53:
34:
3368:
756:
60:
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436:, the mandible does not share any observable derived Neanderthal traits. As it didn't appear to be Neanderthal, but more archaic, the mandible was originally described as belonging to the generic archaic Homo sp. Shape of the dental arcade and molar morphology placed the remains in the genus Homo, but its fragmentary nature and plesiomorphic character of its traits precluded a more precise taxonomic designation.
360:
579:
688:, 9% heads), it points towards a mayor contribution of high-utility parts. Tools found among the hominin remains are almost identical to the tools found in Middle East at that period pointing to the contact or even mixing of two populations. Remains, originating from the Middle Paleolithic, include numerous artefacts, fauna remains and hearths. Also found were stone tools for leather processing, or
852:
No. 50/12 on 18 May. It was registered in the local register of the
Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments Niš on 28 May 2012 (designation AN 53), with the institute being placed in charge of the administration over the protected area. The monument was inducted in the state register of cultural monuments on 17 August 2012, under the designation AN 165.
639:
to 9. It is believed that primary food source were deer and ibex, while other large fauna had secondary role. This points to a certain level of specialization in hunting, with focus on more productive animals. Sub-layer 2 indicate summer use of the cave and a clearly specialized economy which included summer hunting of young deer, grazing in herds in the Morava's
771:
populations. Remains in Velika
Balanica make it one of the oldest localities in Europe where transition from the Lower Paleolithic into the Middle one is recorded. The transition was marked by the controlled use of fire, and organized hunting. This corresponds with sudden elevation of cognitive abilities of human ancestors, and the process of
648:
large animals may indicate sub-optimal behavior. Consequently, the paleo-economy practiced by the inhabitants of Velika
Balanica was less efficient than the one observed in other Upper Paleolithic records. Still, the logistic mobility of the settlers was apparently rather high, which points to the intense residential use of the cave.
730:
During the summer of 2017, four teeth were discovered. The first tooth was discovered by the student
Ljubica Stajić. They are three adult teeth and one child's (a six-year molar), belonging to at least two persons. Dated to the Chibanian period, they were estimated to be 300,000 years old. That makes
545:
Velika
Balanica is a relatively large cave, covering 400 m (4,300 sq ft), of which 30 m (320 sq ft) is surveyed. The entrance is 1.5 by 2 by 2 m (4 ft 11 in by 6 ft 7 in by 6 ft 7 in), while the entry hall is 9 by 2 by 2 m (29.5 by
523:
suggested that
Neanderthals were evolving in Western Europe during glacial isolation periods, but in warmer periods more primitive species which remained in the Balkans, and south generally, would repopulate the west, reasserting their traits. For example, Mala Balanica's mandible shows absolutely no
518:
of
Neanderthals, at least in the European context. However, the contemporary Middle Pleistocene hominin population in Western Europe shows unequal presence of Neanderthal traits. While in the Sima de los Huesos Neanderthal morphology is more pronounced, in the eastern Arago and Ceprano localities not
851:
The
Government of Serbia made a decision No. 05 633–27622012 on 10 May 2022 to place the caves under the protection as "Locality of Velika and Mala Balanica in Sićevo". They were declared an official archaeological site and immovable cultural monument. The decision was published in the State Gazette
778:
The Middle and Late
Pleistocene specimen from western Europe show derived Neandertal traits, however, this is different for the eastern and the southern Europe. It appears that Mediterranean peninsulas served as areas of refuge, potentially playing an important role in maintaining the variability of
717:
The tools were used for butchering of animals, including skinning, dismembering and defleshing of bones, leaving butchering and cut marks on the bones, which are in 90% of cases limb bones. Some 30% of total bones was manually hit whilst fresh, producing oblique angles and curved profiles. On many,
455:
in Canada. Though some results, especially of the sediments where the mandible was discovered, showed results of older periods, up to 602,000 years old (582,000 in sediments above the mandible), the researchers concluded from other facts and circumstances that this is probably not the case, settling
803:
The remains coincide with the period when humans began their permanent presence in Europe. Unlike west
European Heidelberg man, remains from Mala Balanica have no Neanderthal elements. It indicates that in colder periods, the Balkans wasn't isolated from the rest of Eurasia, like the western Europe
770:
of humans. Characteristics of the period include exaggerated encephalization, controlled use of fire, temperate zone geographic dispersals, varieties of prepared core lithic reduction techniques, development of effective weaponry (both predatory and defensive), and regional differentiation of human
638:
Based on the topographic cliff-like location of the cave, abundance of ibex and chamois remains is expected. Predators belong to the typical grassland and forested environments, which corresponds to the moderate temperatures and presumed paleo-environment in the interglacial Marine Isotope Stages 7
283:
cave, several kilometers away. All three contain hominin remains, including Neanderthal's in Pešturina. The Balanica caves are some 100 m (330 ft) away from the last houses in the Sićevo village. The caves are inaccessible by roads or paths and can be reached only via ropes. Access starts
647:
Unlike other Neanderthal groups, the main focus of Balanica residents was not the large game, as those animals lived in the river plains, far from the cave, which caused logistic problems of transporting large carcasses back into the cave. Failure in developing efficient transportation strategy of
371:
The entrance is 2 by 1.5 m (6 ft 7 in by 4 ft 11 in), the hall is 12 by 6 m (39 by 20 ft), with average height of 1 m (3 ft 3 in). The maximum height is 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in), while the elongated karstic chamber is 25 m (82 ft)
811:
The findings in both Balanica caves point to possible contact between the Balkans and Middle Eastern hominin populations some 300,000 to 240,000 years ago. A number of questions remain open: What was the exact method of dissemination of the cultural innovations? Were those migrations of people or
561:
Lithic assemblages from the Charentian period in both caves, and remains of microfauna, suggest that layer 3a corresponds to the late Middle Pleistocene, probably the interglacial Marine Isotope Stages 9 or 7. Taking into the account the Proto-Charentian character of industry, and parallels with
255:
one is recorded. The caves also confirm that the Balkan Peninsula, due to its geographical location, was always an important crossroads, and a migration corridor even for archaic humans, connecting continents already 300,000 years ago. Different hominin morphologies survived and coexisted in the
812:
exchange of ideas, and who was the initial carrier of the original technologies? At this moment, it is not even clear which species of hominins made contact. It could be meeting of European and Middle Eastern Neanderthals, or the meeting of regional Neanderthals with ancestors of modern humans.
643:
plain. These localities are some 5 km (3.1 mi) to the south-southwest. By contrast, ibex and chamois were living around the site, on the gorge's cliffs. This points to the low role of large mammals in diet, which is generally narrow and heavily influenced by the location of the cave.
408:
level of the cave, 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) below the artifact bearing level, or 281 to 284 cm (111 to 112 in) of total depth. It was the first hominin specimen in the Central Balkans recovered through controlled excavations with firm stratigraphic context. The mandible is
1437:
431:
The presence of the alveolar planum (the distance from the frontmost tooth socket to the back of the jaw), and the overall robusticity indicated a non-modern morphology and primitive character states comparable with the Early Pleistocene. Despite relative geographic proximity and possible
701:
Specifically, stone tools from Velika and Mala Balanica caves show a distinctive assortment of characteristics, like large flakes with at least one blunt margin, distinctive scalar Quina retouch, extensive reworking of scrapers, and the predominance of scrapers in the assemblage. These
400:
was originally used to determine the jaw's age. Due to the limitation of the process, and some unusual readings, it was tentatively dated to 113,000+72,000-43,000 years, as older specimen was never discovered in this part of Europe. This was set as the minimum age.
