407:
191:
49:
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31:
523:(MCV), a disease typically affecting children and immuno-compromised patients, has been investigated. Nine of sixteen patients who were treated with 10% strength lemon myrtle oil showed a significant improvement, compared to none in the control group. A study in 2003 which investigated the effectiveness of different preparations of lemon myrtle against bacteria and fungi concluded that the plant had potential as an
536:
Lemon myrtle is a cultivated ornamental plant. It can be grown from tropical to warm temperate climates, and may handle cooler districts provided it can be protected from frost when young. In cultivation it rarely exceeds about 5 metres (16 ft) and usually has a dense canopy. The principal
553:
In plantation cultivation the tree is typically maintained as a shrub by regular harvesting from the top and sides. Mechanical harvesting is used in commercial plantations. It is important to retain some lower branches when pruning for plant health. The harvested leaves are dried for leaf
287:
smell of the crushed leaves. 'Lemon scented myrtle' was the primary common name until the shortened trade name, 'lemon myrtle', was created by the native foods industry to market the leaf for culinary use. Lemon myrtle is now the more common name for the plant and its products.
537:
attraction to gardeners is the lemon smell, which perfumes both the leaves and flowers of the tree. Lemon myrtle is a hardy plant, which tolerates all but the poorest drained soils. It can be slow growing but responds well to slow-release fertilisers.
418:
flavours and is sometimes referred to as the "Queen of the lemon herbs". The leaf is often used as dried flakes, or in the form of an encapsulated flavour essence for enhanced shelf-life. It has a range of uses, such as lemon myrtle flakes in
540:
Seedling lemon myrtle go through a shrubby, slow juvenile growth stage, before developing a dominant trunk. Lemon myrtle can also be propagated from cutting, but is slow to strike. A study into the plant growing
527:
or as a surface disinfectant, or as an anti-microbial food additive. The oil is a popular ingredient in health care and cleaning products, especially soaps, lotions, skin-whitening preparations and shampoos.
549:
for growing cuttings throughout the year. Growing cuttings from mature trees bypasses the shrubby juvenile stage. Cutting propagation is also used to provide a consistent product in commercial production.
545:
found that "actively growing axillary buds, wide stems and mature leaves" are good indicators that a cutting will take root successfully and survive. A further study on temperature recommended
934:
Hayes, A. J. & Markovic, B. (2003), "Toxicity of
Australian essential oil Backhousia citriodora (lemon myrtle). Part 2. Absorption and histopathology following application to human skin",
255:
are creamy-white, 5â7 mm (0.20â0.28 in) in diameter, produced in clusters at the ends of the branches from summer through to autumn. After petal fall, the calyx is persistent.
379:
1225:
992:
Burke, B. E.; Baillie, J. E. & Olson, R. D. (2004), "Essential oil of
Australian lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum in children",
898:
Hayes, A. J. & Markovic, B. (2002), "Toxicity of
Australian essential oil Backhousia citriodora (Lemon myrtle). Part 1. Antimicrobial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity",
712:
Hayes, A.J.; Markovic, B. (April 2002). "Toxicity of
Australian essential oil Backhousia citriodora (Lemon myrtle). Part 1. Antimicrobial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity".
572:
A 2009 study has suggested that drying lemon myrtle leaves at higher temperatures improves the citral content of the dried leaves, but discolours the leaves more.
668:
1253:
2615:
1137:
Buchaillot, A.; Caffin, N.; Bhandari, B. (2009). "Drying of Lemon Myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) Leaves: Retention of
Volatiles and Color".
515:. When diluted to approximately 1%, absorption through the skin and subsequent damage is thought to be minimal. Lemon myrtle oil has a high
2748:
638:
264:) was detected in lemon myrtle plantations in January 2011. Myrtle rust severely damages new growth and threatens lemon myrtle production.
653:
406:
2733:
882:
2563:
1110:
Kibbler, H.; Johnston, M. E.; Williams, R. R. (2004). "Adventitious root formation in cuttings of
Backhousia citriodora F. Muell".
1083:
Kibbler, H.; Johnston, M. E.; Williams, R. R. (2004). "Adventitious root formation in cuttings of
Backhousia citriodora F. Muell".
