1363:
1379:
1395:
1348:
101:
1315:
289:
270:
1253:
823:
25:
409:
1362:
1333:
333:
321:
307:
215:
282:
263:
251:
237:
202:
416:
1378:
1239:. Battleships (ships of the line) are listed in the order they came into action. Orlov's squadron in pink, Spiridov's in blue and Elphinstone's in yellow. Notes: (a) captain Klokatchev; (b) Spiridov's flagship, captain Kruse; (c) Orlov's flagship, captain Greig; (d) Elphinstone's flagship; (e) One or both of these were present; (f) Hired English ships that were supporting the fleet
1270:. This battle inspired great confidence in the Russian fleet and allowed the Russians to control the Aegean Sea for some time. The defeat of the Ottoman fleet also sped up rebellions by minority groups in the Ottoman Empire, especially the Orthodox Christian nations in the Balkan peninsula, who helped the Russian army in defeating the Ottoman Empire.
1347:
882:
caught fire, and the fire quickly spread to other ships of the line. By 2:00 a.m., two
Ottoman ships of the line had blown up and more were on fire, and Greig sent in three fireships (the fourth, seeing the danger, stayed out), which contributed in a small way to the burning of almost the entire
732:
After settling on a plan of attack, the
Russian battle line (see Table 1) sailed towards the south end of the Ottoman line and then turned north, coming alongside the Ottomans, with the tail end coming into action last (Elphinstone had wanted to approach the northern end first, then follow the wind
1394:
712:
and 32 small craft, with about 1,300 guns in total. About 10 of the ships of the line, of 70–100 guns, were in the
Ottoman main line with a further 6 or so in the second, arranged so that they could fire through the gaps in the first line. Behind that were the frigates, xebecs, etc. The fleet was
1273:
After this naval victory, the
Russian fleet stayed in the Aegean for the following five years. It returned to Çeşme twice more during this time to bombard it. Historians still debate the rationale for the Russian military focus on this small fort town while there were many other more strategic
896:, and about 30 wounded, and on 7 July 11 killed. Ottoman casualties were much higher. Hüsameddin, Hasan Pasha and Cafer Bey survived. Hüsameddin was removed from his position, which was given to Cafer Bey. This was the only significant fleet battle during the Russo-Turkish War.
887:
set fire to another ship of the line and consequently the fire continued to spread among various vessels. At about 4:00 a.m., boats were sent in to save two ships of the line which were not burning, but one of these caught fire while it was being towed. The other,
818:
s captain, Kruse, survived too. At about 2:00 p.m. the fighting ended, as the
Ottomans cut their cables and moved south into the bay, forming themselves into a defensive line of eight ships of the line, a second line, and the rest beyond.
462:
2568:
3970:
455:
884:
749:
The
Ottomans opened fire at about 11:45 a.m., followed by the Russians slightly later. Three of the Russian ships of the line had trouble staying in position;
3066:
830:
On 6 July, the
Russians bombarded the Ottoman ships and land positions. At about 12:30 a.m. on the morning of 7 July, Orlov, acting on Spiridov's plan, sent
448:
892:
60, survived and was captured along with five galleys. Fighting ended at about 8:00 a.m. Russian casualties on 5 July were 14 killed, plus 636 killed in
1824:
This was the second biggest slaughter of the Greek population of Smyrna since 1770, when after the Cesme sea battle, fanatic
Muslims massacred 1, 500 Greeks.
1314:
3960:
2747:
1385:
132:
3454:
1990:. Türk Deniz Harp Tarihinde İz Bırakan Gemiler, Olaylar ve Şahıslar. Piri Reis Araştırma Merkezi Yayını, Sayı: 8. İstanbul 2007, Deniz Basımevi,
3980:
3975:
1515:
100:
3435:
2043:
3919:
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1926:
696:
On 5 July 1770, they came across it, anchored in line just north of Çeşme Bay, western
Anatolia. The Ottoman fleet contained about 14
2034:
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1764:
1645:
1621:
1284:
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2713:
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408:
2929:
1963:
3995:
2348:
1590:
734:
424:
150:
2924:
2139:
3990:
3035:
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1744:
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He became commander-in-chief after
Elphinstone's quarrel with Spiridov and ensured coordination between all commanders.
1195:
2007:
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68:
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2392:
2097:
1948:
1277:
Due to the Ottoman defeat, fanatical Muslim groups proceeded to massacre c. 1,500 local Greeks in nearby Smyrna.
