First Battle of Ypres

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Wytschaete 21 mi (34 km) to the north. Joffre arranged for a series of attacks on the Western Front, after receiving information that German divisions were moving to the Russian Front. The Eighth Army was ordered to attack in Flanders and French was asked to participate with the BEF on 14 December. Joffre wanted the British to attack along all of the BEF front and especially from Warneton to Messines, as the French attacked from Wytschaete to Hollebeke. French gave orders to attack from the Lys to Warneton and Hollebeke with II and III Corps, as IV and Indian corps conducted local operations, to fix the Germans to their front.

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the 6th Army. German attacks began on 18 October, coincident with the battles around Ypres and gained a foothold over the Yser at Tervaete. The French 42nd Division at Nieuwpoort detached a brigade to reinforce the Belgians and German heavy artillery was countered on the coast, by Allied ships under British command, which bombarded German artillery positions and forced the Germans to attack further inland. On 24 October, the Germans attacked fifteen times and managed to cross the Yser on a 3.1 mi (5 km) front. The French sent the rest of the 42nd Division to the centre but on 26 October, the Belgian Commander

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Bixschoote. Joffre ended attacks in the north, except for operations at Arras and requested support from French who ordered attacks on 18 December along the British front, then restricted the attacks to support of XVI Corps by II Corps and demonstrations by II Corps and the Indian Corps. Fog impeded the Arras attack and a German counter-attack against XVI Corps led II Corps to cancel its supporting attack. Six small attacks were made by the 8th, 7th, 4th and Indian divisions, which captured little ground, all of which was found to be untenable due to mud and water-logging; Franco-British attacks in Flanders ended.

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Flanders fast enough to obtain a decisive victory and both were exhausted, short of ammunition and suffering from collapses in morale, with some infantry units refusing orders. The autumn battles in Flanders had quickly become static, attrition operations, unlike the battles of manoeuvre in the summer. French, British and Belgian troops in improvised field defences repulsed German attacks for four weeks in mutually costly attacks and counter-attacks. From 21 to 23 October, German reservists had made mass attacks at Langemarck, with losses of up to seventy per cent.

2358: 256: 430: 357: 244: 165: 420: 372: 475: 2394:, Hollebeke and Hollebeke Château as German attacks on a line from Messines to Wytschaete and St Yves were repulsed. The British rallied opposite Zandvoorde with French reinforcements and "Bulfin's Force" a command improvised for the motley of troops. The BEF had many casualties and used all its reserves but the French IX Corps sent its last three battalions and retrieved the situation in the I Corps sector. On 31 October, German attacks near Gheluvelt broke through until a counter-attack by the 1889:), was intended to come from the offensive of the 6th Army but on 18 September, French attacks endangered the German northern flank instead and the 6th Army used the first units from Lorraine to repulse the French as a preliminary. The French used undamaged rail and communications networks, to move troops faster than the Germans but neither side could begin a decisive attack, having to send units forward piecemeal, against reciprocal attacks of the opponent, in the Race to the Sea (The name is a 178: 2147:

streams and ditches, divided into small fields with high hedges and ditches, roads were unpaved and the area was dotted with houses and farmsteads. Observation was limited by trees and open spaces could be commanded from covered positions and made untenable by small-arms and artillery fire. As winter approached, the views became more open as woods and copses were cut down by artillery bombardments and the ground became much softer, particularly in the lower-lying areas.

3126:, wrote that the II Corps battle at La Bassée was separate but the battles from Armentières to Messines and Ypres, were better understood as one battle in two parts, an offensive by III Corps and the Cavalry Corps from 12 to 18 October and the offensive by the German 6th and 4th armies from 19 October to 2 November, which after 30 October, took place north of Armentières, when the battles of Armentières and Messines merged with the First Battle of Ypres. 5093: 2317:, as the fighting further north on the Yser impeded German attacks around Ypres. German attacks were made on the right flank of the 7th Division at Gheluvelt. The British sent the remains of I Corps to reinforce IV Corps. German attacks from 25 to 26 October were made further south, against the 7th Division on the Menin Road and on 26 October part of the line crumbled until reserves were scraped up to block the gap and avoid a rout. 2204:

issued a directive that the 4th Army was to cross the Yser, advance regardless of losses and isolate Dunkirk and Calais, then turn south towards Saint-Omer. With the 6th Army to the south, which was to deny the Allies an opportunity to establish a secure front and transfer troops to the north, the 4th Army was to inflict an annihilating blow on the French, Belgian and BEF forces in French and Belgian Flanders.

2548: 2188:, just south of Ostend. Foch intended to isolate the German III Reserve Corps, which was advancing from Antwerp, from the main German force in Flanders. French and Belgian forces were to push the Germans back against the sea, as French and British forces turned south-east and closed up to the Lys river from Menin to Ghent, to cross the river and attack the northern flank of the German armies. 482: 2097:

decentralising artillery to infantry brigades and by locating the guns in the front line but this made them more vulnerable and several batteries were overrun in the fighting between Arras and Ypres. Devolving control of the guns made concentrated artillery-fire difficult to arrange, because of a lack of field telephones and the obscuring of signal flags by mists and fog.

2260:) was due to arrive with orders to attack on 21 October. On 21 October, it had been cloudy and attempts to reconnoitre the German positions during the afternoon had not observed any German troops movements; the arrival of four new German reserve corps was discovered by prisoner statements, wireless interception and the increasing power of German attacks; 1780:. Despite the inconvenience of British troops crossing French lines of communication, when French forces were moving north after the Battle of the Aisne, Joffre agreed subject to a proviso, that French would make individual British units available for operations as soon as they arrived. On the night of 2931:

Winter operations from November 1914 to February 1915 in the Ypres area, took place in the Attack on Wytschaete (14 December). A reorganisation of the defence of Flanders had been carried out by the Franco-British from 15 to 22 November, which left the BEF holding a homogeneous front from Givenchy to

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The weather became much colder, with rain from 12 to 14 November and a little snow on 15 November. Night frosts followed and on 20 November, the ground was covered by snow. Frostbite cases appeared and the physical strain increased, among troops occupying trenches half-full of freezing water, falling

1998:

are canalised and between them, the water level underground is close to the surface, rises further in the autumn and fills any dip, the sides of which then collapse. The ground surface quickly turns to a consistency of cream cheese and on the coast movement is confined to roads, except during frosts.

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Further north, French cavalry was pushed back to the Yser by the XXIII Reserve Corps and by nightfall was dug in from the junction with the British at Steenstraat to the vicinity of Diksmuide, the boundary with the Belgian army. The British closed the gap with a small number of reinforcements and on

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The XXII, XXIII, XXVI and XXVII Reserve corps, of the six new reserve corps formed from volunteers after the outbreak of the war, were ordered from Germany to join the III Reserve Corps on 8 October. The German reserve corps infantry were poorly trained and ill-equipped but on 10 October, Falkenhayn

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guns to France during October. As the contending armies moved north into Flanders, the flat terrain and obstructed view, caused by the number of buildings, industrial concerns, tree foliage and field boundaries, forced changes in British artillery methods. Lack of observation was remedied in part by

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began in Galicia. Czernowitz in Bukovina was re-occupied by the Austro-Hungarian army on 22 August and then lost again to the Russian army on 28 October. On 29 October, the Ottoman Empire commenced hostilities against Russia, when Turkish warships bombarded Odessa, Sevastopol and Theodosia. Next day

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dominated the battlefield and the ability of the armies to supply themselves and replace casualties prolonged battles for weeks. Thirty-four German divisions fought in the Flanders battles, against twelve French, nine British and six Belgian divisions, along with marines and dismounted cavalry. Over

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I Corps was relieved by the French IX and XVI corps and the British line was reorganised. On 16 November, Foch agreed with French to take over the line from Zonnebeke to the Ypres–Comines canal. The new British line ran 21 mi (34 km) from Wytschaete to the La Bassée Canal at Givenchy. The

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gates on the coast at Nieuwpoort were opened, which flooded the area between the Yser and the railway embankment, running north from Diksmuide. On 30 October, German troops crossed the embankment at Ramscapelle (Ramskapelle) but as the waters rose, were forced back the following evening. The floods

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French, British and Belgian troops covered the Belgian and British withdrawal from Antwerp towards Ypres and the Yser from Diksmuide to Nieuwpoort, on a 22 mi (35 km) front. The new German 4th Army was ordered to capture Dunkirk and Calais, by attacking from the coast to the junction with

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Industrial warfare between mass armies had been indecisive; troops could only move forward over heaps of dead. Field fortifications had neutralised many classes of offensive weapon and the defensive firepower of artillery and machine-guns had dominated the battlefield; the ability of the armies to

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strong, despite receiving replacements up to 28 October. Foch planned an offensive towards Messines and Langemarck for 6 November, to expand the salient around Ypres. The attack was forestalled by German attacks on the flanks from 5 to 9 November. On 9 November, the Germans attacked the French and

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British divisions and five allied cavalry divisions. The British attack made early progress but the 4th army began a series of attacks, albeit badly organised and poorly supported. The German 6th and 4th armies attacked from Armentières to Messines and Langemarck. The British IV Corps was attacked

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and British counter-attacks were repulsed. Next day, an unprecedented bombardment fell on British positions in the south of the salient between Polygon Wood and Messines. German troops broke through along the Menin road but could not be supported and the advance was contained by 13 November. Both

1986:(Passendale), curving north then north-west to Diksmuide where it merges with the plain. A coastal strip is about 10 mi (16 km) wide, near sea level and fringed by sand dunes. Inland the ground is mainly meadow, cut by canals, dykes, drainage ditches and roads built up on causeways. The 1475:

fast enough to obtain a decisive victory and by November both sides were exhausted. The armies were short of ammunition, suffering from low morale and some infantry units refused orders. The autumn battles in Flanders had become static, attrition operations, unlike the battles of manoeuvre in the

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was only to pretend to attack and III Corps was to make demonstrations, as the corps was holding a 10 mi (16 km) front and could do no more. On the left, the French XVI Corps failed to reach its objectives and the 3rd Division got to within 50 yd (46 m) of the German line and

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from Antwerp and retire to the Yser and although not formally in command of British and Belgian forces, Foch obtained co-operation from both contingents. On 10 October, Foch and French agreed to combine French, British and Belgian forces north and east of Lille, from the Lys to the Scheldt. Foch

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guns, firing shrapnel at ranges lower than 1,000 yd (910 m). Artillery in German reserve units was far less efficient, due to lack of training and shells often fell short. In the lower ground between Ypres and the higher ground to the south-east and east, the ground was drained by many

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issued divisional artillery orders, which stressed the concentration of the fire of the artillery, although during the battle the gunners fired on targets of opportunity, since German positions were so well camouflaged. As the fighting moved north into Belgian Flanders, the artillery found that

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After the retreat of the French Fifth Army and the BEF, local operations took place from August–October. General Fournier was ordered on 25 August to defend the fortress at Maubeuge, which was surrounded two days later by the German VII Reserve Corps. Maubeuge was defended by fourteen forts, a

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and further south at the Battles of Ypres. Falkenhayn then tried a limited goal of capturing Ypres and Mont Kemmel, from 19 October to 22 November. By 8 November, Falkenhayn had accepted that the coastal advance had failed and that taking Ypres was impossible. Neither side had moved forces to

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guns supporting an attack to the north-west, between Gheluvelt and Messines. The XV Corps was to attack on the right flank, south of the Menin–Ypres road to the Comines–Ypres canal and the main effort was to come from there to Garde Dieu by the II Bavarian Corps, flanked by the 26th Division.

