History of the Balkans

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began, which the Ottomans had to end the following year without success. In 1451, Skanderbeg formed an alliance with the Kingdom of Naples for the time being; however, the Albanians received no help from there. In 1452, the Ottomans were defeated at Mokrra and Meçadi. After the fall of Constantinople, Albanians received financial aid from Naples and Venice as well as from the Pope. Until 1462, Skanderbeg's troops were able to defeat the Ottomans every year without significantly weakening their superiority. Every year, the sultan was able to send a new army without difficulty. Only in 1460 and 1463 did ceasefires interrupt the fighting. In 1462, Skanderbeg succeeded in taking the important city of Ohrid. In 1466 the second siege of Kruje Castle was knocked down. However, the Ottomans founded the fortress Elbasan south in the valley of the Shkumbin and thus finally settled in Albania. In 1467 a third siege of Kruje failed. By 1468, the 10,000-strong Skanderbeg army could withstand the Ottomans. The Albanians received financial support from Venice and from the kings of Hungary and Naples. After Skanderbeg died in 1468, the Lezha League began to disintegrate. Following the Venetians, the Northern Albanians in particular continued the fight against the Ottomans. When Shkodra, which until then had been dominated by the Venetians, was taken by the Ottomans in 1479, the resistance collapsed, and the entire Albanian settlement area was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire.

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Serbian territories in order to change the ethnic composition of the empire. With more Slavs in the Empire, some in the German-dominated half of the government hoped to balance the power of the Magyar-dominated Hungarian government. Until 1914 more peaceful elements had been able to argue against these military strategies, either through strategic considerations or political ones. However, Franz Ferdinand, a leading advocate of a peaceful solution, had been removed from the scene, and more hawkish elements were able to prevail. Another factor in this was the development in Germany giving the Dual-Monarchy a "blank cheque" to pursue a military strategy that ensured Germany's backing.

2763:. In 1914 Bulgaria stayed neutral. However its leaders still hoped to acquire Macedonia, which was controlled by an ally, Serbia. In 1915 joining the Central Powers seemed the best route. Bulgaria mobilized a very large army of 800,000 men, using equipment supplied by Germany. The Bulgarian-German-Austrian invasion of Serbia in 1915 was a quick victory, but by the end of 1915 Bulgaria was also fighting the British and French—as well as the Romanians in 1916 and the Greeks in 1917. Bulgaria was ill-prepared for a long war; absence of so many soldiers sharply reduced agricultural output. Much of its best food was smuggled out to feed lucrative black markets elsewhere. 2599: 1547: 1845:. There they encountered a predominantly Slavic populace and Avar remnants. The Magyars were a Uralic people, originating from west of the Ural Mountains. They learned the art of horseback warfare from Turkic people. They then migrated further west around 400AD, settling in the Don-Dnieper area. Here they were subjects of the Khazar Khaganate. They were neighboured by the Bulgars and Alans. They sided with 3 rebel Khazar tribes against the ruling factions. Their loss in this civil war, and ongoing battles with the Pechenegs, was probably the catalyst for them to move further west into Europe. 1760:. They entered Central Europe in the 7th century AD, forcing the Lombards to flee to Italy. They continuously raided the Balkans, contributing to the general decline of the area that had begun centuries earlier. After their unsuccessful siege on Constantinople in 626, they limited themselves to Central Europe. They ruled over the Western Slavs that had already inhabited the region. By the 10th century, the Avar confederacy collapsed due to internal conflicts, Frankish and Slavic attacks. The remnant Avars were subsequently absorbed by the Slavs and Magyars. 2689:

cycles in some areas. When operations began in early August Austria-Hungary was unable to crush the Serbian armies as many within the monarchy had predicted. One difficulty for the Austro-Hungarians was that they had to divert many divisions north to counter advancing Russian armies. Planning for operations against Serbia had not accounted for possible Russian intervention, which the Austro-Hungarian army had assumed would be countered by Germany. However, the German army had long planned on attacking France before turning to Russia given a war with the

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rallied under the leadership of Stepa Stepanovic. Three days later the Austrians retreated across the Danube, having suffered 21,000 casualties against 16,000 Serbian casualties. This marked the first Allied victory of the war. The Austrians had not achieved their main goal of eliminating Serbia. In the next couple of months the two armies fought large battles at Drina (6 September to 11 November) and at Kolubara from 16 November to 15 December.

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Skanderbeg as leader of the regional Albanian chieftains and nobles united against the Ottoman Empire. Skanderbeg was proclaimed "Chief of the League of the Albanian People". The League's forces had victories against the Ottomans at Torvioll (1444), Mokra (1445), Otonetë (1446), Oranik (1448), a loss at Svetigrad (1448) victory in Polog (1453), victory at Krujë (1450), Albulena (1457), Ohrid (1464), Mokra (1462) and many others.

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there was a very sharp social differentiation between the cities and their surrounding region in terms of language, religion and ethnicity. The Ottoman Empire collected taxes at about the 10% rate but there was no forced labor and the workers and peasants were not especially oppressed by the Empire. The Sultan favoured and protected the Orthodox clergy, primarily as a protection against the missionary zeal of Roman Catholics.

1650:, a confederation of a Turkic-Uralic ruling core that subsequently incorporated various Germanic, Sarmatian and Slavic tribes, moved west into Europe entering Pannonia in 400–410 AD. The Huns are supposed to have triggered the great German migrations into western Europe. From their base, the Huns subdued many people and carved out a sphere of terror extending from Germany and the Baltic to the Black Sea. With the death of 6254: 2953:. Then demanded Greece to surrender in October 1940. However, the defiance of the Greek prime minister Metaxas on 28 October 1940, started the Greco-Italian war. After seven months of hard fighting, with some of the first Allied victories and the Italians losing nearly one third of Albania, Germany intervened to save its ally. In 1941, it invaded Yugoslavia with the forces they later used against the Soviet Union. 1737: 1605:, Serbs, Normans and the Crusaders, which all at one time or another conquered large amounts of its territory. By the end, the empire consisted of nothing but Constantinople and small holdings in mainland Greece, with all other territories in both the Balkans and Asia Minor gone. The conclusion was reached in 1453, when the city was successfully besieged by Mehmet II, bringing the Second Rome to an end. 2618: 1860: 1594: 2329:. Ottoman rule was long, lasting from the 14th century up until the early 20th in some territories. The Ottoman Empire was religiously, linguistically and ethnically diverse, and, at times, a much more tolerant place for religious practices when compared to other parts of the world. The different groups in the empire were organised along confessional lines, in the so-called the 3720:. He implemented Stalinist policies. He implemented radical modernisation policies such as disbanding feudalism, elimination of high social classes and aristocratic titles, the electrifying of the country, creation of agricultural cooperatives, building of new roads, railways and new communist style buildings. Religion belief and practicing was banned, making Albania the first 1993: 2538:

they thought they deserved. The Ottoman Empire, called at the time the "sick man of Europe," was humiliated and significantly weakened, rendering it more liable to domestic unrest and more vulnerable to attack. Although Russia had been victorious in the war that caused the conference, it was humiliated at Berlin, and resented its treatment.

1578:, served as a basis of subsequent development of legal codes. Byzantium played an important role in the transmission of classical knowledge to the Islamic world and to Renaissance Italy. Its rich historiographical tradition preserved ancient knowledge upon which splendid art, architecture, literature and technological achievements were built. 1614:

persisted along the coastal towns of the Adriatic and the major Greek cities in the south. As the Byzantine Empire withdrew its borders more and more, in an attempt to consolidate its waning power, vast areas were de-urbanised, roads abandoned and native populations may have withdrawn to isolated areas such as mountains and forests.

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Slovenes was ever reached because of the latter's adamant refusal to recognise any Bulgarian minority in its eastern regions, the number of refugees from Macedonia and Eastern Serbia to Bulgaria also exceeded 100,000. Between the two world wars, some 67,000 Turks emigrated from Bulgaria to Turkey on basis of bilateral agreements.

818:, who kept his capital at Scodra. The Romans defeated Gentius, the last king of Illyria, at Scodra in 168 BC and captured him, bringing him to Rome in 165 BC. Four client-republics were set up, which were in fact ruled by Rome. Later, the region was directly governed by Rome and organized as a 3258:

The wars caused large population migrations, mostly involuntary. With the exception of its former republics of Slovenia and Macedonia, the settlement and the national composition of population in all parts of Yugoslavia changed drastically, due to war, but also political pressure and threats. Because

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in 1915, and Romania joined the Allies in 1916. In 1916 the Allies sent their ill-fated expedition to Gallipoli in the Dardanelles, and in the autumn of 1916 they established themselves in Salonika, establishing front. However, their armies did not move from front until near end of the war, when they

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ended the war in Bosnia, fixating the borders between the warring parties roughly to the ones established by the autumn of 1995. One immediate result of population transfers following the peace deal was a sharp decline in ethnic violence in the region. A number of commanders and politicians, notably

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With help from Italy, they succeeded in conquering Yugoslavia within two weeks. They then joined forces with Bulgaria and invaded Greece from the Yugoslavian side. Despite Greek resistance, the Germans took advantage of the Greek army's presence in Albania against the Italians to advance in Northern

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This is embodied in the Byzantine version of Christianity, which spread Orthodoxy and eventually led to the creation of the so-called "Byzantine commonwealth" (a term coined by 20th-century historians) throughout Eastern Europe. Early Byzantine missionary work spread Orthodox Christianity to various

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By the end of the Empire the region had become a conduit for invaders to move westward, as well as the scene of treaties and complex political maneuvers by Romans, Goths and Huns, all seeking the best advantage for their peoples amid the shifting and disorderly final decades of Roman imperial power.

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On 1 May the Balkan frontiers were once again reshuffled, with the creation of several puppet states, such as Croatia and Montenegro, the Albanian expansion into Greece and Yugoslavia, Bulgarian annexation of territories in the Greek North, creation of a Vlach state in the Greek mountains of Pindus

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The results were at first hailed as a great achievement in peacemaking and stabilization. However, most of the participants were not fully satisfied, and grievances regarding the results festered until they exploded into World War in 1914. Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece made gains, but far less than

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Skanderbeg's first big victory against the Ottomans was at the Battle of Torvioll, and the news of the victory of the Albanians over the Turks spread very quickly in Europe. In the two years that followed, the Albanian-Tetan coalition won over the Ottomans. On May 14, 1450, the first siege of Kruja

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began annexing the Balkan area, transforming it into one of the Empire's most prosperous and stable regions. To this day, the Roman legacy is clearly visible in the numerous monuments and artifacts scattered throughout the Balkans, and most importantly in the Latin-based languages used by almost 25

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into the Persian Empire. The Persian invasion led indirectly to Macedonia's rise in power and Persia had some common interests in the Balkans; with Persian aid, the Macedonians stood to gain much at the expense of some Balkan tribes such as the Paeonians and Greeks. All in all, the Macedonians were

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The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans, the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, N. G. L. Hammond, and E. Sollberger, 1982, page 53,"... Yet we cannot identify the Thracians at that remote period,

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of the ethnic Turkish minority. Ethnic Turks were required to change their names to Bulgarian equivalents, or to leave the country. In 1989, a Turkish dissident movement was formed to resist these assimilationist measures. The Bulgarian government responded with violence and mass expulsions of the

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The war had enormous repercussions for the Balkan peninsula. People across the area suffered serious economic dislocation, and the mass mobilization resulted in severe casualties, particularly in Serbia where over 1.5 million Serbs died, which was approx. ¼ of the total population and over half of

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was established, and the local population was subject of Islamization during the following centuries by the Ottoman Empire which guaranteed more rights to Muslims. The ethnic tensions that arose in modern times stem from this religious division. Austria-Hungary took over Bosnia and Herzegovina in

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provided for the reciprocal emigration of ethnic minorities between Greece and Bulgaria. Between 92,000 and 102,000 Bulgarians were removed from Greece; 35,000 Greeks were removed from Bulgaria. Although no agreement on exchange of population between Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and

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Austro-Hungarian planning for operations against Serbia was not extensive and they ran into many logistical difficulties in mobilizing the army and beginning operations against the Serbs. They encountered problems with train schedules and mobilization schedules, which conflicted with agricultural

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and the Ottoman Empire in the year 1453. Its expert military and diplomatic power ensured inadvertently that Western Europe remained safe from many of the more devastating invasions from eastern peoples, at a time when the still new and fragile Western Christian kingdoms might have had difficulty

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Bosnia and Herzegovina: The territory was divided between Croatia and Serbia in the Early Middle Ages. "Bosnia" itself was a Serbian polity according to the DAI. Bosnia, along with other territories, became part of Duklja in the 11th century. In time, Bosnia became separated under its own ruler.

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By 1918 the soldiers were not only short of basic equipment like boots but they were being fed mostly corn bread with a little meat. Germany increasingly was in control, and Bulgarian relations with its ally the Ottoman Empire soured. The Allied offensive in September 1918, which failed in 1916

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The Serbians were set up in defensive positions against the Austro-Hungarians. The first attack came on 16 August, between parts of the 21st Austro-Hungarian division and parts of the Serbian Combined division. In harsh night-time fighting, the battle ebbed and flowed, until the Serbian line was

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The Balkan Wars were two wars that took place in the Balkans in 1912 and 1913. Four Balkan states defeated the Ottoman Empire in the first war; one of the four, Bulgaria, was defeated in the second war. The Ottoman Empire lost nearly all of its holdings in Europe. Austria-Hungary, although not a

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A million or more Turks had settled in the Balkans, typically in smaller urban centers where they were garrison troops, civil servants, and craftsmen and merchants. There were also important communities of Jewish and Greek merchants. The Turks and Jews were not to be found in the countryside, so

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had hoped to provoke a war with Serbia for several years. They had a couple of motives. In part they feared the power of Serbia and its ability to sow dissent and disruption in the empire's "south-Slav" provinces under the banner of a "greater Slav state". Another hope was that they could annex

822:, with Scodra as its capital. Also, in 168 BC, by taking advantage of the constant Greek civil wars, the Romans defeated Perseus, the last King of Macedonia and with their allies in southern Greece, they became overlords of the region. The territories were split to Macedonia, Achaia and Epirus. 2676:

for "Black Hand"). Following the assassination, Austria-Hungary sent Serbia an ultimatum in July 1914 with several provisions largely designed to prevent Serbian compliance. When Serbia only partially fulfilled the terms of the ultimatum, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914.