870:. At about 1:30 a.m. or earlier (times were about 90 minutes earlier, according to Elphinstone), fire from
3779:
2132:
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3197:
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2027:
556:
521:
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He was, among other things, Alexey Orlov's adviser on naval operations, in which Orlov had little knowledge.
3857:
3708:
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1952:. Vol. 24: Щапов – Юшневский. St. Petersburg: Типография Главного Управления Уделов. pp. 225–226.
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circled the second Ottoman vessel before coming back into the Russian line, being attacked in error by
725:, and Cafer Bey in the seventh. Two further ships of the line, probably small, had left this fleet for
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2020:
1908:] (in Russian). Vol. VIII: Гимры – Двигатели судовые. Moscow: Типография Т-ва И. Д. Сытина
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2012:
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2076:
1804:"The Greek Communities in the Balkans and Asia Minor and Their Theatrical Activity 1800-1922"
1443:
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802:
According to Elphinstone, who claimed the Russians were almost useless, Spiridov and Count
675:
who had risen to the rank of rear admiral in Russia, combined under the overall command of
3473:
2675:
2294:
2228:
2178:
1930:(in Russian). Vol. 80. Электровозбудительная сила – Эрготин. Friedrich A. Brockhaus (
1899:
788:, before the latter was suddenly seen to be on fire. Her mainmast came down and landed on
685:, supreme commander of the Russian Fleet, and went to look for the Ottoman fleet. Orlov's
8:
4000:
3811:
3806:
3730:
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3678:
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3072:
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1943:
1921:
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822:
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2372:
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2277:
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2111:
738:
717:
Mandalzade Hüsameddin, in the fourth ship from the front (north end) of the line, with
606:
486:
3565:
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1958:
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1991:
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1657:
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fleet, then only six ships of the line strong. Two Russian squadrons, commanded by
293:
255:
1553:
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3883:
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3703:
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3358:
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511:
506:
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1935:
1841:
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In 1768 he entered the Russian service and was sent with a small squadron from
1353:
650:
622:
618:
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440:
219:
207:
144:
1855:
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along the Ottoman line, attacking their ships one by one – the method used by
3954:
3740:
2582:
2448:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1256:
714:
165:
152:
1638:
Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond
1369:
831:
803:
795:
deck, causing the Russian ship to blow up immediately. Shortly thereafter,
690:
665:
617:(1821–1829), and the first of a number of disastrous fleet battles for the
610:
571:
496:
274:
140:
1283:
commissioned four monuments to commemorate the victory: Chesma Palace and
1898:; Schwartz, Alexey von; Apushkin, Vladimir; Schoultz, Gustav von (1912).
1115:
593:(Cheshme, Chesma, or Chesme) Bay, in the area between the western tip of
1814:(1–2). Centre de recherche helléniques = Centre of Hellenic Research: 53
642:
590:
429:
136:
1755:"Russo–Ottoman War of 1768–1774". Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters.
1491:
1183:
1061:
654:
1292:
777:
726:
601:, which was the site of a number of past naval battles between the
594:
1543:
1541:
1266:. It was the greatest naval defeat suffered by Ottomans since the
1931:
879:
858:
attacking the batteries at the eastern side of the bay entrance,
701:
658:
1893:
1562:
2042:
1538:
709:
641:
had begun in 1768, and Russia sent several squadrons from the
1262:
The Battle of Cheshme was fought on the same day as the land
878:
caused an Ottoman ship of the line to blow up after her main
810:
before the fighting became close-range. Spiridov ended up on
705:
679:
598:
1683:"John Elphinston, Papers Relating to the Russo-Turkish War"
686:
850:
forming a south–north line facing the Ottomans, and with
1864:
1770 Çeşme Deniz Savaşı: 1768–1774 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşları
1719:
1717:
1715:
1802:
Samatopoulou-Vasilakou, Chrysothemis (1 January 2008).
1801:
1712:
1700:
1522:. Russian Military Historical Society. Archived from
1920:
1881:
Battle of Çesme 1770. 1768–1774 Ottoman–Russian Wars
1547:
780:from a short distance (50–70 metres). Spiridov, in
3971:Naval battles of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
1356:watercolor of the second half of the XVIII century
862:attacking the batteries on the western side, and
3952:
1658:"Battle of Çeşme | Turkish history | Britannica"
883:Ottoman fleet: fireship commanded by Lieutenant
769:turned around before coming back into the line.