288:, where the ropes descend below the village's football field. All caves are locked and are opened only when excavations are conducted. The entrances into the caves face south, across the gorge, but overlooking to the west, and the wide
202:. It consists of Velika Balanica and Mala Balanica (meaning Great and Little Balanica). The entrances of two caves are 7 m (23 ft) apart, at an elevation of 329 m (1,079 ft), and form one cave system. A third cave,
590:
Until 2014, over 10,000 animal bone remains were discovered, but due to the extreme fragmentation, over 86% is non-identifiable being shorter than 3 cm (1.2 in). Among herbivores, the most represented are the remains of
242:
remains were discovered in Velika Balanica. Estimated to be 300,000 years old, they are the oldest Neanderthal remains in eastern Europe, and second oldest hominin remains discovered so far in Serbia. This place it in the
667:
alterations in the assemblage include the abundance of butchery and breakage marks, with thermoalterations (treatment by fire) confirming this. There is abundant evidence (including fragmentation and use of fire) of
783:
evolution. Hence, population of Europe in the Pleistocene may have been more complex than previously thought. Based on the fossil records, the reasons may include any number of different genetic processes including
424:. All three molars are present in their sockets. The lower half of the mesiolingual root of the third molar is missing and the remaining roots are exposed due to the destruction of the adjacent endomandibular
346:, joined Serbian scientists in 2009. It was evident from the start that the localities are important archaeological sources as numerous artefacts, fireplaces, fauna and hominin remains were soon discovered.
815:
The mandible from Mala Balanica is the easternmost hominin specimen in Europe dated to the Middle Pleistocene. Inferences drawn from the morphology place it outside currently observed variation of European
227:, including Balanica. Apart from Pešturina, in the wider Balanica region, evidence of the Neanderthal presence was discovered in the localities of Meča Dupka, Golema Dupka, and Kremenac, all in the Niš and
747:, in the archaeological layer 3a. Examination of the remains showed that they bear the closest resemblance to 430,000 years old Neanderthal remains from Atapuerca's site Sima de los Huesos, in Spain.
808:
in the ice age periods, but after the glaciers retreated, contributed to 80% of animal and plant species that repopulated Western Europe, and 100% of all the species that repopulated Eastern Europe.
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6.6 by 6.6 ft). Originally, 160 m (1,700 sq ft) was accessible, with several buried corridors which lead into further, later uncovered, halls. A 3 m (9.8 ft) deep
532:
in its beginnings. The Balkans remained connected to Southwest Asia even during the ice age and served as a transit route. Much later, fully evolved Neanderthals would migrate to the east.
267:
placed two Balanica caves under the protection as a cultural monument. They were officially declared an archaeological site under the name "Locality of Velika and Mala Balanica in Sićevo".
295:
Entrance into the Mala Balanica is at an elevation of 329 m (1,079 ft), while the Velika Balanica's mouth is at 332 m (1,089 ft), or 100 m (330 ft) above the
215:
were discovered in Mala Balanica. Estimated to be up to 525,000 years old, it was the oldest hominin remains discovery in Serbia and third oldest in Europe at the time. During the last
722:
scars and splinters. Almost one third of the bones was treated by fire. Such abundance of burnt traces may be a result of intense cooking, or cleaning the living floors in the cave.
1318:
Roksandic, Mirjana; Mihailović, Dušan; Mercier, Norbert; Dimitrijević, Vesna; Morley, Mike W.; Rakočević, Zoran; Mihailović, Bojana; Guibert, Pierre; Babb, Jeff (2 August 2011).
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702:
characteristics are not noticed in the similarly dated assemblages from the surrounding region. They show strong similarities with the contemporaneous Yabrudian facies of the
1393:
4636:
828:, suggest different evolutionary forces shaped ancient residents in the east of the continent where isolation did not play such an important role during glaciations.
247:, quite early in the Neanderthal evolution, and points to the expansion from the west. This makes it one of the oldest localities in Europe where transition from the
7146:
804:
was. Scientists predicted that at some point humanoid remains would also be discovered in Velka Balanica, which happened in 2017. The Balkans served not only as a
315:
The caves in the surroundings of Niš attracted archaeologists already at the end of the 19th century, few decades after science adopted theories of evolution and
1267:"New Radiometric Ages for the BH-1 Hominin from Balanica (Serbia): Implications for Understanding the Role of the Balkans in Middle Pleistocene Human Evolution"
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743: 74,000. Additionally, they are the second oldest hominin remains in Serbia after those from Mala Balanica. The teeth were found among the remains of the
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them the oldest Neanderthal remains outside of western Europe, indicating massive migration to the east, or the Eastern Mediterranean Area. The more precise
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7291:
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7136:
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is divided in 5 layers (1 to 5), which are divided into further sub-levels (2a, 2a2, 2a3, 2b, 2c, 3a-3c, 4a-4d, 5a-5d). Level 1 is sterile. Typical
323:, at the beginning of the 21st century. Balanica caves were discovered in 2002. Archaeological importance of the caves came to light when the local
7141:
1499:
1401:
Skinner, Matthew M.; de Vries, Dorien; Gunz, Philipp; Kupczik, Kornelius; Klassen, R. Paul; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Roksandic, Mirjana (April 2016).
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3257:
2998:
2594:
7301:
7186:
7131:
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were discovered. It was a hemi-mandible, named BH-1. Originally, the researchers were unable to assign it to a specific hominin species. The
52:
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Due to its importance, the Balanica complex and the Pešturina cave are sometimes nicknamed Serbian Atapuerca, being compared to the Spanish
78:
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1396:[Neanderthals from the area of modern Serbiq: Archaeological treasures hidden in Sićevo Gorge] (in Serbian). Belgrade: Euronews.
428:. The mesial section of the mandible shows an old breakage filled with sediment, whereas all of the breaks on the distal end are fresh.
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452:
7555:
1265:
Rink, William J.; Mercier, Norbert; Mihailović, Dušan; Morley, Mike W.; Thompson, Jeroen W.; Roksandic, Mirjana (6 February 2013).
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331:. They were discovering abundant quantity of artefacts and various remains, which prompted paleoarchaeologists to begin surveys.
1353:"Early Neanderthals in contact: The Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) hominin dentition from Velika Balanica Cave, Southern Serbia"
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491:(353,000 BP± 4,000), also in Italy. As for the surrounding region, there are only two other Middle Pleistocene specimens,
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1229:
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Neanderthal morphological traits. Hence the discrepancy between the common traits among the contemporary populations as
6605:
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6432:
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Even the lower range places Mala Balanica among the oldest hominin fossils in Europe. Its older estimate overlaps with
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lot No. 6720/1, on the southern slope of the gorge's Brljaski Kamen section, above the right bank of the Nišava river.
1247:[Locality Velika and Mala Balanica in Sićevo]. Belgrade: Informational system of immovable cultural monuments.
3892:
3521:
2623:
1529:
706:. These findings strongly suggest movement of population, and possible cultural interactions between Southwest Asia (
319:. However, Balanica and Pešturina caves were discovered during the survey of the terrain for the construction of the
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extraction. Especially the long bones of red deer and ibex were intensively exploited to obtain marrow grease.
440:
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2855:
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820:. The lack of derived Neandertal traits, comparison to the contemporary specimens in Southeast Europe, like
656:
206:, is also nearby. The two Balanica caves extend parallel to each other, likely being connected at the rear.
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1320:"A human mandible (BH-1) from the Pleistocene deposits of Mala Balanica cave (Sićevo Gorge, Niš, Serbia)"
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1442:[Decision on declaring a locality of Velika and Mala Balanica in Sićevo an archaeological site]
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447:, provided a minimum age between 397,000 and 525,000 years. Measurements have been conducted by the
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are represented only in the layer 3. Carnivores are much less represented, including remains of
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are the most abundant in the caves. The ibex has since gone extinct in this part of Europe
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1394:"Neandertalci sa prostora današnje Srbije: Arheološka blaga koja krije Sićevačka klisura"
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The Middle Pleistocene is becoming increasingly recognized as an important period in the
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1439:Одлука о утврђивању локалитета Велика и Мала Баланица у Сићеву за археолошко налазиште
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Roksandic, Mirjana; Radović, Predrag; Lindal, Joshua; Mihailović, Dušan (May 2022).
