
6170:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6153:
6149:
6148:Jessup (1881)
6144:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6121:
6117:
6112:
6105:
6101:
6099:
6093:
6086:
6082:
6077:
6075:
6067:
6063:
6061:
6055:
6048:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5989:
5982:
5978:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5951:
5947:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5912:
5911:, p. 85.
5910:
5905:
5900:
5893:
5892:Hist. Eccles.
5889:
5884:
5877:
5876:Hist. Eccles.
5873:
5868:
5862:, Bk. I.
5861:
5857:
5852:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5829:
5825:
5820:
5813:
5809:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5786:
5782:
5781:Jessup (1881)
5777:
5775:
5773:
5765:
5761:
5760:Graves (1955)
5756:
5754:
5746:
5742:
5737:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5719:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5688:
5683:
5676:
5671:
5665:, p. 29.
5664:
5659:
5657:
5649:
5644:
5637:
5635:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5583:
5572:
5568:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5514:, p. 89.
5513:
5511:
5505:
5503:
5495:
5490:
5488:
5480:
5476:
5475:Jessup (1881)
5471:
5464:
5462:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5442:
5441:Volney (1787)
5437:
5435:
5427:
5425:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5405:
5404:1 Kings 7:2–7
5400:
5393:
5389:
5388:Jessup (1881)
5384:
5378:, p. 47.
5377:
5372:
5366:Hélène Sader.
5363:
5356:
5354:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5336:
5332:
5331:Jessup (1881)
5327:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5281:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5263:
5259:
5258:Jessup (1881)
5254:
5247:
5243:
5242:Jessup (1881)
5238:
5231:
5226:
5219:
5214:
5207:
5205:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5172:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5150:
5148:
5142:
5134:
5130:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5107:
5103:
5102:Arastu (2014)
5098:
5091:
5087:
5082:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5039:
5030:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4938:
4934:
4933:Jessup (1881)
4929:
4927:
4925:
4918:, p. 57.
4917:
4912:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4864:
4859:
4857:
4848:
4842:
4835:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4814:
4805:
4790:
4786:
4779:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4759:
4743:
4739:
4733:
4725:
4719:
4715:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4695:
4693:9783886181056
4689:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4672:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4576:
4572:
4564:
4557:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4519:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4496:
4494:
4488:
4484:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4392:
4385:
4382:
4376:
4367:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4238:
4236:
4224:
4218:
4209:
4199:
4192:
4189:
4183:
4176:
4170:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4127:Also spelled
4124:
4120:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4081:
4074:
4069:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4047:
4042:
4039:
4038:Félix Bonfils
4032:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4011:
4004:
3999:
3992:
3987:
3980:
3975:
3968:
3963:
3956:
3951:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3787:Khalil Mutran
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:(1547–1621),
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3741:Saint Barbara
3739:
3738:
3725:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3655:precipitation
3651:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3287:Alcide Marina
3284:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3240:Gerald O'Hara
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3199:Mario Mocenni
3196:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3118:daily prayers
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2937:shipped from
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2678:Muslim shrine
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2528:Kiryat Shmona
2524:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2504:Iran Iraq War
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2396:line between
2395:
2391:
2390:Ottoman Syria
2387:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2267:
2263:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2126:rest of Syria
2112:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2006:granting him
2004:
1999:
1995:
1992:in August at
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:, raided the
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1899:Ata al-Khadim
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:Tutush I
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:Basil II
1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:Fatimid Egypt
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1763:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:, the future
1664:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1607:(from nearby
1606:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:Palatine Hill
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1314:was conflated
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:, the city's
1301:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1145:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:; its actual
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:Anti-Lebanons
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:19th-century
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
905:
900:
889:
885:
875:
871:
867:
863:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
829:
828:
823:
812:
808:
804:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
756:
752:
748:
744:
741:
737:
731:
727:
723:
719:
717:
711:
707:
703:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
670:
667:
663:
659:
655:
652:was both the
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
597:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
546:
544:
540:
536:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:Arab conquest
500:
499:rise of Islam
496:
492:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:Sunni Muslims
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
404:
395:
389:
332:
323:
319:
315:
311:
308:
305:
301:
297:
295:
291:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
264:
260:
256:
253:
251:
247:
243:
241:
238: •
236:
232:
230:
227: •
225:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
198:
195: •
193:
188:
184:
180:
175:
172:
169:
167:
163:
160:
157:
155:
151:
148:
137:
133:
128:
110:36°12′26.36″E
100:Coordinates:
98:
73:
64:
60:
55:
51:
46:
32:
26:
22:
12384:Dura-Europos
12344:: Heliopolis
12341:
12237:modern names
12185:Dura-Europos
11825:Ancient Rome
11396:Thymiaterium
11270:Għajn Qajjet
11141:
11095:Sant'Antioco
10717:Hippo Regius
10561:Tell Zeitoun
10551:Tell Wardeen
10521:Tell Saoudhi
10516:Tell Safiyeh
10511:Tell Saatiya
10476:Tell Murtafa
10466:Tell Meouchi
10461:Tell Mekhada
10436:Tell Jezireh
10421:Tell Karmita
10411:Tell Hazzine
10386:Tell Dibbine
10361:Tell Beshara
10166:Neba'a Faour
10116:Majdal Anjar
10031:Kamid el-Loz
10016:Joub Jannine
10011:Jeita Grotto
10006:Jebel Aabeby
9961:Hadeth south
9891:Bustan Birke
9881:Belat temple
9845:
9602:Ras el Hadis
9391:
9361:
9360:
9274:
9212:the original
9203:. New York:
9199:
9187:. Retrieved
9177:
9160:
9156:Wood, Robert
9147:
9138:
9137:Vol. II
9134:
9130:Wilson, John
9111:
9106:
9081:
9075:
9051:
9041:
9036:
9020:. Retrieved
9016:the original
8995:
8991:
8977:
8972:
8924:
8919:
8909:
8905:
8881:
8877:
8867:
8857:
8843:
8830:
8829:Vol. II
8825:
8815:
8811:
8807:
8794:
8789:
8776:
8772:
8757: &
8752:
8738:
8734:
8730:
8726:
8713:
8709:
8694:
8691:
8686:
8680:
8653:
8648:
8638:
8618:
8608:
8607:Vol. II
8604:
8586:
8573:. Retrieved
8569:the original
8563:
8550:
8545:
8532:. Retrieved
8500:
8495:
8482:. Retrieved
8478:the original
8449:
8432:
8431:Div. II
8428:
8400:
8379:
8355:
8332:
8328:
8322:: H. Keller.