470:
1611:
784:, had a close-range battle with Hasan Pasha in
1964:Great Russian Encyclopedia. Electronic version
1737:The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756–1775
105:The destruction of the Ottoman fleet on 7 July
2028:
1988:Çeşme, Navarin, Sinop Baskınları ve Sonuçları
456:
1792:. Cambridge University Press, 1983. Page 69.
3920:List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century
1927:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
1739:. Cambridge University Press, 2001. p. 199
3961:Naval battles involving the Russian Empire
2035:
2021:
1045:
1040:
1035:
911:
906:
901:
463:
449:
1956:
1942:
1850:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1723:
1706:
799:blew up as well — after a 2-hour battle.
776:, the Russian fleet attacked the Ottoman
585:) took place on 5–7 July 1770 during the
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1879:Isipek Ali Rıza and Aydemir Oguz (2010)
1862:İsipek, Ali Rıza ve Oğuz Aydemir (2006)
1840:
1251:
821:
415:
32:This article includes a list of general
1605:
3953:
3929:List of Ottoman battles in World War I
2008:Istanbul Naval Museum official website
1630:
1233:
3915:For 20th-century battles before 1914
2016:
1403:300th anniversary of the Russian Navy
1285:Church of Saint John at Chesme Palace
826:Vladimir Kosov. Chesma battle of 1770
806:(brother of the commander), had left
444:
3981:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire
3976:Battles involving the Russian Empire
1777:Russia: A History and Interpretation
18:
16:Part of the Russo-Turkish War (1776)
3924:For the battles during World War I
1614:Naval wars in the Levant, 1559–1853
1568:
1306:
753:turned around and came back behind
428:Location of the battle site in the
13:
1980:
1847:Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853
1757:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
613:of 1770, a precursor to the later
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
4012:
2001:
1548:Arsenyev & Petrushevsky 1904
1393:
1377:
1361:
1346:
1331:
1313:
1274:targets along the Aegean coast.
625:. Today it is commemorated as a
414:
407:
331:
319:
305:
287:
280:
268:
261:
249:
235:
213:
200:
99:
23:
1949:Russian Biographical Dictionary
1924:; Petrushevsky, Fyodor (1904).
1883:, Istanbul, Denizler Kitabevi,
1866:, Istanbul: Denizler Kitabevi,
1833:
1795:
1782:
1769:
1749:
1729:
1689:from the original on 2022-01-13
1675:
1484:
1384:Battle plan for July 7 (in the
1368:Battle plan for July 5 (in the
1247:
1759:. Facts on File. 2008. p. 492
1650:
1508:
1475:
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1206:
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1147:
1134:
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1105:
1092:
1079:
1066:
1051:
1021:
1008:
995:
982:
969:
956:
943:
930:
927:Battleship (ship of the line)
917:
772:Based on the plan proposed by
689:adviser was Captain-Commander
93:Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774
1:
1616:. Martino. pp. 288–291.
1576:"The history of Russian Navy"
1291:(1774–77), Chesma Obelisk in
587:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
392:6 frigates and escort vessels
898:
7:
1906:Sytin Military Encyclopedia
1901:Военная энциклопедия Сытина
1429:Timeline of Ottoman history
1422:
10:
4017:
3996:1770 in the Ottoman Empire
1959:"ЧЕСМЕНСКОЕ СРАЖЕНИЕ 1770"
1449:Action of 3 September 1773
1321:Combat in the Chios Strait
653:attention away from their
632:
398:at least 11,000 men killed
3991:History of the Aegean Sea
3986:History of İzmir Province
3939:Ottoman victories are in
3937:
3911:
3827:
3466:
3453:
3401:
3247:
3234:
3122:
2725:
2712:
2611:
2360:
2347:
2327:
2068:
2055:
1957:Tashlykov, S. L. (2017).
1779:. New York, 1965. p. 521
1640:. ABC-CLIO. 2014. p. 193
1516:"Граф Орлов – История.РФ"
1494:to help Admiral Spiridov.
1439:Action of 6 November 1772
1339:Battle of Chesma at Night
744:
615:Greek War of Independence
482:
402:
375:
344:
225:
193:
115:
98:
90:
85:
1612:Anderson, R. C. (2006).
1459:
1268:Battle of Lepanto (1571)
86:Battle of Chesma (Çeşme)
1518:[Count Orlov].
1501:
609:. It was a part of the
53:more precise citations.
1894:Velichko, Konstantin;
1790:History of the Balkans
1775:Michael T. Florinsky.
1454:Action of 20 June 1774
1259:
1237:Table 1: Russian ships
827:
729:the previous evening.