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by keeping all Serbs in one state. In Croatia and Slovenia, multi-party elections produced nationally inclined leadership that followed in the footsteps of their previous Communist predecessors and oriented itself towards capitalism and secession. Bosnia and Herzegovina was split between the

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Coinciding with the decline of the Roman Empire, many "barbarian" tribes passed through the Balkans, most of whom did not leave any lasting state. During these "Dark Ages", Eastern Europe, like Western Europe, regressed culturally and economically, although enclaves of prosperity and culture

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The League of Lezhë, also commonly referred to as the Albanian League, was a military and diplomatic alliance of the Albanian aristocracy, created in the city of Lezhë on 2 March 1444. The League of Lezhë is considered the first unified independent Albanian country in the Medieval age, with

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for a time retook and restored much of the territory once held by the unified Roman Empire, from Spain and Italy, to Anatolia. Unlike the Western Roman Empire, which met a famous if rather ill-defined death in the year 476 AD, the Eastern Roman Empire came to a much less famous but far more

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Croatia: Following the settlement of Slavs in the Roman provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia, Croat tribes established two duchies. They were surrounded by the Franks (and later Venetians) and Avars (and later Magyars), while Byzantines tried to maintain control of the Dalmatian coast. The

3552:, an Albanian militarist who was kidnapped by the Ottomans since childhood and served the Ottoman army. He betrayed the Ottomans and returned to his homeland. He united all Albanian principalities and aristocrats to start the rebellion against the Turks. Despite the long resistance of 857: 2796:

the male population. In less-developed areas World War I was felt in different ways: requisitioning of draft animals, for example, caused severe problems in villages that were already suffering from the enlistment of young men, and many recently created trade connections were ruined.

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in 335 BC, and Illyrian tribal leaders and soldiers accompanied Alexander on his conquest of Persia. After Alexander's death in 323 BC, the Greek states started fighting among themselves again, while up north independent Illyrian polities arose again. In 312 BC,

3883:. Croatia was still considered a separate, albeit a vassal, kingdom. With the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans, Croatia fell after successive battles, finalized in 1526. The remaining part then received Austrian rule and protection. Much of its border areas became part of the 3023:

was fought between 1944 and 1949 in Greece between the armed forces of the Greek government, supported at first by Britain and later by the United States, against the forces of the wartime resistance against the German occupation, whose leadership was controlled by the

903:, began to cross into the territory, first (in the case of the Thervingi) as refugees with imperial permission to take shelter from their foes the Huns, then later as invaders. Turning on their hosts after decades of servitude and simmering hostility, Thervingi under 2734:, a political interest group formed by South Slavs from Austria-Hungary during World War I, aimed at joining the existing south Slavic nations in an independent state. From this plan, a new kingdom eventually was born: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians. 2344:

The social structure of the Balkans in the late 18th century was complex. The Ottoman rulers exercised control chiefly in indirect ways. In Albania and Montenegro, for example, local leaders paid nominal tribute to the Empire and otherwise had little contact. The

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Greece and consequently conquer the entire country within 3 weeks, with the exception of Crete. However, even with the fierce Cretan resistance, which cost the Nazis the bulk of their elite paratrooper forces, the island capitulated after 11 days of fighting.

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From the 14th century, Venice controlled most of the maritime commerce of the Balkans with important colonial possessions on the Adriatic and Aegean coasts. Venice's long decline started in the 15th century, when it first made an unsuccessful attempt to hold

2110:(Who was known by many as "Dušan the Mighty"). He was able to significantly expand the state. Under Dušan's rule, Serbia was the major power in the Balkans, and a multi-lingual empire that stretched from the Danube to the Gulf of Corinth, with its capital in 2266:, he declared war on Venice. The war lasted thirty years and cost Venice many of the eastern Mediterranean possessions. Slowly the Republic of Venice lost nearly all possessions in the Balkans, maintaining in the 18th century only the Adriatic areas of 3058:(1961) fell out with the Soviet Union. After World War 2, communist plans of merging Albania and Bulgaria into Yugoslavia were created, but later nullified when Albania broke all relations with Yugoslavia, due to Tito breaking from the USSR. Marshal 2385:

and the centuries of the relations between House of Osman and the provinces, which turned into states. Unquestionably, understanding the Ottoman conception of nationhood helps us to understand what happened in the Balkans in the late Ottoman period.

2353:. The two Romance-speaking principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia had their own nobility, but were ruled by Greek families chosen by the Sultan. In Greece, the elite comprised clergymen and scholars, but there was scarcely any Greek aristocracy. 2176:

in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe. The Empire controlled nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when

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in 1185. In the 13th century Bulgaria was once again one of the powerful states in the region. By 1422 all Bulgarian lands south of the Danube became part of the Ottoman state, however local control remained in Bulgarian hands in many places.

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The Byzantine Empire was the Greek-speaking, Eastern Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. During most of its history it controlled provinces in the Balkans and Asia Minor. The Eastern Roman Emperor

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With the end of the war, the changes of the ethnic composition reverted to their original conditions and the settlers returned to their homelands, mainly the ones settled in Greece. An Albanian population of the Greek North, the Cams, were

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governments. The nationalism was not dead after World War II. Yugoslavia was not an isolated case of ethnic tension. For example: in Bulgaria, beginning in 1984, the Communist government led by Todor Zhivkov began implementing a policy of

1932:, to the east and northeast of Venetian territories. The sons Gjin and Demetrius succeeded Progon and managed to retain a considerable degree of autonomy from the Byzantine Empire. However, in ca. 1216, Arbanon lost its great autonomy. 2577:

in Ottoman hands. It effectively disavowed Russia's victory over the decaying Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War. The Congress of Berlin returned to the Ottoman Empire territories that the previous treaty had given to the

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was due to various factors in various republics that comprised it. In Serbia and Montenegro, there were efforts of different factions of the old party elite to retain power under new conditions along, and an attempt to create

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Greece was home to the earliest European civilizations, the Minoan civilization of Crete, which developed around 2000 BC, and the Mycenaean civilization on the Greek mainland, which emerged about 400 years later. The ancient

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Religious persecutions took place in Bulgaria, directed against the Christian Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant churches as well as the Muslim, Jewish and others in the country. Antagonism between the communist state and the

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As a result, Austria-Hungary's war effort was damaged almost beyond redemption within a couple of months of the war beginning. The Serb army, which was coming up from the south of the country, met the Austrian army at the

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and destroying much of the Empire's fighting ability. It wasn't until October 1915 with a lot of German, Bulgarian, and Turkish assistance that Serbia was finally occupied, although the weakened Serbian army retreated to

2063:, and gained control of the island of Crete. Weakened by constant warfare with Bulgaria and the unconquered sections of the empire, the Latin Empire eventually fell when Byzantines recaptured Constantinople under Emperor 3180:

An outbreak of violence and aggression came as a consequence of unresolved national, political and economic questions. The conflicts caused the death of many civilians. The real start of the war was a military attack on

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as a generic name for the different peoples within a well defined but much greater area. In the same way, the territory to the north of the kingdom of Macedon was occupied by the Paeonians, who were also ruled by kings.

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developed in the southern Balkan peninsula, the Aegean islands and the western Asia Minor Greek colonies starting around the 9th or 8th century BC and peaking with the democracy that developed in 6th and 5th century BC

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were dominant not only in the Balkans but also around the whole Eastern Mediterranean. In the late 6th century BC, the Persians invaded the Balkans, and then proceed to the more fertile areas of Europe. Parts of the

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Yamnaya steppe pastoralists apparently migrated into the Balkans about 3000 to 2500 BCE, and they soon admixed with the local populations, which resulted in a tapestry of various ancestry from which speakers of the

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As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside the Ottoman Empire, but was not allowed to keep all its previous territory. Bulgaria lost

2502:, who led the Congress, undertook to adjust boundaries to minimize the risks of major war, while recognizing the reduced power of the Ottoman Empire, and balance the distinct interests of the great powers. 3744:

After 1101, Bosnia was detached from Duklja, and subsequently came under Hungarian suzerainty, as was the case with Croatia. Byzantine rule interrupted Hungarian rule, and under Byzantine suzerainty, the

2803:, later Yugoslavia, was created. Both Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire were formally dissolved. As a result, the balance of power, economic relations, and ethnic divisions were completely altered. 873:). However, the Roman influence failed to dissolve Greek culture, which maintained a predominant status in the Eastern half of the Empire, and continued to be strong in the southern half of the Balkans. 2204:

in 1453 by Mehmed II cemented the status of the Empire as the preeminent power in southeastern Europe and the eastern Mediterranean. After taking Constantinople, Mehmed met with the Orthodox patriarch,

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greek civilisation on the mainland (1600–1100 BC). The scope of Greek habitation and rule has varied throughout the ages and as a result the history of Greece is similarly elastic in what it includes.

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Throughout its history, its borders were ever fluctuating, often involved in multi-sided conflicts with not only the Arabs, Persians and Turks of the east, but also with its Christian neighbours- the

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The magnitude of influence and contribution the Byzantine Empire made to Europe and Christendom has only begun to be recognised recently. The Emperor Justinian I's formation of a new code of law, the

3028:. Its goal was the creation of a Communist Northern Greece. It was the first time in the Cold War that hostilities led to a proxy war. In 1949, the partisans were defeated by the government forces. 2629:

combatant, was weakened as a much enlarged Serbia pushed for union of the South Slavic peoples. The war set the stage for the Balkan crisis of 1914 and thus was a "prelude to the First World War."

884:, grew to greater importance. It became one of the Empire's four prefectures, and many warriors, administrators and emperors arose from the region. Many rulers built their residences in the region. 398:

were the first to establish a system of trade routes in the Balkans, and in order to facilitate trade with the natives, between 700 BC and 300 BC they founded a number of colonies on the

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the changes in political and economic system were accompanied by a period of political and economic instability and tragic events. The same was the case in most of former Yugoslav republics.

3887:, inhabited and protected by Serbs, Vlachs, Croats and Germans since the area had previously become deserted. Croatia joined Yugoslavia in 1918–20. Independence was retained following the 4566:

because we do not know for certain whether the Thracian and Illyrian tribes had separated by then. It is safer to speak of Proto-Thracians from whom there developed in the Iron Age ..."

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ruled as Serbian monarchs, having taken over territories of the former Serbian Principality. It then came under the rule of the Nemanjić dynasty of Serbia. By the 13th century,

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was a Christian church in Bosnia deemed heretical, which some rulers were adherents of. The rulers empowered themselves through trade with Ragusa, and gained lands from Serbia (

2130:, lost most of the territory conquered by Dušan, hence his epithet. The Serbian Empire effectively ended with the death of Uroš V in 1371 and the break-up of the Serbian state. 1625:, they pushed southwards into the Roman Balkans following the threat of the Huns. These Goths were eventually granted lands inside the Byzantine realm (south of the Danube), as 6043: 4393:"Microbotanical evidence for the spread of cereal use during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the Southeastern Europe (Danube Gorges): Data from dental calculus analysis" 635:. The multi-ethnic Achaemenid army possessed many soldiers from the Balkans. Moreover, many of the Macedonian and Persian elite intermarried. For instance, Megabazus' own son, 3812:

and became an important power in the region competing with the Byzantine Empire. It became the foremost cultural and spiritual centre of Slavic Europe throughout most of the

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would exchange their ability to maintain its autonomy and land and then accepted Ottoman authority. The Empire prospered under the rule of a line of committed and effective

5351: 114:. It has been described as "the first city in Europe", due to its permanency, organisation, as well as the sophistication of its architecture and construction techniques. 3724:

in the world. Many people were killed for opposing the regime. Albania became isolated from the rest of the world. Enver Hoxha died in 1985, marking the beginning of the

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entered Pannonia in 550s, defeated the Gepids and absorbed them. In 569 they moved into northern Italy, establishing their own kingdom at the expense of the Ostrogoths.

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In the long-run, tensions between Russia and Austria-Hungary intensified, as did the nationality question in the Balkans. The congress was aimed at the revision of the

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freed themselves from Hunnish domination in 454 AD and became foedorati as well. The Ostrogoths too migrated westwards, commissioned by the Byzantines, and established

4556:,1996, page 39: "... the other hand, the beginnings of the Iron Age around 1000 BC is held to coincide with the formation of the historical Illyrian peoples. ..." 1007:

in 313, thus ending all Roman-sponsored persecution of Christianity, the area became a haven for Christians. Just twelve years later in 325, Constantine assembled the

2510:, which was restored to the Turks under a special administration. Macedonia, and East and Western Thrace were returned outright to the Turks, who promised reform and 3293: 1582:

Slavic peoples, amongst whom it still is a predominant religion. Jewish communities were also spread through the Balkans at this time, while the Jews were primarily

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recognised the sovereignty of Asparuh's Khanate in a subsequent treaty signed in 681 AD. The same year is usually regarded as the year of the establishment of

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Serbia: Following the settlement of Slavs, the Serbs established several principalities, as described in the DAI. Serbia was elevated to a kingdom in 1217, and

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also suffered an economic hardship under internationally imposed economic sanctions. Also many large historical cities were devastated by the wars, for example

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in the 660s and triggered their further migration. One part of them — under the leadership of Asparuh — headed southwest and settled in the 670s in present-day

1262: 1094: 3524:), while the interior was ruled by Byzantians, Bulgarians or Serbs. Several Albanian principalities lead by Albanian feudals were created later, such as 814:

river valley and suppressed the piracy that had made the Adriatic unsafe. In 180 BC, the Dalmatians declared themselves independent of the Illyrian

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In the autumn, with many Austro-Hungarians tied up in heavy fighting with Serbia, Russia was able to make huge inroads into Austria-Hungary capturing

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against the Ottomans (1423–1430). She also sent ships to help defend Constantinople against the besieging Turks (1453). After the city fell to Sultan

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and also the Romaniote culture have influenced the emerging cultures both the Christian and the Jewish cultures of the Balkans and of Eastern Europe.