8315:
8310:
8301:
8297:
8292:
8279:
8274:
8237:
8233:
8220:
8215:
8204:
8177:
8153:
8131:
8126:
8116:
8111:
8098:
8093:
8070:
8069:2nd ed.
8066:
8065:Vol. I:
8062:
8041:
8020:
8010:
8009:Vol. II
8006:
7983:
7963:
7959:
7937:
7914:
7899:
7875:
7861:
7857:
7840:
7838:"Ba'albek".
7815:
7804:
7790:
7785:
7777:
7719:. Retrieved
7715:the original
7710:
7700:
7690:
7681:
7674:
7662:. Retrieved
7652:
7643:
7634:
7624:
7615:
7584:
7579:
7538:
7526:
7491:
7475:
7434:
7389:
7373:
7361:
7349:
7342:Alouf (1944)
7337:
7325:
7265:
7245:. Retrieved
7240:
7233:Karam, Zeina
7210:
7198:
7186:
7174:
7162:. Retrieved
7158:the original
7153:
7128:. Retrieved
7124:the original
7119:
7066:
7057:
7048:
7039:
7030:
7014:
7011:Hirst, David
7006:
6986:
6983:Ajami, Fouad
6978:
6968:16 September
6966:. Retrieved
6960:
6938:16 September
6936:. Retrieved
6930:
6923:
6911:
6899:
6886:. Retrieved
6877:. New York:
6869:
6857:
6830:
6803:. Retrieved
6799:the original
6789:
6777:. Retrieved
6773:the original
6762:
6750:
6738:
6726:
6714:
6702:
6690:
6663:
6651:
6639:
6627:
6615:
6603:
6561:
6549:
6537:
6525:
6503:Belon (1554)
6498:
6491:Belon (1553)
6486:
6474:
6464:
6438:
6433:
6419:
6378:
6367:Alouf (1944)
6324:
6308:
6271:
6236:
6201:
6169:Alouf (1944)
6143:
6127:
6111:
6097:
6092:
6059:
6054:
6044:
6005:
5988:
5908:
5904:Bar Hebraeus
5899:
5891:
5883:
5875:
5867:
5859:
5851:
5835:
5819:
5736:
5707:
5682:
5670:
5643:
5633:
5592:
5563:
5555:
5545:
5537:
5527:
5519:
5509:
5470:
5460:
5423:
5399:
5383:
5371:
5362:
5352:
5305:. Retrieved
5301:the original
5287:
5277:
5253:
5237:
5225:
5213:
5203:
5182:
5171:
5161:
5156:
5146:
5141:
5128:
5097:
5081:
5065:
5055:
5047:
5038:
5029:
5015:
4911:
4894:
4885:
4880:, p. 5.
4841:
4817:KTU 1.100.3.
4813:
4804:
4792:. Retrieved
4788:
4778:
4767:
4758:
4746:. Retrieved
4741:
4732:
4713:
4678:
4671:
4659:. Retrieved
4655:the original
4645:
4634:
4622:
4607:. Retrieved
4591:
4579:. Retrieved
4575:the original
4563:
4553:
4492:
4487:
4459:
4442:
4434:
4421:
4391:
4375:
4366:
4357:(1851), and
4283:von Seydlitz
4265:
4249:
4244:
4232:
4217:
4208:
4198:
4182:
4169:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4021:
3855:
3840:
3831:
3828:Ameen Rihani
3821:
3781:Rahme Haider
3767:(1070s–1162)
3657:mm (inches)
3384:
3374:
3248:Philadelphia
3185:
3180:
3169:Latin Church
3166:
3146:
3139:
3127:
3102:Qubbat Duris
3099:
3059:
3050:
3046:
3028:
3024:Rashid Pasha
3022:'s governor
2947:
2935:pink granite
2914:Roman cranes
2898:Hagia Sophia
2859:
2832:Velius Rufus
2818:'s daughter
2779:
2760:
2754:and empress
2735:
2723:
2708:
2695:Three Stones
2687:
2674:Qubbat Duris
2659:
2610:
2606:
2555:
2516:
2480:Amal Militia
2467:Musa al-Sadr
2464:
2457:
2379:
2368:20th century
2310:
2287:occupation,
2271:
2230:Jezzar Pasha
2218:walnut trees
2215:
2190:
2183:Roman temple
2171:
2149:
2142:Beqaa Valley
2123:
2068:
2024:Farrukh Shah
1982:Beqaa Valley
1960:
1945:
1934:
1914:Wadi al-Taym
1903:
1889:, father of
1876:, atabeg of
1820:
1776:The Fortress
1766:
1747:Abu ʿUbaidah
1732:
1695:
1683:Hagia Sophia
1656:
1649:Alexandrians
1637:Bar Hebraeus
1629:cannibalised
1598:
1569:ius Italicum
1567:
1541:The emperor
1540:
1500:John Malalas
1374:Diva Fortuna
1297:
1200:
1198:Roman colony
1184:kingdoms of
1167:
1161:3rd century.