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served as a transit route for humans and their ancestors since the dawn of mankind
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1403:"A dental perspective on the taxonomic affinity of the Balanica mandible (BH-1)"
1254:"Middle Pleistocene subsistence in Velika Balanica, Serbia: Preliminary results"
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were discovered in the entire layer 3. Layers 4 and 5 are still being surveyed.
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Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain World Heritage Site
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1470:"Neanderthals from The Balkans had cultural ties to Levant 300,000 years ago"
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2788:
2712:
2469:
2464:
2420:
2047:
1929:
1893:
1873:
1725:
1703:
1615:
1428:
1376:
1343:
1310:
906:
616:
547:
496:
480:
443:
combined with uranium series isotopic analysis, and infrared/post-infrared
410:
405:
216:
5861:
4553:
3145:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
861:
280:
203:
7384:
7191:
7176:
7040:
6930:
6925:
6880:
6865:
6320:
6280:
6265:
6215:
5955:
5840:
5814:
5724:
5714:
5704:
5688:
5606:
5601:
5555:
5498:
5447:
5437:
5417:
5258:
5195:
5185:
5160:
5134:
5056:
4945:
4898:
4745:
4584:
4367:
4278:
4246:
4220:
4179:
4110:
4004:
3797:
3653:
3596:
3591:
3555:
3511:
3135:
3125:
3081:
3076:
3028:
2966:
2929:
2902:
2803:
2773:
2648:
2570:
2491:
2479:
2240:
2225:
2215:
2186:
2144:
2059:
2027:
1975:
1908:
1745:
1620:
1477:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
592:
583:
563:
488:
421:
389:
239:
168:
334:
Excavations in Belanica began in 2004, led by Dušan Mihailović from the
7489:
7231:
7196:
7005:
6940:
6850:
6803:
6798:
6788:
6684:
6620:
6579:
6356:
6250:
6029:
5467:
5452:
5422:
5355:
5165:
5155:
5118:
5093:
5088:
4620:
4610:
4194:
4184:
4065:
3939:
3907:
3789:
3622:
3279:
3172:
3130:
2946:
2909:
2872:
2768:
2355:
2267:
2094:
1995:
1968:
1888:
1686:
1640:
1551:
1519:
1098:
719:
664:
608:
551:
316:
6676:
1317:
1123:
1033:
821:
7423:
6900:
6159:
6154:
6149:
5939:
5591:
5407:
5309:
5211:
4615:
4383:
4120:
4029:
4019:
3872:
3710:
3586:
3474:
3187:
2956:
2941:
2539:
2524:
2449:
2432:
2350:
2235:
2176:
2166:
2161:
2084:
1963:
1851:
1777:
1544:
1534:
711:
652:
624:
324:
129:
6625:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
779:
hominins in the continent, by a combination of migratory pulses and
296:
285:
7296:
7256:
6829:
6732:
6230:
6190:
6080:
5745:
5462:
5113:
4430:
4333:
4014:
3534:
3529:
3516:
2961:
2897:
2744:
2702:
2437:
2345:
2220:
2042:
2005:
1985:
840:
835:
still has not been reached. The hominin remains are curated at the
596:
554:
artefacts are found throughout the 2nd layer, while the Charentian
304:
228:
3694:
299:
river, which carved the Sićevo Gorge. The caves represent typical
6600:
6205:
5918:
5586:
5360:
3966:
3805:
3023:
2815:
2761:
2707:
2529:
2335:
2245:
2099:
2000:
1958:
1821:
1740:
1693:
1681:
993:
832:
780:
640:
632:
612:
600:
476:
472:
385:
224:
1350:
1067:
1065:
1063:
933:
409:
6.7 cm (2.6 in) long and preserved from the posterior
6096:
5370:
5365:
4718:
Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin World Heritage Site
4293:
3355:
3091:
2628:
2606:
2459:
2395:
2340:
1730:
1708:
1676:
1650:
1205:
1169:
1142:
744:
707:
603:. They are present in all layers' 2 and 3 sub-layers. Bones of
567:
500:
359:
199:
1159:
1157:
824:, Vasogliano and Ceprano, and coupled with Middle Pleistocene
578:
479:(609,000 BP± 40,000). Younger minimum age limit overlaps with
460:, which was later corroborated by the detailed dental survey.
191:
7286:
5283:
4842:
4051:
Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura World Heritage Site
3157:
2877:
2611:
2565:
2427:
2282:
2230:
1806:
1772:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
484:
468:
363:
Hemi-mandible BH-1 discovered in Mala Balanica. Belonging to
300:
7316:
3103:
3064:
2544:
2400:
2330:
2250:
2122:
1635:
1264:
1258:
Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Research in the Central Balkans
1193:
1181:
1154:
1117:
628:
506:
Except for the Visogliano remains, which are identified as
1400:
1136:
1077:
1039:
607:
are found in some of the sub-levels of both layers, while
456:
on the lower range. The remains are now fully assigned to
2415:
2181:
2139:
896:
190:) is a cave complex and paleoarchaeological site in the
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
655:
points towards an anthropogenic origin of the deposit,
303:
cavities. They are located on the Sićevo's state owned
1467:
1008:
510:, all other human remains are currently identified as
256:
area, making the Balkans a "hotspot of biodiversity".
59:
3344:
1232:[Traces of hominins in the caves of Sićevo].
570:, this would put the layer 3a at 330,000-300,000 BP.
964:
962:
873:
223:, the Neanderthals thrived. They lived all over the
983:
981:
979:
977:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
680:Observing skeletal elements in the assemblage (77%
1459:[Ancient hominins lived in Sićevo Gorge].
1240:
1071:
471:(600,000 BP± 60,000) and is slightly younger than
1448:State Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 50/12
483:in France (435,000 BP± 85,000) and Visogliano in
367:, it is estimated to be 397,000-525,000 years old
327:hit the area. Gold prospectors used the caves as
7502:
974:
939:
275:There are three caves in a row, all within the
831:Excavations are ongoing in both caves, as the
718:hammerstone percussions were identified, with
3394:
1493:
1435:
1054:
487:(350,000–500,000). It is somewhat older than
1251:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1148:
1092:
336:University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy
6431:
3409:Prehistoric cave sites, rock shelters and
3401:
3387:
1507:
1500:
1486:
32:
1454:
1418:
1300:
1290:
1244:Локалитет Велика и Мала Баланица у Сићеву
900:
284:at the southern exit from the village of
270:
6176:Cradle of Humankind, World Heritage Site
1468:University of Winnipeg (31 March 2022).
754:
577:
439:However, the 2013 survey which included
404:The mandible was excavated in the lower
358:
7503:
1457:"Praljudi živeli u Sićevačkoj klisuri"
231:depressions, and on the slopes of the
7106:
6430:
5882:
5036:
3444:
3382:
2671:
2310:
1576:
1481:
1391:
1230:"Tragovi pračoveka u pećinama Sićeva"
1227:
987:
968:
514:. The Heidelberg man is considered a
2672:
1463:(in Serbian). Belgrade. p. 12.
13:
535:
14:
7567:
4564:Mala Balanica and Velika Balanica
3727:Vézère Valley World Heritage Site
3522:Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes
2624:Megalithic architectural elements
3366:
3354:
2311:
1455:Todorović, Toma (8 April 2022).
503:, but both are notably younger.
349:
338:. Researchers from the Canadian
58:
51:
41:, location of the Balanica caves
7556:2004 archaeological discoveries
3243:Evolutionary origin of religion
453:Université du Québec à Montréal
7531:Protected Archaeological Sites
7526:Archaeological sites in Serbia
1392:Rosić, Staša (17 April 2022).