796:
2576:
1246:
2738:
2498:
621:
251:, 5â12 cm (2.0â4.7 in) long and 1.5â2.5 cm (0.6â1.0 in) broad, glossy green, with an entire margin. The
181:
2368:
1239:
877:
Functional
Properties of Australian Bushfoods â A Report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation,
672:
2360:
977:
817:
F. Muell. â Rediscovery and chemical characterization of the L-citronellal form and aspects of its breeding system",
2503:
2620:
2602:
2476:
2718:
337:. It is also considered to have a "cleaner and sweeter" aroma than comparable sources of citralâlemongrass and
2659:
516:
1220:
2713:
900:
2723:
2516:
2511:
2485:
520:
1067:
519:, a measure of antimicrobial potency. Use of lemon myrtle oil as a treatment for skin lesions caused by
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1714:
1664:
698:
48:
2581:
747:
2383:
2249:
1963:
2743:
1622:
771:
Archived analysis results, Wollongbar
Agricultural Institute, Department of Primary Industry, NSW
485:
in steam distilled lemon myrtle oil is typically 90â98%, and oil yield 1â3% from fresh leaf. The
635:
2438:
1439:
1392:
326:
293:
2378:
1906:
1846:
1532:
1492:
1277:
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have long used lemon myrtle, both in cuisine and as a healing plant. The oil has the highest
297:. Other common names are sweet verbena tree, lemon scented verbena (not to be confused with
165:
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2100:
2017:
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Atkinson W, Brice H. (1955), "Antibacterial substances produced by flowering plants.",
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Wilkinson, J. M.; Hipwell, M.; Ryan, T.; Cavanagh, H. M. A. (2003). "Bioactivity of
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845:"Development ofMelaleucaoils as effective natural-based personal insect repellents"
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chemotype is uncommon, and can be used as an insect repellent. The dried leaf has
2324:
1911:
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1799:
1754:
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The species can reach 6 m (20 ft) in height, but is often smaller. The
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1998:
1923:
1747:
1709:
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375:
260:
73:
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439:, including tea blends. It can also be used as a lemon flavour replacement in
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473:. The citral chemotype is more prevalent and is cultivated in Australia for
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Doran, J. C.; Brophy, J. J.; Lassak, E. V. & House, A. P. N. (2001), "
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1953:
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properties; however, the undiluted essential oil is toxic to human cells
486:
1699:
1188:
223:. It is endemic to subtropical rainforests of central and south-eastern
30:
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291:
Lemon myrtle is sometimes confused with 'lemon ironbark', which is
122:
99:
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2555:
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was investigated as a potential leaf spice and commercial crop by
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1973:
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Australian
Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science
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2007:
1993:
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was established by The Essential Oils Unit, Wollongbar, and
2052:
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1397:
1387:
1268:
1215:
440:
428:
240:
436:
343:. In 1888, Bertram first isolated the essential oil from
1136:
231:, with a natural distribution from Mackay to Brisbane.
1109:
1082:
812:
1174:
1030:
citriodora: Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity".
748:"Lemon Myrtle Essential Oil (Backhousia Citriodora)"
561:
The majority of commercial lemon myrtle is grown in
991:
780:Standards Australia, "Australia Standard, Oil of
2700:
2205:
1221:Broad range of lemon myrtle products and recipes
784:, citral type (lemon myrtle oil)", AS 4941-2001.
655:Myrtle rust confirmed on lemon myrtle plantation
967:
351:, and it was later shown to be antimicrobial.
1261:
1247:
1216:Australian Bushfood and Native Medicine Forum
933:
897:
711:
636:Myrtle rust host list, NSW Primary Industries
455:without the curdling problem associated with
347:. In 1925, it was found to be significantly
258:A significant fungal pathogen, myrtle rust (
1254:
1240:
1032:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
272:Lemon myrtle was given the botanical name
234:
29:
968:Lassak, E. V. & McCarthy, T. (1983),
860:
614:Ornamental Rainforest Plants of Australia
692:
405:
313:
189:
1065:Lemon Myrtle Uses, Products and Patents
686:
607:
605:
603:
601:
2701:
842:
558:, or distilled for the essential oil.
414:Lemon myrtle is one of the well known
2437:
2436:
1235:
611:
410:Dried and crushed lemon myrtle leaves
322:) essential oil in a clear glass vial
598:
283:The common name reflects the strong
276:in 1853 after the English botanist,
2749:Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller
13:
1168:
972:, Australia: Methuen, p. 98,
879:2007, RIRDC Publication No 07/030
390:. In 2001, a Standards for Oil of
14:
2760:
1209:
435:or vegetable oils; and made into
380:Wollongbar Agricultural Institute
2734:Crops originating from Australia
2660:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:591026-1
1204:APNI Australian Plant Name Index
862:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2009.00736.x
849:Australian Journal of Entomology
496:
47:
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1103:
1076:
1058:
1019:
985:
961:
927:
891:
869:
836:
806:
787:
1618:Peppercorn (black/green/white)
774:
765:
740:
705:
661:
647:
629:
531:
333:purity; typically higher than
1:
2739:Medicinal plants of Australia
1124:10.1016/j.scienta.2004.02.007
1097:10.1016/j.scienta.2003.12.012
948:10.1016/S0278-6915(03)00159-5
914:10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00103-X
819:Flavour and Fragrance Journal
794:The Cook and the Chef, ABC TV
726:10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00103-X
592:
358:was the first company to use
301:), and sweet verbena myrtle.