1133:
1117:Roman origin
1106:
1096:
1024:
1011:Beqaa Valley
1004:
990:Book of Amos
955:
943:Litani River
934:
908:
887:
883:
873:
849:
825:
806:
794:
761:
733:
713:
701:
696:
664:. The local
595:
589:latinisation
585:Roman Empire
582:
566:
552:
531:
480:
462:
457:
438:Shia Muslims
426:Beqaa Valley
418:Litani River
330:
329:
185:Bachir Khodr
107:34°0′22.81″N
25:
12266:: Ptolemais
11960:Mogontiacum
11893:Roman Dacia
11855:Camulodunum
11648:Bulla Regia
11196:Umm al-Amad
11081:Pantelleria
10950:Akka (Acre)
10836:Aïn Oulmene
10817:Rusubbicari
10801:Tamentfoust
10761:Constantine
10621:Wadi Yaroun
10611:Umm al-Amad
10556:Tell Zenoub
10526:Tell Serhan
10456:Tell Masoud
10406:Tell Fadous
10226:Ras El Kelb
10156:Nachcharini
10056:Kafr Tebnit
9806:Amlaq Qatih
9598:Ras Baalbek
9575:Nabi Othman
9486:Hosh Barada
9189:8 September
9022:8 September
8575:8 September
8484:30 November
7860:Vol. I
7746:Lebanon 360
7543:Cook (1914)
7480:Cook (1914)
7464:Cook (1914)
7439:Cook (1914)
7330:Adam (1977)
7314:Cook (1914)
7247:8 September
7130:8 September
6991:I.B. Tauris
6904:Genz (2010)
6888:8 September
6862:Adam (1977)
6313:Sato (1997)
6299:, pp.
6241:Sato (1997)
5977:Cook (1914)
5946:Cook (1914)
5860:De Censibus
5840:Cook (1914)
5824:Cook (1914)
5808:Cook (1914)
5725:Cook (1914)
5307:8 September
5176:Josh. 11:17
4960:Cook (1914)
4661:20 February
4609:8 September
4581:8 September
4518:Wood (1757)
4299:de la Roque
4158:Baal Helion
3856:Baalbek is
3349:Soteropolis
3163:Titular see
3073:army under
3039:Constantine
2836:entablature
2756:Julia Domna
2570:Eldad Regev
2488:Nabih Berri
2257:Excavations
2207:St George's
2203:Robert Adam
2187:Robert Wood
2119: 1856
2028:Bahram Shah
1994:Ayn al-Jarr
1843:Gümüshtegin
1818:, in 1025.
1800:John I
1735:Muslim army
1712: 1900
1699:Middle Ages
1633:Constantine
1574:Julia Domna
1366:thunderbolt
1285:ornamenting
1217:8th Legions
1025:Rās-el-ʿAin
935:Baʿal Nebeq
778:equivalents
730:titular see
726:Catholicism
666:Semitic god
620:. However,
596:Hēlioúpolis
561:(the upper
507:7th century
473:Hellenistic
465:Prehistoric
313:Inscription
154:Governorate
122: /
12476:Categories
12459:See also:
12434:: Seleucia
12397:: Laodicea
12283:: Neronias
12130:Heliopolis
12034:Singidunum
12011:Mediolanum
11658:Hadrumetum
11476:Akra Leuka
11355:Casablanca
11187:Sur (Tyre)
10636:Ain W Zain
10616:Wadi Koura
10506:Tell Rayak
10431:Tell Kirri
10351:Tell Ayoub
10311:Tell Addus
10306:Tell Ablah
10301:Tell Aalaq
10271:Sin el Fil
10221:Ras Beirut
10121:Mansourieh
10111:Lion Tower
10026:Kafr Zabad
9951:Fadous Sud
9856:Batroumine
9831:Ard Tlaili
9826:Ard Saouda
9781:Ain Harcha
9776:Ain Choaab
9686:Ard Tlaili
9650:Wadi Faara
9183:Washington
8735:at Easter
8682:1834.–1835
8436:Henry Fenn
8421:"Ba'albek"
7947:9004097961
7924:9004082654
7778:Al Mashriq
7776:(2006) at
7721:25 January
7606:, p.
7570:, p.
7545:, p.
7517:, p.
7498:, p.
7482:, p.
7466:, p.
7441:, p.
7425:, p.
7396:, p.
7380:, p.
7316:, p.
7293:, p.
7215:HRW (2007)
7203:HRW (2007)
7191:HRW (2007)
7179:HRW (2007)
7097:HRW (2007)
6424:, p.
6369:, p.
6350:, p.
6331:, p.
6315:, p.
6278:, p.
6262:, p.
6243:, p.
6227:, p.
6208:, p.
6192:, p.
6171:, p.
6150:, p.
6134:, p.