5383: 3648:. He made some modernisation laws, but many of them failed because of many conservative movements and the existence of feudalism. He cooperated with 3050:

activists. In this repressive environment, over 300,000 ethnic Turks fled to neighboring Turkey. However, despite being under communist governments,

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Bulgaria, the most populous of the Balkan states with 7 million people sought to acquire Macedonia but when it tried it was defeated in 1913 in the

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borrowed heavily from the Achaemenid Persians their tradition in culture and economy in the 5th- to mid-4th centuries. Some artifacts, excavated at

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who took more lands, including parts of Dalmatia, and crowned himself as king in 1377. After the Ottoman conquest of Serbia, Bosnia followed. The

2526:

finally gained complete independence, but with smaller territories. Austria took over Bosnia and Herzegovina, and effectively took control of the

3012:

On 7–9 January 1945 Yugoslav authorities killed several hundred of declared Bulgarians in Macedonia as collaborators, in an event known as the "

1168: 4005:) alongside tribal rulers. The Petrović-Njegoš transformed Montenegro into a principality in 1851 and ruled until 1918. Independence of the 3208:

in the latter half of 1991 brought many casualties and much damage on Croatian towns. As the war eventually subsided in Croatia, the war in

1062:. Most serious (and real) cause of course, was the competition for power between the old and the new capitals of the Roman Empire (Rome and 1030:, following the dividing line of the Empire in Western Latin-speaking and Eastern Greek-speaking parts. Though normally dated to 1054, when 723:

chieftain, created a kingdom which turned Illyria into a formidable local power in the 4th century BC. The main cities of this kingdom were

3728:. In 1990 student demonstrations spread in many cities. In 1992 communism officially fell, starting an era of major challenges such as the 3601: 3193:. Before the war, JNA had started accepting volunteers driven by ideology of Serbian nationalists keen to realise their nationalist goals. 1398: 4174: 3879:

was founded in 925. It covered parts of Dalmatia, Bosnia and Pannonia. The state came under Papal (Catholic) influence. In 1102, Croatia

2960:

on 16 April 1941 to Nazi Germany, the Yugoslav provinces of Croatia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina were recreated as fascist satellite states,

6194: 4312: 3335:

for 78 days with Kosovo being made a protectorate of international peacekeeping troops. A massive and systematic deportation of ethnic

172:) produced the world's earliest known gold treasure and had sophisticated beliefs about afterlife. A notable set of artifacts are the 6040: 5152:

Kitromilides, Paschalis M. 1996. "’Balkan mentality’: history, legend, imagination", in: Nations and Nationalism, 2 (2), pp. 163–191.

5119: 4741: 4619: 4317: 4014: 3717: 3455:

Since the 2008 economic crisis, the former Yugoslav countries began to cooperate on levels that were similar to those in Yugoslavia.

2368: 1050:

The primary claimed causes of the Schism were disputes over papal authority—the Pope claimed he held authority over the four Eastern

5985: 2381:

concept. With the rise of national states and their histories, it is very hard to find reliable sources on the Ottoman concept of a

938:, Illyrian and Greek populated areas. He spread Christianity to the Greeks at Beroia, Thessaloniki, Athens, Corinth and Dyrrachium. 61:. The distinct identity and fragmentation of the Balkans owes much to its common and often turbulent history regarding centuries of 4170: 3421: 3168: 3051: 2429: 1726: 1087: 3847:, who greatly expanded the state over Byzantine territory. In 1018, Bulgaria became an autonomous theme in the Roman empire until 3177:

conflicting interests of its Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks, while Macedonia mostly tried to steer away from conflicting situations.

2072: 6423: 6057: 5414: 5095: 4327: 4037: 3934: 5075: 2341:) a common identity was forged based on a shared sense of time defined by the ecclesiastical calendar, saint's days and feasts. 1196: 3484:, Ardiaean as well as much of the region in Southeast Europe was brought into Roman rule for centuries onward. Its last ruler, 3449: 2800: 1368: 1038: 572: 5974: 5934: 5879: 5858: 5834: 5813: 5730: 5709: 5674: 5564: 5514: 5476: 4924: 4553: 4322: 3585: 2425: 1148: 5365: 4091:

with other South Slavic peoples which existed in several forms up until 2006, when the country retrieved its independence.

2886:

were forced to move in Northern Dobruja and 65,000 Bulgarians of Northern Dobruja were forced to move in Southern Dobruja.

6303: 6115: 2661: 1080: 1047:

each other, the East-West Schism was actually the result of an extended period of estrangement between the two Churches.

2024:

before 1200, partly for purely commercial reasons, but also because pirates based there were a menace to its trade. The

6163: 5645: 4728: 4045: 4021: 3497: 3493: 1665:. In the second half of the 5th- and first of the 6th century, new Germanic barbarian tribes entered the Balkans. The 1124: 3300:—including deportations and genocide that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo. Croatia's former president 1883:. It greatly increased in strength in the coming centuries stretching from Dnieper to Budapest and the Mediterranean. 1205: 195:(PIE) origins assumes gradual expansion of the "Kurgan culture", around 5000 BC, until it encompassed the entire 6142: 6091: 5792: 5761: 5612: 5588: 5430: 5234: 5103: 5083: 5064: 5044: 5019: 4994: 4894: 4859: 4825: 4691: 4629: 4583: 4277: 4242: 3880: 3876: 3857: 2914: 2863:

Between World War I and World War II, in order to create nation-states the following population movements were seen:

2437: 537: 74: 2867:

In the interwar period, almost 1.5 million Greeks were removed from Turkey; almost 700,000 Turks removed from Greece

1654:

in 454 AD, succession struggles led to the rapid collapse of Hun prestige and subsequent disappearance from Europe.

1444: 1388: 5540: 5303: 3641: 3267:

had no immediate refuge, they were arguably hardest hit by the ethnic violence. The United Nations tried to create

3263:, people of minority ethnicities generally fled towards regions where their ethnicity was in a majority. Since the 3231:

The economy suffered an enormous damage in all of Bosnia and Herzegovina and in the affected parts of Croatia. The

2771:, demanding peace. By month's end Bulgaria signed an armistice, giving up its conquests and its military hardware. 1434: 670:

Although Persian rule in the Balkans was overthrown following the failure of Xerxes' invasion, the Macedonians and

4714: 3488:, being taken captive in 167 BC to Rome. After the Western Roman Empire's collapse the territory of what is today 1072: 6418: 6018: 5143:

Edoardo Corradi, Rethinking Islamized Balkans, Balkan Social Science Review, vol. 8, December 2016, p. 121 – 139.

4391:

Jovanović, Jelena; Power, Robert C.; de Becdelièvre, Camille; Goude, Gwenaëlle; Stefanović, Sofija (2021-01-01).

3713: 3589: 3436: 2927: 1775:'s Bulgars. Asparuh was one of Kubrat's, the Great Khan, successors. They had occupied the fertile plains of the 1426: 1421: 4392: 6187: 5636:

The Balkan wars: conquest, revolution, and retribution from the Ottoman era to the twentieth century and beyond

4789: 4606: 4136: 4053: 3320: 3232: 2638: 2495: 2394: 1223: 839: 341:

seem to have settled in the southern Balkans at first, centuries later continuing their migration to settle in

17: 3796:

in the late 9th century. During the 9th and 10th century, Bulgaria at the height of its power spread from the

2779:

stripped Bulgaria of its conquests, reduced its army to 20,000 men, and demanded reparations of £100 million.

2115: 4337: 4210: 3998: 3937:("Raška"). In the mid-11th century Duklja attained independence through a revolt against the Byzantines; the 3665: 3505: 3079: 2622: 2194: 2139: 2041: 1353: 961:

invaded Dacia. Subsequently, Christian colonists, soldiers and slaves came to Dacia and spread Christianity.

5685:

War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia

3452:

declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008. To this day, it is partially recognized country.

3126:. As westernization spread through the Balkans, many reforms were carried out that led to implementation of 915:

eventually conquered and laid waste the entire Balkan region before moving westward to invade Italy itself.

6074:

Enlightenment, Nationalism, Orthodoxy: Studies in the Culture and Political Thought of South-eastern Europe

4199: 3793: 3205: 2969: 2304: 2068: 1888: 1490: 1358: 1338: 1270: 1054:, while the patriarchs claimed that the Pope was merely a first among equals—and over the insertion of the 1003:

in the East. In the 3rd century the number of Christians grew. When Emperor Constantine of Rome issued the

192: 5380: 3391:, while the other Balkan countries have expressed a desire to join the EU but at some date in the future. 2961: 2094: 4225: 3653: 3593: 3549: 3476:, is perhaps the best example of a centralized, ancient Illyrian state. After several conflicts with the 3001: 2871: 2776: 2754: 2498:, the urgent need was to stabilize and reorganize the Balkans, and set up new nations. German Chancellor 2412: 1749: 1729:

since the 6th century. The Slavs migrated from Eastern and Central Europe and eventually became known as

1120: 877: 624: 3696:

and the communist partisans. In 29 November 1944 the partisans took control of all Albania, marking the

1639:. The Visigoths subsequently sacked Rome in 410, and in an attempt to deal with them, they were granted 1449: 654:

in 492. This not only included the re-subjugation of Thrace, but also the full subordinate inclusion of

4267: 4132: 4006: 3985:

dominated the coasts of today's Montenegro from 1420 to 1797; the area around the Kotor became part of

2468: 2390: 1966: 1946: 1546: 1343: 969: 881: 831: 1841:, were the leading clan in a ten tribe confederacy. They settled at the end of the 9th century in the 1408: 6180: 5598: 5574: 5288: 5263: 3829: 3669: 3529: 3516:

as a distinct ethnicity also date to this period. Most of the coast of Albania was controlled by the

3190: 3107: 3099: 3025: 2406: 1978: 1669:, having lived in Dacia in the 3rd century with the Goths, settled Pannonia and eventually conquered 1393: 870: 4942:

Laurentiu, R. At Europe's Borders: Medieval Towns in the Romanian Principalities, pp. 109, 219. 2010

3958: 3938: 3500:

in the 9th century. The territorial nucleus of the Albanian state formed in the Middle Ages, as the

2586:, thus setting up a strong revanchist demand in Bulgaria that in 1912 was one of many causes of the 1257: 6375: 6313: 4441:

Bonsall, C.; Cook, G. T.; Hedges, R. E. M.; Higham, T. F. G.; Pickard, C.; Radovanović, I. (2004).

3954: 3343:

of 1999, with over one million Albanians (out of a population of about 1.8 million) forced to flee

2909: 2720: 2598: 2579: 2064: 2060: 1333: 1310: 996: 876:

Beginning in the 3rd century AD, Rome's frontiers in the Balkans were weakened because of internal

748: 6272: 5926:

The Balkans and the Byzantine World before and after the Captures of Constantinople, 1204 and 1453

5604:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

5076:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

4951:

R. Bonfil et al., Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures, p. 127-ff. 2011

4716:

Macedonian Legacies: Studies in Ancient Macedonian History and Culture in Honor of Eugene N. Borza

3604:. After the independence, Albania suffered a period of instability and internal conflicts. During 3561: 3501: 2681: 2126:. He was crowned as Emperor and autocrat of the Serbs and Greeks (Romans). His son and successor, 1799:

and formed a confederation with the local Slavic tribes who had migrated there a century earlier.

6110:

Uzelac, Aleksandar. "The Ottoman Conquest of the Balkans. Interpretations and Research Debates."

4342: 4221: 4080: 3925:

Montenegro: In the 10th century, there were three principalities on the territory of Montenegro:

3861: 3848: 3825: 3509: 3309: 3285: 3013: 2772: 2768: 2563: 2490:(13 June – 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the leading statesmen of Europe's Great Powers and the 2378: 2330: 2210: 2173: 1982: 1912: 1153: 1129: 1008: 888: 3557: 1378: 6223: 5466: 4153: 3817: 3785: 3780:

settled the Balkans permanently after 680. They invaded from northeast from the territories of

3636:, when the Albanians kicked out the Italians. Political stability was established in 1925 when 3440: 3364: 3209: 2842: 2547: 2441: 2300: 1884: 1876: 1864: 1854: 1210: 334: 330: 271: 239: 216: 150: 5987:

Das Erste bulgarische Reich. Eine frühmittelalterliche Großmacht zwischen Byzanz und Abendland

4914: 4880: 4845: 4811: 4779: 4681: 4596: 3110:

leader in 1956 for "its historic role in helping preserve Bulgarian nationalism and culture".

1826:. Some Bulgars actually entered Europe earlier with the Huns. After the disintegration of the 1485: 1373: 1363: 470:

resulted in the Achaemenids being forced to withdraw from most of their European territories.

4302: 4272: 4128: 3673: 3621: 3617: 3425: 2570: 1023: 99: 5992:

The First Bulgarian Empire. An early medieval great power between Byzantium and the Occident

2740:

declared war on 6 August 1914. Bulgaria, however, stood aside before eventually joining the

615:

was responsible for fulfilling the conquest of the Balkans. The Achaemenid troops conquered

4120: 3911: 3071: 2551: 2527: 2221:(1512–1520) dramatically expanded the Empire's eastern and southern frontiers by defeating 2206: 2190: 1892: 1868: 1636: 1574: 1300: 1219: 1134: 1041: 771: 755: 643:; and that supposedly ensured good relations between the Macedonian and Achaemenid rulers. 628: 5116: 4767: 4745: 3305: 8: 6029: 6003: 5626: 5226: 4292: 4247: 4164: 4025: 3990: 3899: 3871:

continued to be used as the official language north of the Danube until the 19th century.