1006:10.1016/j.biopha.2003.11.006
936:Food and Chemical Toxicology
901:Food and Chemical Toxicology
714:Food and Chemical Toxicology
669:"The Aromatic Plant Project"
267:
7:
1430:Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)
970:Australian Medicinal Plants
575:
521:molluscum contagiosum virus
401:
38:Garden specimen, in flower
10:
2765:
699:Cambridge University Press
309:
2445:
2394:
2353:
2076:
1566:
1352:Coriander leafâ/âCilantro
1267:
1262:Culinary herbs and spices
1151:10.1080/07373930802683740
843:Greive, Kerryn A (2010).
517:RidealâWalker coefficient
171:
164:
44:Scientific classification
42:
37:
28:
23:
2250:Montreal steak seasoning
693:Simonsen, J. L. (1953),
427:; whole leaf with baked
875:Zhao, J., Agboola, S.,
565:and the north coast of
378:, who commissioned the
304:
235:Description and ecology
2206:
1112:Scientia Horticulturae
1085:Scientia Horticulturae
469:has two essential oil
443:-based foods, such as
411:
327:Indigenous Australians
323:
294:Eucalyptus staigeriana
213:lemon scented ironwood
195:
2719:Myrtales of Australia
2504:Backhousia_citriodora
2477:Backhousia citriodora
2447:Backhousia citriodora
815:Backhousia citriodora
782:Backhousia citriodora
752:Native Oils Australia
612:Jones, J. L. (1986),
467:Backhousia citriodora
409:
320:Backhousia citriodora
317:
274:Backhousia citriodora
200:Backhousia citriodora
193:
175:Backhousia citriodora
2101:Beau monde seasoning
1466:Limnophila aromatica
695:The Terpenes, Vol. I
493:scavenging ability.
209:lemon scented myrtle
203:, commonly known as
2714:Flora of Queensland
2225:Jamaican jerk spice
1847:Japanese pricklyash
1189:10.1038/icb.1955.56
994:Biomed Pharmacother
697:(Second ed.),
396:Standards Australia
2724:Trees of Australia
2201:Herbes de Provence
1832:Grains of paradise
1695:Crushed red pepper
1409:Houttuynia cordata
1228:from Vic Cherikoff
1070:2013-06-11 at the
885:2009-09-21 at the
799:2009-08-06 at the
641:2011-02-16 at the
543:adventitious roots
447:, lemon flavoured
412:
388:gas chromatography
324:
196:
157:B. citriodora
2696:
2695:
2629:Open Tree of Life
2439:Taxon identifiers
2430:
2429:
2402:Chinese herbology
2280:Pumpkin pie spice
2260:Old Bay Seasoning
2220:Italian seasoning
2166:Five-spice powder
1468:(rice-paddy herb)
1311:Indian bay leaf (
1139:Drying Technology
1044:10.1021/jf0258003
942:(10): 1409â1416,
701:, pp. 83â100
623:978-0-7301-0113-0
386:selections using
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2466:
2465:
2464:
2434:
2433:
2211:
2018:Tasmanian pepper
1999:Sichuan pepper (
1954:Pomegranate seed
1768:Dillâ/âDill seed
1623:Brazilian pepper
1586:Alligator pepper
1340:garlicâ/âChinese
1256:
1249:
1242:
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1200:
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671:. Archived from
665:
659:
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626:
609:
423:; flavouring in
177:
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
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2349:
2325:Tandoori masala
2072:
1949:Peruvian pepper
1837:Grains of Selim
1822:Aromatic ginger
1755:Bunium persicum
1562:
1263:
1260:
1212:
1171:
1169:Further reading
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1135:
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1072:Wayback Machine
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567:New South Wales
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481:. Citral as an
404:
362:oil as a lemon
312:
307:
278:James Backhouse
270:
237:
217:flowering plant
184:
179:
173:
160:
46:
17:
16:Species of tree
12:
11:
5:
2762:
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2744:Essential oils
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
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2686:wfo-0000305828
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2395:Related topics
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2255:Mulling spices
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2131:Cinnamon sugar
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1748:Nigella sativa
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1732:Coriander seed
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1210:External links
1208:
1207:
1206:
1201:
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1102:
1075:
1057:
1018:
1000:(4): 245â247,
984:
978:
960:
926:
908:(4): 535â543,
890:
868:
835:
825:(5): 325â328,
805:
786:
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720:(4): 535â543.