6118:, p.
6102:, p.
6083:, p.
6064:, p.
5979:, p.
5948:, p.
5914:(in Latin)
5842:, p.
5826:, p.
5810:, p.
5783:, p.
5762:, p.
5727:, p.
5709:Saturnalia
5575:(in Greek)
5547:Nat. Hist.
5532:, XIV.3–4.
5477:, p.
5390:, p.
5333:, p.
5295:. Berlin:
5260:, p.
5244:, p.
5133:Washington
5104:, p.
5088:, p.
5072:, p.
5057:Theophania
5020:, p.
4962:, p.
4935:, p.
4890:Amm. Marc.
4602:. London:
4479:References
4361:(19th c.).
4359:Frauberger
4323:Richardson
4271:Baumgarten
4250:inter alia
4162:Theodosius
3924:Yogyakarta
3852:Twin towns
3116:for their
3087:Bahramshah
3047:El Barbara
2969:, but the
2906:architrave
2882:Theodosius
2866:Byzantines
2840:Theodosius
2802:Corinthian
2794:lustration
2736:propýlaion
2731:προπύλαιον
2670:iconoclasm
2618:See also:
2590:al-Jazeera
2350:Bronze Age
2245:under the
2211:Bloomsbury
2148:and local
2056:Turan Shah
2020:Alexandria
2016:al-Maʿarra
1998:Turan Shah
1990:Turan Shah
1918:Nur ad-Din
1837:, emir of
1653:Theodosius
1594:Elagabalus
1560:vine staff
1456:pilgrimage
1440:Elagabalus
1358:charioteer
1279:Corinthian
1178:Heliopolis
1020:Coelesyria
1001:Prehistory
982:Baal-hamon
858:بَعْلَبَكّ
835: 435
827:Theophania
818: 411
762:Heliopolis
702:Coelesyria
610:solar cult
601:Ἡλιούπολις
578:Baal Cycle
486:Ἡλιούπολις
481:Heliopolis
446:Christians
398:بَعْلَبَكّ
316:1984 (8th
222:Population
177:Government
40:بَعْلَبَكّ
12428:: Antioch
12409:: Palmyra
12338:: Berytus
12258:Jerusalem
12094:Ptolemais
12016:Placentia
12006:Florentia
11865:Londinium
11779:Tahpanhes
11774:Gibraltar
11769:Phoenicus
11764:Myriandus
11673:Kerkouane
11550:Almunecar
11361:Volubilis
11232:Tsabratan
11086:Selinunte
11056:Lilybaeum
10823:El Bahri)
10797:Rusguniae
10772:Macomades
10707:Cartennae
10441:Tell Jisr
10371:Tell Deir
10316:Tell Ahle
10176:Hosn Niha
10171:Nebi Safa
10151:Nabi Zair
10141:Moukhtara
10091:Ksar Akil
10061:Kfar Qouq
10041:Karak Nuh
9956:Hebbariye
9876:Beit Mery
9866:Bechamoun
9654:Yammouneh
9570:Nabi Chit
9532:Kasarnaba
9527:Kfar Dane
9510:Jabbouleh
9496:Hosh Snid
9467:Hallanieh
9359:Capital:
9164:. London.
9091:cite book
8961:ignored (
8951:cite book
8943:0929-2403
8887:Cambridge
8742:. Oxford.
8733:Jerusalem
8658:Cambridge
8519:2213-1043
8377:(2004) .
8320:Frankfurt
8262:162973494
8225:Cambridge
8192:volume II
7911:"Baalbek"
7821:Cambridge
7795:Cambridge
7757:from the
7664:25 August
6875:"Baalbek"
6206:Lock 2013
5888:Theodoret
5741:Macrobius
5704:Macrobius
4847:"Baalbek"
4631:"Baalbek"
4619:"Baalbek"
4355:De Saulcy
4331:Lamartine
4303:Maundrell
4291:Quaresmio
4287:Radziwiłł
4258:Theodoret
4221:Coins of
4164:'s reign.
3928:Indonesia
3820:entitled
3755:(707–774)
3743:(273–306)
3727:Source:
3345:Benevento
3031:Nymphaeum
2959:antiquity
2894:Justinian
2874:peristyle
2870:Trilithon
2844:Christian
2805:porticoes
2792:-floored
2726:Propylaea
2715:limestone
2710:Trílithon
2691:monoliths
2654:Puchstein
2574:Hezbollah
2496:Hizbollah
2437:Maronites
2431:and 1000
2429:Mutawalis
2342:Neolithic
2311:In 1977,
2308:letters.
2306:cuneiform
2304:featured
2294:skeletons
2095:Hamathite
2071:Mongolian
2003:Jerusalem
1968:in 1175.
1937:Crusaders
1932:in 1170.