627:Day of Military Honour
226:Commanders and leaders
1444:Action of 4 July 1773
1434:Action of 27 May 1770
1255:
825:
376:Casualties and losses
361:16 ships of the line,
166:38.33000°N 26.29000°E
109:Jacob Philipp Hackert
1944:Polovtsov, Alexander
1922:Arsenyev, Konstantin
1601:on 9 September 2020.
1586:on 1 September 2020.
1563:Velichko et al. 1912
940:Battleship; blew up
834:(who transferred to
425:class=notpageimage|
390:16 ships of the line
350:9 ships of the line,
1934:), Ilya A. Yefron (
1788:Jelavich, Barbara.
1591:"Chesma and Patras"
1565:, pp. 464–465.
1400:Russian silver coin
1281:Catherine the Great
1216:Fireship; expended
1203:Fireship; expended
765:as she did so, and
721:in the first ship,
162: /
1808:Études Helléniques
1341:by Ivan Aivazovsky
1260:
1170:Armed merchantman
1157:Armed merchantman
1144:Armed merchantman
828:
739:Battle of the Nile
607:Republic of Venice
597:and the island of
396:32 smaller vessels
381:1 ship of the line
315:
245:
171:38.33000; 26.29000
3966:Conflicts in 1770
3948:
3947:
3907:
3906:
3458:(1789–1908)
3449:
3448:
3239:(1700–1789)
3230:
3229:
2717:(1550–1700)
2708:
2707:
2352:(1453–1550)
2343:
2342:
2060:(1299–1453)
1889:978-9944-264-27-3
1765:978-0-8160-6259-1
1646:978-1-59884-947-9
1623:978-1-57898-538-8
1245:
1244:
1240:
1224:(captain Gagarin)
1178:(captain Dugdale)
838:) to attack with
816:Sviatoi Evstafii'
698:ships of the line
647:Mediterranean Sea
639:Russo-Turkish War
575:Battle of Cheshme
565:
564:
473:Russo-Turkish War
439:
438:
311:
241:
189:
188:
79:
78:
71:
4008:
3842:2nd Kerch Strait
3464:
3463:
3459:
3431:1st Kerch Strait
3245:
3244:
3240:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2688:Strait of Hormuz
2550:Peñón of Algiers
2358:
2357:
2353:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2014:
2013:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1953:
1939:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1896:Novitsky, Vasily
1876:
1859:
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1821:
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1799:
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1668:
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1634:
1628:
1627:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1597:. Archived from
1587:
1582:. Archived from
1572:
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1560:
1551:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1526:on 25 March 2023
1512:
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1482:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1410:Battle of Chesma
1397:
1381:
1365:
1350:
1335:
1317:
1307:Other depictions
1235:
1137:Graf Tchernyshev
1131:Despatch vessel
959:Sviatoi Ianuarii
933:Sviatoi Evstafii
899:
894:Sviatoi Evstafii
808:Sviatoi Evstafii
794:
790:Sviatoi Evstafii
782:Sviatoi Evstafii
767:Sviatoi Ianuarii
677:General-in-Chief
669:John Elphinstone
662:Grigory Spiridov
579:Battle of Chesma
477:
465:
458:
451:
442:
441:
418:
417:
411:
336:
335:
334:
326:Gazi Hasan Pasha
324:
323:
322:
313:Hüsameddin Pasha
310:
309:
308:
294:John Elphinstone
292:
291:
285:
284:
283:
273:
272:
266:
265:
264:
256:Grigory Spiridov
254:
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203:
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83:
82:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4005:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3933:
3903:
3864:6th Dardanelles
3858:5th Dardanelles
3823:
3457:
3456:
3445:
3397:
3238:
3237:
3226:
3182:4th Dardanelles
3176:3rd Dardanelles
3171:2nd Dardanelles
3165:1st Dardanelles
3118:
2930:2nd Zrínyiújvár
2925:1st Zrínyiújvár
2920:Jurjeve Stijene
2716:
2715:
2704:
2607:
2351:
2350:
2339:
2323:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2041:
2004:
1983:
1981:Further reading
1978:
1969:
1967:
1938:). p. 690.
1911:
1909:
1874:
1842:Anderson, R. C.
1836:
1831:
1830:
1817:
1815:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1770:
1754:
1750:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1636:Dowling, T. C.