1228:Ćosin, Jelena (23 July 2017).
735:places them between 285,000 BP
582:Remains of the cliff-dwelling
540:
187:
27:Велика Баланица, Мала Баланица
22:Velika Balanica, Mala Balanica
1:
2856:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2386:British megalith architecture
1436:Službeni List (10 May 2012).
1252:Marin-Arroyo, Ana B. (2014).
867:
846:
750:
725:
710:) and the Balkans during the
7546:Homo heidelbergensis fossils
2851:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2391:Nordic megalith architecture
1420:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.01.010
1369:10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103175
1336:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.03.003
1292:10.1371/journal.pone.0054608
354:
310:
7:
7521:Prehistoric sites in Serbia
7107:
4752:Other caves with decoration
3834:Other caves with decoration
3756:Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil
3432:Caves containing pictograms
1241:Cultural monuments (2022).
1009:University of Winnipeg 2022
855:
739: 34,000 and 295,000 BP
392:of the mandible, while the
375:
10:
7572:
5883:
4736:Other World Heritage Sites
3823:Other World Heritage Sites
3445:
3422:Paleoanthropological sites
2999:British Isles and Brittany
2920:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1407:Journal of Human Evolution
1357:Journal of Human Evolution
1324:Journal of Human Evolution
1220:
388:was conducted to create a
7472:
7448:
7432:
7416:
7398:
7377:
7359:
7343:
7315:
7119:
7115:
7102:
6838:
6822:
6781:
6725:
6709:
6693:
6675:
6634:
6593:
6572:
6551:
6505:
6479:
6463:
6447:
6443:
6426:
6402:
6381:
6365:
6339:
6168:
6142:
6126:
6105:
6089:
6043:
6022:
6006:
5985:
5964:
5948:
5932:
5911:
5895:
5891:
5878:
5849:
5828:
5802:
5790:
5764:
5733:
5697:
5679:
5663:
5647:
5631:
5615:
5569:
5548:
5532:
5481:
5400:
5379:
5323:
5292:
5246:
5230:
5204:
5143:
5127:
5081:
5065:
5049:
5045:
5032:
4923:
4907:
4886:
4629:
4598:
4572:
4541:
4495:
4464:
4413:
4392:
4376:
4358:
4342:
4326:
4310:
4292:
4229:
4208:
4147:
4119:
4043:
3719:
3703:
3662:
3646:
3605:
3569:
3548:
3493:
3457:
3453:
3440:
3417:
3201:
3014:
2841:
2688:
2684:
2667:
2553:
2517:
2366:
2323:
2319:
2306:
2113:
1944:
1917:
1842:
1768:
1759:
1664:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1572:
1515:
837:National Museum of Serbia
733:thermoluminescence dating
704:Acheulo-Yabrudian complex
631:in 3b and 3c. Remains of
432:contemporaneity with the
321:Niš-Dimitrovgrad motorway
167:
159:
151:
143:
135:
125:
117:
109:
72:
46:
31:
26:
21:
7400:Northern Mariana Islands
5037:
1438:
1243:
675:
573:
420:aspect of the ascending
3231:Evolutionary musicology
2634:Oldest extant buildings
2561:Archaeological features
2080:Prepared-core technique
1236:(in Serbian). Belgrade.
1072:Cultural monuments 2022
441:electron spin resonance
5924:Manyana Rock Paintings
3975:La Chapelle-aux-Saints
3193:Unchambered long cairn
3041:Mound Builders culture
2374:Neolithic architecture
1509:Prehistoric technology
794:directional adaptation
763:
587:
548:stratigraphic sequence
449:University of Bordeaux
368:
340:University of Winnipeg
271:Location and geography
263:, On 10 May 2022, the
113:25 m (82 ft)
16:Cave complex in Serbia
6487:Actun Tunichil Muknal
2868:List of Stone Age art
2070:Microblade technology
2018:Langdale axe industry
1616:Ard / plough
1034:Roksandic et al. 2011
934:Roksandic et al. 2022
768:biocultural evolution
758:
682:appendicular skeleton
653:taphonomical analysis
581:
530:Homo neanderthalensis
528:constantly "diluted"
362:
279:region. The third is
94:43.33917°N 22.08639°E
6061:Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa
5001:Red Lady of Paviland
3893:Mayrières supérieure
3361:Evolutionary biology
3275:Prehistoric medicine
3270:Prehistoric counting
3253:Prehistoric religion
3248:Paleolithic religion
3226:Behavioral modernity
2583:Causewayed enclosure
2475:Abri de la Madeleine
1599:Neolithic Revolution
818:Homo heidelbergensis
526:Homo heidelbergensis
512:Homo heidelbergensis
458:Homo heidelbergensis
434:Krapina Neanderthals
382:Homo heidelbergensis
265:Government of Serbia
212:Homo heidelbergensis
209:In 2006, remains of
6876:Colorado Millennial
5514:Shiraho Saonetabaru
4318:Bukuroshja e Fjetur
3314:Prehistoric warfare
2060:Magdalenian culture
2023:Levallois technique
1954:Earliest toolmaking
1283:2013PLoSO...854608R
1214:, pp. 125–126.
1178:, pp. 126–127.
1151:, pp. 122–124.
1137:Skinner et al. 2016
627:in 2a and 2-b, and
445:luminescence dating
380:In 2006 remains of
290:South Morava Valley
90: /
6694:Dominican Republic
6455:Cueva de las Manos
5351:Huto and Kamarband
4761:Barranc del Migdia
4647:Caves in Cantabria
4071:Hohlenstein-Stadel
3878:Grotte de Gabillou
3863:La Chaire a Calvin
3265:Origin of language
3258:Spiritual drug use
3168:Rectangular dolmen
3070:Dartmoor kistvaens
2883:Carved stone balls
2595:Circular enclosure
2554:Other architecture
2497:Alp pile dwellings
2085:Solutrean industry
1996:Gravettian culture
1646:Secondary products
1055:Službeni List 2012
764:
588:
465:Sima de los Huesos
398:radiometric dating
369:
245:Middle Pleistocene
99:43.33917; 22.08639
7541:Neanderthal sites
7498:
7497:
7468:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7098:
7097:
7094:
7093:
6611:Piedras del Tunjo
6543:Toca da Tira Peia
6422:
6421:
6418:
6417:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
4664:Hornos de la Peña
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3287:Prehistoric music
3236:music archaeology
2893:Cup and ring mark
2718:Clothing/textiles
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2105:Yubetsu technique
2090:Striking platform
2055:Lithic technology
1940:
1939:
1925:Game drive system
1844:Projectile points
1736:Mortar and pestle
1212:Marin-Arroyo 2014
1200:Marin-Arroyo 2014
1188:Marin-Arroyo 2014
1176:Marin-Arroyo 2014
1164:Marin-Arroyo 2014
1149:Marin-Arroyo 2014
1093:Marin-Arroyo 2014
684:, 15% teeth, 14%
635:were also found.
