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793:. Persia was denuded of Russian soldiers, and large bodies of troops were hurried forward to the front by rail from Kars, Erivan, and Julfa—almost, but not quite, too late. They would have been altogether too late if the 1st Army Corps had been able to make its contemplated descent on Kars, and the first concern of the Viceroy had been to send supports to the gallant regiment which alone had so long withstood the attack of the two divisions of this Corps before and at Ardahan.
25:
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Pressure the
Kurdish Tribe volunteers separated from the Stange Bey Unit. These broken remnants fled in confusion back to Ardanuch, but, hotly pursued, were not allowed to rest there long, as it was reoccupied by the victors on 18 January 1915, some survivors from the Battle made good their escape into their own territory. The others sought refuge in the fastnesses of the Chorok ranges, where the
747:. The Stange Bey unit and its supports were fitted to his plan as a secondary force. They were to cut the support for Russian forces at Sarikamish-Kars. The Stange Bey Detachment conduct highly visible operations to distract and pin Russian units. In his plan, Stange Bey operated in the Chorok region and seized the road.
800:
Hardly any information regarding the battle of
Ardahan can be obtained beyond statements that after the place was bombarded, the Russians drove the Stange Bey Detachment group out. Russian accounts state "by repeated charges utterly routed the enemy, who was crushed into fragments". Under the Russian
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It had been the original intention that this army should strike at Batum when it was in sufficient force by additions from oversea, but as the result of
Russian resistance on land, and especially of various actions between the Ottoman and Russian Fleets, which ended in the latter gaining the control
780:
The
Russian Viceroy and his military advisers had grasped the situation. The Stange Bay made that Russians informed very dearly for every foot of their advance. The Russian diversion to Stange Bay unit meant to be a support element to operations to capture Sarikamish and Kars. Russians needed to be
577:
was one of the eastern
Ottoman provinces that had come under Russian rule in 1878. Armenian separatist ambitions proved to be just as unacceptable to the Russians as they had been to the Turks, but the Russians successfully overcame doctrinal differences between the Armenian and Russian churches to
816:
The name of the force in western sources passes as the "I Army Corps", Turkish sources name it as Stange Bey (or Stanke Bey) detachment. The detachment was given to the command of the German Major Stange and became known as "Stange Bey
Detachment". The size of the force is also in dispute. Western
796:
Yet larger reinforcements were dispatched to
Sarikamish, and they arrived to find that though the place had been reft from Russian hands the battle was being waged with no less determined persistence and tenacity by their compatriots. Neither at Ardahan nor at Sarikamish were the Russians, even in
706:
Hostility against
Ottoman Armenian soldiers was nearing a breaking point in the Ottoman ranks. Turks blamed Armenians for defecting and supplying Russians with intelligence on Ottoman positions. Actively recruited by Armenian volunteer forces fighting alongside the Russians, and regarded with
820:
The left wing which made up of This detachment unit, known as Stanke Bey, consisted of two battalions of the 8th
Infantry Regiment and two artillery batteries. It was brought at the outset of the war from Constantinople and landed at Kopa and other ports on the Black Sea south of Batum, and
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851:
682:(2 November 1914 – 16 November 1914) ended with the defeat of Russian troops. The Russian success was along the southern shoulders of the offense where Armenian volunteers visible (effective) and taken
808:
On 1 March 1915 The "Stange Bey
Detachment" without volunteer support went back to its initial line, the "Stange Bey Detachment" managed to resist the Russians for more than two months in the region.
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identity in a bid to ignite a Christian uprising against the Muslim Turks. However, fearing reprisals against Armenian civilians, not all Armenians joined the Russian war effort.
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The "Stange Bey Detachment" left Istanbul on the battleship Yavuz. Two battalions under the command of Christian August Stange disembarked in
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Ottoman generalship and organization were negligible compared to the Allies. Enver hoped a success would facilitate opening the route to
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suspicion among Ottoman forces, there were reports that in each battalion at least three to five Armenians were shot each day.
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690:. Hasan İzzet Pasha managed to stabilize the front by letting the Russians 25 kilometers inside the Ottoman Empire along the
138:
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supplemented by many irregulars in the district of the Choruk (northeast of Erzerum), where its concentration was effected.
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On 30 October 1914, the 3rd Army headquarters was informed by High Command in Istanbul about an exchange of fire during the
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Badem, Candan (2019). Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Anderson, Margaret Lavinia; Bayraktar, Seyhan; Schmutz, Thomas (eds.).
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Badem, Candan (2019). Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Anderson, Margaret Lavinia; Bayraktar, Seyhan; Schmutz, Thomas (eds.).
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gave them shelter. This was the original unit established in Istanbul. Stenge Bey reestablished this unit.