3833: 3789: 3712:

seized power. The Kingdom of Albania was disbanded and a communist republic was founded (

3272: 3221: 3213: 3046: 2476: 2326: 2233: 2020:

and in all the Balkans. Venice seized a number of locations on the eastern shores of the

1896: 1880: 1811: 1745: 1662: 1473: 1274: 1247: 759: 651: 387: 165: 5580:

The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century

4518: 4493: 4083:, and subsequently expanded its territory in the wars. The former Habsburg crownland of 3600:

in 1878 and several uprisings from 1909 to 1912. It is part of the larger phenomenon of

1066:). There were other, less significant catalysts for the Schism, including variance over 1018:, known also as the Great Schism (though this latter term sometimes refers to the later 631:

accepted the Achaemenid domination and surrendered his country as a vassal state to the

5900: 5634: 5313:(in Croatian). Vol. 39, no. 1. Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Institute of History 4720: 4531: 4423: 4282: 4252: 4237: 4116: 4106: 4072: 3982: 3868: 3781: 3761: 3569: 3565: 3517: 3481: 3260: 2985: 2938: 2933: 2731: 2583: 2487: 2400: 2350: 2346: 2001: 1827: 1819: 1697: 1640: 1504: 1313: 1304: 939: 467: 212: 169: 6137:(2nd revised ed.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. 3545: 3004:

because they collaborated with the Italians. Their numbers were about 18 000 in 1944.

2514:

became part of Romania, which achieved full independence but had to turn over part of

2119: 6380: 6159: 6138: 6087: 6062:

Fleming, Katherine Elisabeth. "Orientalism, the Balkans, and Balkan historiography."

5970: 5963: 5948: 5930: 5910: 5875: 5854: 5830: 5809: 5788: 5757: 5726: 5705: 5670: 5651: 5641: 5608: 5584: 5560: 5510: 5472: 5230: 5099: 5079: 5060: 5040: 5015: 4990: 4920: 4890: 4855: 4821: 4785: 4724: 4687: 4625: 4602: 4579: 4549: 4535: 4523: 4474: 4427: 4415: 4307: 4297: 4287: 4262: 4257: 4191: 4185: 4147: 4110: 4068: 3966: 3884: 3692:(the Albanian partisan war) started. A civil war started between nationalists of the 3677: 3625: 3597: 2904: 2894: 2879: 2760: 2699:) Poor communication between the two governments led to this catastrophic oversight. 2531: 2519: 2499: 2480: 2460: 2334: 1682: 1587: 1463: 1143: 1027: 660: 640: 632: 558: 439: 431: 188: 6172: 4063:. By the 16th century, the entire territory of modern-day Serbia was annexed by the 3693: 2472: 2464: 6428: 6397: 6348: 5778: 5747: 4841: 4513: 4505: 4464: 4454: 4407: 3986: 3950: 3919: 3844: 3765: 3745: 3629: 3225: 2950: 2673: 2587: 2456: 2418: 2182: 2049: 2045: 1974: 1962: 1842: 1803: 1541: 1512: 1243: 1177: 1108: 1102: 1015: 977: 931: 784: 703: 477: 363: 173: 161: 142: 138: 46: 34: 6026:

Writing the Great War - The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present

6002:(in German). Regensburg: Institute for East and Southeast European Studies of the 3301: 2193:, reorganized the state and the military, and demonstrated his martial prowess by 2172:. The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387. The 2127: 1692: 146: 6243: 6153: 6132: 6128: 6081: 6047: 5924: 5869: 5848: 5824: 5803: 5782: 5751: 5720: 5699: 5664: 5602: 5578: 5554: 5399: 5387: 5369: 5219: 5123: 4332: 4195: 4124: 3994: 3821: 3769:

1878 and annexed it in 1908. It was subsequently joined to Yugoslavia. After the

3721: 3613: 3573: 3513: 3465: 3384: 3228:, which provided for a temporary solution, but nothing was permanently resolved. 3217: 3059: 3020: 2695: 2653: 2539: 2507: 2226: 2214: 2123: 1900: 1458: 1403: 1288: 1279: 1251: 1191: 1055: 964: 767: 517: 391: 359: 315: 283: 251: 127: 50: 4494:"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe" 4087:

united with the Kingdom of Serbia in 1918. Following World War I, Serbia formed

3468:

that resisted assimilation with later waves of migrations into the Balkans. The

2996:

and the annexation of all the Ionian and part of the Aegean islands into Italy.

2973: 2107: 1551: 1318: 6282: 6105: 5917:

The History of the Balkan Peninsula; From the Earliest Times to the Present Day

5362: 4851: 4064: 4060: 4041: 4002: 3997:

in the 19th century. From 1696 until 1851 the metropolitans of Cetinje (of the

3978: 3753: 3664:. Anti-fascist movements started in Albania but they were very weak. After the 3609: 3577: 3521: 3477: 3356: 3289: 3280: 3173: 3127: 3123: 2946: 2899: 2834: 2741: 2690: 2665: 2491: 2433: 2275: 2201: 2165: 2103: 2089: 2037: 1784: 1651: 1583: 1500: 1494: 1476: 1429: 1321: 1296: 1173: 1163: 1063: 1044: 1019: 1004: 947: 865: 819: 481: 418: 372: 367: 122: 62: 58: 54: 4459: 4442: 4411: 2787: 2309: 2286:

conquered Venice and caused the end of the Republic of Venice in the Balkans.

1977:, caused by a tax increase. It began on 26 October 1185, the feast day of St. 1903:, which was later spread by missionaries to the north reaching modern Russia. 1887:

dominated the Balkans for the next four centuries and was instrumental in the

181: 6412: 6387: 5692:

Balkans Beyond Nationalism and Identity: International Relations and Ideology

5502: 4910: 4876: 4492:

Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; et al. (26 August 2022).

4478: 4419: 4347: 3649: 3544:

etc. In the early 1400s the became targets of Ottoman expansion. In 1444 the

3162: 3131: 3103: 3067: 2709: 2559: 2349:

paid an annual tribute but otherwise was free to pursue its rivalry with the

2317: 2153: 1757: 1480: 1229: 1182: 1139: 989: 810:

of 229 BC and 219 BC, Rome overran the Illyrian settlements in the

807: 799:, Illyrians attacked Roman merchant vessels plying the Adriatic Sea and gave 776: 647: 541: 411: 200: 196: 154: 5655: 4509: 3949:

when referring to the realm. In the late 14th century, southern Montenegro (

2004:

dominated the trade in salt, acquired control of most of the islands in the

1554:

separating zones of Greek and Latin influence prior to the Slavic invasions.

1330: 942:

also worked among the Thracians, Dacians and Scythians, and had preached in

520:

were situated in the area corresponding to today's Adriatic coast. The name

5844: 4527: 4020:

North Macedonia: North Macedonia officially celebrates 8 September 1991 as

3888: 3852: 3837: 3809: 3705: 3661: 3485: 3083: 2945:

World War II in the Balkans started from the Italian attempts to create an

2811: 2728:

with Italian assistance and continued to fight against the central powers.

2649: 2555: 2259: 2053: 2025: 2021: 1986: 1768: 1721: 1508: 1439: 1383: 1292: 1239: 1201: 1187: 1104: 1059: 1000: 968:

Trilingual (Latin, Bulgarian, Greek) plaque with the Edict in front of the

950:. In 46 AD, this territory was conquered by the Romans and annexed to 927: 815: 800: 545: 501: 259: 103: 88: 5381:

Ethnic Cleansing and the Normative Transformation of International Society

4052:'s Day) on 2 August is also widely celebrated on an official level as the 4040:, albeit legalising participation in future union of the former states of 2168:. The fall of Bursa meant the loss of Byzantine control over Northwestern 762:, defeated the Illyrians and assumed control of their territory as far as 682:

may be considered as influenced by Asian practices, or even imported from

6358: 5623:

The Balkans : a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey

4578:

The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth,

3915: 3813: 3797: 3770: 3757: 3709: 3685: 3657: 3605: 3197: 3075: 2612: 2543: 2374: 1730: 1518: 1468: 1416: 1348: 1284: 796: 525: 493: 376: 134: 5304:"Prilog proučavanju djelovanja Ivana Meštrovića u Jugoslavenskom odboru" 3212:

started in early 1992. Peace only came in 1995 after such events as the

1011:. In 391, Theodosius I made Christianity the official religion of Rome. 358:

After the period that followed the arrival of the Dorians, known as the

6334: 6238: 6067: 4088: 4010: 3645: 3637: 3553: 3418: 3387:

also received candidate status in 2005 under its then provisional name

3340: 3328: 3271:

for the Bosniak populations of eastern Bosnia but in cases such as the

3135: 2737: 2523: 2515: 2338: 2036:. Venice became a fully imperial power following the Venetian-financed 2005: 1970: 1950: 1838: 1788: 1670: 1658: 1602: 1586:. In a sense of a Greek-influenced "Byzantine commonwealth", the Greek 1325: 1215: 1067: 1051: 896: 792: 763: 744: 533: 524:

was originally used to refer to a people occupying an area centered on

403: 342: 263: 158: 4975:

David Christian-A history of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia, p.280

4469: 3308:

died before any alleged accusations were leveled at them at the ICTY.

3252: 3040:, most of the countries in the Balkans were ruled by Soviet-supported 2767:& 1917 was successful at Dobro Pole. Troops mutinied and peasants 2144: 1981:, and ended with the restoration of Bulgaria with the creation of the 6155:

Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories

5419: 5098:, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Vasilʹev, Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1952, 4886: 4817: 4084: 4076: 3903: 3801: 3633: 3336: 3297: 3240: 3119: 3041: 2826: 2669: 2263: 2017: 1715: 1632: 1627: 1565: 1560: 1411: 935: 908: 904: 892: 780: 671: 620: 612: 588: 584: 576: 474: 447: 399: 338: 287: 227: 2981: 2949:. They invaded Albania in 1939 and annexed after just a week to the 2452: 2156:

would extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. Sultan

552: 512:

at least as early as the beginning of the 2nd century BC under King

6309: 6228: 5772:

History of the Balkans, Vol. 1: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 3930: 3907: 3773:, the state received international independence for the first time. 3584:

province until 1912, when the first independent Albanian state was

3576:

etc), the area was conquered in the end of the 15th century by the

3407: 3399: 3376: 3368: 3360: 3264: 3236: 3201: 3182: 3146: 3063: 3037: 2957: 2838: 2830: 2822: 2745:

marched up north to free territories under rule of Central Powers.

2574: 2511: 2283: 2271: 2222: 2186: 2169: 2059:

Venice carved out a sphere of influence in the Aegean known as the

1928:) as the first Albanian state. It was founded 1190 in the lands of 1807: 1796: 1686: 1674: 1454: 1267: 1234: 992: 981: 912: 851: 716: 608: 592: 564: 505: 497: 451: 407: 295: 243: 236: 208: 84: 29: 3608:

Albania declared itself neutral, but still it was invaded by both

1929: 1924:. And it is officially viewed (ignoring the Illyrian tribe of the 1597:

Roman Empire and Barbarian confederacies in the Balkans, c. 200 AD

934:

and some of his followers traveled in the Balkans passing through

6344: 6338: 6299: 6253: 6218: 6204: 5998:. Online handbook on the history of South-East Europe. Volume I: 5404:. Office of Public Communication, Bureau of Public Affairs. 1986. 5134:

Gail Warrander, Verena Knau, Kosovo, 2nd: The Bradt Travel Guide.

4390: 4075:

re-established the Serbian state, pioneering in the abolition of

3828:

in Bulgaria in the late 9th - beginning of the 10th century. The

3805: 3777: 3697: 3681: 3581: 3525: 3489: 3469: 3432: 3403: 3380: 3186: 3150: 3142: 3055: 2883: 2856: 2530:, in order to separate Serbia and Montenegro. Britain took over 2282:

was the only area of Greece never occupied by the Turks. In 1797

2218: 2118:. Dušan enacted the constitution of the Serbian Empire, known as 1925: 1921: 1834: 1823: 1818:

settled almost simultaneously in the Pelagonian plain in western

1780: 1776: 1772: 1764: 1678: 1622: 943: 843: 811: 788: 770:). Alexander himself routed the forces of the Illyrian chieftain 732: 728: 720: 711: 695: 679: 655: 636: 600: 596: 568: 529: 459: 455: 443: 427: 422: 379: 326: 322: 299: 275: 255: 177: 111: 42: 5722:

The Balkans: a short history from Greek times to the present day

4654: 3689: 2799:

The borders of many states were completely redrawn, and the new

1802:

After suffering a defeat at the hands of Bulgars and Slavs, the

1736: 1593: 856: 6354: 6278: 6268: 6233: 5897:

The improbable survivor: Yugoslavia and its problems, 1918-1988

4586:,"page 1515,"The Thracians were subdued by the Persians by 516" 4049: 3926: 3895: 3864: 3701: 3537: 3473: 3446: 3372: 3344: 3324: 3316: 3275:, the peacekeeping troops (Dutch forces) failed to protect the 3248: 3087: 2848: 2382: 2267: 2229: 2111: 2009: 1958: 1954: 1815: 1792: 1753: 1666: 1034: 958: 951: 887:

Though the situation had stabilized temporarily by the time of

835: 736: 724: 699: 683: 675: 664: 616: 607:), were conquered by the Achaemenid army before it returned to 604: 580: 513: 489: 485: 463: 435: 395: 383: 311: 307: 303: 291: 279: 267: 232: 137:

have identified several early culture-complexes, including the

107: 92: 5666:

The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804-2011

3961:, and by the 15th century, Zeta was more often referred to as 3640:

gained power and became president. In 1928 he established the

3520:

from the 10th century until the arrival of the Ottoman Turks (

2617: 1992: 1685:), establishing a short-lived kingdom in the 6th century. The 6330: 5556:

History of the Balkans: From Mohammed the Conqueror to Stalin

5078:, John Van Antwerp Fine, University of Michigan Press, 1994, 3541: 3244: 3204:

in June 1991 was short and with few casualties. However, the

2852: 2815: 2725: 2279: 2178: 2161: 2157: 2013: 1710: 1618: 1617:

The first such barbarian tribe to enter the Balkans were the

985: 847: 740: 707: 689: 587:, and nearly all of the other European regions bordering the 563:

Around 513 BC, as part of the military incursions ordered by

509: 6037:

The Ottomans and the Balkans: A Discussion of Historiography

5408: 4938: 4936: 4491: 2648:

World War I was ignited from a spark in the Balkans, when a

1895:, following the cultural and political course of his father 5753:

History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

3841: 3733: 3464:

Albania: The proto Albanians were likely a conglomerate of

3411: 3395: 3332: 3118:

The late 1980s and the early 1990s brought the collapse of

3091: 3086:

position. The only non-communist countries were Greece and

2657: 1859: 1647: 1031: 900: 6054:

Balkan Departures: Travel Writing from Southeastern Europe

5853:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3644:

and proclaimed himself the King of Albania. He was called

2325:

Much of the Balkans was under Ottoman rule throughout the

5251:

The Balkan Wars 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War

4933: 4813:

Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions

3592:

dates to the later 19th century with the creation of the

3294:

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

2965: 2680:

Many members of the Austro-Hungarian government, such as

2071:, went into exile, but the imperial title survived, with 1771:, first appeared in a wave commenced with the arrival of 37:, as defined geographically, by the Danube-Sava-Kupa line 5461: 5459: 5363:"Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century" 4959: 4957: 3656:. Albania became an Italian protectorate and joined the 3496:

until the Slavic migrations. It was integrated into the

3443:

became a non-permanent member for the 2010–2011 period.