1635:
1631:
1624:
1610:
1606:
1589:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1489:
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1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1389:
1382:
1373:
1366:
1357:
1351:
1342:
1336:
1327:
1325:Ivan Aivazovsky
1318:
1309:
1264:Battle of Larga
1250:
1211:(captain Ilyin)
946:Tri Svyatitelya
812:Tri Svyatitelya
792:
759:Tri Svyatitelya
747:
635:
568:
567:
566:
561:
478:
474:
471:
469:
435:
434:
433:
432:
427:
421:
420:
419:
397:
395:
393:
391:
386:
384:
382:
370:
369:32 small craft,
368:
366:
364:
362:
357:
355:
354:1 bomb vessels,
353:
351:
340:
332:
330:
320:
318:
306:
304:
298:
286:
281:
279:
267:
262:
260:
250:
248:
236:
234:
214:
212:
201:
199:
185:Russian victory
170:
168:
164:
161:
156:
153:
151:
149:
148:
147:
107:
106:
104:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4014:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3922:
3912:
3909:
3908:
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3904:
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3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
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3871:
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3854:
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3839:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3822:
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3814:
3809:
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3799:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
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3608:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3569:
3562:
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3413:
3405:
3403:
3399:
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3376:
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3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
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3341:
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3331:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3249:
3242:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3156:
3154:Cape Celidonia
3151:
3146:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3039:
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3027:
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3015:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2951:
2949:Saint Gotthard
2946:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2845:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2823:Alcácer Quibir
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2727:
2720:
2714:Transformation
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2318:Constantinople
2314:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2072:
2070:
2063:
2053:
2052:
2048:Ottoman Empire
2046:involving the
2040:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2003:
2002:External links
2000:
1999:
1998:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1954:
1940:
1936:St. Petersburg
1918:
1891:
1877:
1860:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1794:
1781:
1768:
1748:
1745:978-0521792691
1728:
1724:Tashlykov 2017
1711:
1707:Polovtsov 1912
1699:
1674:
1662:britannica.com
1649:
1629:
1622:
1604:
1567:
1552:
1537:
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1441:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1405:G. A. Spiridov
1399:
1392:
1390:
1383:
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1374:
1367:
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1016:
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1007:
1006:
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948:
942:
941:
938:
935:
929:
928:
925:
922:
916:
915:
910:
905:
890:Semend-i Bahri
774:G. A. Spiridov
746:
743:
634:
631:
603:Ottoman Empire
563:
562:
560:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
483:
480:
479:
468:
467:
460:
453:
445:
437:
436:
423:
422:
413:
412:
406:
405:
404:
403:
400:
399:
388:
385:534–661 killed
378:
377:
373:
372:
359:
358:4 supply ships
347:
346:
342:
341:
339:
338:
328:
316:
301:
299:
297:
296:
277:
258:
246:
231:
228:
227:
223:
222:
220:Ottoman Empire
210:
208:Russian Empire
196:
195:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
145:Ottoman Empire
131:
129:
125:
124:
121:
113:
112:
96:
95:
88:
87:
81:
80:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4013:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:Naval battles
3826:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3780:Philippopolis
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3748:
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3734:
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3727:
3726:
3722:
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3710:
3707:
3705:
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3697:
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3690:
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3677:
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3670:
3667:
3665:
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3650:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3606:
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3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
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3574:
3570:
3568:
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3563:
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3560:
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3551:
3549:
3546:
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3534:
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3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
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3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3455:Modernization
3452:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:Naval battles
3400:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
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3355:
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3335:
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3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3233:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:Naval battles
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
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2806:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2797:
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2789:
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2638:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:Naval battles
2610:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
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2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:
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2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2493:
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2483:
2479:
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2423:
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2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2349:Classical Age
2346:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:Naval battles
2326:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2307:
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2301:
2298:
2296:
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2259:
2257:
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2251:
2247:
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2244:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
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2158:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2086:
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2079:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1996:975-409-452-7
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1951:
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1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1923:
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1907:
1903:
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1897:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1872:975-00051-4-7
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
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1849:
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1843:
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1825:
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1791:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1735:H. M. Scott.