1928:traveler
1847:Toghtekin
1751:Byzantine
1671:Justinian
1613:Gelasinus
1578:Caracalla
1556:centurion
1532:Praeneste
1393:Phoenicia
1370:Macrobius
1360:, with a
1351:beardless
1261:Decapolis
1257:Gallienus
1137:Antiquity
1129:Radziwiłł
1068:Canaanite
1040:Macrobius
972:, one of
931:Lendering
911:etymology
893:بْعَلْبِك
884:Baʿlabekk
879:بَعْلَبَك
850:Baʿlabakk
795:The name
790:Atargatis
782:Canaanite
758:antiquity
630:Levantine
628:names of
618:Ptolemies
614:Seleucids
543:Hezbollah
469:Canaanite
409:Baʿlabakk
403:romanized
303:Reference
250:Time zone
214:Elevation
12432:Samandağ
12379:Damascus
12375:: Bostra
12313:: Gerasa
12307:: Gadara
12305:Umm Qais
12226:Neronias
12175:Neapolis
12140:Damascus
12120:Seleucia
12110:Laodicea
11970:Hispania
11919:Lugdunum
11883:Eboracum
11821:Colonies
11738:Thysdrus
11682:Monastir
11653:Carthage
11561:Toscanos
11541:Saguntum
11531:Rushadir
11480:Alicante
11410:Portugal
11376:Oualidia
11336:Tamusida
11285:Tas-Silġ
11249:Cospicua
11247:Maleth (
11066:Neapolis
11050:Cagliari
11016:Drepanum
10975:Shikmona
10893:Lapathus
10821:Zemmouri
10791:Azeffoun
10782:Rachgoun
10732:Igilgili
10702:Camarata
10626:Yammoune
10131:Mayrouba
10076:Kharayeb
10066:Kfarhata
9931:Dekwaneh
9796:Al-Bireh
9771:Ain Aata
9560:Majdloun
9547:Kneisseh
9542:Khraibeh
9400:Bednayel
9158:(1757).
9132:(1847).
9073:(1787).
9034:(1554).
9012:25610200
8855:(1856).
8841:(1841).
8805:(1601).
8787:(1639).
8767:(1745).
8724:(1703).
8704:(1665).
8678:(1837).
8602:(1838).
8561:(2013).
8534:13 March
8353:(1955).
8290:(1853).
8272:(1722).
8240:: 1–19.
8202:(1868).
8187:volume I
8175:(1850).
8109:(1553).
8091:(1594).
8004:(1838).
7888:(1911),
7852:(1878).
7164:2 August
5602:Archived
5524:Josephus
5230:Amos 1:5
5122:"Arabic"
5052:Eusebius
4900:Archived
4469:bakshish
4465:Metawali
4452:exaedrum
4353:(1843),
4347:Robinson
4345:(1837),
4341:(1835),
4337:(1834),
4333:(1833),
4329:(1830),
4325:(1818),
4321:(1784),
4317:(1751),
4309:(1738),
4305:(1699),
4301:(1688),
4297:(1647),
4295:Monconys
4293:(1620),
4289:(1583),
4285:(1557),
4281:(1550),
4277:(1548),
4273:(1507),
4188:Biblical
4154:Balanios
4141:Baalbeck
4129:Ba'labek
4088:See also
4024:) valley
4022:El Bekaa
3913:, Greece
3900:, Turkey
3885:L'Aquila
3653:Average
3280:Pessinus
3264:Savannah
3252:Savannah
3207:Colombia
3106:Damascus
3091:barbican
2971:keystone
2931:porticos
2892:) under
2890:Istanbul
2847:churches
2809:Egyptian
2704:Τρίλιθον
2523:al Manar
2443:general
2433:Orthodox
2404:(now in
2321:capstans
2317:machines
2251:kaymakam
2226:Metawali
2189:'s 1757
2174:tourists
2091:Abulfeda
2073:general
2044:al-Kamil
2040:Damascus
2012:Kafr Tab
1855:Muhammad
1831:Damascus
1829:emir of
1788:Abbasids
1784:Umayyads
1767:al-Qala'
1756:in 637 (
1641:polygamy
1609:Caesarea
1605:Eusebius
1576:and son
1488:Augustus
1468:Pannonia
1432:Baetylia
1424:Massilia
1385:statuary
1282:capitals
1269:caravans
1229:Josephus
1221:Augustus
1209:veterans
1182:Diadochi
1159:and the
1056:Egyptian
1052:Assyrian
1048:Assyrian
1044:Egyptian
986:vineyard
886:. It is
874:Baʿlabak
822:Eusebius
784:deities
743:Phoenice
638:Diadochi
626:Assyrian
575:Ugaritic
521:and the
294:Criteria
166:District
12426:Antakya
12395:Latakia
12391:: Emesa
12356:: Tyrus
12350:: Sidon
12342:Baalbek
12322:Lebanon
12247:and the
12206:Ascalon
12160:Sebaste
12135:Palmyra
12115:Antioch
12079:Berytus
11742:El Djem
11733:Thapsus
11723:Tayinat
11718:Tabarka
11708:Ruspina
11636:Tunisia
11571:Tyreche
11535:Melilla
11496:Iboshim
11401:Rusibis
11371:Rusadir
11366:Mogador
11345:Tangier
11325:Larache
11294:Morocco
11226:Tripoli
11177:Sarepta
11142:Baalbek
11115:Lebanon
11101:Tharros
11020:Trapani
10887:Larnaca
10842:Thagora
10787:Rusazus
10751:Tigzirt
10747:Iomnium
10726:Algiers
10722:Icosium
10695:Algeria
10276:Sarepta
10231:Rashaya
10206:Qaraoun
10146:Mtaileb
10106:Libbaya
10051:Kefraya
10046:Kaukaba
10001:Jdeideh
9971:Hashbai
9861:Batroun
9846:Baalbek
9786:Akbiyeh
9751:Aadloun
9659:Younine
9476:Hizzine
9471:Harbata
9448:Douriss
9405:Bechwat
9392:Baalbek
9362:Baalbek
9275:Baalbek
9259:Lebanon
9200:Baalbek
8912:: 7–56.