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German tactics developed during the battles around Ypres, with cavalry still effective during the early manoeuvring, although just as hampered by hedges and fenced fields, railway lines and urban growth as the Allied cavalry, which made the ground far better suited to defensive battle. German

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against German communications. A Franco-British offensive was substituted towards Lille and Antwerp. The allied troops managed to advance towards Lille and the Lys river but were stopped by German attacks in the opposite direction on 20 October. The "race" ended on the Belgian coast around 17

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Desultory attacks were made from 15 to 16 December which, against intact German defences and deep mud, made no impression. On 17 December, XVI and II corps did not attack, the French IX Corps sapped forward a short distance down the Menin road and small gains were made at Klein Zillebeke and

2002:

In the rest of the Flanders Plain were woods and small fields, divided by hedgerows planted with trees and fields cultivated from small villages and farms. The terrain was difficult for infantry operations because of the lack of observation, impossible for mounted action because of the many

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the transfer of the BEF from the Aisne front began in great secrecy. Marches were made at night and billeted troops were forbidden to venture outside in daylight. On 3 October, a German wireless message was intercepted, which showed that the BEF was still believed to be on the Aisne.

1516:) would make the cost of the war too great for the Allies, until one dropped out and made a separate peace. The remaining belligerents would have to negotiate or face the Germans concentrated on the remaining front, which would be sufficient for Germany to inflict a decisive defeat. 2624:), would make the cost of the war was too great for the Allies to bear, until one enemy negotiated an end to the war. The remaining belligerents would have to come to terms or face the German army concentrated on the remaining front and capable of obtaining a decisive victory. 2668:

The British, most of whom had experience gained through long years of campaigning against cunning opponents in close country, let the attackers get to close range then, from hedges, houses and trees, opened up with withering rifle and machine-gun fire from point blank

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Belgians between Langemarck and Diksmuide, forcing them back to the Yser, where the Belgians blew the crossings. After a lull, the German attacks resumed in great force from 10 to 11 November, mainly on the 4th Army front from Langemarck to Diksmuide. On 10 November,

1553:(2–16 November) by the Russian army. On 10 October, Przemysl was surrounded again by the Russian army, beginning the Second Siege; Memel in East Prussia was occupied by the Russians a day later. Keupri-Keni was recaptured by the Ottoman army on 14 November, the 2127:

ammunition. During a general attack on 18 October, the German defenders achieved a defensive success, due to the disorganised nature of the British attacks, which only succeeded where close artillery support was available. The unexpected strength of the German

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A German attack on 24 September, forced the French onto the defensive and Joffre reinforced the northern flank of the Second Army. As BEF units arrived, operations began piecemeal on the northern flank; the Belgian army refused a request by Joffre to leave the

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open to the Germans, which was needed to carry supplies southward to the armies on the Aisne and transport troops of the 6th Army northwards from Lorraine to Flanders. On 7 September, the garrison surrendered, after super-heavy artillery from the

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to the south-west against I Corps and the dismounted Cavalry Corps further south, came to within 1.9 mi (3 km) of Ypres along the Menin road and brought the town into range of German artillery. On 30 October, German attacks by the

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and a dictated peace against France and Russia had been shown to be beyond German resources. Falkenhayn intended to detach Russia or France from the Allied coalition, by diplomatic as well as military action. A strategy of attrition

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On 9 October, the First German offensive against Warsaw began with the battles of Warsaw (9–19 October) and Ivangorod (9–20 October). Four days later, Przemyśl was relieved by the advancing Austro-Hungarians and the Battle of Chyrow

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typical of German regimental histories. The British fired short bursts at close range, to conserve ammunition. Sheldon also wrote that German troops knew the firing characteristics of machine-guns and kept still until French

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The Battle of Langemarck took place from 21 to 24 October, after an advance by the German 4th and 6th armies which began on 19 October, as the left flank of the BEF began advancing towards Menin and Roeselare. On 20 October,

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summer. French, British and Belgian troops, in improvised field defences, repulsed German attacks for four weeks. From 21 to 23 October, German reservists had made mass attacks at Langemarck (Langemark), with losses of up to

4054:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Longman. 2055:

signs, which were ignored by British lorry drivers. The difficulty of movement after the end of summer absorbed much of the labour available on road maintenance, leaving field defences to be built by front-line soldiers.

2785:

began a myth. After the war, most regiments which had fought in Flanders, referred to the singing of songs on the battlefield, a practice only plausible when used to identify units at night. In 1986, Unruh, wrote that

4142:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 1561:, next day the Battle of Cracow (15 November – 2 December) began and the Second Russian Invasion of North Hungary (15 November – 12 December) commenced. The Second German Offensive against Warsaw opened with the 1042: 2486:

On 11 November, the Germans attacked from Messines to Herenthage, Veldhoek woods, Nonne Bosschen and Polygon Wood. Massed small-arms fire repulsed German attacks between Polygon Wood and Veldhoek. The German

1546:

Stanislau in Galicia was taken by Russian forces and the Serbian army began a retreat from the line of the Drina. On 4 November, the Russian army crossed the frontier of Turkey-in-Asia and seized Azap.

1305: 2499:, some 3,000 yd (2,700 m) east of Ypres, where they were checked by the British 7th Cavalry Brigade. The remains of II Corps from La Bassée, held a 3,500 yd (3,200 m) front, with 1883:

planned to continue the withdrawal of the right flank of the German armies in France from the Aisne, to gain time for a strategic regrouping, by moving the 6th Army from Lorraine. A decisive result (

1035: 1954:

in the north-west are chalk downlands, covered with soil sufficient for arable farming. East of the line, the land declines in a series of spurs into the Flanders plain, bounded by canals linking

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in Belgium made little progress beyond Ypres. The German 4th and 6th Armies took small amounts of ground, at great cost to both sides, during the Battle of the Yser and further south at Ypres.

2325:

On 28 October, as the 4th Army attacks bogged down, Falkenhayn responded to the costly failures of the 4th and 6th armies by ordering the armies to conduct holding attacks while a new force,

2100:

Co-operation with French forces to share the British heavy artillery was implemented and discussions with French gunners led to a synthesis of the French practice of firing a field artillery

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The British and French artillery fired as rapidly as they knew how and over every bush, hedge and fragment of wall floated a thin film of smoke, betraying a machine-gun rattling out bullets.

1776:

discussed the transfer of the BEF from the Aisne to Flanders, to unify British forces on the Continent, shorten the British lines of communication from England and to defend Antwerp and the

2106:(squall) before infantry moved to the attack and then ceasing fire, with the British preference for direct fire at observed targets, which was the beginning of the development of creeping 1732:

on 30 September and scouted the country in motor cars; an RNAS Armoured Car Section was created, by fitting vehicles with bullet-proof steel. On 2 October, the Marine Brigade was sent to

2313:

temporarily. The left flank of the 7th Division was taken over by the 2nd Division, which joined in the counter-attack of the French IX Corps on the northern flank towards Roeselare and

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Both sides had tried to advance after the "open" northern flank had disappeared, the Franco-British towards Lille in October, followed by attacks by the BEF, Belgians and a new French

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asleep standing up and being sniped at and bombed from opposing trenches 100 yd (91 m) away. On 12 November, a German attack surprised the French IX Corps and the British

546: 6675: 4125:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. 2191:

Falkenhayn sent the 4th Army headquarters to Flanders, to take over the III Reserve Corps and its heavy artillery, twenty batteries of heavy field howitzers, twelve batteries of

6690: 2367:

On 29 October, attacks by the XXVII Reserve Corps began against I Corps north of the Menin Road, at dawn, in thick fog. By nightfall, the Gheluvelt crossroads had been lost and

6874: 1413:

battle at La Bassée could be taken as separate but that the battles from Armentières to Messines and Ypres, were better understood as one battle in two parts, an offensive by

2952:

The failure of the attack on Wytschaete resulted in the attack further south being cancelled but German artillery retaliation was much heavier than the British bombardment.

2080:

but the rate of shell manufacture had an immediate effect on operations. While the BEF was still on the Aisne front, ammunition production for field guns and howitzers was

1398:

a fourth phase with the last big German offensive, which culminated at the Battle of Nonne Bosschen on 11 November, then local operations which faded out in late November.

7312: 2571:

ordered the 4th Army to cease its attacks; the III Reserve Corps and XIII Corps were ordered to move the Eastern Front, which was discovered by the Allies on 20 November.

2483:

and XXVII Reserve Corps attacked from Nonne Bosschen (Nun's Copse) and the edge of Polygon Wood, to Gheluvelt and across the Menin Road to Shrewsbury Forest in the south.

5114: 2611:

in the Flanders battles, the French twelve, the British nine and the Belgians six, along with marines and dismounted cavalry. Falkenhayn reconsidered German strategy;

6772: 4105:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. London: Macmillan. 2302: 4924: 6409: 5580: 1368:, reciprocal attempts by the German and Franco-British armies to advance past the northern flank of their opponents. North of Ypres, the fighting continued in the 7322: 6851: 2301:

23 October, the French IX Corps took over the north end of the Ypres salient, relieving I Corps with the 17th Division. Kortekeer Cabaret was recaptured by the

6879: 5393: 4180: 2049:

roads ran along the frontier and inside Belgium. In France, the roads were closed by the local authorities during thaws to preserve the surface and marked by

1970:, the Lys river from Courtrai to Ghent and to the north-west lies the sea. The plain is almost flat, apart from a line of low hills from Cassel, eastwards to 7067: 6794: 6486: 5451: 1191: 539: 3064:

In, 2003 Clayton gave dates from 17 September to 7 October. In 2005, Doughty used the period from 17 September to 17 October and Foley from 17 September to

2424:

The French XVI Corps reached the area from St Eloi to Wytschaete on 1 November, to reinforce the cavalry Corps and the IX Corps attacked further north near

7174: 4281:

Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Militärischen Operationen zu Lande, Der Herbst-Feldzug im Osten bis zum Rückzug, Im Westem bis zum Stellungskrieg Fünfter Band

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and its later developments, proved to be indecisive, because field fortifications neutralised many classes of offensive weapon. The defensive firepower of

1101: 1382:

The fighting has been divided into five stages, an encounter battle from 19 to 21 October, the Battle of Langemarck from 21 to 24 October, the battles at

7327: 7082: 6837: 2935:

French emphasised that the attack would begin on the left flank, next to the French and that units must not move ahead of each other. The French and the

2335:) was assembled from XV Corps and the II Bavarian Corps, the 26th Division and the 6th Bavarian Reserve Division, under the XIII Corps headquarters. The 7077: 6767: 6718: 6633: 1158: 7317: 7307: 6921: 7302: 2072:, forecast a long war and placed orders for the manufacture of a large number of field, medium and heavy guns and howitzers, sufficient to equip a 776: 532: 3060:

the German Official Historian, Hermann Mertz von Quirnheim, described German outflanking attempts, without labelling them. In 2001, Strachan used

2943:

was to be taken by II Corps attacking from the west and III Corps from the south, only the 3rd Division making a maximum effort. On the right the

1974:, Mont Noir, Mont Rouge, Scherpenberg and Mont Kemmel. From Kemmel, a low ridge lies to the north-east, declining in elevation past Ypres through 6762: 6127: 2132:

opposite, compounded British failings, although the partly trained, poorly led and badly equipped German reserve corps suffered high casualties.