2976:

was appointed leader. The Nazis effectively created the

2122:, which was one of the most important literary works of 5301: 4916:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

4574: 4572: 4440: 4361: 3737: 3632:). In 1920 Albania regained its independence after the 3078:

countries. Albania on the other hand gravitated toward

2496:

Russia's decisive victory in a war with Turkey, 1877–78

2148:

Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror's entry into Constantinople

1631:(allies). However, after a period of famine, the proto- 663:

allies." Macedonian soldiers fought against Athens and

650:, the Persian authority in the Balkans was restored by 6083:

The Hidden Europe: What Eastern Europeans Can Teach Us

5907:

Tito—Yugoslavia's great dictator : a reassessment

3732:

in 1997. Democratic reforms were done. Albania joined

3383:

joined the EU in 2007. Croatia joined the EU in 2013.

2209:. An agreement would later be worked out in which the 6202: 6134:

Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio

5826:

Population History of the Middle East and the Balkans

5607:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 5456: 4954: 4847:

Paganism and Christianity, 100-425 C.E.: A Sourcebook

4548:

The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe) by John Wilkes,

4038:

the referendum endorsing independence from Yugoslavia

3902:. Greeks, an ancient ethnic and/or linguistic group ( 3359:

since 1981. Greece is also an official member of the

3062:(1892–1980), later rejected the idea of merging with 2360: 5537:

The Great Cauldron: A History of Southeastern Europe

5471:. Marshall Cavendish. September 2009. p. 1458. 5346:

Richard C. Hall, "Bulgaria in the First World War,"

5289:"Black Hand | Definition, History, & Facts" 4800:

The Serbs, Chapter 1 -Ancient Heritage, S M Cirkovic

4569: 3832:

was recognized as autocephalous during the reign of

3688:. In 1943 Albania became a German puppet state. The 2542:

gained a great deal of territory, which angered the

2436:

in Bulgaria, became occasion of the outbreak of the

2114:. He also promoted the Serbian Archbishopric to the 1891:

in the region and among other Slavs. Bulgarian Tsar

1733:. Most still remained subjects of the Roman Empire. 6000:

Rule and politics in Southeastern Europe until 1800

5444: 5173: 5171: 1867:'s greatest territorial extent during the reign of 891:, waves of non-Roman peoples, most prominently the 5962: 5633: 5218: 4679: 4009:was received in 1878. From 1918, it was a part of 1070:practices and conflicting claims of jurisdiction. 540:). However, the term was subsequently used by the 6112:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 6024:Cornelissen, Christoph, and Arndt Weinrich, eds. 5295: 5216: 5012:Southeastern Europe in the Middle ages 500 - 1200 4978: 4079:in the Balkans. Serbia became the region's first 3977:). Large portions fell under the control of the 2377:under the Ottoman Empire caused the breakdown of 2164:in 1326 and would make it the new capital of the 553:Achaemenid Persian Empire (6th to 5th century BC) 6410: 6052:Bracewell, Wendy, and Alex Drace-Francis, eds. 5922: 5221:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 5168: 4680:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2011-07-07). 3867:continued to rule for the next three centuries. 3580:and remained under their control as part of the 3347:. This was quickly reversed from the aftermath. 3319:did not escalate into a war until 1999 when the 2845:into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. 2000:In building its maritime commercial empire, the 1830:the Bulgars dispersed mostly to eastern Europe. 1752:), possibly with a ruling core derived from the 1022:), was the event that divided Christianity into 860:The Balkan provinces in the Western Roman Empire 345:, now extinct as a separate group and language. 65:conquest and to its very mountainous geography. 6032:; full coverage for Serbia and major countries. 5374: 4485: 3760:). Bosnia reached its zenith under the rule of 3066:, and instead sought closer relations with the 2432:(1876-1878), and the bloody suppression of the 2313:A 1726 map of The Ottoman Empire in the Balkans 130:, with some of the world's oldest gold jewelry. 5523: 4601:pp 342–345 John Wiley & Sons, 7 jul. 2011 3971: 3458: 2882:, 88,000 Romanians and Aromanians of Southern 2782: 6188: 5701:The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism 5192:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918 4840: 1088: 980:, also called Edict of Toleration by Emperor 787:based in Scodra controlled parts of northern 686:in the late sixth and early fifth centuries. 45:and parts of this area may also be placed in 6012: 3989:. Parts were also briefly controlled by the 3602:rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire 3279:resulting in the massacre of thousands. The 3007: 2806:Some important territorial changes include: 2775:abdicated and Bulgaria's war was over. The 2459:, At the Congress of Berlin (1878) the tall 880:. During this time, the Balkans, especially 5787:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. 5756:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. 5631: 5583:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 4874: 4175:Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School 4015:independence referendum held on 21 May 2006 3414:. Croatia and Albania joined NATO in 2009. 2550:. Bismarck became the target of hatred of 864:Starting in the 2nd century BC, the rising 6195: 6181: 5867: 5850:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 5332:The European powers in the First World War 4784:p. 344 John Wiley & Sons, 7 jul. 2011 4313:Historical regions of the Balkan Peninsula 3312:died before his trial could be concluded. 2321:The Balkans at the end of the 19th century 1906: 1095: 1081: 690:Pre-Roman states (4th to 1st centuries BC) 430:and more northern areas were ruled by the 6127: 5784:History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century 5777: 5746: 5552: 5342: 5340: 5096:History of the Byzantine Empire, 324-1453 4517: 4468: 4458: 4367: 4318:Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire 3736:in 2009 and now it is aiming to join the 2821:The incorporation of Serbia, Montenegro, 2369:Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire 2075:pretenders to it until the 14th century. 1848: 1814:). A smaller group of Bulgars under Khan 484:union. It was founded c.470 BC after the 246:, dating from the 4th to 3rd centuries BC 5822: 5697: 4963: 4617: 4171:Golden Age of medieval Bulgarian culture 2937: 2786: 2643: 2616: 2597: 2451: 2316: 2308: 2143: 2093: 1991: 1858: 1735: 1691: 1592: 1545: 963: 855: 329:. These three major tribal groups spoke 226: 121: 83: 28: 5983: 5960: 5801: 5450: 5427:"Institute for War and Peace Reporting" 4379: 3752:became a Hungarian nominal vassal. The 2917:with an estimate of 250,000 casualties. 1696:The Balkans c. 400 AD, at time of 1608: 1535: 922: 783:. By the end of the 3rd century BC, an 623:. Eventually, in about 512–511 BC, the 14: 6411: 6151: 5662: 5547:An historical geography of the Balkans 5337: 5059:Розата на Балканите, Иван Илчев, т.1, 5037:Българската езическа култура VII -IX в 5034: 4984: 4909: 4044:. The anniversary of the start of the 3898:- the non-Greek and non-Indo-European 3718:People's Socialist Republic of Albania 3074:, which brought them closer ties with 2801:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 2289: 1564:definitive conclusion at the hands of 222: 6176: 6152:Scholz, Bernhard Walter, ed. (1970). 6079: 5843: 5741:The Balkans: A Post-Communist History 5718: 5625:(1915) summary histories by scholars 5302:Norka Machiedo Mladinić (June 2007). 5264:"Black Hand | secret Serbian society" 5009: 4809: 3672:Albania got new territories from the 3435:became a non-permanent member of the 3389:Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 3375:have been EU members since 2004, and 3090:, which were (and still are) part of 2447: 2040:, which in 1203 captured and in 1204 1940: 1076: 611:. Darius's highly regarded commander 567:, a huge Achaemenid army invaded the 5739:Jeffries, Ian, and Robert Bideleux. 5597: 5573: 5507:Elections in Europe: A data handbook 4760: 4323:Foreign policy of the Russian Empire 4215: 4158: 4141: 2664:. Princip was a member of a Serbian 2602:Balkan traditional clothing, c. 1905 2546:, and led to decades of tensions in 2016:, and became a major "power" in the 1530: 1404:Palestine (Classical ~ Late Antique) 619:, the coastal Greek cities, and the 199:. Kurgan IV was identified with the 180:, which appear to be inscribed with 102:(11000 to 6000 BC), located in 98:First human settlement in Europe is 6035:Fikret Adanir and Suraiya Faroqhi. 4328:International relations (1814–1919) 4100: 4095: 3894:Greece: The oldest civilization of 3684:was established and its leader was 2702: 2463:on the right is shaking hands with 2133: 2078: 2042:sacked and conquered Constantinople 2028:since that time bore the titles of 1935: 1704: 751:was killed by attacking Illyrians. 591:(including parts of the modern-day 24: 6121: 5871:A History of the Balkans 1804-1945 5496: 4204: 4179: 4001:) ruled the polity of Montenegro ( 3350: 2361:Rise of nationalism in the Balkans 2252: 2239: 2197:on 29 May 1453, at the age of 21. 1621:. From northern East Germany, via 1344:Lebanon (Classical ~ Late Antique) 417:By the end of the 4th century BC, 25: 6440: 5947:(1958), major scholarly history; 5808:. Random House Publishing Group. 4844:; Lane, Eugene (1 January 1992). 4742:"Persian influence on Greece (2)" 4400:Journal of Archaeological Science 4278:History of the Republic of Venice 4243:History of Bosnia and Herzegovina 3113: 2294: 2083: 2067:in 1261. The last Latin emperor, 1748:were a Turkic group (or possibly 1280:Israel (Classical ~ Late Antique) 1158: 803:an excuse to invade the Balkans. 508:. Other tribal unions existed in 75:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe 6252: 6158:. University of Michigan Press. 5955:Russia and the Balkans 1870-1880 5401:The Department of State Bulletin 5010:Curta, Florin (31 August 2006). 4810:Orlin, Eric (19 November 2015). 4781:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia 4778:Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington 4683:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia 4598:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia 4595:Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington 4071:. In the early 19th century the 4017:, Montenegro became independent. 3355:Greece has been a member of the 3156: 2791:Political history of the Balkans 1996:Countries in the Balkans in 1260 1779:for several centuries until the 1469:Syria (Classical ~ Late Antique) 1211:Egypt (Classical ~ Late Antique) 878:political and economic disorders 869:million people in the area (the 480:was the most important Thracian 6019:List of Slavic studies journals 5961:Wachtel, Andrew Baruch (2008). 5890:Serbia: The history of an idea. 5392: 5356: 5324: 5311:Journal of Contemporary History 5281: 5256: 5243: 5210: 5197: 5184: 5155: 5146: 5137: 5128: 5109: 5089: 5069: 5053: 5028: 5003: 4969: 4945: 4903: 4868: 4834: 4803: 4794: 4772: 4734: 4707: 4645: 4611: 3590:Albanian national consciousness 3437:United Nations Security Council 2980:division and collaborated with 2928:Balkans campaign (World War II) 2921: 2593: 988:(today Sofia, Bulgaria) by the 825: 294:and adjacent lands (now mainly 6424:History of Southeastern Europe 5923:Stanković, Vlada, ed. (2016). 5868:Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2014). 5350:(Summer 2011) 73#2 pp 300–315 4589: 4559: 4542: 4434: 4384: 4373: 4137:Traditional clothing of Kosovo 4067:, at times interrupted by the 3439:for the 2008–2009 term, while 3321:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 3233:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 2639:Balkans Campaign (World War I) 2632: 2606: 2395:National awakening of Bulgaria 2337:Christians of the empire (the 1899:, ordered the creation of the 840:Scythia Minor (Roman province) 466:. However, the outcome of the 13: 1: 5698:Hupchick, Dennis P. (2004) . 5205:The European World: A History 4713:Timothy Howe, Jeanne Reames. 4354: 4338:List of medieval great powers 4211:Culture of the Ottoman Empire 3953:) came under the rule of the 3748:came to existence. The later 3666:German invasion of Yugoslavia 3472:kingdom, with its capital in 2915:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) 2712:beginning on 12 August 1914. 2558:, and found that he had tied 2426:Serbian revolt in Herzegovina 2140:History of the Ottoman Empire 639:, married Amyntas' daughter, 254:appear in what is modern day 79: 68: 6324:Mostly outside the peninsula 6212:Geographically fully located 5965:The Balkans in World History 5805:The Balkans: A Short History 5669:. Penguin Publishing Group. 5559:. East European Monographs. 5415:Ethnic cleansed Great Serbia 4919:. Cosimo, Inc. p. 132. 4200:Serbian traditional clothing 3881:entered a union with Hungary 3714:People's Republic of Albania 3682:National Liberation Movement 3394:Greece has been a member of 3259:it was a conflict fueled by 3206:Croatian War of Independence 2970:Independent State of Croatia 2305:Growth of the Ottoman Empire 1822:after spending some time in 1727:migrated in successive waves 930:first came to the area when 579:roaming to the north of the 348: 153:(5500 to 4500 BC), and 117: 7: 6114:71#2 (2018), p. 245+. 5969:. Oxford University Press. 5632:Gerolymatos, André (2002). 5553:Castellan, Georges (1992). 5524:Sources and further reading 4989:. Oxford University press. 4230: 4226:Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe 3794:became officially Christian 3726:end of communism in Albania 3654:Italian invasion of Albania 3594:Albanian National Awakening 3550:Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg 3459:Overview of state histories 3288:, were put on trial by the 3031: 2872:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 2783:Consequences of World War I 2755:Bulgaria during World War I 2748: 2413:Albanian National Awakening 1637:defeated the emperor in 378 1039:Patriarch of Constantinople 957:In 106 AD the emperor 353: 10: 6445: 6066:105.4 (2000): 1218-1233. 6064:American historical review 6016: 5225:. HarperCollins. pp. 5217:Christopher Clark (2013). 4651:The Illyrians. John Wilkes 4268:History of North Macedonia 4219: 4208: 4189: 4183: 4168: 4162: 4151: 4145: 4133:Albanian national clothing 4114: 4104: 4007:Principality of Montenegro 3788:uniting with the numerous 3284:Serbia's former president 3160: 3070:, later even creating the 3002:forced to flee their lands 2931: 2925: 2752: 2636: 2621:A Greek lithograph of the 2610: 2469:Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov 2391:Bulgarian National Revival 2366: 2298: 2137: 2098:The Serbian Empire in 1355 2087: 1947:Uprising of Asen and Peter 1910: 1852: 1539: 832:Illyricum (Roman province) 829: 693: 556: 235:, one of the items in the 72: 6368: 6323: 6292: 6261: 6250: 6211: 6072:Kitromilides, Paschalis. 6013:Historiography and memory 5823:McCarthy, Justin (2010). 4460:10.1017/S0033822200039606 4412:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105288 4029: 3670:German invasion of Greece 3530:Principality of Kastrioti 3189:taken by Serb-controlled 3108:Bulgarian Communist Party 3100:Bulgarian Orthodox Church 3026:Communist Party of Greece 3008:Aftermath of World War II 2962:Nezavisna Država Hrvatska 2623:Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas 2407:Greek War of Independence 2278:. The Venetian island of 2174:Ottoman victory at Kosovo 1979:Demetrius of Thessaloniki 1791:. In 680 AD they invaded 1116: 871:Eastern Romance languages 434:for some time, including 157:(3300—2700 BC). The 5984:Ziemann, Daniel (2016). 5874:. Taylor & Francis. 5545:Carter, Francis W., ed. 3999:House of Petrović-Njegoš 2910:Aftermath of World War I 2878:Under the terms of 1940 2660:to the Austrian throne, 2580:Principality of Bulgaria 2200:The Ottoman conquest of 2195:capturing Constantinople 2181:invaded Anatolia in the 2106:was established by King 2065:Michael VIII Palaiologos 2061:Duchy of the Archipelago 1920:was ruled by the native 1889:adoption of Christianity 1875:In the 7th century, the 997:Diocletianic persecution 995:, officially ending the 749:Perdiccas III of Macedon 747:). In 359 BC, King 402:(Pontus Euxinus) coast, 203:of around 3000 BC. 149:(5500 to 3000 BC), 145:(6500 to 4000 BC), 141:(4500 to 3500 BC), 6080:Tapon, Francis (2012). 5621:Forbes, Nevill, et al. 5549:(Academic Press, 1977). 5505:& Stöver, P (2010) 5386:March 19, 2005, at the 5268:Encyclopedia Britannica 5203:Jerome L. Blum, et al. 4985:Davies, Norman (1997). 4621:The Expedition of Cyrus 4618:Xenophon (2005-09-08). 4510:10.1126/science.abm4247 4343:List of largest empires 4222:Eastern Orthodox Church 4081:constitutional monarchy 3981:from 1496 to 1878. The 3972: 3826:Preslav Literary School 3556:with many battles won ( 2984:in order to combat the 2666:secret military society 2211:Eastern Orthodox Church 1983:Second Bulgarian Empire 1913:Principality of Arbanon 1907:Principality of Arbanon 1009:First Council of Nicaea 984:, was issued in 311 in 368:classical Greek culture 335:Indo-European languages 325:lived in what is today 6419:History of the Balkans 6393:History of the Balkans 6224:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5945:The Balkans Since 1453 5905:Pavlowitch, Stevan K. 5895:Pavlowitch, Stevan K. 5888:Pavlowitch, Stevan K. 5802:Mazower, Mark (2007). 5704:. Palgrave Macmillan. 5663:Glenny, Misha (2012). 5117:The importance of salt 5035:Rashev, Rasho (2008). 4875:Takacs, Sarolta Anna; 4154:Byzantine commonwealth 3959:Crnojević noble family 3939:Vojislavljević dynasty 3818:Golden Age of Bulgaria 3786:First Bulgarian Empire 3588:. The formation of an 3534:Principality of Thopia 3441:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3365:Western European Union 3339:took place during the 3210:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2972:). Croat-nationalist, 2942: 2843:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2792: 2625: 2603: 2548:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2483: 2442:Liberation of Bulgaria 2428:in 1875, which led to 2322: 2314: 2301:Ottoman wars in Europe 2149: 2099: 2050:several smaller states 1997: 1877:First Bulgarian Empire 1872: 1865:First Bulgarian Empire 1855:First Bulgarian Empire 1849:First Bulgarian Empire 1741: 1701: 1598: 1555: 1326:Late Antique/Medieval) 1169:Bosnia and Herzegovina 973: 861: 382:spread throughout the 331:Paleo-Balkan languages 272:Bosnia and Herzegovina 258:and all the way aside 247: 240:Panagyurishte treasure 217:Paleo-Balkan languages 151:Linear pottery culture 131: 95: 38: 6262:Significantly located 6102:Imagining the Balkans 6086:. WanderLearn Press. 5949:online free to borrow 5915:Schevill, Ferdinand. 5911:online free to borrow 5901:online free to borrow 5719:Hösch, Edgar (1972). 5690:Hatzopoulos, Pavlos. 5683:Hall, Richard C. ed. 5535:Calic, Marie-Janine. 