704:
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616:, Reed Books,
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589:
584:
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498:
495:
403:
400:
376:Peter Hardwick
354:In the 1940s,
318:Lemon myrtle (
311:
308:
306:
303:
269:
266:
261:Uredo rangelii
236:
233:
219:in the family
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2228:
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2202:
2199:
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2176:Garlic powder
2174:
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2159:
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1460:Lemon verbena
1458:
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1186:
1183:(5): 547â54,
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979:0-454-00438-9
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675:on 2019-11-24
674:
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587:Lemon verbena
585:
583:
580:
579:
573:
570:
569:, Australia.
568:
564:
559:
557:
551:
548:
544:
538:
529:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:
508:
507:antimicrobial
504:
503:essential oil
501:Lemon myrtle
497:Antimicrobial
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:essential oil
476:
472:
468:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
431:; infused in
430:
426:
422:
417:
408:
399:
397:
393:
392:B. citriodora
389:
385:
384:B. citriodora
381:
377:
373:
372:B. citriodora
369:
365:
361:
360:B. citriodora
357:
352:
350:
346:
345:B. citriodora
342:
341:
340:Litsea cubeba
336:
332:
328:
321:
316:
302:
300:
299:lemon verbena
296:
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166:Binomial name
163:
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79:
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75:
74:Tracheophytes
72:
69:
66:
65:
62:
59:
56:
55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
24:Lemon myrtle
22:
19:
2446:
2275:Powder-douce
2265:Panch phoron
2235:Lemon pepper
2171:Garam masala
2161:Fines herbes
2141:Curry powder
2121:Chaat masala
2000:
1979:Sarsaparilla
1939:Onion powder
1887:Mango-ginger
1753:
1746:
1680:Chili powder
1465:
1455:Lemon myrtle
1454:
1412:
1408:
1363:
1362:Vietnamese (
1312:
1276:
1226:Lemon Myrtle
1180:
1176:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1060:
1038:(1): 76â81.
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
997:
993:
987:
969:
963:
939:
935:
929:
905:
899:
893:
876:
871:
852:
848:
838:
822:
818:
814:
808:
789:
781:
776:
767:
755:. Retrieved
751:
742:
717:
713:
707:
694:
688:
677:. Retrieved
673:the original
663:
654:
649:
631:
613:
571:
560:
552:
539:
535:
510:
500:
491:free radical
466:
465:
413:
391:
383:
371:
368:World War II
359:
353:
344:
338:
325:
319:
292:
290:
282:
273:
271:
259:
257:
247:, opposite,
238:
212:
208:
205:lemon myrtle
204:
199:
198:
197:
174:
172:
156:
155:
143:
106:
93:
80:
67:
18:
2590:iNaturalist
2471:Wikispecies
2374:Bangladeshi
2305:Sharena sol
2300:Recado rojo
2285:QĂąlat daqqa
2245:Mixed spice
2181:Garlic salt
2146:Doubanjiang
1882:Long pepper
1842:Horseradish
1660:Celery seed
1533:SanshĆ leaf
1450:Lemon grass
1091:: 133â143.
657:, ABC Rural
547:glasshouses
532:Cultivation
487:citronellal
382:to analyse
370:. In 1989,
87:Angiosperms
2709:Backhousia
2703:Categories
2642:Plant List
2412:Marination
2407:Herbal tea
2369:Australian
2365:By region
2340:Yuzu koshĆ
2330:Thuna paha
2270:Persillade
2023:Tonka bean
1959:Poppy seed
1867:Dried lime
1790:Fingerroot
1705:New Mexico
1613:Asafoetida
1445:Lemon balm
1403:Hoja santa
1383:Curry leaf
1145:(3): 445.
1118:(3): 343.
1028:Backhousia
757:30 October
679:2008-06-01
593:References
563:Queensland
525:antiseptic
505:possesses
475:flavouring
471:chemotypes
445:cheesecake
421:shortbread
364:flavouring
349:germicidal
335:lemongrass
249:lanceolate
225:Queensland
144:Backhousia
2673:100151753
2647:kew-18718
2422:Spice rub
2417:Seasoning
2384:Pakistani
2215:Idli podi
2186:Gochujang
2136:Crab boil
2053:Yuzu zest
1984:Sassafras
1872:Liquorice
1778:Fenugreek
1715:Cultivars
855:: 40â48.