1153: 838: 4926:

An Analysis of 1,000 Wounds and Injuries Received in Action, with Special Reference to the Theory of the Prevalence of Self-Infliction (Secret)

2412: 5558: 1502:

and the imposition of a dictated peace on France and Russia had exceeded German resources. Falkenhayn devised a new strategy to detach either

5620: 2043:. Intervening areas were agricultural, with wide roads, which in France were built on shallow foundations or were unpaved mud tracks. Narrow 4412:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. London: 1689:

Small detachments of the Belgian, French and British armies conducted operations in Belgium and northern France, against German cavalry and

6822: 6752: 6391: 5610: 5521: 2256:(Langemark), north-east of Ypres, was held by a French territorial unit and the British IV corps to the south. I Corps (Lieutenant-General 3140:

was a German term for a formation larger than a corps and smaller than an army, usually improvised and not a group of armies, which was a

6846: 5744: 5198: 4286:

The World War 1914–1918 Military land operations, The Autumn Campaign in the East and the West until the Withdrawal to the Positional War

255: 183: 5421: 2567:

Belgians held 15 mi (24 km) and the French defended some 430 mi (690 km) of the new Western front. On 17 November,

2406: 5751: 2973: 1353: 1184: 759: 2888:

casualties, that the French had many losses and that the Belgian army had been reduced to a shadow. Sheldon also noted that Colonel

2646:(1918), which the official historians used, in lieu of authoritative sources, during the writing of the 1914 volumes of the British 2292: 5403: 7072: 2798:

of German casualties at Ypres were young and inexperienced student reservists, others being active soldiers, older members of the

2142:

helmets and for officers to carry rifles to be less conspicuous. Artillery remained the main infantry-killer, particularly French

7004: 6842: 6829: 6786: 6695: 6421: 6230: 6137: 6039: 5797: 5444: 4436: 7196: 7186: 7054: 2944: 2664:

Sheldon wrote that the translation was inaccurate and ignored many references to the combined fire of rifles and machine-guns,

2559: 2306: 2115: 1745: 5111: 2598:

in Belgium. The German 4th and 6th armies took small amounts of ground at great cost to both sides, at the Battle of the Yser

1858: 6968: 6902: 6739: 6618: 6291: 5317: 5173: 4977: 4958: 4913: 4894: 4875: 4856: 4811: 4785: 4738: 4716: 4697: 4678: 4656: 4637: 4597: 4575: 4556: 4498: 4475: 4396: 4317: 4268: 4249: 4230: 4166: 4147: 4088: 4059: 4038: 4019: 2156: 1825: 1817: 1749: 2636:" of accurate rapid rifle-fire, was held to have persuaded German troops that they were opposed by machine-guns. This was a 7143: 6563: 5355: 2289:

around Langemarck, where the 7th Division was able to repulse German attacks and I Corps was able to make a short advance.

1177: 169: 95: 1893:, because neither side raced to the sea but tried to outflank their opponent before they reached it and ran out of room.) 7342: 6914: 5873: 5378: 4726: 1602:(23 August), both armies made a rapid retreat to avoid envelopment. A counter-offensive by the French and the BEF at the 17: 7128: 4930: 4123:

Military Operations France and Belgium 1914: Mons, the Retreat to the Seine, the Marne and the Aisne August–October 1914

1609:

failed to end the German advance and the Franco-British retreat continued beyond the Marne. From 5 to 12 September, the

7113: 6403: 5812: 5570: 4103:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1914: Antwerp, La Bassée, Armentières, Messines and Ypres October–November 1914

3068:

In 2010, Sheldon placed the "erroneously named" race, from the end of the Battle of the Marne, to the beginning of the

1549:

Britain and France declared war on Turkey on 5 November and next day, Keupri-Keni in Armenia was captured, during the

624: 6988: 6682: 6498: 5777: 5248: 4524:

Armée Belgique: The war of 1914 Military Operations of Belgium in Defence of the Country and to Uphold Her Neutrality

2917: 2861:

were incurred on the front from the Lys to Gheluvelt, from 30 October to 24 November. In 2003, Ian Beckett recorded

1449: 1059: 577: 6240: 6175: 5213: 4780:. Vol. II (facs. repr. Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 4202: 993: 2568: 290: 7239: 7044: 7024: 6811: 6747: 6570: 6439: 5350: 5270: 5208: 2940: 2926: 2372: 695: 5911: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7019: 6713: 5365: 5340: 5238: 4367:(in German). Translated by Wynne, G. C. (Eng. trans. Constable, London ed.). Oldenburg: Gerhard Stalling. 2562:

arrived at the front on 13 November and more attacks were made on the II Corps front from 14 November. Between

1773: 1441: 1437: 1418: 1364:(Nieuport) on the Belgian coast, from 10 October to mid-November. The battles at Ypres began at the end of the 260: 2349:. Strict economies were imposed on the 6th Army formations further south, to provide artillery ammunition for 1792:

and III Corps followed from 6 October, leaving a brigade behind with I Corps, which stayed until the night of

7362: 7014: 7009: 6973: 6907: 6799: 6645: 6235: 6087: 5625: 5553: 5484: 5253: 5223: 5218: 2936: 2492: 2387: 717: 495: 62: 1562: 641: 7357: 6963: 6590: 6530: 6427: 6332: 6102: 5888: 5592: 5431: 5330: 2516: 2488: 816: 646: 474: 4288:] (in German). Vol. V (online scan ed.). Berlin: Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. 2296:

German night assault on the English trenches near Langemarck, October 28 1914 (illustration by G. C. Koch)

7201: 6638: 6623: 6481: 6433: 6205: 5756: 5630: 5543: 5538: 5307: 5295: 5290: 1898: 1737: 1535: 1341: 1329: 1016: 988: 968: 801: 556: 50: 5817: 4223:

German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916

2841:, recorded that the Belgians had suffered a great number of casualties from 15 to 25 October, including 658: 7297: 7181: 7138: 6415: 6180: 6165: 6067: 5936: 5504: 5416: 5373: 4946: 2228:

reduced the fighting to local operations, which diminished until the end of the battle on 30 November.

2161:

The French, Belgian and British forces in Flanders had no organisation for unified command but General

2069: 1414: 1399: 1345: 963: 953: 931: 865: 781: 771: 744: 572: 4279: 2790:

had been enrolled in six reserve corps, four of which had been sent to Flanders, leaving a maximum of

2143: 1230: 7123: 6891: 6475: 6463: 6225: 6210: 5931: 5822: 5516: 5494: 5243: 5233: 5166: 5106: 4140:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915: Winter 1915: Battle of Neuve Chapelle: Battles of Ypres

2991: 2584: 1618: 1610: 1430: 1410: 1250: 1011: 983: 938: 921: 877: 791: 712: 668: 663: 501: 6077: 2775:(massacre of the innocents), in a communiqué of 11 November 1914, was misleading. Claims that up to 2039:(Menen), along the Lys river, with isolated sugar beet and alcohol refineries and a steelworks near 7332: 7098: 6585: 6575: 6504: 6457: 6445: 6385: 6200: 6195: 6117: 5526: 5499: 5203: 3123: 3115: 3013: 2647: 2129: 1425:

and 4th Army from 19 October to 2 November, which from 30 October, took place mainly north of the

1422: 1406: 1376: 978: 916: 892: 796: 722: 3089: 2984: 2948:

found uncut wire. One battalion took 200 yd (180 m) of the German front trench and took

1387: 1245: 7337: 7169: 7161: 7103: 6863: 6558: 6321: 6155: 6150: 6082: 5941: 5926: 5921: 5901: 5782: 5659: 4182:

Mémoire pour servir à l'histoire de la guerre 1914–1918: avec 18 gravures hors-texte et 12 cartes

2607:

supply themselves and replace casualties kept battles going for weeks. The German armies engaged

2395: 2274:

infantry corps were now known to be north of the Lys, along with the four cavalry corps, against

1946:

The far north of France and the north-west Belgium are known as Flanders. West of a line between

1911: 1697: 1584: 1225: 1215: 1096: 943: 904: 882: 732: 673: 599: 326: 6122: 4549:

Seek Glory Now Keep Glory: The Story of the 1st Battalion Royal Warwickshire Regiment, 1914–1918

2241: 1506:

or France from the Allied coalition through diplomacy as well as military action. A strategy of

7352: 6936: 6660: 6595: 6451: 6185: 6112: 6062: 6047: 6029: 6002: 5916: 5883: 5548: 5509: 5489: 5300: 5193: 5143: 4666: 1349: 1235: 958: 926: 887: 855: 786: 754: 727: 700: 609: 4777:

The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

4330:

The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

4261:

A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–1918

3082: 2977: 2390:, on the left flank of the BEF at Gheluvelt, were repulsed but the British were pushed out of 2136:

accounts stress the accuracy of Allied sniper fire, which led troops to remove the spike from

1383: 1240: 737: 6926: 6580: 6469: 6245: 6215: 6145: 6092: 6014: 5982: 5956: 5906: 5739: 5692: 5476: 5345: 5228: 2416: 2391: 2383: 1874: 1678: 1603: 1484: 1458: 1391: 1091: 973: 948: 806: 592: 409: 346: 231: 219: 156: 3025:

German armies are rendered in numbers: "7th Army" and Allied armies in words: "Second Army".

7276: 7191: 5878: 5852: 5802: 5159: 5068: 4118: 4098: 3119: 3081:

The British Battles Nomenclature Committee (1920), recorded four simultaneous battles, the

3039: 2838: 2595: 1880: 1869: 1844:

and Armentières. I Corps arrived at Hazebrouck on 19 October and moved eastwards to Ypres.

1464: 1452: 1445: 1402: 1106: 860: 508: 302: 278: 5827: 5123: 1829: 8: 7258: 6397: 6261: 6220: 6097: 6057: 6052: 5997: 5680: 5674: 5575: 3108: 3006: 2779:

of the manpower of the reserve corps were student volunteers, who attacked while singing

2589:

After the First Battle of Ypres, trenches stretched from Switzerland to the Belgian coast

2428:(Beselare), which relieved the German pressure on both flanks of I Corps. By 3 November, 2107: 1959: 1595: 1591: 1361: 870: 826: 821: 636: 614: 248: 7211: 4822: 2520:

sides were exhausted by these efforts; German casualties around Ypres had reached about

1690: 7218: 7133: 6492: 6356: 6338: 6303: 6267: 6107: 6072: 6024: 6009: 5896: 5847: 5686: 5645: 5325: 4438:

Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War, 1914–1920

3069: 3043: 2889: 2213: 2124: 1919: 1550: 1421:

from 12 to 18 October against which the Germans retired and an offensive by the German

1369: 1255: 1113: 843: 683: 604: 2357: 2223:, ordered the Belgian army to retreat, until over-ruled by the Belgian king. Next day 2220: 2192: 2007:

Canal around Lens and Béthune was a coal-mining district full of slagheaps, pitheads (

1081: 582: 7251: 7245: 7206: 7108: 6941: 6524: 6379: 6362: 6170: 5992: 5972: 5807: 5792: 5722: 5710: 5411: 5388: 5335: 5041: 4994: 4993:. Vol. I (Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Thomas Nelson and Sons. 4988: 4973: 4954: 4909: 4890: 4871: 4852: 4828: 4807: 4781: 4775: 4755: 4749: 4734: 4712: 4693: 4674: 4652: 4633: 4612: 4593: 4571: 4552: 4528: 4522: 4494: 4471: 4450: 4442: 4417: 4407: 4392: 4368: 4334: 4313: 4303:– via Oberösterreichische Landesbibliothek (Upper Austrian Provincial Library). 4289: 4264: 4245: 4226: 4194: 4162: 4143: 4126: 4106: 4084: 4076: 4055: 4034: 4015: 2065: 1915: 1756:. Naval forces collected at Dover were formed into a separate unit, which became the 1635: 1583:, from 24 August to 28 September 1914, after the success of the German armies in the 1507: 909: 850: 653: 5128: 4609:

General Sir John Cowans, G.C.B., G.C.M.G: The Quartermaster-General of the Great War

4328: 4049: 1910:

to the North Sea, was occupied by Belgian troops withdrawing from Antwerp after the

1027: 6309: 6279: 6273: 6190: 6019: 5987: 5977: 5716: 5640: 5635: 5563: 5383: 5283: 5033: 4906:

Command on the Western Front: The Military Career of Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1914–1918

4585: 2345:(Wervik), the boundary between the 6th and 4th armies, to attack towards Ypres and 1220: 1086: 811: 587: 2769:

Sheldon wrote that a German description of the fate of the new reserve corps as a

464:

134,315 German casualties in Belgium and northern France, 15 October – 24 November

7118: 6958: 6297: 5857: 5832: 5531: 5439: 5278: 5118: 4242:

The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle that Changed the World

2780: 2679: 2675: 2040: 1853: 1841: 1365: 1325: 1309: 1296: 1201: 1148: 1076: 1006: 678: 54: 31: 1579:

The Great Retreat was a long withdrawal by the French and British armies to the

7347: 6951: 6931: 6602: 6315: 6160: 5951: 5842: 5698: 5602: 5585: 5098: 4951:

Command and Control on the Western Front: The British Army's Experience 1914–18

4709:

Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack 1916–1918

4361:

Ypres, 1914, an Official Account Published by Order of the German General Staff

4354: 4176: 2812:

of the reserve, which was composed of former soldiers from 23 to 28 years old,

2332: 2120: 1801: 1599: 1503: 1471:(Kemmelberg), from 19 October to 22 November. Neither side had moved forces to 749: 619: 505: 419: 371: 314: 236: 5037: 2024: 7291: 7062: 6350: 6344: 5787: 5704: 5615: 5045: 4998: 4832: 4759: 4616: 4446: 4338: 4293: 4110: 2823:(former soldiers from 28 to 39 years old, released from the reserve) and one 2028: 2003:

obstructions and awkward for artillery because of the limited view. South of

1971: 1777: 1769: 1713: 1614: 1574: 1337: 631: 512: 445: 389: 321: 309: 297: 285: 273: 224: 201: 110: 97: 4421: 4198: 4130: 3444: 2309:

was relieved. Next day, I Corps had been relieved and the 7th Division lost

6512: 5946: 4568:

A Nation in Arms: A Social Study of the British Army in the First World War

4532: 4372: 2857:

casualties in Belgium and northern France, from 15 October to 24 November,

2375:

and 31st Division recaptured Bixschoote and Kortekeer Cabaret. Advances by

2310: 2257: 1840:

on 11 October, then moved behind the left flank of II Corps, to advance on

1757: 1729: 1669: 2531:

Ypres). The Belgian army had been reduced by half and the French had lost

2004: 1863:

German and Allied operations, Artois and Flanders, September–November 1914

6723: 6628: 6326: 5761: 5182: 2138: 1987: 1580: 1492: 1468: 1340:, Belgium. The battle was part of the First Battle of Flanders, in which 5138: 5133: 2023:

and Roubaix formed a manufacturing complex, with outlying industries at

1958:, Béthune, Saint-Omer and Calais. To the south-east, canals run between 4193:(in French). trans. T. Bentley Mott (Heinemann ed.). Paris: Plon. 2976:(BEF) occurred simultaneously during the First Battle of Flanders: the 2794:

of the reserve corps operating in Flanders made up of volunteers. Only

2633: 2496: 2253: 2196: 2077: 1983: 1975: 1837: 1833: 3690: 2176:

planned a joint advance from Ypres to Nieuwpoort, towards a line from

2111: 1813: 6518: 6285: 3016:(11 November) from the Ypres–Comines Canal north to Houthulst Forest. 2983:

from the Beuvry–Béthune road to a line from Estaires to Fournes, the

2425: 2371:

prisoners taken. French attacks further north, by the 17th Division,

2346: 2177: 2020: 1979: 1907: 1809: 1805: 1797: 1753: 1613:

ended the retreat and forced the German armies to retire towards the

1488: 5021: 2892:

had recorded that up to 3 November, casualties in the 4th Army were

6778: 4929:. London: War Office. IOR/L/MIL/17/5/2402 (no ISBN). Archived from 4590:

Fire-Power: The British Army Weapons and Theories of War, 1904–1945

2997:

from the Douve to the Ypres–Comines Canal and the Battles of Ypres

2800: 2181: 1967: 1890: 1665: 1472: 4690:

Trial by Fire: Command and the British Expeditionary Force in 1914

1661: 1169: 4159:

History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Western Front 1914–18

3702: 3632: 3630: 3354: 2314: 2032: 1995: 1963: 1836:

on 13 October. III Corps began to assemble around Saint-Omer and

1733: 1717: 1673: 1653: 429: 356: 243: 164: 4263:(London Stamp Exchange ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden. 4081:

Pyrrhic victory, French Strategy and Operations in the Great War

3989: 3987: 3974: 3972: 1868:

After a tour of the front on 15 September, the new chief of the

524: 3765: 2650:, the first editions of which were published in 1922 and 1925, 2342: 2224: 2185: 1951: 1902: 1821: 1705: 1701: 1554: 5151: 3627: 3200: 3198: 2547: 1800:

from 8 to 9 October and concentrated to the north-east around

1760:, to operate in the Channel and off the French-Belgian coast. 1652:

British and Belgian stragglers. The fortress blocked the main

1483:

Warfare between mass armies, equipped with the weapons of the

6946: 4970:

The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War, 1914–1918

3984: 3969: 3719: 3717: 3171: 3159: 2036: 1955: 1947: 1725: 1709: 1657: 1558: 1496:

the winter, Falkenhayn reconsidered Germany strategy because

1357: 1333: 88: 4824:

A Short History of the 6th Division August 1914 – March 1919

4413: 3873: 3729: 3615: 3407: 3405: 3366: 3294: 3195: 2162: 1991: 1426: 3897: 3801: 3777: 3714: 3678: 3654: 3516: 3480: 3456: 3342: 3282: 3258: 3246: 2442:

battalions in the BEF which had come to France with about

67:

Positions of the Allied and German armies, 19 October 1914

3957: 3861: 3849: 3528: 3432: 3330: 3234: 2171:

on 4 October by Joffre. The Belgian army managed to save

3813: 3789: 3504: 3492: 3402: 2816:

who were inexperienced and probably 18 to 20 years old,

1922:

through Artois and Flanders, at the Battle of La Bassée

4868:

In Flanders Flooded Fields, before Ypres there was Yser

4333:. Vol. I (Hamish Hamilton ed.). Oxford: OUP. 3741: 3642: 3593: 3591: 3540: 3422: 3420: 3222: 2845:

British casualties from 14 October to 30 November were

2804:

and army reservists. Reserve Infantry Regiment 211 had

2110:. During the advance of the III Corps and an attack on 1740:

on 6 October, having landed at Dunkirk on the night of

1467:), then tried a limited offensive to capture Ypres and 3933: 3921: 3909: 3753: 3666: 3576: 3552: 3306: 3270: 2415:, Nonne Bosschen, defeating the Prussian Guard, 1914 ( 4908:(Pen & Sword ed.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 4356:

Die Schlacht an der Yser und bei Ypern im Herbst 1914

3837: 3825: 3603: 3390: 3378: 2643:

Die Schlacht an der Yser und bei Ypern im Herbst 1914

1057: 5088: 4606: 3588: 3468: 3417: 3318: 3210: 7313:

Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

5112:

Tommy's Gazetteer of French and Belgian Place Names

4277: 3885: 3564: 3360: 3183: 2921:

German soldiers in a trench at Ypres, December 1914

2542: 4493:] (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe. 4391:(1st ed.). Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military. 3945: 5069:"Siege of Maubeuge, 25 August – 7 September 1914" 4754:(online scan ed.). London: Nisbet & Co. 7289: 4673:(Wordsworth Editions ed.). London: Barker. 4649:Passchendaele and the Battles of Ypres 1914–1918 3034:Writers and historians have criticised the term 2939:were to capture Wytschaete and Petit Bois, then 2246:Battle of Langemarck, from 21 to 24 October 1914 174: 6128:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 5026:Journal of the Royal United Service Institution 4945: 1405:, the British official historian, wrote in the 7323:Battles of World War I involving British India 4665: 4632:]. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 4565: 2413:Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry 2123:had little effect on buildings and called for 5167: 4990:The History of the Second Division, 1914–1918 4884: 4804:First Ypres 1914: The Birth of Trench Warfare 4626:Kurt Riezler: Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente 4584: 4405: 3177: 3165: 1656:–Paris rail line, leaving only the line from 1394:attacks at Ypres and the Battle of Gheluvelt 1275: 1185: 1133: 1043: 540: 4527:. London: W. H. & L Collingridge. 1915. 4137: 3993: 3978: 3963: 3141: 3135: 3055: 2904: 2824: 2770: 2690: 2641: 2619: 2612: 2478: 2477:German divisions of the 4th and 6th Armies, 2429: 2376: 2336: 2326: 2166: 2101: 2050: 2044: 2014: 2008: 1884: 1511: 1497: 1456: 6611: 4903: 4827:(online scan ed.). London: Hugh Rees. 4747: 4406:Skinner, H. T.; Stacke, H. Fitz M. (1922). 2877:casualties. In 2010, Jack Sheldon recorded 2539:having been killed by the end of the year. 2524:and BEF losses, August – 30 November, were 2515:The British were forced back by the German 2401: 7328:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 5174: 5160: 4630:Kurt Riezler: Diaries, Articles, Documents 4435: 4278:Mertz von Quirnheim, Hermann, ed. (1929). 3867: 2076:army. The order was soon increased by the 2019:). North of the canal, the city of Lille, 1724:and on 28 September, a battalion occupied 1192: 1178: 1050: 1036: 547: 533: 2837:In 1925, the British official historian, 2495:broke through to St Eloi and advanced to 1524: 1265: 1123: 192: 7318:Battles of World War I involving Belgium 7308:Battles of World War I involving Germany 6410:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 5129:Battles: The First Battle of Ypres, 1914 4731:The Oxford Companion to Military History 4706: 4465: 4307: 4156: 3807: 3747: 3735: 3648: 3621: 3558: 3534: 3522: 3372: 3204: 2916: 2912: 2583: 2546: 2411:Fanciful painting of the 2nd Battalion, 2405: 2356: 2291: 2240: 1857: 1624: 1270: 1128: 147: 30:For a list of the Battles of Ypres, see 7303:Battles of World War I involving France 6787:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 5066: 4865: 4846: 4687: 4623: 4607:Chapman-Huston, D.; Rutter, O. (1924). 4386: 4352: 4326: 4310:Attrition: Fighting the First World War 4161:. London: Royal Artillery Institution. 4117: 4097: 4075: 4047: 4031:Paths of Glory: The French Army 1914–18 4028: 4009: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3903: 3879: 3855: 3843: 3831: 3783: 3771: 3759: 3723: 3708: 3696: 3684: 3672: 3660: 3636: 3609: 3582: 3546: 3510: 3498: 3486: 3462: 3450: 3438: 3426: 3396: 3384: 3348: 3336: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3276: 3264: 3252: 3240: 3228: 3038:and used several date ranges. In 1925, 2236: 2168:commandant le groupe des Armées du Nord 1812:and Raye, preparatory to an advance on 1681:demolished the forts. The Germans took 1379:, the Belgian army and French marines. 14: 7290: 5019: 4986: 4967: 4820: 4725: 4239: 4138:Edmonds, J. E.; Wynne, G. C. (1995) . 3216: 2990:from Estaires to the Douve river, the 2682:machine-guns, which had ammunition in 2320: 2088:per month were being manufactured for 1906:October, when the last open area from 1429:, when the battles of Armentières and 6740:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 6083:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 5155: 5022:"Land Transportation in the Late War" 4922: 4801: 4773: 4646: 4546: 4484: 4258: 4220: 3951: 3891: 3819: 3795: 3597: 3474: 3453:, pp. 125–172, 205–223, 225–234. 3411: 3324: 3189: 2362:Battle of Gheluvelt (1 November 1914) 2207: 2157:First Battle of Ypres order of battle 1704:, for reconnaissance sorties between 1621:was fought from 13 to 28 September. 1173: 1031: 528: 7144:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 4748:Hussey, A. H.; Inman, D. S. (1921). 4487:Langemarck: Legende und Wirklichkeit 4175: 3570: 3103:comprising the Battle of Langemarck 3001:comprising the Battle of Langemarck 2632:In 2010, Jack Sheldon wrote that a " 1390:to 2 November, coincident with more 7073:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 5874:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 4751:The Fifth Division in the Great War 4611:. Vol. I. London: Hutchinson. 4014:(pbk. ed.). London: Longmans. 2896:and that the 6th Army had suffered 1728:. The rest of the brigade occupied 1199: 24: 5813:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 4509: 2092:guns; the War Office sent another 1847: 1433:merged with the Battles of Ypres. 27:1914 battle of the First World War 25: 7374: 5084: 4566:Beckett, I.; Simpson, K. (1985). 2640:, picked out of a translation of 1914:(28 September – 10 October). The 1788:II Corps moved from the night of 1061:German invasion of Belgium (1914) 554: 6176:Second Battle of the Piave River 5798:Russian invasion of East Prussia 5091: 5067:Rickard, J. (1 September 2007). 4885:Pawly, R.; Lierneux, P. (2009). 4083:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. 2543:Local operations, 12–22 November 1696:On 27 August, a squadron of the 1568: 1529: 480: 473: 444: 428: 418: 408: 388: 370: 355: 345: 320: 308: 296: 284: 272: 254: 242: 230: 218: 194: 176: 163: 149: 61: 7240:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 6440:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 5181: 5008:– via Archive Foundation. 4904:Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (2004) . 4887:The Belgian Army in World War I 4842:– via Archive Foundation. 4797:– via Archive Foundation. 4769:– via Archive Foundation. 4570:. Manchester University Press. 3699:, pp. xvii–xviii, 275–276. 3129: 3075: 3028: 2909:from 30 October to 3 November. 2341:was rushed up to Deûlémont and 1598:(21 August) and the BEF in the 1590:After the defeat of the French 1159:German occupation of Luxembourg 7063:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 6922:Deportations from East Prussia 6719:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 5139:Situation map 19 November 1914 5107:Spencer Jones Battles of Ypres 4491:Langemarck: Legend and Reality 3019: 2966: 2829:(enrolled but inexperienced). 1930:and the Battle of Armentières 1828:arrived a day later. GHQ left 1736:, followed by the rest of the 1444:) the Belgians and the French 1301:Première Bataille des Flandres 13: 1: 6974:Ukrainian Canadian internment 5134:Situation map 19 October 1914 4849:Boesinghe: Battleground Ypres 4389:The German Army at Ypres 1914 4012:Ypres: The First Battle, 1914 4002: 2882: 2832: 2689: 2627: 2199:, after the Siege of Antwerp 1646: 1565:(16 November – 15 December). 1519: 481: 361: 79:19 October – 22 November 1914 7129:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 6428:Estonian War of Independence 6103:Southern Palestine offensive 5147:situation map, November 1914 4870:. Pen & Sword Military. 4624:Erdmann, K. D., ed. (1972). 4470:. Vol. I. Oxford: OUP. 4468:The First World War: To Arms 3153: 2574: 2201:(28 September – 10 October). 1154:German occupation of Belgium 7: 7083:USA against Austria-Hungary 6482:Turkish War of Independence 6434:Latvian War of Independence 6166:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 5757:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 5060: 5013: 4972:. Cambridge: Polity Press. 4733:. Oxford University Press. 4592:. London: Pen & Sword. 4187:The Memoirs of Marshal Foch 3101:(19 October – 22 November), 2999:(19 October – 22 November), 2974:British Expeditionary Force 2972:Four battles involving the 2927:Winter operations 1914–1915 2579: 1899:National redoubt of Belgium 1768:In late September, Marshal 1738:63rd (Royal Naval) Division 1629: 1354:British Expeditionary Force 1017:Western Front tactics, 1917 10: 7379: 7343:1914 in the United Kingdom 7166:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 6714:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 6181:Second Battle of the Marne 6068:Second battle of the Aisne 5937:Second Battle of Champagne 5778:German invasion of Belgium 4409:Principal Events 1914–1918 4244:. New York: Random House. 3711:, pp. xviii, 278–301. 3093:(13 October – 2 November), 3086:(10 October – 2 November), 3062:15 September – 17 October. 3052:17 September – 19 October, 2924: 2211: 2154: 2070:Secretary of State for War 2059: 1941: 1936: 1932:(13 October – 2 November). 1924:(10 October – 2 November), 1851: 1633: 1588:(7 August – 13 September). 1572: 1533: 29: 7272: 7231: 7152: 7091: 7053: 6997: 6986: 6947:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 6890: 6862: 6810: 6732: 6706: 6658: 6551: 6544: 6476:Irish War of Independence 6372: 6254: 6226:Armistice of Villa Giusti 6211:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 6136: 6038: 5965: 5866: 5823:First Battle of the Marne 5770: 5732: 5667: 5658: 5601: 5475: 5464: 5430: 5402: 5364: 5316: 5269: 5262: 5189: 5038:10.1080/03071842109434650 4312:. London: Little, Brown. 3178:Skinner & Stacke 1922 3166:Skinner & Stacke 1922 3099:and the Battles of Ypres 3097:(12 October – 2 November) 3048:15 September – 15 October 2995:(12 October – 2 November) 2988:(13 October – 2 November) 2981:(10 October – 2 November) 2903:of which had occurred in 2231: 1928:(12 October – 2 November) 1744:From 6 to 7 October, the 1619:First Battle of the Aisne 1611:First Battle of the Marne 1211: 1069: 564: 468: 463: 398: 335: 208: 138: 71: 60: 48: 43: 7099:Constantinople Agreement 6392:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 6255:Co-belligerent conflicts 6231:Second Romanian campaign 6201:Third Transjordan attack 5912:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 5818:Battle of Grand Couronné 4515: 4327:Raleigh, W. A. (1969) . 4048:Corbett, J. S. (2009) . 3994:Edmonds & Wynne 1995 3979:Edmonds & Wynne 1995 3964:Edmonds & Wynne 1995 3774:, pp. xxi, 447–460. 3361:Mertz von Quirnheim 1929 3118:(11 November). In 1925, 3116:Battle of Nonne Bosschen 3014:Battle of Nonne Bosschen 2959: 2686:strips, were reloading. 2648:History of the Great War 2402:Battle of Nonne Bosschen 2398:restored the situation. 2150: 1796:II Corps arrived around 1543:13 October – 2 November) 1407:History of the Great War 7162:Modus vivendi of Acroma 7114:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 6422:Greater Poland Uprising 6322:National Protection War 6206:Meuse–Argonne offensive 6156:German spring offensive 6151:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 5927:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 5902:Second Battle of Artois 5783:Battle of the Frontiers 5124:General Joffre's report 5117:20 October 2017 at the 3639:, pp. xv, 166–167. 3095:the Battle of Messines 2863:50,000 to 85,000 French 2552:Langemark, October 1914 1926:the Battle of Messines 1918:resulted in indecisive 1698:Royal Naval Air Service 1585:Battle of the Frontiers 905:German spring offensive 327:Alexander von Linsingen 291:Albrecht of Württemberg 7187:Paris Peace Conference 7175:Ukraine–Central Powers 6969:Massacres of Albanians 6937:Late Ottoman genocides 6744:Bulgarian occupations 6452:Third Anglo-Afghan War 6416:Hungarian–Romanian War 6241:Naval Victory Bulletin 6236:Armistice with Germany 6186:Hundred Days Offensive 6113:Battle of La Malmaison 6063:Second battle of Arras 6030:Battle of Transylvania 5884:Second Battle of Ypres 5752:Sarajevo assassination 5641:South African Republic 5020:Taylor, M. G. (1921). 4953:. London: Spellmount. 4821:Marden, T. O. (1920). 4774:Jones, H. A. (2002) . 4441:. London: HMSO. 1922. 4259:James, E. A. (1990) . 4221:Foley, R. T. (2007) . 3142: 3136: 3056: 2922: 2905: 2825: 2782:Deutschland über alles 2771: 2691: 2671: 2662: 2642: 2620: 2613: 2591: 2554: 2479: 2430: 2421: 2377: 2364: 2337: 2327: 2297: 2248: 2167: 2102: 2051: 2045: 2015: 2013:) and miners' houses ( 2009: 1885: 1865: 1820:arrived at St Pol and 1763: 1525:Strategic developments 1512: 1498: 1457: 1314:Erste Flandernschlacht 1313: 1300: 209:Commanders and leaders 7197:Treaty of St. Germain 7170:Russia–Central Powers 7124:Sykes–Picot Agreement 6952:Pontic Greek genocide 6927:Destruction of Kalisz 6903:Eastern Mediterranean 6464:Polish–Lithuanian War 6246:Armistice of Belgrade 6216:Armistice of Salonica 6146:Operation Faustschlag 6093:Third Battle of Oituz 6015:Baranovichi offensive 5983:Lake Naroch offensive 5957:Battle of Robat Karim 5932:Vistula–Bug offensive 5907:Battles of the Isonzo 5838:First Battle of Ypres 4949:; Todman, G. (2004). 