623:in sub-layer 2a,
605:forest rhinoceros
344:Mirjana Roksandic
249:Lower Paleolithic
221:130,000-70,000 BP
177:
176:
7563:
7417:Papua New Guinea
7117:
7116:
7104:
7103:
7056:Stanfield-Worley
7031:Rockhouse Cliffs
6445:
6444:
6428:
6427:
6296:Howieson's Poort
5993:Enkapune Ya Muto
5893:
5892:
5880:
5879:
5346:Eshkaft-e Siahoo
5047:
5046:
5034:
5033:
4801:Peñas de Cabrera
4101:Kleine Feldhofer
4061:Geissenklösterle
3913:Roc-aux-Sorciers
3455:
3454:
3442:
3441:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3359:
3358:
3350:
3302:Divje Babe flute
3209:Archaeoastronomy
2952:Petrosomatoglyph
2686:
2685:
2669:
2668:
2518:Water management
2321:
2320:
2308:
2307:
2211:Denticulate tool
2033:Lithic reduction
1766:
1765:
1587:
1586:
1574:
1573:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1464:
1451:
1445:
1432:
1422:
1397:
1388:
1347:
1314:
1304:
1294:
1261:
1248:
1237:
1234:Večernje Novosti
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1121:
1118:Rink et al. 2013
1115:
1096:
1090:
1075:
1069:
1058:
1052:
1037:
1031:
1012:
1006:
991:
985:
972:
966:
937:
931:
904:
898:
760:Balkan peninsula
695:grattoir de côté
621:European wildcat
329:bivouac shelters
194:municipality of
189:
184:Serbian Cyrillic
163:Only for surveys
105:
104:
102:
101:
100:
95:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
62:
61:
55:
36:
19:
18:
7571:
7570:
7566:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7561:
7560:
7516:Nišava District
7511:Caves of Serbia
7501:
7500:
7499:
7494:
7460:
7444:
7428:
7412:
7394:
7373:
7355:
7339:
7311:
7227:Mackintosh 90/1
7147:Beginner's Luck
7111:
7090:
6906:Dutchess Quarry
6846:Arnold Research
6834:
6818:
6777:
6721:
6705:
6689:
6671:
6630:
6589:
6568:
6547:
6501:
6497:Midnight Terror
6475:
6459:
6439:
6414:
6398:
6377:
6361:
6335:
6164:
6138:
6122:
6101:
6085:
6076:Kelif el Boroud
6039:
6018:
6002:
5981:
5960:
5944:
5928:
5907:
5887:
5866:
5845:
5824:
5798:
5786:
5760:
5729:
5693:
5675:
5659:
5643:
5627:
5611:
5565:
5544:
5528:
5477:
5396:
5375:
5319:
5288:
5242:
5226:
5200:
5139:
5123:
5077:
5061:
5041:
5020:
4919:
4903:
4882:
4781:los Murciélagos
4729:Roca dels Moros
4625:
4594:
4568:
4537:
4508:Chertovy Vorota
4491:
4460:
4409:
4388:
4372:
4360:North Macedonia
4354:
4338:
4322:
4306:
4288:
4225:
4204:
4143:
4115:
4039:
3802:Abri du Poisson
3767:Les Combarelles
3715:
3699:
3658:
3642:
3601:
3565:
3544:
3540:Trou de l'Abîme
3489:
3449:
3436:
3413:
3407:
3377:
3367:
3365:
3353:
3345:
3343:
3330:
3197:
3183:Stone box grave
3153:Megalithic tomb
3058:Cotswold-Severn
3010:
2915:Guardian stones
2843:Prehistoric art
2837:
2680:
2655:
2644:Timber trackway
2549:
2513:
2509:Wattle and daub
2362:
2341:Standing stones
2315:
2294:
2109:
1936:
1913:
1838:
1755:
1665:Food processing
1660:
1609:New World crops
1581:
1568:
1511:
1506:
1476:
1443:
1440:
1245:
1223:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1124:
1116:
1099:
1091:
1078:
1070:
1061:
1053:
1040:
1032:
1015:
1007:
994:
986:
975:
967:
940:
932:
907:
899:
874:
870:
858:
849:
773:encephalization
753:
728:
678:
576:
543:
538:
536:Velika Balanica
451:in France, and
394:U-series method
378:
365:Heildelberg Man
357:
352:
313:
273:
98:
96:
92:
89:
84:
81:
79:
77:
76:
68:
67:
66:
65:
64:
63:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7569:
7559:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7452:
7450:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7442:
7436:
7434:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7426:
7420:
7418:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7410:
7404:
7402:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7381:
7379:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7371:
7365:
7363:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7347:
7345:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7321:
7319:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7142:Beeton Shelter
7139:
7134:
7129:
7123:
7121:
7113:
7112:
7100:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6826:
6824:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6814:T'uqu T'uquyuq
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6785:
6783:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6729:
6727:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6681:
6679:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6561:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6451:
6449:
6441:
6440:
6424:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6343:
6341:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6316:Pinnacle Point
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6118:The White Lady
6115:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6010:
6008:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5974:
5968:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5899:
5897:
5889:
5888:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5737:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5685:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5639:Khoit Tsenkher
5635:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5296:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5043:
5042:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4951:Creswell Crags
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4931:Aveline's Hole
4927:
4925:
4924:United Kingdom
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4873:Santa Catalina
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4668:Monte Castillo
4665:
4662:
4657:
4654:
4644:
4639:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4549:Hadži-Prodan's
4545:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4298:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3792:
3787:
3786:Laugerie-Haute
3784:
3782:Laugerie-Basse
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3763:Abri Chadourne
3761:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3663:Czech Republic
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3633:Romuald's Cave
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3451:
3450:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3427:Cave paintings
3424:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:cave paintings
3406:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3376:
3375:
3363:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3292:Alligator drum
3284:
3283:
3282:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3219:lunar calendar
3216:
3205:
3203:
3202:Other cultural
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3006:Venus figurine
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2937:Megalithic art
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2890:
2888:Cave paintings
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2690:Material goods
2682:
2681:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2406:Cliff dwelling
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1991:Fire hardening
1988:
1983:
1981:Clovis culture
1978:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1904:Manis Mastodon
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1783:throwing stick
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1595:
1593:
1583:
1582:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1482:
1475:
1474:
1465:
1452:
1433:
1398:
1389:
1348:
1330:(2): 186–196.
1315:
1262:
1249:
1238:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1204:
1202:, p. 126.
1192:
1190:, p. 125.
1180:
1168:
1166:, p. 124.
1153:
1141:
1122:
1097:
1095:, p. 122.
1076:
1059:
1038:
1013:
992:
973:
938:
905:
901:Todorović 2022
871:
869:
866:
865:
864:
857:
854:
848:
845:
826:synapomorphies
790:founder effect
752:
749:
727:
724:
686:axial skeleton
677:
674:
661:Biostratinomic
599:, followed by
575:
572:
542:
539:
537:
534:
377:
374:
356:
353:
351:
348:
312:
309:
272:
269:
233:Radan mountain
175:
174:
171:
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
74:
70:
69:
57:
56:
50:
49:
48:
47:
44:
43:
37:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7568:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7485:Cave painting
7483:
7481:
7480:List of caves
7478:
7475:
7474:
7471:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7447:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7431:
7425:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7415:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7376:
7370:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7361:New Caledonia
7358:
7352:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7342:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7314:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7267:New Guinea II
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7242:Mannalargenna
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7105:
7101:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7011:On Your Knees
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6936:Hidden Valley
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6839:United States
6837:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6758:Guilá Naquitz
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6743:Dzibilchaltún
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6692:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6633:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6571:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6550:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6523:Pedra Pintada
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6504:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6478:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6437:South America
6434:
6429:
6425:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6301:Klasies River
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6276:Byneskranskop
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6141:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6066:Ifri Oudadane
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6036:
6035:Uan Muhuggiag
6033:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6005:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5881:
5877:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5827:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5741:Batadombalena
5739:
5738:
5736:
5732:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5597:Ras Baalbek I
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5433:Nahal Me'arot
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5031:
5017:
5016:Windmill Hill
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4961:Heathery Burn
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4696:Tito Bustillo
4694:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4677:Las Chimeneas
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4503:Akhshtyrskaya
4501:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4451:Pego do Diabo
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4242:Arene Candide
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4129:Devil's Tower
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:Pair-non-Pair
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3888:Le Mas-d'Azil
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3838:Arcy-sur-Cure
3836:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:Font-de-Gaume
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3745:Abri Castanet
3744:
3743:
3742:Castel Merle
3741:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
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3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3492:
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3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
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3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
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3456:
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3448:
3443:
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3428:
3425:
3423:
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3412:
3404:
3399:
3397:
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3385:
3384:
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3362:
3357:
3352:
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3325:
3322:
3321:
3320:
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3315:
3312:
3308:
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3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
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3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
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3273:
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3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
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3241:
3237:
3234:
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3229:
3227:
3224:
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3215:
3212:
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3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:Simple dolmen
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3163:Passage grave
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3109:Gallery grave
3107:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:Burial mounds
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:Statue menhir
2982:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2972:Stone carving
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
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2940:
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2926:
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2913:
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2908:
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2900:
2899:
2896:
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2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
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2862:
2859:
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2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Sewing needle
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
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2772:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
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2733:
2731:
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2724:
2721:
2720:
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2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
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2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:Timber circle
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2588:Tor enclosure
2586:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2576:fulacht fiadh
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2494:
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2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
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2461:
2458:
2456:
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2441:
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2436:
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2429:
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2422:
2419:
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2402:
2399:
2397:
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2384:
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2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1812:spear-thrower
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1790:Bow and arrow
1788:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:Grinding slab
1697:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1631:Domestication
1629:
1627:
1626:Digging stick
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:Founder crops
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1545:New Stone Age
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:(2): e54608.