765:. On 27 December 1914, after a desperate Russian resistance lasting seventeen days, Stange Bey's Army took
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566:. By 3 January 1915, Vorontsov-Dashkov achieved a decisive victory over the Ottoman forces at Ardahan.
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lacked proper supplies for these conditions, and incurring heavy losses retreated under Russian fire.
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and cut off Russian access to railway lines. From Sarıkamış, Turkish forces would proceed to retake
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proceeded to Sarıkamış. On the day of battle, 22 December, a terrible snowstorm struck. The
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773:, which if it succeeded would cut off the retreat of the Russians west of it, that is, at
546:: Արդահանի ճակատամարտ) was fought between 25 December 1914 and 18 January 1915 and was an
8:
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sources claim it had from 30,000 to 35,000 combatants; the precise figure is uncertain.
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of Turkey), were given the task to raise volunteers among the population in the region.
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in 1877 and feared a campaign into the Caucasus, aimed at retaking Kars and the port of
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678:. High Command expected the Russian Army to cross the Ottoman border at any time. The
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The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism
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The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism
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on 10 December 1914. The detachment was then reinforced with nearly two thousand
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military operation commanded by German Lt. Col. Stange to capture the city of
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of the Black Sea, the idea was rendered impracticable and was abandoned.
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Tucker, Spencer; Wood, Laura Matysek; Murphy, Justin D., eds. (1999).
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Tucker, Spencer; Wood, Laura Matysek; Murphy, Justin D., eds. (1999).
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Spencer Tucker, "The European Powers in the First World War" page 174
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Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War
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1914–1915 battle between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire
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strongly reinforced. At this moment, In December 1914, General
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The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
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The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
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The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East
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volunteers and materially assisted by the rebellious
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Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire
785:ordered withdrawal from major Russian units at the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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589:sought to outflank the Russian forces to seize
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663:. This long-term goal made Britain wary; the
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1824:List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire
651:Muslims; another strategic goal was to cut
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769:, and threatened an immediate descent on
761:On 15 December 1914, Stange Bey occupied
601:and Ardahan. Enver planned to deploy the
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1897:Battles of World War I involving Russia
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743:Enver Pasha developed his plans for
585:As the situation quickly escalated,
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1078:Ottoman battles in the 20th century
954:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 53.
929:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 52.
628:. Russia had taken the fortress of
616:The operation was part of what the
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882:. Garland Publishing. p. 174.
856:. Garland Publishing. p. 174.
156:25 December 1914 – 18 January 1915
14:
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1887:Battles of the Caucasus Campaign
1382:Kirte Bağları (Krithia Vineyard)
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829:The battle was the subject of a
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1026:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
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647:and beyond, with a revolt of
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1819:For the battles before 1900
1417:Yusufçuktepe (Scimitar Hill)
1020:Erickson, Edward J. (2001).
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624:. It was a secondary to the
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1922:1914 in the Ottoman Empire
1907:1915 in the Russian Empire
1902:1914 in the Russian Empire
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268:Lt. Col. August Stange Bey
249:Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov
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1193:1st Edirne (Adrianople)
1006:. Accessed 11 May 2015.
898:Rogan, Eugene (2015).
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225:Commanders and leaders
139:Middle Eastern theatre
1642:Berukin and 1st Arara
1387:Kanlısırt (Lone Pine)
1004:World Digital Library
1000:The Battle of Ardahan
789:at the height of the
657:hydrocarbon resources
562:line, supporting the
274:Casualties and losses
1942:December 1914 events
1407:Kılıçbayır (The Nek)
1282:Köprüköy (Bergmann)
797:the closing stages.