1732:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1688:
1684:
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1659:
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1520:100.histrf.ru
1517:
1511:
1507:
1493:
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1469:
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1447:
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1409:
1408:
1396:
1391:
1387:
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1375:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1301:Tsarskoe Selo
1298:
1297:Chesma Column
1294:
1290:
1289:St Petersburg
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1257:Chesma Column
1254:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1169:
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1164:
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1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1118:(store ship)
1117:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:Ne Tron Menya
996:
991:
988:
986:
983:
978:
975:
973:
970:
965:
962:
960:
957:
952:
949:
947:
944:
939:
936:
934:
931:
926:
923:
921:
918:
914:
909:
904:
900:
897:
895:
891:
886:
881:
877:
876:Ne tron menya
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:Ne Tron Menya
845:
841:
837:
833:
824:
820:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
742:
740:
736:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:Kapudan Pasha
713:commanded by
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
681:
678:
674:
670:
667:
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
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592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:
558:
555:
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550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
481:
476:
466:
461:
459:
454:
452:
447:
446:
443:
431:
426:
410:
401:
389:
380:
379:
374:
360:
349:
348:
343:
329:
327:
317:
314:
303:
302:
300:
295:
290:
278:
276:
271:
259:
257:
247:
244:
233:
232:
230:
229:
224:
221:
211:
209:
198:
197:
192:
184:
181:
180:
175:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
126:
123:5–7 July 1770
122:
119:
118:
114:
110:
102:
97:
94:
89:
84:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3940:
3925:
3916:
3856:
3834:
3816:
3794:
3752:
3745:
3723:
3651:
3644:
3622:
3610:
3603:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3510:
3483:
3467:Land battles
3408:
3390:
3383:
3321:
3314:
3292:
3285:
3281:2nd Belgrade
3276:Petrovaradin
3268:
3261:
3254:
3248:Land battles
3219:
3207:
3180:
3163:
3141:
3129:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3067:Egri Palanka
3065:
3058:
3041:
3034:
3022:
3000:
2953:
2941:
2934:
2912:
2905:
2893:
2876:
2869:
2847:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2726:Land battles
2697:
2693:Gulf of Oman
2680:
2663:
2651:
2644:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2600:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2468:
2436:
2429:
2417:
2383:1st Belgrade
2361:Land battles
2316:
2304:
2282:
2265:
2256:Hermannstadt
2248:
2241:
2236:Thessalonica
2234:
2227:
2215:
2188:
2171:
2161:Philadelphia
2159:
2152:
2145:
2140:Sırp Sındığı
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2077:Kulaca Hisar
2075:
2069:Land battles
1987:
1986:Baş, Ersan:
1968:. Retrieved
1962:
1947:
1925:
1912:30 September
1910:. Retrieved
1905:
1900:
1880:
1875:(in Turkish)
1863:
1846:
1834:Bibliography
1823:
1816:. Retrieved
1811:
1807:
1797:
1789:
1784:
1776:
1771:
1756:
1751:
1736:
1731:
1702:
1691:. Retrieved
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1661:
1652:
1637:
1632:
1613:
1607:
1599:the original
1594:
1584:the original
1579:
1570:
1528:. Retrieved
1524:the original
1519:
1510:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1402:
1370:Chios Strait
1338:
1320:
1295:(1775), and
1279:
1276:
1272:
1261:
1248:Significance
1236:
1234:
1221:
1208:
1191:
1175:
1162:
1149:
1136:
1123:
1107:
1094:
1081:
1068:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1023:
1010:
997:
984:
972:Tri Ierarcha
971:
958:
945:
932:
919:
912:
907:
902:
893:
889:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:in reserve,
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
832:Samuel Greig
829:
815:
811:
807:
804:Feodor Orlov
801:
797:Real Mustafa
796:
789:
786:Real Mustafa
785:
781:
771:
766:
763:Tri Ierarcha
762:
758:
754:
750:
748:
731:
723:Real Mustafa
722:
700:, perhaps 6
695:
683:Alexei Orlov
671:, a British
666:Rear Admiral
636:
611:Orlov Revolt
589:near and in
582:
578:
574:
569:
501:
497:Orlov revolt
383:4 fire ships
356:4 fireships,
275:Samuel Greig
243:Alexey Orlov
194:Belligerents
141:Chios Strait
91:Part of the
65:
56:
37:
3760:Shipka Pass
3714:Başgedikler
3709:Akhaltsikhe
3674:Akhaltsikhe
3518:Mount Tabor
3501:Shubra Khit
3436:2nd Ochakov
3379:2nd Ochakov
3339:Stavunchany
3334:1st Ochakov
2878:Nagykanizsa
2556:Leobersdorf
1124:Potchtalyon
1069:Sv. Nikolai
1037:Other ships
1031:Battleship
1018:Battleship
1005:Battleship
992:Battleship
979:Battleship
966:Battleship
953:Battleship
903:Battle line
885:D. S. Ilyin
719:Hasan Pasha
629:in Russia.