4707:Griffith, P. (1996). 4647:Evans, M. M. (1997). 4588:; Graham, D. (1982). 4466:Strachan, H. (2001). 4353:Schwink, O. (1919) . 4308:Philpott, W. (2014). 4157:Farndale, M. (1986). 4010:Beckett, I. (2006) . 3090:Battle of Armentières 2985:Battle of Armentières 2920: 2913:Subsequent operations 2666: 2652: 2614:Vernichtungsstrategie 2587: 2550: 2409: 2384:54th Reserve Division 2360: 2295: 2244: 2195:and six batteries of 1875:Oberste Heeresleitung 1861: 1824:on 9 October and the 1650: 10,000 French, 1625:Tactical developments 1604:First Battle of Guise 1499:Vernichtungsstrategie 1485:Industrial Revolution 1459:Oberste Heeresleitung 1293:First Battle of Ypres 399:Casualties and losses 44:First Battle of Ypres 7363:November 1914 events 7192:Treaty of Versailles 6908:Mount Lebanon famine 6823:in the United States 6791:Russian occupations 6505:Turkish–Armenian War 6446:Polish–Ukrainian War 6386:Ukrainian–Soviet War 6333:Central Asian Revolt 6123:Armistice of Focșani 5853:Battle of Sarikamish 5803:Battle of Tannenberg 5199:Military engagements 4987:Wyrall, E. (2002) . 4866:Van Pul, P. (2006). 4847:McGreal, S. (2010). 4688:Gardner, N. (2006). 4387:Sheldon, J. (2010). 4029:Clayton, A. (2003). 3882:, pp. xii–xiii. 3303:, pp. 405, 407. 3207:, pp. 241, 266. 3054:in 1926. In 1929 in 2886: 80,000 German 2702:August–December 1914 2438:in five days and of 2237:Battle of Langemarck 1916:outflanking attempts 1886:Schlachtentscheidung 1881:Erich von Falkenhayn 1870:German General Staff 1826:1st Cavalry Division 1818:2nd Cavalry Division 1750:3rd Cavalry Division 1465:German General Staff 1453:Erich von Falkenhayn 1436:Attacks by the BEF ( 1324:was a battle of the 1012:French Army mutinies 1007:1914 Christmas truce 777:Hohenzollern Redoubt 496:class=notpageimage| 303:Rupprecht of Bavaria 279:Erich von Falkenhayn 7358:October 1914 events 7259:They shall not pass 7182:Treaty of Bucharest 7139:Treaty of Bucharest 7078:USA against Germany 7055:Declarations of war 6759:German occupations 6672:British casualties 6531:Soviet–Georgian War 6458:Egyptian Revolution 6398:Armeno-Georgian War 6262:Somaliland campaign 6221:Armistice of Mudros 6098:Battle of Caporetto 6088:Battle of Mărășești 6058:Zimmermann telegram 6053:February Revolution 5998:Battle of the Somme 5922:Bug-Narew Offensive 5897:Battle of Gallipoli 5889:Sinking of the RMS 5681:Scramble for Africa 5675:Franco-Prussian War 5331:Sinai and Palestine 4968:Wilson, T. (1986). 4851:. Pen & Sword. 4806:. Greenwood Press. 4692:. London: Pearson. 4240:Herwig, H. (2009). 4033:. London: Cassell. 3906:, pp. 466–468. 3822:, pp. 105–107. 3798:, pp. 102–104. 3786:, pp. 219–224. 3738:, pp. 277–278. 3726:, pp. 213–214. 3687:, pp. 223–224. 3663:, pp. 166–167. 3624:, pp. 275–276. 3489:, pp. 125–126. 3465:, pp. 102–103. 3414:, pp. 101–102. 3375:, pp. 266–273. 3351:, pp. 400–408. 3291:, pp. 170–202. 3267:, pp. 168–170. 3255:, pp. 375–390. 3243:, pp. 371–374. 3109:Battle of Gheluvelt 3083:Battle of La Bassée 3007:Battle of Gheluvelt 2978:Battle of La Bassée 2808:in active service, 2704: 2621:Ermattungsstrategie 2321:Battle of Gheluvelt 2165:had been appointed 1596:Battle of Charleroi 1513:Ermattungsstrategie 1375:between the German 1143:Associated articles 1001:Associated articles 718:Hartmannswillerkopf 578:Invasion of Belgium 107: / 18:Battle of Gheluvelt 7219:Treaty of Lausanne 7134:Paris Economy Pact 7068:UK against Germany 6998:Entry into the war 6964:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 6683:Ottoman casualties 6493:Franco-Turkish War 6373:Post-War conflicts 6357:Russian Revolution 6339:Invasion of Darfur 6304:Kelantan rebellion 6292:Kurdish rebellions 6268:Mexican Revolution 6108:October Revolution 6073:Kerensky offensive 6048:Capture of Baghdad 6025:Monastir offensive 6010:Brusilov offensive 5848:Battle of Kolubara 5687:Russo-Japanese War 4933:on 25 October 2023 4923:Seton, B. (1915). 4802:Lomas, D. (2004). 4667:Farrar-Hockley, A. 4547:Ashby, J. (2000). 4485:Unruh, K. (1986). 4225:. Cambridge: CUP. 3858:, pp. xi–xii. 3810:, pp. 62, 65. 3525:, pp. 67, 69. 3441:, pp. 98–102. 3339:, pp. 27–100. 3124:Official Historian 3070:Battle of the Yser 3044:official historian 2992:Battle of Messines 2923: 2906:Armeegruppe Fabeck 2898:27,000 casualties, 2890:Fritz von Lossberg 2698: 2592: 2555: 2480:Armeegruppe Fabeck 2431:Armeegruppe Fabeck 2422: 2396:2nd Worcestershire 2378:Armeegruppe Fabeck 2365: 2328:Armeegruppe Fabeck 2298: 2249: 2214:Battle of the Yser 2208:Battle of the Yser 1866: 1772:and Field Marshal 1551:Bergmann Offensive 1480:to little effect. 1370:Battle of the Yser 1356:(BEF) fought from 111:50.8641°N 2.8956°E 7298:Conflicts in 1914 7285: 7284: 7268: 7267: 7252:The Golden Virgin 7246:Mutilated victory 7227: 7226: 7207:Treaty of Trianon 7202:Treaty of Neuilly 7109:Damascus Protocol 6982: 6981: 6942:Armenian genocide 6899:Allied blockades 6871:Belgian refugees 6654: 6653: 6564:Strategic bombing 6540: 6539: 6525:Franco-Syrian War 6499:Greco-Turkish War 6487:Anglo-Turkish War 6470:Polish–Soviet War 6404:German Revolution 6380:Russian Civil War 6363:Finnish Civil War 6196:Battle of Megiddo 6171:Battle of Goychay 6118:Battle of Cambrai 6078:Battle of Mărăști 5993:Battle of Jutland 5973:Erzurum offensive 5828:Siege of Przemyśl 5808:Siege of Tsingtao 5793:Battle of Galicia 5723:Second Balkan War 5711:Italo-Turkish War 5668:Pre-War conflicts 5654: 5653: 5544:Portuguese Empire 5460: 5459: 5422:German New Guinea 5404:Asian and Pacific 4979:978-0-7456-0645-3 4960:978-1-86227-420-4 4915:978-1-84415-103-5 4896:978-1-84603-448-0 4877:978-1-84415-492-0 4858:978-1-84884-046-1 4813:978-0-275-98291-1 4787:978-1-84342-413-0 4740:978-0-19-860696-3 4718:978-0-300-06663-0 4699:978-0-582-50612-1 4680:978-1-85326-698-0 4658:978-1-85532-734-4 4639:978-3-525-35817-7 4599:978-1-84415-216-2 4577:978-0-7190-1737-7 4558:978-1-874622-45-1 4500:978-3-7637-5469-4 4477:978-0-19-926191-8 4398:978-1-84884-113-0 4319:978-1-4087-0355-7 4270:978-0-948130-18-2 4251:978-1-4000-6671-1 4232:978-0-521-04436-3 4168:978-1-870114-00-4 4149:978-0-89839-218-0 4090:978-0-674-01880-8 4061:978-1-84342-489-5 4040:978-0-304-35949-3 4021:978-1-4058-3620-3 3996:, pp. 18–20. 3981:, pp. 16–17. 3537:, pp. 69–71. 3513:, pp. 74–76. 3501:, pp. 73–74. 3231:, pp. 39–65. 3180:, pp. 14–16. 3168:, pp. 13–14. 2767: 2766: 2703: 2084:a month and only 2066:Herbert Kitchener 2052:Barrières fermėes 1920:encounter battles 1830:Fère-en-Tardenois 1645:territorials and 1636:Siege of Maubeuge 1617:river, where the 1400:Brigadier-General 1322:22 November 1914) 1286: 1285: 1167: 1166: 1025: 1024: 851:Nivelle offensive 625:Trouée de Charmes 523: 522: 500:Ypres, a Belgian 134: 133: 16:(Redirected from 7370: 7212:Treaty of Sèvres 7104:Treaty of London 6995: 6994: 6773:Northeast France 6704: 6703: 6676:Parliamentarians 6609: 6608: 6571:Chemical weapons 6549: 6548: 6310:Senussi campaign 6280:Muscat rebellion 6274:Maritz rebellion 6191:Vardar offensive 6020:Battle of Romani 5988:Battle of Asiago 5978:Battle of Verdun 5942:Kosovo offensive 5717:First Balkan War 5665: 5664: 5564:Russian Republic 5473: 5472: 5267: 5266: 5209:Economic history 5176: 5169: 5162: 5153: 5152: 5101: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5032:(464): 699–722. 5009: 5007: 5005: 4983: 4964: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4919: 4900: 4881: 4862: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4817: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4744: 4722: 4711:. London: Yale. 4703: 4684: 4671:Death of an Army 4662: 4643: 4620: 4603: 4581: 4562: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4504: 4481: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4453:on 2 August 2016 4449:. Archived from 4432: 4430: 4428: 4402: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4366: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4323: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4274: 4255: 4236: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4207: 4201:. Archived from 4192: 4172: 4153: 4134: 4114: 4094: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4051:Naval Operations 4044: 4025: 3997: 3991: 3982: 3976: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3415: 3409: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3147: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3113: 3106: 3105:(21–24 October), 3102: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3049: 3046:, used dates of 3032: 3026: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3004: 3003:(21–24 October), 3000: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2970: 2951: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2849:casualties were 2848: 2844: 2828: 2822: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2778: 2774: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2685: 2684:24- and 30-round 2660: 2645: 2623: 2616: 2610: 2601: 2565: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2514: 2511:battalions with 2510: 2506: 2502: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2380: 2370: 2352: 2340: 2330: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2202: 2193:210 mm howitzers 2174: 2170: 2105: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2075: 2054: 2048: 2018: 2012: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1912:Siege of Antwerp 1888: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1743: 1723: 1720:on the night of 1688: 1684: 1683:32,692 prisoners 1651: 1648: 1644: 1608: 1589: 1544: 1515: 1501: 1479: 1462: 1397: 1396:(29–31 October), 1374: 1373:(16–31 October), 1328:, fought on the 1323: 1319: 1308: 1206: 1204: 1194: 1187: 1180: 1171: 1170: 1064: 1062: 1052: 1045: 1038: 1029: 1028: 964:St Quentin Canal 559: 549: 542: 535: 526: 525: 484: 483: 477: 449: 448: 433: 432: 423: 422: 413: 412: 393: 392: 380:Total: 4,400,000 375: 374: 366: 363: 360: 359: 350: 349: 325: 324: 313: 312: 301: 300: 289: 288: 277: 276: 259: 258: 247: 246: 235: 234: 223: 222: 204: 200: 198: 197: 186: 182: 180: 179: 168: 167: 159: 155: 153: 152: 122: 121: 119: 118: 117: 112: 108: 105: 104: 103: 100: 73: 72: 65: 41: 40: 21: 7378: 7377: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7333:1914 in Belgium 7288: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7264: 7223: 7155: 7148: 7119:Treaty of Darin 7087: 7049: 7005:Austria-Hungary 6991: 6978: 6959:Rape of Belgium 6886: 6858: 6806: 6800:Western Armenia 6795:Eastern Galicia 6728: 6702: 6666: 6665:Civilian impact 6664: 6650: 6607: 6536: 6368: 6298:Ovambo Uprising 6250: 6132: 6034: 5961: 5879:Battle of Łomża 5862: 5858:Christmas truce 5833:Race to the Sea 5766: 5728: 5650: 5621:Austria-Hungary 5597: 5532:Empire of Japan 5469: 5467: 5456: 5440:U-boat campaign 5426: 5398: 5360: 5312: 5258: 5239:Popular culture 5185: 5180: 5119:Wayback Machine 5097: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5082: 5073: 5071: 5063: 5050: 5048: 5016: 5003: 5001: 4980: 4961: 4936: 4934: 4916: 4897: 4889:. Men at Arms. 4878: 4859: 4837: 4835: 4814: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4764: 4762: 4741: 4719: 4700: 4681: 4659: 4640: 4600: 4578: 4559: 4537: 4535: 4521: 4518: 4512: 4510:Further reading 4507: 4501: 4478: 4456: 4454: 4426: 4424: 4399: 4377: 4375: 4364: 4343: 4341: 4320: 4298: 4296: 4271: 4252: 4233: 4211: 4209: 4208:on 3 March 2016 4205: 4190: 4169: 4150: 4091: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4041: 4022: 4005: 4000: 3992: 3985: 3977: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3868:War Office 1922 3866: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3635: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3549:, p. viii. 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3477:, pp. 4–5. 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3418: 3410: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3196: 3192:, pp. 1–3. 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3150: 3134: 3130: 3112:(29–31 October) 3111: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3047: 3036:Race to the Sea 3033: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3010:(29–31 October) 3009: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2980: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2949: 2929: 2915: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2843:10,145 wounded. 