8427:(ed.).
7934:"Zengī"
7898:(ed.),
7443:558–559
7013:(2010)
6985:(1986)
6805:25 July
6301:132–133
6152:475–476
6136:141–142
5878:, v.10.
5872:Sozomen
5828:552–553
5589:Ptolemy
5550:, V.22.
5060:, 2.14.
4789:Haaretz
4769:Reuters
4625:. 2020.
4450:of the
4448:cornice
4381:emperor
4343:Lindsay
4339:Addison
4335:Marmont
4327:Chesney
4315:Dawkins
4307:Pococke
4254:Sozomen
4137:Baalbec
3935:Gallery
3898:Bergama
3887:, Italy
3874:, Italy
3858:twinned
3722:(15.2)
3648:(50.0)
3643:(36.9)
3638:(45.3)
3633:(56.1)
3628:(62.2)
3623:(66.6)
3618:(66.2)
3613:(61.0)
3608:(54.5)
3603:(46.4)
3598:(39.4)
3593:(33.6)
3588:(31.8)
3578:(58.8)
3573:(43.2)
3568:(52.2)
3563:(64.0)
3558:(72.1)
3553:(77.5)
3548:(77.4)
3543:(72.1)
3538:(64.9)
3533:(55.9)
3528:(47.8)
3523:(40.5)
3518:(38.1)
3508:(68.0)
3503:(50.5)
3498:(60.4)
3493:(73.2)
3488:(82.9)
3483:(89.1)
3478:(88.9)
3473:(83.1)
3468:(74.3)
3463:(64.9)
3458:(56.3)
3453:(47.8)
3448:(44.8)
3371:Climate
3353:Otranto
3326:Bolivia
3167:In the
3130:Hussein
3075:Kitbuqa
3067:Qalawun
3065:sultan
3003:Neptune
2973:of the
2963:Pococke
2828:Gordian
2812:granite
2788:, with
2775:cypress
2750:'s son
2662:granite
2512:Jebchit
2298:Persian
2280:Germany
2273:Emperor
2199:ceiling
2151:iltizam
2140:of the
2138:Shiites
2132:sultan
2130:Ottoman
2128:by the
2087:Qalawun
2075:Kitbuqa
1970:Baldwin
1952:Saladin
1948:Ismaʿil
1891:Saladin
1859:Ismaʿil
1774: "
1663:Rabbula
1617:baptism
1580:toured
1552:Parthia
1528:Mercury
1520:Bacchus
1504:Antioch
1494:in the
1484:Britain
1472:Venetia
1412:Mithras
1409:Persian
1397:Tortosa
1339:Jupiter
1331:sky god
1321:sun god
1298:During
1291:of the
1289:columns
1249:emperor
1243:and on
1241:Ptolemy
1225:Berytus
1211:of the
1127:prince
1103:Solomon
1080:Astarte
1064:Palmyra
996:History
974:Solomon
970:Baalath
964:in the
962:Baalgad
947:Steiner
888:Bʿalbik
842:Rabbula
803:Mishnah
780:of the
776:) were
774:Bacchus
766:Jupiter
684:Jupiter
676:equated
591:of the
573:in the
563:Orontes
515:Ottoman
511:Mongols
505:in the
422:Lebanon
405::
331:Baalbek
318:Session
244:105,000
171:Baalbek
147:Lebanon
135:Country
85:Baalbek
35:Baalbek
12418:Turkey
12407:Tadmur
12401:Shahba
12336:Beirut
12311:Jerash
12292:Jordan
12281:Banias
12245:Israel
12216:Gadara
12211:Gerasa
12165:Bostra
12064:Levant
12026:Moesia
11988:Italia
11839:Europe
11697:Djerba
11693:Meninx
11678:Lepcis
11662:Sousse
11627:Ugarit
11617:Shuksi
11612:Safita
11607:Paltus
11515:Málaga
11511:Malake
11456:Abdera
11439:Tavira
11321:Likush
11275:Mtarfa
11212:Lepcis
11151:Beirut
11046:Karaly
10970:Reshef
10960:Michal
10945:Achzib
10938:Israel
10924:Rhodes
10907:Greece
10898:Marion
10883:Kition
10871:Cyprus
10862:Timici
10846:Taoura
10777:Malaca
10296:Tayibe
10261:Shheem
10096:Labweh
9946:Flaoui
9911:Dakoue
9896:Byblos
9871:Beirut
9821:Apheca
9801:Amioun
9761:Aammiq
9631:Taybeh
9626:Taraya
9606:Saayde
9580:Nahleh
9555:Labweh
9522:Jdeide
9481:Hlabta
9458:Fleweh
9433:Chlifa
9419:Btadhi
9415:Brital
9382:Ainata
9280:Byblos
9205:UNESCO
9118:
9083:Desert
9059:
9010:
8941:
8931:
8893:
8729:Aleppo
8692:Syrie
8664:
8626:
8517:
8507:
8457:
8438:&
8408:
8387:
8363:
8339:
8260:
8254:630416
8252:
8161:
8077:
8049:
8028:
7990:
7944:
7921:
7827:
7587:(1878)
7268:(1911)
7021:
6997:
6884:. 2015
6879:UNESCO
6467:(1878)
6422:(1913)
6100:(1936)
6062:(1966)
6047:(1878)
5856:Ulpian
5636:(1878)
5594:Geogr.