475:(1768–1774)
367:13 galleys,
363:6 frigates,
352:3 frigates,
169: /
51:introducing
3955:Categories
3754:Kızıl Tepe
3630:Dervenakia
3528:Heliopolis
3392:Karánsebes
3316:Banja Luka
3236:Old Regime
3221:Samothrace
3149:Cape Corvo
3043:Negroponte
3030:2nd Mohács
3024:Vrtijeljka
2991:2nd Vienna
2976:2nd Khotyn
2961:Krasnobród
2901:1st Khotyn
2889:Tashiskari
2855:Călugăreni
2802:Gvozdansko
2774:Mostaganem
2653:Formentera
2646:1st Jeddah
2543:1st Mohács
2508:Mercidabık
2444:Breadfield
2431:Valea Albă
2393:Târgoviște
2378:2nd Oranik
2306:2nd Kosovo
2300:1st Oranik
2201:Karanovasa
2167:Dubravnica
2133:Adrianople
1970:14 October
1856:1015099422
1693:2008-12-12
1530:18 October
1163:Graf Orlov
1150:Graf Panin
1011:Svyatoslav
741:in 1798).
643:Baltic Sea
577:(also the
430:Aegean Sea
394:13 galleys
387:40 wounded
371:1,300 guns
157:26°17′24″E
154:38°19′48″N
34:references
3812:Velestino
3807:Al Wajbah
3731:Eupatoria
3719:Kurekdere
3679:Kulevicha
3635:Karpenisi
3605:Drăgășani
3369:Kozludzha
3305:Yeghevārd
3209:Oinousses
3073:Slankamen
2986:Trembowla
2936:Novi Zrin
2871:Keresztes
2865:2nd Brest
2830:1st Brest
2602:Sokhoista
2590:Esztergom
2515:Han Yunus
2459:Cătlăbuga
2419:Otlukbeli
2398:2nd Mokra
2335:Gallipoli
2290:1st Mokra
2250:Novo Brdo
2217:Nicopolis
2196:Kırkdilim
2119:Gallipoli
2105:Pelekanon
1588:Article:
1492:Kronstadt
1386:Çeşme Bay
1229:Fireship
1196:Mackenzie
1194:(captain
1108:Sv. Pavel
1062:Bomb ship
985:Rostislav
844:Rostislav
836:Rostislav
755:Rostislav
655:Black Sea
552:Kozludzha
532:Turtucaia
365:6 xebecs,
337:Cafer Bey
133:Çeşme Bay
59:July 2012
3894:Navarino
3889:Gerontas
3852:Kaliakra
3785:Taşkesen
3775:4th Kars
3741:3rd Kars
3736:Chernaya
3725:Oltenița
3689:2nd Acre
3664:2nd Kars
3653:Phaleron
3646:Kamatero
3640:Arachova
3618:Vasilika
3589:Valtetsi
3553:Al-Safra
3548:Slobozia
3538:Arpachai
3512:1st Acre
3506:Pyramids
3441:Fidonisi
3354:Aspindza
3349:Khresili
3344:1st Kars
3203:Mytilene
3159:Focchies
3089:Moulouya
3083:Ustechko
3049:Batočina
2966:Niemirów
2914:Köbölkút
2741:Temesvár
2671:Girolata
2634:Balearic
2522:Ridanieh
2502:Koçhisar
2489:Turnadag
2482:Çaldıran
2388:Albulena
2373:Krusevac
2368:Leskovac
2278:Torvioll
2273:Kunovica
2267:Zlatitsa
2112:Demotika
1946:(1912).
1844:(1952).
1687:Archived
1423:See also
1303:(1778).