2842: 2835: 2826:Ersatzreservist 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2795: 2791: 2788:40,761 students 2787: 2776: 2700: 2696: 2683: 2680:Hotchkiss M1914 2676:Hotchkiss M1909 2661: 2658: 2630: 2608: 2600:(16–31 October) 2599: 2590: 2582: 2577: 2564:15–22 November, 2563: 2553: 2545: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2420: 2404: 2368: 2363: 2350: 2323: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2247: 2239: 2234: 2221:Félix Wielemans 2216: 2210: 2200: 2172: 2159: 2153: 2121:Shrapnel shells 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2062: 2041:Aire-sur-la-Lys 1944: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1864: 1856: 1854:Race to the Sea 1850: 1848:Race to the Sea 1832:and arrived at 1793: 1789: 1781: 1766: 1741: 1722:19/20 September 1721: 1700:(RNAS) flew to 1686: 1682: 1649: 1642: 1638: 1632: 1627: 1607:(29–30 August), 1606: 1587: 1577: 1571: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1477: 1395: 1372: 1366:Race to the Sea 1352:armies and the 1326:First World War 1321: 1317: 1304: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1207: 1203:Race to the Sea 1202: 1200: 1198: 1168: 1163: 1149:Rape of Belgium 1140: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1026: 1021: 998: 802:Vimy Ridge 1916 679:Race to the Sea 647:1st St. Quentin 569: 560: 555: 553: 519: 518: 517: 516: 515: 504:located in the 498: 492: 491: 490: 489: 485: 459: 443: 437: 427: 417: 407: 387: 384: 369: 364: 354: 344: 331: 319: 307: 295: 283: 271: 265: 253: 241: 229: 217: 195: 193: 189: 177: 175: 162: 150: 148: 116:50.8641; 2.8956 115: 113: 109: 106: 101: 98: 96: 94: 93: 92: 66: 55:First World War 35: 32:Battle of Ypres 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7376: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7338:1914 in France 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7273: 7270: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7262: 7255: 7248: 7243: 7235: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7184: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7164: 7158: 7156: 7154:Peace treaties 7153: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7059: 7057: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7042: 7040:United Kingdom 7037: 7032: 7030:Ottoman Empire 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7001: 6999: 6992: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6934: 6932:Sack of Dinant 6929: 6924: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6896: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6880:United Kingdom 6877: 6868: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6840: 6834:POW locations 6832: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6816: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6789: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6742: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6710: 6708: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6685: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6669: 6667: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6634:United Kingdom 6631: 6629:Ottoman Empire 6626: 6621: 6615: 6613: 6606: 6605: 6603:Trench warfare 6600: 6599: 6598: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6555: 6553: 6546: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6319: 6316:Volta-Bani War 6313: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6161:Zeebrugge Raid 6158: 6153: 6148: 6142: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6044: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6006: 6005: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5952:Battle of Loos 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5843:Black Sea raid 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5745:Historiography 5736: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5699:Bosnian Crisis 5696: 5693:Tangier Crisis 5690: 5684: 5678: 5671: 5669: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5626:Ottoman Empire 5623: 5618: 5613: 5607: 5605: 5603:Central Powers 5599: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5586:British Empire 5581:United Kingdom 5578: 5573: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5559:Russian Empire 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5481: 5479: 5477:Entente Powers 5470: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5445:North Atlantic 5436: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5408: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5370: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5356:Central Arabia 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5322: 5320: 5318:Middle Eastern 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5293: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5275: 5273: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5219:Historiography 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5179: 5178: 5171: 5164: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5099:Belgium portal 5086: 5085:External links 5083: 5081: 5080: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5057: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5010: 4984: 4978: 4965: 4959: 4943: 4920: 4914: 4901: 4895: 4882: 4876: 4863: 4857: 4844: 4818: 4812: 4799: 4786: 4771: 4745: 4739: 4723: 4717: 4704: 4698: 4685: 4679: 4663: 4657: 4644: 4638: 4621: 4604: 4598: 4582: 4576: 4563: 4557: 4544: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4499: 4482: 4476: 4463: 4433: 4403: 4397: 4384: 4350: 4324: 4318: 4305: 4275: 4269: 4256: 4250: 4237: 4231: 4218: 4173: 4167: 4154: 4148: 4135: 4119:Edmonds, J. E. 4115: 4099:Edmonds, J. E. 4095: 4089: 4077:Doughty, R. A. 4073: 4060: 4045: 4039: 4026: 4020: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3998: 3983: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3942:, p. 264. 3932: 3930:, p. xiv. 3920: 3918:, p. 176. 3908: 3896: 3884: 3872: 3870:, p. 253. 3860: 3848: 3836: 3824: 3812: 3800: 3788: 3776: 3764: 3762:, p. 448. 3752: 3750:, p. 278. 3740: 3728: 3713: 3701: 3689: 3677: 3675:, p. 202. 3665: 3653: 3651:, p. 276. 3641: 3626: 3614: 3602: 3600:, p. 102. 3587: 3585:, p. 127. 3575: 3573:, p. 143. 3563: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3515: 3503: 3491: 3479: 3467: 3455: 3443: 3431: 3416: 3401: 3389: 3377: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3329: 3327:, p. 101. 3317: 3315:, p. 408. 3305: 3293: 3281: 3279:, p. 405. 3269: 3257: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3219:, p. 255. 3209: 3194: 3182: 3170: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3128: 3122:, the British 3074: 3066:10–21 October. 3027: 3018: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2941:Spanbroekmolen 2925:Main article: 2914: 2911: 2879:54,000 British 2875:134,315 German 2871:55,395 British 2867:21,562 Belgian 2855:134,315 German 2847:58,155, French 2834: 2831: 2814:970 volunteers 2765: 2764: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2699:BEF casualties 2695: 2688: 2656: 2629: 2626: 2588: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2551: 2544: 2541: 2535:by September, 2505:2,000 reserves 2446:and men each, 2444:1,000 officers 2417:William Wollen 2410: 2403: 2400: 2361: 2333:Max von Fabeck 2322: 2319: 2245: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2212:Main article: 2209: 2206: 2155:Main article: 2152: 2149: 2125:high explosive 2068:, the British 2061: 2058: 1978:(Wijtschate), 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1862: 1852:Main article: 1849: 1846: 1802:Gennes-Ivergny 1794:13/14 October. 1765: 1762: 1679:Siege of Namur 1634:Main article: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1600:Battle of Mons 1573:Main article: 1570: 1567: 1563:Battle of Łódź 1534:Main article: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1455:, head of the 1284: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1276:Nonne Bosschen 1273: 1268: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1241:La Bassée 1238: 1233: 1231:Bois-le-Prêtre 1228: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1197: 1196: 1189: 1182: 1174: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1134:Nonne Bosschen 1131: 1126: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1055: 1054: 1047: 1040: 1032: 1023: 1022: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1009: 997: 996: 994:Lys and Escaut 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 935: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 896: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 874: 873: 868: 863: 858: 848: 841: 830: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 763: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 741: 740: 730: 725: 723:Neuve Chapelle 720: 715: 704: 703: 698: 696:Winter actions 693: 692: 691: 686: 676: 671: 666: 661: 659:Grand Couronné 656: 651: 650: 649: 644: 639: 629: 628: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 597: 596: 595: 590: 585: 575: 565: 562: 561: 552: 551: 544: 537: 529: 521: 520: 499: 494: 493: 487: 486: 479: 478: 472: 471: 470: 469: 466: 465: 461: 460: 458: 457: 455: 453: 451: 440: 438: 436: 435: 425: 415: 404: 401: 400: 396: 395: 385: 383: 382: 377: 367: 365: 247,000 352: 341: 338: 337: 333: 332: 330: 329: 317: 315:Max von Fabeck 305: 293: 281: 268: 266: 264: 263: 251: 239: 237:Ferdinand Foch 227: 214: 211: 210: 206: 205: 190: 188: 187: 184:United Kingdom 172: 160: 144: 141: 140: 136: 135: 132: 131: 128: 124: 123: 87: 85: 81: 80: 77: 69: 68: 58: 57: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7375: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7353:Ypres Salient 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7271: 7261: 7260: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7220: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7046: 7045:United States 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6985: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6662: 6657: 6647: 6646:United States 6644: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6596:Convoy system 6594: 6593: 6592: 6591:Naval warfare 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6351:Kaocen revolt 6349: 6346: 6345:Easter Rising 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5917:Great Retreat 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5788:Battle of Cer 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5705:Agadir Crisis 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5593:United States 5591: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5510:French Empire 5508: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5463: 5453: 5452:Mediterranean 5450: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5432:Naval warfare 5429: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5308:Italian Front 5306: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5296:Eastern Front 5294: 5292: 5291:Western Front 5289: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5249:Puppet states 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5170: 5165: 5163: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5148: 5146: 5145:Der Weltkrieg 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5089: 5070: 5065: 5064: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5017: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4947:Sheffield, G. 4944: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4772: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4519: 4502: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4410: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4374: 4370: 4365:(online scan) 4362: 4358: 4357: 4351: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4063: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4007: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3917: 3912: 3905: 3900: 3894:, p. 65. 3893: 3888: 3881: 3876: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3846:, p. xi. 3845: 3840: 3834:, p. 94. 3833: 3828: 3821: 3816: 3809: 3808:Philpott 2014 3804: 3797: 3792: 3785: 3780: 3773: 3768: 3761: 3756: 3749: 3748:Strachan 2001 3744: 3737: 3736:Strachan 2001 3732: 3725: 3720: 3718: 3710: 3705: 3698: 3693: 3686: 3681: 3674: 3669: 3662: 3657: 3650: 3649:Strachan 2001 3645: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3623: 3622:Strachan 2001 3618: 3612:, p. 79. 3611: 3606: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3584: 3579: 3572: 3567: 3561:, p. 71. 3560: 3559:Farndale 1986 3555: 3548: 3543: 3536: 3535:Farndale 1986 3531: 3524: 3523:Farndale 1986 3519: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3464: 3459: 3452: 3447: 3440: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3421: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3399:, p. 98. 3398: 3393: 3387:, p. 59. 3386: 3381: 3374: 3373:Strachan 2001 3369: 3363:, p. 14. 3362: 3357: 3350: 3345: 3338: 3333: 3326: 3321: 3314: 3309: 3302: 3297: 3290: 3285: 3278: 3273: 3266: 3261: 3254: 3249: 3242: 3237: 3230: 3225: 3218: 3213: 3206: 3205:Strachan 2001 3201: 3199: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3174: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3125: 3121: 3120:James Edmonds 3117: 3110: 3091: 3084: 3078: 3071: 3058: 3057:Der Weltkrieg 3045: 3041: 3040:James Edmonds 3037: 3031: 3022: 3015: 3008: 2993: 2986: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2950:42 prisoners. 