791:Battle of Sarikamish
757:Battle of Sarikamish
745:Battle of Sarikamish
564:Battle of Sarikamish
43:improve this article
1947:January 1915 events
1849: /
1158:Kırcalı (Kardzhali)
498:Associated articles
58:"Battle of Ardahan"
1937:History of Ardahan
1582:Hareira and Sheria
729:Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa
680:Bergmann Offensive
611:Ottoman Third Army
540:Битва при Ардагане
334:Bergmann Offensive
1882:Conflicts in 1915
1877:Conflicts in 1914
1853:41.050°N 42.700°E
1832:
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1727:Afulah and Beisan
1697:German Expedition
1437:Erzurum offensive
1183:İşkodra (Scutari)
1085:Italo-Turkish War
1033:978-0-313-31516-9
961:978-1-78831-241-7
936:978-1-78831-241-7
634:Russo-Turkish War
524:Battle of Ardahan
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975:Erickson 2001
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422:2nd Trebizond
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382:1st Trebizond
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99:November 2010
91:
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1834:
1820:
1597:Mughar Ridge
1587:Wadi el Hesi
1527:Jebel Hamlin
1291:
1228:İmroz (Elli)
1021:
1014:Bibliography
994:
982:
970:
951:
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504:Dunsterforce
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400:
393:
367:
360:
345:
338:
193:Belligerents
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1932:Kars oblast
1856: /
1392:Anafartalar
1275:(1914–1918)
1263:2nd Çatalca
1213:1st Çatalca
1178:Kirk Kilise
1148:Sarantaporo
1141:(1912–1913)
1139:Balkan Wars
1109:Kunfuda Bay
1087:(1911–1912)
688:Doğubeyazıt
661:Caspian Sea
659:around the
620:viewed the
587:Enver Pasha
509:Norperforce
427:2nd Erzurum
369:1st Erzurum
170:Kars Oblast
143:World War I
1871:Categories
1797:Khan Ayash
1702:Abu Tellul
1662:Karakilisa
1657:Sardarabad
1622:Tell 'Asur
1487:Bir el Abd
1297:Suez Canal
1287:Sarikamish
1188:Lüleburgaz
837:References
775:Sarikamish
755:See also:
696:Sarikamish
570:Background
556:Sarikamish
454:Karakilisa
443:Sardarabad
395:1st Bitlis
340:Sarikamish
69:newspapers
1802:2nd Amman
1707:2nd Arara
1637:1st Amman
1607:Jerusalem
1602:Ayun Kara
1567:Khuweilfe
1562:Beersheba
1557:Wadi Musa
1542:Istabulat
1457:Trebizond
1432:Sağ Sahil
1402:Sarıbayır
1397:Conkbayır
1372:Manzikert
1367:Zığındere
1362:3rd Kirte
1352:No.3 Post
1347:2nd Kirte
1332:1st Kirte
825:Aftermath
803:Adjarians
720:Adjarians
676:Black Sea
649:Caucasian
591:Sarıkamış
580:Christian
356:Manzikert
1772:Damascus
1752:Tiberias
1732:Nazareth
1682:Binagadi
1677:Kurdamir
1572:3rd Gaza
1537:2nd Gaza
1532:1st Gaza
1522:Samarrah
1497:Magdhaba
1467:Erzincan
1327:Baby 700
1223:Merhamli
1208:Monastir
1173:Kumanovo
1168:Sorovich
1104:Benghazi
763:Ardanuch
726:and the
684:Karaköse
607:IX Corps
544:Armenian
491:Dagestan
479:Binagadi
474:Kurdamir
416:Erzincan
408:Çapakçur
387:Lazistan
375:Koprukoy
161:Location
133:Part of
1844:42°42′E
1807:Haritan
1787:Sharqat
1722:Tulkarm
1712:Megiddo
1667:Goychay
1617:Jericho
1577:Baghdad
1517:2nd Kut
1427:1st Kut
1412:Hill 60
1317:Kumkale
1292:Ardahan
1248:Bolayır
1233:Korytsa
1153:Yenidje
1094:Preveza
767:Ardahan
716:Kurdish
702:Prelude
692:Erzurum
674:in the
645:Tbilisi
603:X Corps
575:Ardahan
552:Ardahan
548:Ottoman
536:Russian
528:Turkish
464:Goychay
459:Mastara
432:Choloki
346:Ardahan
282:Unknown
279:Unknown
166:Ardahan
83:scholar
1841:41°3′N
1792:Aleppo
1767:Kaukab
1747:Samakh
1717:Tabsor
1652:Abaran
1552:Ramadi
1482:Romani
1477:Bitlis
1258:Bizani
1253:Şarköy
1238:Lemnos
1203:Himara
1198:Prilep
1129:Zanzur
1124:Rhodes
1119:Beirut
1099:Tobruk
1030:
958:
933:
908:
751:Battle
698:axis.
449:Abaran
216:
181:Result
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1777:Kiswe
1757:Irbid
1742:Haifa
1737:Jenin
1692:Arsuf
1672:Aghsu
1632:Hijla
1612:Jaffa
1547:Aqaba
1507:Nekhl
1492:Yanbu
1472:Aqaba
1462:Mecca
1452:Sabis
1307:Katya
1114:Derna
831:Lubok
812:Force
638:Batum
599:Batum
469:Aghsu
90:JSTOR
76:books
1687:Baku
1502:Rafa
1442:Wadi
1028:ISBN
956:ISBN
931:ISBN
906:ISBN
771:Kars
712:Rize
686:and
630:Kars
595:Kars
560:Kars
522:The
485:Baku
153:Date
62:news
1821:see
1592:Huj
1002:.”
734:MIT
655:to
402:Muş
351:Van
141:in
137:of
45:by
1873::
888:^
640:.
597:,
542:,
538::
534:;
530::
172:,
168:,
1064:e
1057:t
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1036:.
998:“
964:.
939:.
914:.
694:-
558:–
526:(
311:e
304:t
297:v
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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