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1158:
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1145:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1057:, p. 32.
1056:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
989:
984:
982:
980:
978:
970:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
935:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
902:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
872:
863:
860:
859:
853:
844:
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
813:
809:
807:
801:
799:
798:hybridization
795:
791:
787:
782:
776:
774:
769:
761:
757:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
723:
721:
715:
713:
709:
705:
699:
697:
696:
691:
687:
683:
673:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
645:
642:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
585:
580:
571:
569:
565:
559:
557:
553:
549:
533:
531:
527:
522:
521:Robin Dennell
517:
516:chronospecies
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
412:
407:
406:stratigraphic
402:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
373:
366:
361:
350:Mala Balanica
347:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
308:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
282:
278:
268:
266:
262:
257:
254:
250:
246:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:
207:
205:
201:
198:in southeast
197:
193:
185:
181:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
75:
71:
54:
45:
40:
35:
30:
25:
20:
7292:Wargata Mina
7252:Murrawijinie
7187:Eagles Reach
7182:Devil's Lair
7086:Wilson Butte
6871:Cherry Creek
6861:Bull Thistle
6606:Chiribiquete
6564:Charlie Lake
6492:Barton Creek
6306:Melkhoutboom
6246:Sterkfontein
6236:Plovers Lake
6169:South Africa
6071:Jebel Irhoud
6056:Ifri N'Ammar
5791:Turkmenistan
5756:Hunugalagala
5540:Iraq ed-Dubb
5305:Jeriji Saléh
4966:High Pasture
4563:
4523:Shulgan-Tash
4446:Pedra Furada
4267:
4106:Lichtenstein
4096:Brillenhöhle
4025:Le Regourdou
3985:La Ferrassie
3980:Combe Grenal
3923:Trois Frères
3858:Fontéchevade
3811:La Madeleine
3465:Drachenhöhle
3373:Paleontology
3119:wedge-shaped
3104:Funeral pyre
3097:Great dolmen
3053:Chamber tomb
3034:Round barrow
2989:Stone circle
2861:Blombos Cave
2789:Grooved ware
2713:Chalcolithic
2617:Thornborough
2535:Flush toilet
2470:Blombos Cave
2465:Rock shelter
2421:Quiggly hole
2313:Architecture
2288:illustration
1930:Buffalo jump
1751:Storage pits
1714:Aşıklı Höyük
1704:Ground stone
1540:Subdivisions
1460:
1447:
1410:
1406:
1360:
1356:
1327:
1323:
1274:
1270:
1257:
1233:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1144:
850:
830:
817:
814:
810:
802:
777:
765:
740:
736:
729:
716:
700:
693:
679:
650:
646:
637:
617:steppe bison
589:
560:
544:
529:
525:
511:
508:Homo erectus
507:
505:
462:
457:
438:
430:
403:
381:
379:
370:
342:, headed by
333:
314:
294:
277:Sićevo Gorge
274:
258:
237:
217:Interglacial
210:
208:
192:City of Niš'
179:
178:
39:Sićevo gorge
7536:Paleolithic
7378:New Zealand
7202:Gwion Gwion
7071:Trail Creek
6996:Meadowcroft
6956:Last Supper
6886:Daugherty's
6748:Las Flechas
6533:Rei do Mato
6257:Other caves
6241:Rising Star
6216:Makapansgat
6181:Bolt's Farm
5998:Njoro River
5841:Teshik-Tash
5836:Obi-Rakhmat
5820:Yarımburgaz
5720:Lapuz Lapuz
5698:Philippines
5607:Nachcharini
5602:Ras El Kelb
5561:Tam Pa Ling
5556:Tham An Mah
5438:Nahal Hemar
5186:Zhoukoudian
5161:Guanyindong
5135:Laang Spean
5057:Darra-e Kur
5050:Afghanistan
4996:Portbraddon
4986:Marble Arch
4899:Wildkirchli
4887:Switzerland
4823:Other caves
4796:Ojo Guareña
4776:Maltravieso
4771:Los Casares
4746:Siega Verde
4711:Los Aviones
4706:Santimamiñe
4680:Las Monedas
4673:El Castillo
4580:Čertova pec
4528:Mezmaiskaya
4436:Lagar Velho
4368:Cocev Kamen
4247:Balzi Rossi
4087:Other caves
4076:Sirgenstein
4005:Le Moustier
3995:Fontbrégoua
3955:Bonne-Femme
3935:Other caves
3654:Aetokremnos
3597:Utroba Cave
3503:Claminforge
3500:Belle-Roche
3141:unchambered
3136:Long barrow
3126:Grave goods
3082:Court cairn
3077:Clava cairn
3029:Bowl barrow
2967:Rock cupule
2910:Golden hats
2903:Hill figure
2804:Unstan ware
2784:Cord-marked
2649:Sweet Track
2571:Burnt mound
2492:Stilt house
2480:Sibudu Cave
2273:Tally stick
2241:Quern-stone
2226:Hammerstone
2216:Fire plough
2187:Pesse canoe
2145:Bannerstone
2115:Other tools
2028:Lithic core
1976:Aurignacian
1864:Bare Island
1746:Quern-stone
1472:. Winnipeg.
593:Alpine ibex
584:Alpine ibex
564:Karain Cave
541:Archaeology
386:CT scanning
240:Neanderthal
196:Niška Banja
169:Cave survey
97: /
73:Coordinates
7551:Mousterian
7505:Categories
7490:Speleology
7307:Wellington
7262:Naracoorte
7247:Mudgegonga
7232:Madjedbebe
7197:Gabarnmung
7137:Ballawinne
7127:Abrakurrie
7026:Pictograph
6804:Qillqatani
6799:Pikimachay
6794:Guitarrero
6789:Chivateros
6768:Oxtotitlán
6621:Tequendama
6331:Wonderwerk
6311:Nelson Bay
6291:Elands Bay
6251:Swartkrans
6196:Gladysvale
6143:Somaliland
6090:Mozambique
6030:Haua Fteah
5829:Uzbekistan
5494:Minatogawa
5489:Kosegasawa
5443:Nahal Oren
5387:Hazar Merd
5356:Qaleh Bozi
5341:Do-Ashkaft
5238:Satsurblia
5205:East Timor
5082:Azerbaijan
4971:Kendrick's
4936:Bontnewydd
4858:Don Gaspar
4811:Praileaitz
4766:Las Caldas
4684:La Pasiega
4611:Divje Babe
4533:Okladnikov
4518:Ignatievka
4441:Pala Pinta
4350:Għar Dalam
4327:Luxembourg
4302:St Brelade
4284:Villabruna
4195:Stravomyti
4185:Megalakkos
4170:Eileithyia
4155:Alepotrypa
4066:Hohle Fels
3952:Balauzière
3908:Pech Merle
3816:Rouffignac
3790:La Micoque
3772:Cro-Magnon
3731:Bara Bahau
3675:Býčí skála
3623:Vela Spila
3582:Devetashka
3577:Bacho Kiro
3280:trepanning
3173:Ring cairn
3131:Jar burial
3114:transepted
3046:U.S. sites
2947:Petroglyph
2873:Bird stone
2831:wine press
2504:Stone roof
2487:Roundhouse
2379:long house
2356:Stonehenge
2324:Ceremonial
2268:Stone tool
2095:Tool stone
2065:Metallurgy
1969:Mousterian
1946:Toolmaking
1884:Cumberland
1857:Transverse
1827:Schöningen
1719:Qesem cave
1687:Earth oven
1641:Irrigation
1552:Technology
1520:Prehistory
1363:: 103175.