1293:Gatchina
1184:Fireship
1102:Frigate
1095:Nadezhda
1089:Frigate
1076:Frigate
856:Nadezhda
727:Mytilene
702:frigates
649:to draw
621:against
619:Ottomans
605:and the
595:Anatolia
537:Kaynarca
517:Akkerman
487:Aspindza
345:Strength
128:Location
3941:italics
3879:Nauplia
3874:Algiers
3818:Domokos
3802:Mouzaki
3790:Novšiće
3770:Aladzha
3747:Al-Hasa
3684:Algiers
3612:Sculeni
3594:Doliana
3584:Erzurum
3573:Alamana
3485:Giurgiu
3474:Focșani
3416:Matapan
3385:Mehadia
3374:Kinburn
3329:Perekop
3294:Samarra
3287:Kurijan
3198:Algiers
3193:Algiers
3188:Algiers
3137:Lepanto
3060:Zernest
3054:2nd Niš
3013:Eperjes
2996:Párkány
2971:Komarno
2955:Ładyżyn
2884:Sufiyan
2860:Giurgiu
2816:Torches
2788:Szigeth
2767:Tlemcen
2734:Tlemcen
2676:Alborán
2665:Preveza
2620:Zonchio
2596:Karagak
2576:Algiers
2569:Baghdad
2562:Gorjani
2536:Tlemcen
2496:Algiers
2438:Shkodra
2295:Otonetë
2261:1st Niš
2243:Golubac
2229:Çamurlu
2179:Pločnik
2154:Maritsa
2147:Samokov
2126:Ihtiman
2084:Bapheus
2044:Battles
1932:Leipzig
1818:4 March
1595:neva.ru
1580:neva.ru
1186:; sunk
1024:Saratov
880:topsail
874:and/or
852:Saratov
737:at the
710:galleys
673:captain
659:Admiral
651:Ottoman
645:to the
633:Prelude
547:Chkheri
542:Hirsovo
492:Nauplia
47:improve
3847:Tendra
3836:Andros
3796:Ulcinj
3765:Plevna
3579:Gravia
3559:Jeddah
3523:Abukir
3491:Izmail
3479:Rymnik
3426:Patras
3410:Imbros
3323:Grocka
3300:Kirkuk
3256:Chelif
3215:Andros
3131:Cyprus
3036:Crimea
2907:Candia
2895:Cecora
2809:Çıldır
2748:Palast
2699:Djerba
2476:Dubica
2470:Krbava
2464:Vrpile
2425:Vaslui
2408:Vaikal
2223:Ankara
2206:Rovine
2190:Kosovo
2184:Bileća
2098:Nicaea
2091:Dimbos
2050:by era
1994:
1887:
1870:
1854:
1763:
1743:
1667:31 May
1644:
1620:
1082:Afrika
1073:26/38?
920:Evropa
868:Afrika
860:Afrika
840:Evropa
793:'s
751:Evropa
745:Battle
735:Nelson
706:xebecs
623:Russia
583:Chesme
527:Patras
522:Beirut
502:Chesma
205:
182:Result
139:) and
36:, but
4001:Çeşme
3899:Sinop
3884:Samos
3869:Athos
3704:Nezib
3699:Konya
3669:Varna
3659:Petra
3599:Lalas
3566:Čegar
3543:Batin
3533:Derna
3496:Măcin
3421:Çeşme
3364:Kagul
3359:Larga
3310:Ganja
3270:Pruth
3143:Tunis
3114:Zenta
3096:Lugos
3078:Hodów
3018:Kassa
2943:Jijel
2849:Banat
2843:Sisak
2837:Bihać
2781:Krupa
2761:Tadla
2682:Ponza
2659:Tunis
2627:Modon
2529:Jajce
2454:Adana
2413:Meçad
2403:Ohrid
2312:Polog
2284:Varna
2211:Ohrid
2173:Savra
1904:[
1460:Notes
1354:Dutch
866:near
708:, 13
691:Greig
687:naval
680:Count
599:Chios
591:Çeşme
572:naval
557:Kerch
512:Cahul
507:Larga
137:Çeşme
135:(off
3694:Hims
3624:Peta
3263:Oran
3109:Azov
3103:Ulaş
3002:Buda
2981:Lwów
2583:Pest
2057:Rise
1992:ISBN
1972:2023
1914:2023
1885:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1852:OCLC
1820:2017
1761:ISBN
1741:ISBN
1669:2023
1642:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1532:2023
1502:Refs
1413:1770
1116:Pink
1054:Grom
1047:Type
1042:Guns
913:Type
908:Guns
872:Grom
864:Grom
846:and
704:, 6
664:and
637:The
570:The
120:Date
3926:see
3917:see
3008:Vác
2795:Fez
2755:Fez
2640:Diu
2449:Una
1323:by
1299:in
1287:in
778:van
581:or
3957::
1961:.
1822:.
1812:16
1810:.
1806:.
1714:^
1685:.
1660:.
1593:.
1578:.
1555:^
1540:^
1167:18
1154:18
1141:22
1128:14
1099:32
1086:32
1058:12
1028:66
1015:84
1002:66
989:68
976:66
963:66
950:66
937:68
924:66
842:,
814:.
757:,
693:.
143:,
3943:.
2036:e
2029:t
2022:v
1974:.
1916:.
1858:.
1726:.
1709:.
1696:.
1671:.
1626:.
1550:.
1534:.
1388:)
1372:)
1222:?
1209:?
1198:)
1192:?
1176:?
1112:8
464:e
457:t
450:v
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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