5560:Strabo
5512:(1911)
5463:(1878)
5426:(2010)
5355:(1878)
5280:(1911)
5206:(1862)
5164:(1878)
5149:(1913)
5018:(1913)
4794:27 May
4748:27 May
4720:
4690:
4556:(1878)
4495:(1876)
4493:Cook's
4431:Helios
4427:Apollo
4351:Wilson
4319:Volney
4279:Thévet
4133:Balbec
3911:Thrace
3860:with:
3717:(2.2)
3712:(1.8)
3707:(0.9)
3702:(0.2)
3697:(0.1)
3692:(0.0)
3687:(0.2)
3682:(1.0)
3677:(1.3)
3672:(2.1)
3667:(2.6)
3662:(2.8)
3399:Month
3227:Sabina
3192:Rimini
3110:mihrab
3095:Barkuk
3071:Mongol
3063:Mamluk
3043:Jessup
3015:donjon
3007:Triton
2999:adytum
2987:soffit
2975:lintel
2927:Trajan
2910:frieze
2862:Helios
2830:, and
2820:Sabina
2790:mosaic
2744:bronze
2666:marble
2642:; and
2602:Brital
2584:, The
2441:French
2439:. The
2422:Sunnis
2402:Aleppo
2386:French
2384:, the
2346:sherds
2330:UNESCO
2325:pulley
2319:using
2081:, the
2062:, the
2014:, and
2008:Baʿrin
1926:Jewish
1922:Idrisi
1910:Dahhak
1906:Banyas
1878:Aleppo
1867:vizier
1863:Mahmud
1839:Aleppo
1827:Seljuk
1816:Aleppo
1727:Mamluk
1723:mosque
1590:Emesan
1547:oracle
1543:Trajan
1460:Athens
1452:oracle
1389:Byblos
1382:bronze
1378:Antium
1354:golden
1349:was a
1337:" or "
1324:Helios
1304:temple
1239:, and
1237:Strabo
1219:under
1205:Caesar
1194:Romans
1188:&
1168:After
1125:Polish
1032:spring
1028:spring
925:" and
868:, its
854:Arabic
830:and a
811:Syriac
772:, and
728:, its
716:Syriae
650:Helios
555:Litani
529:site.
475:, and
430:Beirut
394:Arabic
233:82,608
144:
12373:Bosra
12365:Syria
12348:Saida
12300:Petra
12275:Imwas
12170:Petra
12155:Tyrus
12150:Sidon
12125:Emesa
11757:Other
11748:Utica
11727:Thyna
11703:Ruspe
11622:Sumur
11602:Carne
11587:Arwad
11580:Syria
11565:Velez
11521:Onoba
11506:Mahón
11500:Ibiza
11491:Herna
11470:Ceuta
11466:Abyla
11449:Spain
11435:Balsa
11386:Gadir
11381:Zilil
11341:Tinga
11259:Mdina
11241:Malta
11216:Khoms
11205:Libya
11182:Sidon
11147:Birut
11091:Sulci
11076:Olbia
11061:Motya
11030:Erice
11001:Bitan
10994:Italy
10979:Haifa
10965:Jaffa
10929:Delos
10878:Dhali
10832:Sarai
10757:Cirta
10736:Jijel
10711:Tenes
10641:Zahlé
10631:Yanta
10591:Toron
10291:Taire
10266:Sidon
9766:Aaqbe
9756:Aaiha
9679:Other
9646:Tfail
9621:Talya
9590:Qarha
9565:Mikna
9537:Khodr
9517:Jebaa
9513:Janta
9428:Chaat
9423:Bodai
9396:Barka
9387:Arsal
9270:Anjar
9110:[
9080:[
9077:Syrie
9040:[
9008:JSTOR
8976:[
8814:]
8810:[
8793:[
8685:[
8549:[
8423:. In
8314:[
8296:[
8278:[
8258:S2CID
8250:JSTOR
8179:Indus
8144:(PDF)
8130:[
8115:[
8097:[
7960:Syria
7894:, in
7025:p.101
7001:p.145
6779:5 May
5764:40–41
5565:Geogr
5542:Pliny
5125:(PDF)
4895:Hist.
4275:Belon
4252:, by
4115:Notes
4078:The "
3438:Year
3330:Sucre
3314:Tlous
3114:Mecca
3083:Zengi
3020:Syria
3011:Arion
2943:Egypt
2939:Aswan
2902:Beqaa
2782:altar
2771:forum
2767:Donne
2699:Greek
2614:Ruins
2414:gauge
2406:Syria
2398:Riyaq
2302:sherd
2285:Roman
2178:Donne
2167:Sidon
2162:Zahlé
2100:Timur
2079:Qutuz
1887:Ayyub
1874:Zengi
1625:idols
1586:Syria
1582:Egypt
1536:Italy
1444:Emesa
1436:Baʿal
1420:stela
1401:Spain
1328:Roman
1318:Greek
1311:Haddu
1308:Baʿal
1253:Nerva
1251:from
1245:coins
1233:Pliny
1190:Syria
1186:Egypt
1108:djinn
1092:altar
1076:Baʿal
1015:Latin
927:Donne
919:Baʿal
902:) in
896:, is
882:) or
864:. In
860:) in
798:BʿLBK
786:Hadad
770:Venus
755:Roman
751:Greek
749:. In
724:. In
706:Latin
688:Baʿal
678:with
672:Haddu
669:Baʿal
660:as a
644:. In
634:Greek
593:Greek
491:Greek
477:Roman
255:UTC+2
240:Metro
12389:Homs
12354:Tyre
12330:Arqa
12264:Acre
12201:Gaza
11546:Sexi
11460:Adra
11391:Sala
11351:Anfa
11222:Oyat
11132:Arqa
11127:Ampi
11122:Amia
11071:Nora
11026:Eryx
11005:Chia
10955:Dora
10919:Paxi
10606:Tyre
10021:Jieh
9996:Jbaa
9986:Iaat
9836:Arqa
9551:Laat
9506:Iaat
9300:Tyre
9191:2015
9116:ISBN
9097:link
9057:ISBN
9024:2015
8963:help
8939:ISSN
8929:ISBN
8891:ISBN
8739:1697
8737:A.D.