988:Ćosin 2017
969:Rosić 2022
868:References
847:Protection
751:Assessment
665:diagenetic
609:wild horse
556:industries
552:Mousterian
499:, both in
317:glaciation
173:Since 2004
144:Difficulty
85:22°05′11″E
82:43°20′21″N
7456:Nanumanga
7440:Falemauga
7351:Makauwahi
7120:Australia
7076:Trinchera
6951:La Grange
6921:Gatecliff
6916:Franktown
6911:Fort Rock
6891:Dry Creek
6809:Toquepala
6773:Sac Actun
6763:Ox Bel Ha
6753:Frightful
6738:Coxcatlan
6717:Long Mile
6471:Quadiriki
6448:Argentina
6286:Diepkloof
6271:Boomplaas
6226:Minnaar's
6211:Kromdraai
6160:Laas Geel
6155:Dhaymoole
6150:Dhambalin
6113:Apollo 11
6014:Liphofung
5940:Shum Laka
5903:Gueldaman
5857:Con Moong
5734:Sri Lanka
5681:Palestine
5655:Padah-Lin
5592:Ksar Akil
5524:Yamashita
5509:Pinza-Abu
5315:Pettakere
5310:Liang Bua
5293:Indonesia
5279:Pahargarh
5264:Bhimbetka
5222:Lene Hara
5212:Jerimalai
5191:Zengpiyan
5181:Yuchanyan
4981:Long Hole
4878:del Valle
4853:dels Bous
4806:la Pileta
4741:Atapuerca
4656:Covalanas
4554:Pešturina
4482:Muierilor
4472:Coliboaia
4384:Svarthola
4200:Theopetra
4190:Petralona
4175:Franchthi
4165:Asphendou
4121:Gibraltar
4091:Baumann's
4081:Vogelherd
4056:Bockstein
4035:Vallonnet
4030:Rochereil
4020:Raymonden
4010:Noisetier
3962:Bruniquel
3883:Marsoulas
3873:Lombrives
3868:La Marche
3794:La Mouthe
3760:Abri Audi
3738:Cap Blanc
3680:Koněprusy
3670:Amatérská
3638:Veternica
3587:Kozarnika
3561:Ledenjača
3485:Tischofer
3475:Lurgrotte
3324:symbolism
3188:Tor cairn
3146:Grønsalen
3087:Cremation
2979:Sculpture
2957:Pictogram
2942:Petroform
2762:amber use
2730:Cosmetics
2540:Reservoir
2525:Check dam
2455:Pueblitos
2450:Pit-house
2433:Longhouse
2367:Dwellings
2236:Microlith
2167:Bow drill
2162:Bone tool
2155:prismatic
1964:Acheulean
1879:Cresswell
1852:Arrowhead
1778:Boomerang
1694:Granaries
1656:Terracing
1535:Stone Age
1413:: 63–81.
1385:247688781
862:Pešturina
712:Chibanian
625:cave bear
519:so much.
493:Petralona
355:Geography
325:gold rush
311:Discovery
281:Pešturina
261:Atapuerca
251:into the
238:In 2022,
204:Pešturina
136:Entrances
130:Limestone
118:Discovery
7297:Warratyi
7282:Tarragal
7272:Nunamira
7257:Murujuga
7222:Kutikina
7217:Koonalda
7212:Koongine
7172:Cliefden
7167:Cave Bay
7066:Tomaquag
7051:Sisyphus
6981:Mantle's
6971:Lovelock
6966:LoDaisKa
6946:Humboldt
6830:Werehpai
6823:Suriname
6733:Chan Hol
6652:Centella
6642:Ambrosio
6594:Colombia
6559:Bluefish
6403:Zimbabwe
6340:Tanzania
6326:Stadsaal
6231:Motsetsi
6201:Gondolin
6191:Drimolen
6186:Cooper's
6081:Taforalt
6051:Hercules
5977:Swimmers
5949:DR Congo
5933:Cameroon
5912:Botswana
5782:Tham Lod
5772:Pha Taem
5765:Thailand
5746:Belilena
5664:Pakistan
5632:Mongolia
5616:Malaysia
5577:Antelias
5519:Tobayama
5473:Zuttiyeh
5392:Shanidar
5254:Ambadevi
5171:Tianyuan
5151:Baishiya
5128:Cambodia
4868:El Mirón
4863:Guanches
4838:Armintxe
4756:Bacinete
4701:Altxerri
4690:El Pendo
4660:La Garma
4642:Altamira
4599:Slovenia
4590:Jasovská
4573:Slovakia
4559:Risovača
4513:Denisova
4477:Cuciulat
4431:Furninha
4426:Escoural
4414:Portugal
4405:Paradise
4400:Obłazowa
4334:Loschbur
4274:Paglicci
4257:Corbeddu
4139:Vanguard
4134:Gorham's
4015:La Quina
3958:Bouillon
3945:Aurignac
3749:Reverdit
3734:Bernifal
3613:Grapčeva
3570:Bulgaria
3530:Scladina
3517:Naulette
3480:Salzofen
2962:Rock art
2925:painting
2898:Geoglyph
2723:timeline
2703:Beadwork
2443:Mehrgarh
2438:Mudbrick
2346:megalith
2221:Fire-saw
2043:debitage
2038:analysis
2006:Hand axe
1986:Cupstone
1564:Glossary
1525:Timeline
1461:Politika
1429:27086056
1377:35339947
1344:21507461
1311:23405085
1271:PLOS ONE
856:See also
841:Belgrade
806:refugium
726:Hominins
597:red deer
414:alveolus
390:3D image
376:Hominins
305:cadastre
229:Leskovac
219:period,
188:Баланица
180:Balanica
7408:Chugai'
7390:Ruakuri
7325:Gadao's
7302:Warreen
7237:Mammoth
7207:Jenolan
7152:Blanche
7132:Acheron
7109:Oceania
7081:Ventana
7061:Tainter
7036:Russell
7021:Pendejo
7016:Paisley
6976:Mammoth
6896:Durango
6856:Bonfire
6710:Jamaica
6677:Curaçao
6616:Sáchica
6601:El Abra
6585:Milodón
6528:Peruaçu
6518:Maquiné
6410:Bambata
6389:Kalemba
6261:Blombos
6206:Haasgat
6127:Nigeria
6106:Namibia
6044:Morocco
6007:Lesotho
5919:Tsodilo
5896:Algeria
5850:Vietnam
5810:Belbaşı
5796:Dzhebel
5751:Fa Hien
5710:Kalanay
5671:Sanghao
5648:Myanmar
5587:Kaukaba
5570:Lebanon
5458:Raqefet
5428:Misliya
5413:HaYonim
5361:Warwasi
5336:Darband
5331:Bisitun
5300:Harimau
5274:Gudiyam
5269:Edakkal
5231:Georgia
5176:Xianren
5104:Damjili
5099:Buzeyir
5073:Areni-1
5066:Armenia
4991:Oldbury
4956:Gough's
4941:Cathole
4915:Verteba
4908:Ukraine
4465:Romania
4456:Salemas
4421:Aroeira
4252:Cavallo
4237:Addaura