5468:World and Its Peoples 4723:) Regina Books, 2008 4303:History of Yugoslavia 4273:History of Montenegro 4129:Archaeology of Kosovo 4013:. On the basis of an 3824:was developed in the 3730:Albanian Civil Unrest 3700:. Albania joined the 3674:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 3622:Third French Republic 3562:Second Siege of Krujë 3548:was created, lead by 3502:Principality of Arbër 3480:, building up to the 3426:Serbia and Montenegro 3422:declared independence 3102:eased somewhat after 2941: 2859:became part of Italy, 2790: 2682:Conrad von Hötzendorf 2644:Coming of war in 1914 2620: 2601: 2571:Treaty of San Stefano 2494:. In the wake of the 2455: 2403:(1804–1815/1817/1833) 2320: 2312: 2299:Further information: 2160:captured the city of 2152:In the 14th century, 2147: 2097: 1995: 1862: 1740:The Balkans in 925 AD 1739: 1695: 1657:In the meantime, the 1596: 1549: 1111:in modern territories 967: 859: 504:Province, in central 492:, had its capital at 230: 125: 100:Iron Gates Mesolithic 87: 32: 5599:Fine, John V. A. Jr. 5575:Fine, John V. A. Jr. 5368:May 6, 2009, at the 4121:Origins of Albanians 3918:, etc.) created the 3558:First Siege of Krujë 3398:since 1952. In 2004 3167:The collapse of the 3082:, later adopting an 3072:Non-Aligned Movement 2777:peace treaty in 1919 2552:Russian nationalists 2528:Sanjak of Novi Pazar 2444:and Serbia in 1878. 2440:(1877–1878) and the 2430:Serbian-Turkish Wars 2191:Mehmed the Conqueror 2185:in 1402. The son of 2116:Serbian Patriarchate 2052:and established the 1609:Barbarian incursions 1575:Corpus Juris Civilis 1536:Eastern Roman Empire 1042:Michael I Cerularius 923:Rise of Christianity 756:Philip II of Macedon 754:But in 358 BC, 659:"willing and useful 6004:Leibniz Association 5929:. Lexington Books. 5770:Jelavich, Barbara. 4719:(original from the 4293:History of Slovenia 4248:History of Bulgaria 4165:Culture of Bulgaria 4054:Day of the Republic 4034:Den na nezavisnosta 4030:Ден на независноста 3991:First French Empire 3955:Balšić noble family 3900:Minoan civilization 3858:North of the Danube 3834:Boris I of Bulgaria 3431:On 17 October 2007 3331:) was bombarded by 3273:Srebrenica massacre 3222:Operation Mistral 2 3214:Srebrenica massacre 3169:Yugoslav federation 3047:forced assimilation 2477:Alexander Gorchakov 2327:Early modern period 2290:Early modern period 2234:Battle of Chaldiran 1879:was established by 1812:History of Bulgaria 1767:, Turkic people of 1301:Sardinia (Classical 1174:Bulgaria (Classical 1024:Western Catholicism 760:Alexander the Great 528:, situated between 450:coastal regions of 432:Achaemenid Persians 388:Alexander the Great 223:Bronze and Iron Age 193:Proto-Indo-European 168:(4600–4200 BC 6314:south-western part 6076:(Aldershot, 1994). 6046:2020-06-07 at the 5892:(NYU Press, 2002). 5694:(IB Tauris, 2007). 5334:(1996). pp 149–52 5161:Franklin L. Ford, 5122:2009-02-21 at the 5039:. Класика и стил. 4913:(1 January 2008). 4721:Indiana University 4504:(6609): eabm4247. 4283:History of Romania 4253:History of Croatia 4238:History of Albania 4117:History of Albania 4107:Culture of Albania 4073:Serbian Revolution 4036:), with regard to 3983:Republic of Venice 3877:Kingdom of Croatia 3869:Bulgarian language 3782:Old Great Bulgaria 3642:Kingdom of Albania 3570:Battle of Torvioll 3566:Battle of Albulena 3518:Republic of Venice 3506:Kingdom of Albania 3482:Third Illyrian War 3424:from the state of 3410:became members of 3315:Initial upsets on 3310:Slobodan Milošević 3286:Slobodan Milošević 3261:ethnic nationalism 2986:Yugoslav Partisans 2956:After the fall of 2943: 2934:Yugoslav Partisans 2793: 2732:Yugoslav Committee 2626: 2604: 2488:Congress of Berlin 2484: 2471:; on the left are 2448:Congress of Berlin 2401:Serbian Revolution 2351:Republic of Venice 2347:Republic of Ragusa 2323: 2315: 2150: 2100: 2002:Republic of Venice 1998: 1941:Republic of Venice 1901:Bulgarian Alphabet 1893:Simeon I the Great 1873: 1742: 1702: 1599: 1556: 1220:Corsica (Classical 1140:Armenia (Classical 1121:Albania (Classical 974: 972:, Sofia, Bulgaria. 862: 468:Greco-Persian Wars 410:, Southern Italy ( 248: 170:radiocarbon dating 132: 96: 39: 6406: 6405: 6384: 6304:southern mainland 6293:Partially located 6203:Countries on the 6100:Todorova, Maria. 5976:978-0-19-988273-1 5943:Stavrianos, L.S. 5936:978-1-4985-1326-5 5881:978-1-317-90016-0 5860:978-0-521-43991-6 5836:978-1-61719-105-3 5829:. Gorgias Press. 5815:978-0-307-43196-7 5779:Jelavich, Barbara 5748:Jelavich, Barbara 5732:978-0-8448-0072-1 5725:. Crane, Russak. 5711:978-1-4039-6417-5 5676:978-1-101-61099-2 5566:978-0-88033-222-4 5529:Secondary sources 5515:978-3-8329-5609-7 5478:978-0-7614-7902-4 5249:Richard C. Hall, 5179:Europe: 1780–1830 5163:Europe: 1780–1830 4987:Europe. A History 4926:978-1-60520-122-1 4882:The Ancient World 4842:MacMullen, Ramsay 4554:978-0-631-19807-9 4308:History of Europe 4298:History of Turkey 4288:History of Serbia 4263:History of Kosovo 4258:History of Greece 4216:Eastern Orthodoxy 4192:History of Serbia 4186:Culture of Serbia 4159:Bulgarian culture 4148:Byzantine culture 4142:Byzantine culture 4111:Culture of Kosovo 4061:an empire in 1346 3885:Military Frontier 3678:Kingdom of Greece 3626:Kingdom of Serbia 3598:League of Prizren 3494:Byzantine control 3306:Alija Izetbegović 3296:for a variety of 2905:League of Nations 2895:Treaty of Trianon 2880:Treaty of Craiova 2761:Second Balkan War 2656:assassinated the 2512:Northern Dobrudja 2500:Otto von Bismarck 2481:Benjamin Disraeli 2438:Russo-Turkish War 2397:(18-19th century) 1756:that escaped the 1683:Sremska Mitrovica 1588:Christian culture 1531:Early Middle Ages 1527: 1526: 1509:Thrace (Classical 1501:Turkey (Classical 1293:Sicily (Classical 1240:Greece (Classical 1202:Cyprus (Classical 1188:Crimea (Classical 1183:Britain (England) 1028:Eastern Orthodoxy 667:in Xerxes' army. 633:Achaemenid Persia 559:Achaemenid Empire 189:Kurgan hypothesis 16:(Redirected from 6436: 6398:Southeast Europe 6378: 6376:Balkan languages 6349:Northern Dobruja 6256: 6205:Balkan Peninsula 6197: 6190: 6183: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6148: 6129:Moravcsik, Gyula 6097: 6007: 5997: 5980: 5968: 5940: 5885: 5864: 5845:Nicol, Donald M. 5840: 5819: 5798: 5767: 5736: 5715: 5680: 5659: 5639: 5618: 5594: 5570: 5517: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5463: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5429:. Archived from 5423: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5396: 5390: 5378: 5372: 5360: 5354: 5344: 5335: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5308: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5260: 5254: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5224: 5214: 5208: 5201: 5195: 5194:(1954) pp 228–54 5188: 5182: 5175: 5166: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5144: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5126: 5113: 5107: 5093: 5087: 5073: 5067: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4952: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4931: 4930: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4879:(17 July 2015). 4872: 4866: 4865: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4792: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4744:. Archived from 4738: 4732: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4677: 4652: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4615: 4609: 4593: 4587: 4576: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4521: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4472: 4462: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4397: 4388: 4382: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4101:Albanian culture 4096:Cultural history 4046:Ilinden Uprising 4031: 4022:Independence day 3987:Venetian Albania 3975: 3845:Simeon the Great 3830:Bulgarian Church 3784:and created the 3766:Sanjak of Bosnia 3746:Banate of Bosnia 3630:Kingdom of Italy 3498:Bulgarian Empire 3226:Dayton Agreement 3014:Bloody Christmas 2951:Kingdom of Italy 2810:The addition of 2703:Fighting in 1914 2588:First Balkan War 2566:in the Balkans. 2457:Anton von Werner 2419:Bosnian uprising 2183:Battle of Ankara 2134:Ottoman invasion 2079:Late Middle Ages 2046:Byzantine Empire 2030:Duke of Dalmatia 1975:Byzantine Empire 1963:Balkan Mountains 1949:was a revolt of 1936:High Middle Ages 1843:Carpathian Basin 1804:Byzantine Empire 1705:Migration Period 1663:a state in Italy 1542:Byzantine Empire 1455:Spain (Classical 1285:Italy (Classical 1248:Crete (Classical 1109:Byzantine Empire 1097: 1090: 1083: 1074: 1073: 1016:East-West Schism 978:Edict of Serdica 970:St. Sofia Church 932:Paul the Apostle 785:Illyrian kingdom 704:Odrysian kingdom 585:Thracian peoples 538:Illyrians proper 478:Odrysian kingdom 364:Geometric Period 250:At ca. 1000 BC, 174:Tărtăria tablets 143:Starcevo culture 139:Cucuteni culture 35:Balkan Peninsula 21: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6364: 6319: 6288: 6257: 6248: 6244:North Macedonia 6207: 6201: 6166: 6145: 6131:, ed. (1967) . 6124: 6122:Primary sources 6094: 6048:Wayback Machine 6021: 6015: 6010: 5995: 5977: 5937: 5882: 5861: 5837: 5816: 5795: 5764: 5733: 5712: 5677: 5648: 5640:. Basic Books. 5615: 5591: 5567: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5501: 5497: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5465: 5464: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5436: 5434: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5409: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5388:Wayback Machine 5379: 5375: 5370:Wayback Machine 5361: 5357: 5345: 5338: 5329: 5325: 5316: 5314: 5306: 5300: 5296: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5248: 5244: 5237: 5215: 5211: 5202: 5198: 5190:A.J.P. Taylor, 5189: 5185: 5181:(1970) pp 39–41 5176: 5169: 5165:(1970) pp 39–41 5160: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5124:Wayback Machine 5115:Richard Cowen, 5114: 5110: 5094: 5090: 5074: 5070: 5058: 5054: 5047: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4889:. p. 202. 4873: 4869: 4862: 4854:. p. 219. 4839: 4835: 4828: 4820:. p. 287. 4808: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4748:on 24 July 2020 4740: 4739: 4735: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4678: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4616: 4612: 4594: 4590: 4577: 4570: 4564: 4560: 4547: 4543: 4490: 4486: 4439: 4435: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4333:List of empires 4233: 4228: 4220:Main articles: 4218: 4213: 4207: 4205:Ottoman culture 4202: 4196:Serb traditions 4188: 4182: 4180:Serbian culture 4177: 4167: 4161: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4139: 4125:Albanian tribes 4113: 4105:Main articles: 4103: 4098: 4069:Habsburg Empire 3995:Austria-Hungary 3849:the restoration 3722:Atheist country 3614:Austria-Hungary 3574:Battle of Ohrid 3546:League of Lezhë 3514:Albanian people 3492:remained under 3466:Illyrian tribes 3461: 3385:North Macedonia 3353: 3351:2000 to present 3218:Operation Storm 3165: 3159: 3116: 3080:Communist China 3060:Josip Broz Tito 3034: 3021:Greek Civil War 3010: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2785: 2757: 2751: 2705: 2696:Schlieffen Plan 2662:Franz Ferdinand 2654:Gavrilo Princip 2646: 2641: 2635: 2615: 2609: 2596: 2582:, most notably 2573:and at keeping 2562:too closely to 2540:Austria-Hungary 2508:Eastern Rumelia 2450: 2371: 2363: 2307: 2297: 2292: 2255: 2253:Adriatic region 2242: 2240:League of Lezhë 2142: 2136: 2124:Medieval Serbia 2092: 2086: 2081: 2044:, dividing the 1985:, ruled by the 1943: 1938: 1915: 1909: 1857: 1851: 1713:, known as the 1707: 1641:lands in France 1611: 1569:containing it. 1544: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1481:Early Medieval) 1394:The Netherlands 1305:Early Medieval) 1224:Early Medieval) 1112: 1103:History of the 1101: 1056:filioque clause 925: 854: 830:Main articles: 828: 791:, and littoral 768:North Macedonia 714: 694:Main articles: 692: 583:river. Several 561: 555: 518:Illyrian tribes 392:4th century BCE 360:Greek Dark Ages 356: 351: 320:closely related 316:North Macedonia 302:, northeastern 284:North Macedonia 252:Illyrian tribes 225: 128:Varna, Bulgaria 120: 82: 77: 71: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6442: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6372: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6352: 6342: 6327: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6307: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6283:Central Serbia 6276: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6200: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6165:978-0472061860 6164: 6149: 6143: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6108: 6098: 6092: 6077: 6070: 6060: 6050: 6033: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6008: 5981: 5975: 5958: 5953:Sumner, B. H. 5951: 5941: 5935: 5920: 5913: 5903: 5893: 5886: 5880: 5865: 5859: 5841: 5835: 5820: 5814: 5799: 5793: 5775: 5768: 5762: 5744: 5737: 5731: 5716: 5710: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5675: 5660: 5647:978-0465027323 5646: 5629: 5619: 5613: 5595: 5589: 5571: 5565: 5550: 5543: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5495: 5477: 5455: 5443: 5418: 5407: 5391: 5373: 5355: 5336: 5323: 5294: 5280: 5255: 5242: 5235: 5209: 5196: 5183: 5167: 5154: 5145: 5136: 5127: 5108: 5088: 5068: 5052: 5045: 5027: 5020: 5002: 4995: 4977: 4968: 4953: 4944: 4932: 4925: 4911:Gibbon, Edward 4902: 4895: 4877:Cline, Eric H. 4867: 4860: 4852:Fortress Press 4833: 4826: 4802: 4793: 4771: 4759: 4733: 4729:978-1930053564 4706: 4692: 4653: 4644: 4630: 4610: 4588: 4568: 4558: 4541: 4484: 4453:(1): 293–300. 4433: 4383: 4372: 4370:, p. 1-3. 4368:Jelavich 1983a 4359: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4217: 4214: 4209:Main article: 4206: 4203: 4184:Main article: 4181: 4178: 4163:Main article: 4160: 4157: 4146:Main article: 4143: 4140: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4065:Ottoman Empire 4057: 4018: 4003:Old Montenegro 3979:Ottoman Empire 3923: 3912:Peloponnesians 3892: 3872: 3816:thanks to the 3776:Bulgaria: The 3774: 3754:Bosnian Church 3741: 3698:Liberation Day 3694:Balli Kombëtar 3680:. In 1942 the 3610:Central Powers 3578:Ottoman Empire 3522:Albania Veneta 3478:Roman Republic 3460: 3457: 3357:European Union 3352: 3349: 3290:United Nations 3281:Dayton Accords 3174:Greater Serbia 3161:Main article: 3158: 3155: 3134:, among other 3128:market economy 3124:Eastern Europe 3115: 3114:Post-Communism 3112: 3033: 3030: 3009: 3006: 2947:Italian empire 2926:Main article: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2900:Little Entente 2897: 2888: 2887: 2876: 2868: 2861: 2860: 2846: 2819: 2784: 2781: 2750: 2747: 2742:Central Powers 2704: 2701: 2693:powers. (See: 2645: 2642: 2637:Main article: 2634: 2631: 2611:Main article: 2608: 2605: 2595: 2592: 2575:Constantinople 2492:Ottoman Empire 2473:Alajos Károlyi 2465:Gyula Andrássy 2449: 2446: 2434:April Uprising 2423: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2367:Main article: 2362: 2359: 2296: 2295:Ottoman Empire 2293: 2291: 2288: 2276:Albania Veneta 2254: 2251: 2241: 2238: 2202:Constantinople 2138:Main article: 2135: 2132: 2104:Serbian Empire 2090:Serbian Empire 2088:Main article: 2085: 2084:Serbian Empire 2082: 2080: 2077: 2038:Fourth Crusade 2034:Duke of Istria 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1922:Progoni family 1911:Main article: 1908: 1905: 1853:Main article: 1850: 1847: 1706: 1703: 1652:Attila the Hun 1610: 1607: 1540:Main article: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1498: 1495:Roman Carthage 1488: 1483: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1328: 1316: 1308: 1282: 1277: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1213: 1208: 1199: 1194: 1185: 1180: 1178:High Medieval) 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1100: 1099: 1092: 1085: 1077: 1064:Constantinople 1045:excommunicated 1020:Western Schism 1005:Edict of Milan 948:Pontus Euxinus 924: 921: 866:Roman Republic 827: 824: 691: 688: 646:Following the 557:Main article: 554: 551: 419:Greek language 355: 352: 350: 347: 262:in modern day 224: 221: 135:Archaeologists 119: 116: 81: 78: 73:Main article: 70: 67: 59:Central Europe 55:Eastern Europe 18:Balkan history 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6441: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6388:Balkanization 6386: 6382: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6255: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6198: 6193: 6191: 6186: 6184: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6167: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6150: 6146: 6144:9780884020219 6140: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6126: 6125: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6093:9780976581222 