734:0278-6915
449:ice-cream
433:macadamia
268:Etymology
245:evergreen
229:Australia
221:Myrtaceae
151:Species:
133:Myrtaceae
57:Kingdom:
2729:Bushfood
2668:Tropicos
2608:591026-1
2462:Q2708073
2456:Wikidata
2361:Culinary
2335:Vadouvan
2310:Shichimi
2208:HĂșng lĂŹu
2028:Turmeric
2013:Tamarind
1862:Korarima
1795:Galangal
1763:Deulkkae
1722:Cinnamon
1700:Jalapeño
1690:Chipotle
1638:Cardamom
1591:Allspice
1558:Woodruff
1548:Tarragon
1513:Rosemary
1478:Marjoram
1440:Lavender
1435:Kkaennip
1373:Culantro
1357:Bolivian
1306:Bay leaf
1278:Angelica
1197:13283937
1159:96070434
1068:Archived
1052:12502388
1014:15183850
956:12909275
922:11893412
883:Archived
797:Archived
639:Archived
576:See also
512:in vitro
416:bushfood
402:Culinary
182:F.Muell.
129:Family:
123:Myrtales
100:Eudicots
2569:3185109
2543:3012918
2345:Za'atar
2240:Mitmita
2191:Harissa
2106:Berbere
2096:Baharat
2063:Zereshk
2058:Zedoary
2038:Vanilla
2001:huÄjiÄo
1974:Saffron
1964:Radhuni
1944:Paprika
1929:Njangsa
1924:Nigella
1902:Mustard
1800:greater
1710:Tabasco
1685:Cayenne
1665:Charoli
1633:Caraway
1628:Camphor
1596:Amchoor
1508:Perilla
1503:Parsley
1498:Oregano
1493:Mitsuba
1488:Mugwort
1413:giáș„p cĂĄ
1393:Epazote
1364:rau rÄm
1330:Chervil
483:isolate
461:acidity
366:during
310:History
253:flowers
215:, is a
194:Flowers
139:Genus:
119:Order:
61:Plantae
2634:238737
2595:122826
2517:571119
2491:103321
2379:Indian
2196:Hawaij
2151:Douchi
2126:Chaunk
2091:Advieh
2086:Adjika
2078:Blends
2048:Wasabi
1989:Sesame
1934:Nutmeg
1897:Mahleb
1892:Mastic
1827:Golpar
1817:Ginger
1812:Garlic
1805:lesser
1773:Fennel
1670:Chenpi
1650:Cassia
1581:Ajwain
1576:Aonori
1568:Spices
1543:Sorrel
1528:Savory
1473:Lovage
1420:Hyssop
1347:Cicely
1335:Chives
1325:Borage
1313:tejpat
1195:
1157:
1050:
1012:
976:
954:
920:
732:
620:
582:Citral
459:fruit
453:sorbet
331:citral
241:leaves
113:Rosids
2621:39976
2556:BKOCI
2530:5VYFN
2354:Lists
2320:Tajin
2315:Tabil
2156:Duqqa
2116:Buknu
2033:Uzazi
2008:Sumac
1994:Shiso
1917:white
1912:brown
1907:black
1857:Kokum
1742:Cumin
1737:Cubeb
1727:Clove
1675:Chili
1643:black
1601:Anise
1553:Thyme
1538:Shiso
1425:Jimbu
1378:Cress
1320:Boldo
1299:Lemon
1284:Basil
1269:Herbs
1155:S2CID
556:spice
457:lemon
425:pasta
356:Tarax
285:lemon
107:Clade
94:Clade
81:Clade
68:Clade
2655:POWO
2616:NCBI
2603:IPNI
2582:6250
2577:GRIN
2564:GBIF
2551:EPPO
2512:BOLD
2499:ATRF
2486:APNI
2068:Zest
1969:Rose
1783:blue
1606:star
1523:Sage
1483:Mint
1398:Hemp
1388:Dill
1294:Thai
1289:Holy
1193:PMID
1048:PMID
1010:PMID
974:ISBN
952:PMID
918:PMID
759:2023
730:ISSN
618:ISBN
477:and
451:and
441:milk
429:fish
305:Uses
243:are
2681:WFO
2538:EoL
2525:CoL
1518:Rue
1185:doi
1147:doi
1120:doi
1116:102
1093:doi
1089:102
1040:doi
1002:doi
944:doi
910:doi
857:doi
827:doi
722:doi
437:tea
211:or
2705::
2683::
2670::
2657::
2644::
2631::
2618::
2605::
2592::
2579::
2566::
2553::
2540::
2527::
2514::
2501::
2488::
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