4216:Baradla
4209:Hungary
4160:Apidima
4044:Germany
4000:Lazaret
3928:Villars
3848:Cosquer
3828:Chauvet
3806:Lascaux
3704:Finland
3628:Vindija
3618:Krapina
3606:Croatia
3526:Ramioul
3494:Belgium
3470:Gudenus
3458:Austria
3347:Portals
3319:Symbols
2930:pigment
2816:Weaving
2779:Cardium
2774:Pottery
2769:Mirrors
2757:Jewelry
2698:Baskets
2678:culture
2530:Cistern
2336:Pyramid
2278:Weapons
2256:Scraper
2246:Racloir
2206:Cleaver
2194:Chopper
2100:Uniface
2011:Grooves
2001:Hafting
1959:Oldowan
1918:Systems
1869:Cascade
1832:woomera
1822:harpoon
1795:history
1761:Hunting
1741:Pottery
1682:Cooking
1591:Farming
1557:history
1530:Outline
1302:3566111
1279:Bibcode
1221:Sources
833:bedrock
822:Kocabaş
781:in situ
641:fluvial
633:red fox
613:aurochs
601:chamois
497:Apidima
489:Ceprano
477:Germany
416:to the
301:karstic
225:Balkans
152:Hazards
126:Geology
7449:Tuvalu
7385:Moncks
7369:Pindai
7344:Hawaii
7335:Talagi
7330:Mahlac
7192:Fossil
7177:Cloggs
7162:Burrup
7041:Sandia
6986:Marmes
6931:Hidden
6926:Graham
6881:Danger
6866:Burnet
6726:Mexico
6701:Pomier
6662:Patana
6647:Calero
6626:Tibitó
6552:Canada
6513:Gentio
6506:Brazil
6480:Belize
6394:Mumbwa
6382:Zambia
6366:Uganda
6347:Kondoa
6321:Sibudu
6266:Border
6221:Malapa
6097:Ngalue
5972:Beasts
5956:Matupi
5885:Africa
5815:Karain
5803:Turkey
5777:Spirit
5715:Minori
5705:Callao
5689:Shuqba
5533:Jordan
5504:Ōzakai
5499:Muroya
5448:Qafzeh
5418:Kebara
5401:Israel
5371:Yafteh
5366:Wezmeh
5196:Zhiren
5109:Tağlar
5011:Thor's
4946:Coygan
4894:Bichon
4848:Bedmar
4816:Sidrón
4652:Chufín
4585:Domica
4542:Serbia
4496:Russia
4393:Poland
4377:Norway
4311:Kosovo
4294:Jersey
4279:Romito
4221:Szelim
4180:Kleidi
4148:Greece
3853:Cussac
3843:Gargas
3798:Pataud
3720:France
3690:Mladeč
3647:Cyprus
3592:Magura
3556:Badanj
3549:Bosnia
3447:Europe
3297:flutes
3092:Dolmen
3016:Burial
2826:winery
2799:Linear
2629:Midden
2607:Cursus
2600:Goseck
2460:Pueblo
2411:Dugout
2396:Burdei
2075:Mining
1899:Lamoka
1894:Folsom
1874:Clovis
1731:Metate
1709:Hearth
1677:Basket
1651:Sickle
1427:
1383:
1375:
1342:
1309:
1299:
745:hearth
708:Levant
670:marrow
568:Turkey
501:Greece
426:lamina
418:mesial
411:canine
372:deep.
297:Nišava
286:Sićevo
253:Middle
200:Serbia
160:Access
155:Cliffs
7433:Samoa
7287:Ubirr
7277:ORS 7
7046:Shoup
7006:Mummy
7001:Modoc
6991:Martz
6941:Hogup
6851:Baker
6667:Pluma
6573:Chile
6538:Santo
6464:Aruba
6433:North
6373:Nyero
6357:Mumba
6281:Cango
6023:Libya
5986:Kenya
5965:Egypt
5862:Ngườm
5725:Tabon
5582:Jeita
5482:Japan
5468:Tabun
5463:Skhul
5453:Qesem
5423:Manot
5284:Tikla
5259:Belum
5247:India
5217:Laili
5166:Luobi
5156:Fuyan
5144:China
5119:Gazma
5094:Azykh
5089:Allar
4976:Kents
4843:Axlor
4833:Antón
4828:Ángel
4786:Nerja
4724:Araña
4630:Spain
4621:Potok
4616:Pekel
4606:Betal
4343:Malta
4268:Felci
4230:Italy
4111:Ofnet
3971:Cauna
3967:Calès
3940:Arago
3918:Renne
3898:Niaux
3695:Šipka
3685:Kůlna
3512:Goyet
3507:Engis
3214:sites
3158:Mummy
2878:Cairn
2794:Jōmon
2745:shoes
2740:Hides
2612:Henge
2566:Broch
2428:Jacal
2283:Wheel
2231:Knife
2177:Canoe
2172:Burin
2150:Blade
2048:flake
1909:Plano
1817:baton
1807:Spear
1773:Arrow
1726:Manos
1579:Tools
1444:(PDF)
1381:S2CID
786:drift
720:flake
692:type
690:Quina
676:Tools
574:Fauna
485:Italy
481:Arago
473:Mauer
469:Spain
422:ramus
110:Depth
7476:Cave
7424:Kilu
7317:Guam
7157:Bone
6961:Levi
6901:Dust
6782:Peru
6685:Hato
6657:Cura
6635:Cuba
6580:Fell
6435:and
6352:Bahi
5623:Niah
5549:Laos
5408:Amud
5380:Iraq
5324:Iran
5039:Asia
5006:Sand
4791:Niño
4487:Oase
4262:Deer
3990:Fées
3711:Wolf
3307:gudi
3065:Cist
2994:list
2821:Wine
2750:Ötzi
2735:Glue
2708:Beds
2676:and
2674:Arts
2545:Well
2401:Cave
2331:Kiva
2261:side
2251:Rope
2199:tool
2133:bone
2123:Adze
1889:Eden
1802:Nets
1672:Fire
1636:Goad
1621:Celt
1425:PMID
1373:PMID
1340:PMID
1307:PMID
796:and
663:and
657:i.e.
651:The
629:wolf
615:and
595:and
495:and
147:Hard
121:2002
6134:Rop
5114:Zar
3949:Azé
3535:Spy
2416:Hut
2351:row
2182:Oar
2140:Axe
2128:Awl
1415:doi
1365:doi
1361:166
1332:doi
1297:PMC
1287:doi
839:in
566:in
475:in
467:in
396:of
7507::
1446:.
1423:.
1411:93
1409:.
1405:.
1379:.
1371:.
1359:.
1355:.
1338:.
1328:61
1326:.
1322:.
1305:.
1295:.
1285:.
1273:.
1269:.
1256:.
1156:^
1125:^
1100:^
1079:^
1062:^
1041:^
1016:^
995:^
976:^
941:^
908:^
875:^
843:.
800:.
792:,
788:,
775:.
714:.
698:.
611:,
292:.
235:.
186::
4720:)
3402:e
3395:t
3388:v
3349::
1501:e
1494:t
1487:v
1450:.
1431:.
1417::
1387:.
1367::
1346:.
1334::
1313:.
1289::
1281::
1275:8
1260:.
1139:.
1120:.
1074:.
1036:.
1011:.
990:.
971:.
936:.
903:.
741:+
737:+
182:(
139:2
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