6089: 6085: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6030:free download 6027: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6005: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5967: 5966: 5959: 5956: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5800: 5796: 5794:9780521274593 5790: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5763:9780521274586 5759: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5703: 5702: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5638: 5637: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5614:0-472-08260-4 5610: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5590:0-472-08149-7 5586: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5528: 5527: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5480: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5462: 5460: 5452: 5447: 5433:on 2013-12-02 5432: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5411: 5403: 5402: 5395: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5377: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5359: 5353: 5349: 5343: 5341: 5333: 5327: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5290: 5284: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5252: 5246: 5238: 5236:9780062199225 5232: 5228: 5223: 5222: 5213: 5206: 5200: 5193: 5187: 5180: 5174: 5172: 5164: 5158: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5112: 5105: 5104:0-299-80926-9 5101: 5097: 5092: 5085: 5084:0-472-08260-4 5081: 5077: 5072: 5066: 5065:9786190204244 5062: 5056: 5048: 5046:9789543270392 5042: 5038: 5031: 5023: 5021:0-521-81539-8 5017: 5013: 5006: 4998: 4996:954-427-663-7 4992: 4988: 4981: 4972: 4965: 4964:Hupchick 2004 4960: 4958: 4948: 4939: 4937: 4928: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4906: 4898: 4896:9781317458395 4892: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4878: 4871: 4863: 4861:9781451407853 4857: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4829: 4827:9781134625529 4823: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4806: 4797: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4710: 4695: 4693:9781444351637 4689: 4685: 4684: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4648: 4633: 4631:9780191605048 4627: 4623: 4622: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4584:0-19-860641-9 4581: 4575: 4573: 4562: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4387: 4381: 4376: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4349: 4348:Cultural area 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4212: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4155: 4149: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4108: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3945:had replaced 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3808:River to the 3807: 3804:and from the 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3650:Fascist Italy 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3596:in 1830, the 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3510:first records 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3304:and Bosnia's 3303: 3302:Franjo Tuđman 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3170: 3164: 3163:Yugoslav Wars 3157:Yugoslav wars 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3132:privatization 3129: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3104:Todor Zhivkov 3101: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3005: 3003: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2935: 2929: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2797: 2789: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2762: 2756: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2710:Battle of Cer 2700: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2640: 2630: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2600: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2365: 2358: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2331:Millet system 2328: 2319: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2250: 2246: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166:Ottoman state 2163: 2159: 2155: 2146: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2128:Uroš the Weak 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2102:In 1346, The 2096: 2091: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1926:Abroi/Albanoi 1923: 1919: 1914: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1828:Hunnic Empire 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785:confederation 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1738: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1699: 1698:Hunnic Empire 1694: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1635:rebelled and 1634: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1606: 1604: 1595: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1579: 1577: 1576: 1570: 1567: 1562: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1459:Late Antique) 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1354:Liechtenstein 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1144:Late Antique) 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 991: 990:Roman emperor 987: 983: 979: 971: 966: 962: 960: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 920: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 885: 883: 879: 874: 872: 867: 858: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 808:Illyrian Wars 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 777:King Glaukias 773: 769: 766:(present-day 765: 761: 757: 752: 750: 746: 742: 739:(present-day 738: 734: 730: 727:(present-day 726: 722: 718: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 668: 666: 662: 657: 653: 649: 648:Ionian Revolt 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 560: 550: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 476: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 420: 415: 413: 412:Magna Graecia 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 378: 374: 369: 365: 361: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 245: 241: 238: 234: 229: 220: 218: 214: 210: 204: 202: 201:Yamna culture 198: 197:pontic steppe 194: 190: 185: 183: 182:proto-writing 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 162:Varna culture 160: 156: 155:Ezero culture 152: 148: 147:Vinča culture 144: 140: 136: 129: 124: 115: 113: 109: 105: 101: 94: 90: 86: 76: 66: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 36: 31: 27: 19: 6392: 6154: 6133: 6111: 6101: 6082: 6073: 6063: 6053: 6036: 6025: 5999: 5991: 5986: 5964: 5954: 5944: 5925: 5916: 5906: 5896: 5889: 5870: 5849: 5825: 5804: 5783: 5771: 5752: 5740: 5721: 5700: 5691: 5684: 5665: 5635: 5622: 5603: 5579: 5555: 5546: 5536: 5506: 5498: 5489: 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Retrieved 5467: 5451:Ziemann 2016 5446: 5435:. Retrieved 5431:the original 5421: 5410: 5400: 5394: 5376: 5358: 5347: 5331: 5326: 5315:. Retrieved 5310: 5297: 5283: 5271:. Retrieved 5267: 5258: 5250: 5245: 5220: 5212: 5207:(1970) p 841 5204: 5199: 5191: 5186: 5178: 5162: 5157: 5148: 5139: 5130: 5111: 5091: 5071: 5055: 5036: 5030: 5011: 5005: 4986: 4980: 4971: 4966:, p. ?. 4947: 4915: 4905: 4881: 4870: 4846: 4836: 4812: 4805: 4796: 4780: 4774: 4762: 4750:. Retrieved 4746:the original 4736: 4715: 4709: 4697:. Retrieved 4682: 4647: 4635:. Retrieved 4620: 4613: 4597: 4591: 4561: 4544: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4403: 4399: 4386: 4380:Mazower 2007 4375: 4363: 4033: 3970: 3962: 3946: 3942: 3889:Croatian War 3853:Asen dynasty 3838:Patriarchate 3810:Adriatic Sea 3749: 3706:World War II 3662:World War II 3486:King Gentius 3454: 3450:unilaterally 3445: 3430: 3416: 3393: 3388: 3354: 3314: 3276: 3268: 3257: 3255:and others. 3230: 3195: 3179: 3166: 3140: 3117: 3096: 3084:isolationist 3035: 3018: 3011: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2974:Ante Pavelić 2955: 2944: 2922:World War II 2889: 2862: 2814:and Eastern 2812:Transylvania 2805: 2798: 2794: 2765: 2758: 2736: 2730: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2694: 2687: 2679: 2650:Bosnian Serb 2647: 2627: 2594:20th century 2568: 2556:Pan-Slavists 2536: 2504: 2485: 2424: 2373:The rise of 2372: 2364: 2355: 2343: 2333:. Among the 2324: 2260:Thessalonica 2256: 2247: 2243: 2199: 2154:Ottoman rule 2151: 2120:Dušan's Code 2108:Stefan Dušan 2101: 2058: 2054:Latin Empire 2033: 2029: 2022:Adriatic sea 2008:, including 1999: 1987:Asen dynasty 1944: 1917: 1916: 1881:Khan Asparuh 1874: 1832: 1801: 1783:swept their 1769:Central Asia 1762: 1743: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1656: 1645: 1626: 1616: 1612: 1600: 1580: 1573: 1571: 1557: 1552:Jireček Line 1474:Vatican City 1427:Saudi Arabia 1399:North Africa 1060:Nicene Creed 1049: 1013: 1001:Christianity 975: 956: 928:Christianity 926: 917: 886: 875: 863: 826:Roman period 816:king Gentius 805: 758:, father of 753: 715: 669: 645: 575:the Western 562: 521: 502:Stara Zagora 472: 416: 357: 260:Adriatic Sea 249: 215:, and other 205: 186: 133: 126:A burial at 106:, in modern 104:Danube River 97: 89:Lepenski Vir 47:Southeastern 40: 26: 6359:East Thrace 5627:online free 5273:21 February 4752:17 December 4699:17 December 4637:24 December 4447:Radiocarbon 3973:monte negro 3957:, then the 3916:Thessalians 3836:and became 3814:Middle Ages 3798:Danube Bend 3792:. Bulgaria 3790:local Slavs 3771:Bosnian War 3758:Herzegovina 3710:Enver Hoxha 3686:Enver Hoxha 3658:Axis powers 3606:World War I 3198:Ten-Day War 3076:third world 3054:(1948) and 3036:During the 2825:, Croatia, 2668:called the 2633:World War I 2613:Balkan Wars 2607:Balkan Wars 2544:South Slavs 2518:to Russia. 2421:(1831–1832) 2415:(1830-1912) 2409:(1821–1832) 2375:Nationalism 2223:Shah Ismail 1965:, then the 1731:South Slavs 1464:Switzerland 1430:(Classical) 1412:(Classical) 1334:(Classical) 1314:(Classical) 889:Constantine 797:Queen Teuta 526:Lake Skadar 494:Seuthopolis 446:, and most 386:created by 377:Hellenistic 318:), and the 306:, European 298:, but also 278:, parts of 6413:Categories 6381:Sprachbund 6335:Monfalcone 6239:Montenegro 6017:See also: 5509:, p. 1278 5484:5 December 5437:2013-09-27 5348:Historian, 5317:2012-02-27 4790:144435163X 4766:Herodotus 4607:144435163X 4470:1808/16275 4406:: 105288. 4355:References 4190:See also: 4169:See also: 4152:See also: 4115:See also: 4089:Yugoslavia 4050:St. Elijah 4042:Yugoslavia 4026:Macedonian 4011:Yugoslavia 3652:until the 3646:King Zog I 3638:Ahmed Zogu 3616:) and the 3554:Skanderbeg 3419:Montenegro 3363:, and the 3341:Kosovo War 3329:Montenegro 3298:war crimes 3277:safe areas 3269:safe areas 3136:capitalist 3052:Yugoslavia 2932:See also: 2890:See also: 2837:, most of 2833:, part of 2818:to Romania 2753:See also: 2738:Montenegro 2524:Montenegro 2516:Bessarabia 2339:Rum Millet 2069:Baldwin II 1971:Paristrion 1957:living in 1951:Bulgarians 1789:Bessarabia 1671:Singidunum 1659:Ostrogoths 1603:Bulgarians 1584:Romaniotes 1477:(Classical 1422:San Marino 1384:Montenegro 1359:Luxembourg 1322:(Classical 1271:(Classical 1149:Azerbaijan 1068:liturgical 1052:patriarchs 1026:and Greek 907:and later 897:Greuthungs 793:Montenegro 764:Lake Ohrid 745:Montenegro 625:Macedonian 609:Asia Minor 571:and tried 534:Montenegro 488:defeat in 404:Asia Minor 343:Asia Minor 310:, eastern 264:Montenegro 159:Eneolithic 80:Mesolithic 69:Prehistory 5781:(1983b). 5750:(1983a). 5601:(1994) . 5577:(1991) . 5503:Nohlen, D 5106:, p. 442. 4887:Routledge 4818:Routledge 4536:251843620 4479:0033-8222 4428:229390381 4420:0305-4403 4085:Vojvodina 4077:feudalism 3963:Crna Gora 3920:Mycenaean 3904:Athenians 3862:Bulgarian 3802:Black Sea 3634:Vlora War 3417:In 2006, 3337:Albanians 3241:Dubrovnik 3138:reforms. 3120:Communism 3042:communist 2978:Handschar 2870:The 1919 2827:Vojvodina 2670:Crna Ruka 2584:Macedonia 2264:Mehmet II 2232:, in the 2217:. Sultan 2207:Gennadios 2018:Near East 1837:, led by 1820:Macedonia 1716:Sklavenoi 1633:Visigoths 1628:foederati 1566:Mehmet II 1561:Justinian 1513:Medieval) 1505:Medieval) 1369:Macedonia 1297:Medieval) 1289:Medieval) 1275:Medieval) 1252:Medieval) 1244:Medieval) 1206:Medieval) 1192:Medieval) 1125:Medieval) 1058:into the 909:Visigoths 905:Fritigern 893:Thervings 882:Illyricum 781:Epidamnus 721:Dardanian 672:Thracians 652:Mardonius 629:Amyntas I 621:Paeonians 613:Megabazus 589:Black Sea 577:Scythians 573:to defeat 448:Black Sea 400:Black Sea 375:. Later, 349:Antiquity 339:Phrygians 290:lived in 288:Thracians 231:A golden 219:emerged. 176:found in 118:Neolithic 6369:See also 6310:Slovenia 6273:mainland 6229:Bulgaria 6104:(1997). 6044:Archived 5899:(1988). 5847:(1993). 5656:49323460 5384:Archived 5366:Archived 5330:Tucker, 5120:Archived 4528:36007055 4519:10064553 4231:See also 3967:Venetian 3931:Travunia 3908:Spartans 3822:Cyrillic 3704:. After 3676:and the 3668:and the 3586:declared 3504:and the 3470:Ardiaean 3408:Slovenia 3400:Bulgaria 3377:Bulgaria 3369:Slovenia 3361:Eurozone 3265:Bosniaks 3237:Sarajevo 3224:and the 3202:Slovenia 3183:Slovenia 3147:Bulgaria 3064:Bulgaria 3038:Cold War 3032:Cold War 2958:Sarajevo 2839:Dalmatia 2831:Carniola 2823:Slavonia 2773:The Czar 2769:revolted 2749:Bulgaria 2461:Bismarck 2335:Orthodox 2284:Napoleon 2272:Dalmatia 2187:Murad II 2170:Anatolia 1961:and the 1885:Bulgaria 1869:Simeon I 1808:Bulgaria 1797:Dobrudja 1758:Göktürks 1687:Lombards 1675:Belgrade 1450:Slovenia 1445:Slovakia 1435:Scotland 1409:Portugal 1258:Guernsey 993:Galerius 982:Galerius 936:Thracian 913:Alaric I 852:Dalmatia 820:province 795:. Under 717:Bardylis 593:Bulgaria 565:Darius I 506:Bulgaria 498:Kazanlak 475:Thracian 452:Bulgaria 408:Dalmatia 354:Iron Age 296:Bulgaria 244:Bulgaria 237:Thracian 213:Hellenic 209:Albanoid 166:Bulgaria 91:site in 51:Southern 6429:Balkans 6345:Romania 6339:Trieste 6300:Croatia 6219:Albania 6106:excerpt 6056:(2010) 6039:(2002) 6028:(2020) 5909:(1992) 5743:(2007). 5541:excerpt 5539:(2019) 5229:, 559. 5086:, p. 12 4498:Science 3851:by the 3840:during 3806:Dnieper 3800:to the 3778:Bulgars 3618:Entente 3582:Rumelia 3526:Balshaj 3512:of the 3490:Albania 3433:Croatia 3404:Romania 3381:Romania 3253:Šibenik 3187:Croatia 3151:Romania 3143:Albania 3130:and to 3106:became 3056:Albania 2884:Dobruja 2857:Trieste 2721:Galicia 2691:Entente 2674:Serbian 2564:Austria 2560:Germany 2227:Safavid 2219:Selim I 2215:Sultans 2073:several 1973:of the 1918:Arbanon 1897:Boris I 1835:Magyars 1824:Panonia 1781:Khazars 1777:Ukraine 1773:Asparuh 1765:Bulgars 1679:Sirmium 1623:Scythia 1491:Tunisia 1486:Ukraine 1417:Romania 1389:Morocco 1374:Moldova 1263:Hungary 1235:Germany 1230:Georgia 1197:Croatia 1164:Belgium 1159:Balkans 1154:Austria 1135:Andorra 1130:Algeria 986:Serdica 944:Dobruja 844:Thracia 812:Neretva 806:In the 789:Albania 779:seized 772:Cleitus 733:Albania 729:Shkodra 712:Macedon 696:Illyria 680:Vergina 661:Persian 656:Macedon 637:Bubares 601:Ukraine 597:Romania 569:Balkans 530:Albania 522:Illyrii 496:, near 486:Persian 460:Ukraine 456:Romania 444:Macedon 440:Paeonia 428:Balkans 423:culture 414:) etc. 390:in the 380:culture 362:or the 327:Romania 323:Dacians 300:Romania 276:Croatia 256:Albania 178:Romania 112:Romania 63:Ottoman 43:Balkans 6355:Turkey 6279:Serbia 6269:Greece 6234:Kosovo 6162: 6141: 6116:online 6090: 6068:online 6058:online 6041:online 5994:] 5973: 5957:(1937) 5933: 5919:(1966) 5878: 5857: 5833: 5812: 5791: 5774:(1983) 5760: 5729: 5708: 5687:(2014) 5673: 5654: 5644: 5611: 5587: 5563: 5513: 5491:Minoan 5475: 5352:online 5253:(2000) 5233: 5177:Ford, 5102: 5082: 5063: 5043: 5018: 4993: 4923: 4893: 4858: 4824: 4788: 4768:VI, 44 4727: 4690: 4628: 4605: 4582: 4552: 4534: 4526: 4516: 4477: 4426: 4418: 4198:, and 4135:, and 3947:Duklja 3935:Serbia 3933:, and 3927:Duklja 3896:Europe 3865:Boyars 3820:. The 3762:Tvrtko 3702:Allies 3538:Muzaka 3508:. The 3474:Scodra 3447:Kosovo 3373:Cyprus 3345:Kosovo 3325:Serbia 3317:Kosovo 3249:Mostar 3088:Turkey 2982:Ustaše 2968:, the 2855:, and 2849:Istria 2841:, and 2835:Styria 2652:named 2532:Cyprus 2520:Serbia 2383:nation 2379:millet 2268:Istria 2230:Persia 2112:Skopje 2010:Cyprus 2006:Aegean 1959:Moesia 1955:Vlachs 1816:Kouber 1793:Moesia 1754:Rouran 1750:Mongol 1677:) and 1667:Gepids 1440:Serbia 1379:Monaco 1339:Kuwait 1331:Kosovo 1319:Jordan 1311:Jersey 1216:France 1035:Leo IX 959:Trajan 952:Moesia 940:Andrew 911:under 850:, and 836:Moesia 737:Rhizon 735:) and 725:Scodra 710:, and 700:Thrace 684:Persia 676:Sindos 665:Sparta 641:Gygaea 617:Thrace 605:Russia 603:, and 581:Danube 546:Romans 542:Greeks 516:. The 514:Oroles 490:Greece 464:Russia 462:, and 436:Thrace 396:Greeks 394:. The 384:empire 373:Athens 366:, the 337:. The 312:Serbia 308:Turkey 304:Greece 292:Thrace 286:. 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History of the Balkans

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