8662:ISBN
8624:ISBN
8577:2015
8536:2013
8515:ISSN
8505:ISBN
8486:2014
8455:ISBN
8406:ISBN
8385:ISBN
8361:ISBN
8337:ISBN
8159:ISBN
8075:ISBN
8047:ISBN
8026:ISBN
7988:ISBN
7942:ISBN
7919:ISBN
7825:ISBN
7748:and
7723:2010
7666:2018
7629:of."
7249:2015
7166:2006
7132:2015
7120:Time
7019:ISBN
6995:ISBN
6970:2015
6940:2015
6890:2015
6807:2009
6781:2009
6104:1225
6014:Bonn
5745:Cook
5634:DGRG
5529:Ant.
5461:DGRG
5353:DGRG
5309:2015
5162:DGRG
4796:2024
4750:2024
4718:ISBN
4688:ISBN
4663:2017
4611:2015
4583:2015
4446:The
4429:and
4313:and
4311:Wood
4256:and
4175:Iunu
4156:and
4139:and
4053:rail
3872:Bari
3646:10.0
3631:13.4
3626:16.8
3621:19.2
3616:19.0
3611:16.1
3606:12.5
3586:−0.1
3576:14.9
3566:11.2
3561:17.8
3556:22.3
3551:25.3
3546:25.2
3541:22.3
3536:18.3
3531:13.3
3506:20.0
3501:10.3
3496:15.8
3491:22.9
3486:28.3
3481:31.7
3476:31.6
3471:28.4
3466:23.5
3461:18.3
3456:13.5
3435:Dec
3432:Nov
3429:Oct
3426:Sep
3423:Aug
3420:Jul
3417:Jun
3414:May
3411:Apr
3408:Mar
3405:Feb
3402:Jan
3291:C.M.
3079:Buri
2995:nave
2967:Wood
2965:and
2948:The
2923:Nero
2908:and
2784:for
2580:and
2568:and
2508:Shia
2475:Shia
2435:and
2426:Shia
2424:and
2339:PPNB
2323:and
2243:kaza
2234:Acre
2093:the
2069:The
1895:Abaq
1883:Homs
1870:Unur
1861:and
1851:Buri
1812:emir
1786:and
1772:lit.
1584:and
1480:Wall
1476:Gaul
1464:Rome
1454:and
1405:term
1395:and
1362:whip
1347:idol
1287:the
1267:and
1215:and
1084:Adon
1060:Tyre
1007:Tell
951:Lord
939:Lord
923:Beka
915:Cook
909:The
838:life
753:and
747:Aziz
680:Zeus
616:and
587:, a
549:Name
444:and
229:City
197:City
190:Area
50:City
11823:of
11255:Ann
10191:Qaa
9585:Qaa
9377:Ain
9257:in
9000:doi
8996:128
8731:to
8242:doi
7968:doi
7608:467
7572:458
7547:564
7519:462
7500:460
7484:565
7468:559
7427:466
7398:465
7382:892
7318:560
7295:459
6426:544
6352:476
6333:299
6280:226
6264:572
6229:410
6120:138
6085:109
6066:634
6060:CMH
5981:555
5950:556
5844:553
5812:554
5785:471
5729:552
5479:454
5392:470
5335:456
5262:453
5246:468
5106:616
5090:196
5022:543
4964:550
4937:473
4684:202
4604:BBC
4408:and
3830:'s
3720:389
3641:2.7
3636:7.4
3601:8.0
3596:4.1
3591:0.9
3571:6.2
3526:8.8
3521:4.7
3516:3.4
3451:8.8
3446:7.1
3385:Csa
3343:of
3320:of
3301:of
3278:of
3262:of
3246:of
3225:of
3217:of
3205:to
3081:or
3049:or
2933:of
2697:" (
2586:IDF
2519:IAF
2382:DHP
2278:of
2209:in
2201:by
1814:of
1558:'s
1534:in
1502:of
1482:in
1426:in
1422:at
1399:in
1391:in
1376:at
1306:to
1255:to
1213:5th
1172:'s
1157:2nd
1097:In
1062:to
1054:or
1046:or
945:).
872:as
840:of
824:'s
712:or
700:or
682:or
662:god
654:sun
559:Asi
424:'s
420:in
307:294
269:DST
259:EET
12478::
11189:,
9349:,
9181:.
9093:}}
9089:{{
9006:.
8994:.
8990:.
8955::
8953:}}
8949:{{
8937:.
8923:.
8910:30
8885:.
8771:.
8751:.
8652:.
8513:.
8499:.
8256:.
8248:.
8238:94
8236:.
8223:.
7964:54
7936:.
7913:.
7874:,
7819:.
7789:.
7709:.
7642:.
7594:^
7585:EB
7554:^
7507:^
7450:^
7405:^
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