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2907: 2901:17,250 losses 2891: 2840: 2839:James Edmonds 2830: 2827: 2821: 2803: 2802: 2784: 2783: 2773: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2665: 2655: 2651: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2625: 2622: 2615: 2604: 2597: 2586: 2572: 2570: 2561: 2549: 2540: 2518: 2498: 2494: 2493:26th Division 2490: 2484: 2481: 2456:18 battalions 2432: 2427: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388:30th Division 2385: 2379: 2374: 2373:18th Division 2359: 2355: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2290: 2259: 2255: 2243: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2205: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2169: 2164: 2158: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2098: 2082:10,000 shells 2079: 2071: 2067: 2057: 2053: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2011: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1984:Passchendaele 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972:Mont des Cats 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1934: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1876: 1871: 1860: 1855: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1786: 1779: 1778:Channel Ports 1775: 1771: 1770:Joseph Joffre 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1714:Royal Marines 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1685:and captured 1680: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1643:30,000 French 1637: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1575:Great Retreat 1569:Great Retreat 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1537: 1536:Eastern Front 1530:Eastern Front 1517: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1460: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1438:Field Marshal 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1419:Cavalry Corps 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403:James Edmonds 1401: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1360:in France to 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338:West Flanders 1335: 1331: 1330:Western Front 1327: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1205: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1002: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 969:Meuse-Argonne 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 912: 908: 907: 906: 903: 902: 901: 900: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 883:Passchendaele 881: 879: 876: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 853: 852: 849: 847: 846: 842: 840: 837: 836: 835: 834: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 769: 768: 767: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 745:2nd Champagne 743: 739: 736: 735: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 713:1st Champagne 711: 710: 709: 708: 702: 699: 697: 694: 690: 687: 685: 682: 681: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 633: 632:Great Retreat 630: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 602: 601: 598: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 580: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 568: 563: 558: 557:Western Front 550: 545: 543: 538: 536: 531: 530: 527: 514: 513:West Flanders 510: 507: 503: 497: 476: 467: 462: 456: 454: 452: 447: 442: 441: 439: 431: 426: 421: 416: 414:50,000–85,000 411: 406: 405: 403: 402: 397: 391: 386: 381: 378: 373: 368: 358: 353: 348: 343: 342: 340: 339: 334: 328: 323: 318: 316: 311: 306: 304: 299: 294: 292: 287: 282: 280: 275: 270: 269: 267: 262: 257: 252: 250: 245: 240: 238: 233: 228: 226: 225:Joseph Joffre 221: 216: 215: 213: 212: 207: 203: 191: 185: 173: 171: 166: 161: 158: 146: 145: 143: 142: 137: 129: 126: 125: 120: 90: 86: 83: 82: 78: 75: 74: 70: 64: 59: 56: 52: 51:Western Front 47: 42: 37: 33: 19: 7257: 7250: 7238: 6845: / 6777: 6612:Conscription 6576:Cryptography 6513:Iraqi Revolt 5947:Siege of Kut 5890: 5837: 5468:participants 5417:German Samoa 5351:South Arabia 5144: 5072:. Retrieved 5051:11 September 5049:. Retrieved 5029: 5025: 5002:. Retrieved 4989: 4969: 4950: 4935:. Retrieved 4931:the original 4925: 4905: 4886: 4867: 4848: 4836:. Retrieved 4823: 4803: 4791:. Retrieved 4776: 4763:. Retrieved 4750: 4730: 4708: 4689: 4670: 4648: 4629: 4625: 4608: 4589: 4567: 4548: 4536:. Retrieved 4523: 4490: 4486: 4467: 4455:. Retrieved 4451:the original 4437: 4425:. Retrieved 4408: 4388: 4376:. Retrieved 4360: 4355: 4342:. Retrieved 4329: 4309: 4297:. Retrieved 4285: 4280: 4260: 4241: 4222: 4210:. Retrieved 4203:the original 4186: 4181: 4158: 4139: 4122: 4102: 4080: 4065:. Retrieved 4050: 4030: 4011: 3966:, p. 4. 3959: 3954:, p. 6. 3947: 3940:Sheldon 2010 3935: 3928:Sheldon 2010 3923: 3916:Beckett 2006 3911: 3904:Edmonds 1925 3899: 3887: 3880:Sheldon 2010 3875: 3863: 3856:Sheldon 2010 3851: 3844:Sheldon 2010 3839: 3832:Schwink 1919 3827: 3815: 3803: 3791: 3784:Beckett 2006 3779: 3772:Edmonds 1925 3767: 3760:Edmonds 1925 3755: 3743: 3731: 3724:Beckett 2006 3709:Edmonds 1925 3704: 3697:Edmonds 1925 3692: 3685:Sheldon 2010 3680: 3673:Edmonds 1925 3668: 3661:Edmonds 1925 3656: 3644: 3637:Edmonds 1925 3617: 3610:Sheldon 2010 3605: 3583:Edmonds 1925 3578: 3566: 3554: 3547:Sheldon 2010 3542: 3530: 3518: 3511:Edmonds 1925 3506: 3499:Edmonds 1925 3494: 3487:Edmonds 1925 3482: 3470: 3463:Doughty 2005 3458: 3451:Edmonds 1925 3446: 3439:Doughty 2005 3434: 3429:, p. x. 3427:Sheldon 2010 3397:Doughty 2005 3392: 3385:Clayton 2003 3380: 3368: 3356: 3349:Edmonds 1926 3344: 3337:Edmonds 1925 3332: 3320: 3313:Edmonds 1926 3308: 3301:Edmonds 1926 3296: 3289:Corbett 2009 3284: 3277:Edmonds 1925 3272: 3265:Corbett 2009 3260: 3253:Raleigh 1969 3248: 3241:Raleigh 1969 3236: 3229:Edmonds 1925 3224: 3212: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3143:Heeresgruppe 3131: 3077: 3042:the British 3035: 3030: 3021: 2968: 2954: 2945:5th Division 2937:3rd Division 2934: 2930: 2881:casualties, 2869:casualties, 2865:casualties, 2836: 2819: 2799: 2781: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2638:false notion 2637: 2631: 2609:34 divisions 2605: 2593: 2560:8th Division 2556: 2517:4th Division 2489:3rd Division 2485: 2423: 2366: 2324: 2311:Polygon Wood 2307:2nd Division 2303:1st Division 2299: 2258:Douglas Haig 2250: 2217: 2190: 2160: 2137: 2134: 2116:4th Division 2099: 2064:In October, 2063: 2001: 1945: 1895: 1873: 1867: 1787: 1782:1/2 October, 1767: 1758:Dover Patrol 1746:7th Division 1742:4/5 October. 1695: 1670:Valenciennes 1641:garrison of 1639: 1578: 1548: 1539: 1493:machine guns 1482: 1478:70 per cent, 1435: 1381: 1292: 1290: 1260: 1142: 1141: 1118: 1071: 1000: 999: 959:Saint-Mihiel 927:Belleau Wood 910: 898: 897: 888:La Malmaison 844: 832: 831: 797:Kink Salient 765: 764: 760:Gas: Wieltje 706: 705: 688: 566: 502:municipality 379: 139:Belligerents 49:Part of the 36: 6875:Netherlands 6852:Switzerland 6733:Occupations 6724:Spanish flu 6501:(1919–1922) 6495:(1918–1921) 6489:(1918–1923) 6478:(1919–1921) 6472:(1919–1921) 6466:(1919–1920) 6442:(1918–1920) 6436:(1918–1920) 6430:(1918–1920) 6412:(1918–1920) 6394:(1918–1920) 6388:(1917–1921) 6382:(1917–1921) 6329:(1916-1918) 6327:Arab Revolt 6318:(1915–1917) 6312:(1915–1917) 6300:(1914-1917) 6294:(1914–1917) 6288:(1914–1921) 6282:(1913–1920) 6270:(1910–1920) 6264:(1900–1920) 5762:July Crisis 5683:(1880–1914) 5346:Mesopotamia 5224:Home fronts 5183:World War I 4586:Bidwell, S. 3217:Herwig 2009 3137:Armeegruppe 2873:losses and 2810:299 members 2796:30 per cent 2792:30 per cent 2777:75 per cent 2596:Eighth Army 2537:265,000 men 2533:385,000 men 2513:17,500 men. 2458:were under 2450:fewer than 2440:84 infantry 2369:600 British 2338:Armeegruppe 2197:100 mm guns 2180:(Roulers), 2144:75 mm field 2139:Pickelhaube 2074:24-division 2025:Armentières 1879:), General 1790:3/4 October 1774:John French 1712:and Ypres. 1557:proclaimed 1469:Mont Kemmel 1446:Eighth Army 1442:John French 1409:, that the 1388:Armentières 1246:Armentières 1216:1st Picardy 979:2nd Cambrai 817:Boar's Head 807:Mont Sorrel 261:John French 114: / 7292:Categories 7092:Agreements 6892:War crimes 6768:Luxembourg 6661:Casualties 5539:Montenegro 5374:South West 5254:Technology 5244:Propaganda 5234:Opposition 4727:Holmes, R. 4651:. Osprey. 4551:. Helion. 4003:References 3952:James 1990 3892:Unruh 1986 3820:Foley 2007 3796:Foley 2007 3598:Foley 2007 3475:James 1990 3412:Foley 2007 3325:Foley 2007 3190:James 1990 2894:62,000 men 2851:86,237 men 2833:Casualties 2772:Kindermord 2692:Kindermord 2634:mad minute 2628:Mad minute 2529:(54,105 at 2522:80,000 men 2497:Zwarteleen 2436:17,250 men 2392:Zandvoorde 2254:Langemarck 2173:80,000 men 2090:60-pounder 2086:100 shells 2078:War Office 1994:and upper 1976:Wytschaete 1838:Hazebrouck 1834:Saint-Omer 1752:landed at 1716:landed at 1592:Fifth Army 1520:Background 1463:(OHL, the 1362:Nieuwpoort 1318:19 October 1266:Langemarck 1124:Langemarck 1107:Buggenhout 792:Wulverghem 755:3rd Artois 733:2nd Artois 701:1st Artois 130:Indecisive 99:50°51′51″N 6989:Diplomacy 6696:Olympians 6619:Australia 6586:Logistics 6519:Vlora War 6448:(1918–19) 6424:(1918–19) 6418:(1918–19) 6406:(1918–19) 6353:(1916–17) 6335:(1916–17) 6286:Zaian War 6276:(1914–15) 6003:first day 5891:Lusitania 5719:(1912–13) 5713:(1911–12) 5701:(1908–09) 5695:(1905–06) 5677:(1870–71) 5466:Principal 5326:Gallipoli 5229:Memorials 5214:Geography 5204:Aftermath 5046:0035-9289 4999:800898772 4833:752897173 4760:865491406 4669:(1998) . 4617:792870994 4447:610661991 4339:785856329 4294:838299944 4111:220044986 3571:Foch 1931 3154:Footnotes 2724:September 2575:Aftermath 2509:25 German 2501:7,800 men 2454:of which 2434:had lost 2426:Becelaere 2351:250 heavy 2347:Poperinge 2331:(General 2178:Roeselare 2094:101 heavy 2021:Tourcoing 2005:La Bassée 1980:Gheluvelt 1962:, Lille, 1908:Diksmuide 1810:Le Boisle 1806:Gueschart 1798:Abbeville 1754:Zeebrugge 1687:450 guns. 1508:attrition 1489:artillery 1415:III Corps 1384:La Bassée 1306:‹See Tfd› 1271:Gheluvelt 1261:1st Ypres 1129:Gheluvelt 1119:1st Ypres 974:5th Ypres 954:2nd Somme 932:2nd Marne 922:3rd Aisne 871:The Hills 866:2nd Aisne 827:Fromelles 822:1st Somme 772:The Bluff 738:Hébuterne 728:2nd Ypres 689:1st Ypres 669:1st Aisne 664:1st Marne 637:Le Cateau 615:Charleroi 600:Frontiers 394:5,400,000 351:3,989,103 102:2°53′44″E 91:, Belgium 7277:Category 6864:Refugees 6830:Italians 6819:Germans 6779:Ober Ost 6559:Aviation 5660:Timeline 5631:Bulgaria 5412:Tsingtao 5389:Togoland 5336:Caucasus 5271:European 5263:Theatres 5115:Archived 5061:Websites 5014:Journals 4729:(2001). 4422:17673086 4199:86058356 4179:(1931). 4177:Foch, F. 4131:58962523 4121:(1926). 4101:(1925). 4079:(2005). 3114:and the 3012:and the 2820:Landwehr 2801:Landwehr 2748:December 2740:November 2657:— 2580:Analysis 2569:Albrecht 2507:against 2452:300 men, 2386:and the 2305:and the 2182:Thourout 2130:4th Army 2108:barrages 1968:Courtrai 1891:misnomer 1842:Bailleul 1748:and the 1666:Brussels 1630:Flanders 1473:Flanders 1431:Messines 1423:6th Army 1417:and the 1411:II Corps 1377:4th Army 1251:Messines 984:Courtrai 939:Soissons 878:Messines 845:Alberich 654:Maubeuge 610:Ardennes 605:Lorraine 573:Moresnet 509:province 336:Strength 249:Albert I 84:Location 7015:Germany 6915:Germany 6843:Germany 6763:Belgium 6748:Albania 6707:Disease 6687:Sports 6639:Ireland 6552:Warfare 6545:Aspects 5740:Origins 5733:Prelude 5636:Senussi 5616:Germany 5611:Leaders 5549:Romania 5490:Belgium 5485:Leaders 5384:Kamerun 5366:African 5301:Romania 5279:Balkans 5194:Outline 5074:5 March 5004:5 March 4937:5 March 4838:5 March 4793:5 March 4765:5 March 4538:5 March 4533:8651831 4457:5 March 4427:5 March 4378:29 June 4373:3288637 4344:5 March 4299:5 March 4212:5 March 4067:5 March 2853:and of 2806:166 men 2751:11,079 2743:24,785 2735:30,192 2732:October 2727:15,189 2719:14,409 2659:Sheldon 2526:89,964; 2472:⁄ 2460:100 men 2315:Torhout 2283:⁄ 2269:⁄ 2112:Méteren 2060:Tactics 2033:Halluin 2029:Comines 1996:Scheldt 1964:Roubaix 1942:Terrain 1937:Prelude 1814:Béthune 1734:Antwerp 1718:Dunkirk 1674:Cambrai 1654:Cologne 1594:at the 1450:General 1350:Belgian 1332:around 1097:Antwerp 1072:Battles 949:Ailette 917:The Lys 911:Michael 893:Cambrai 787:Hulluch 782:St Eloi 674:Antwerp 506:Flemish 376:163,897 202:Germany 170:Belgium 53:of the 7035:Russia 7010:France 6838:Canada 6753:Serbia 6624:Canada 6581:Horses 6533:(1921) 6527:(1920) 6521:(1920) 6515:(1920) 6507:(1920) 6460:(1919) 6454:(1919) 6400:(1918) 6365:(1918) 6359:(1917) 6347:(1916) 6341:(1916) 6306:(1915) 5725:(1913) 5707:(1911) 5689:(1905) 5646:Darfur 5571:Serbia 5554:Russia 5517:Greece 5505:France 5495:Brazil 5341:Persia 5284:Serbia 5044: 4997: 4976: 4957: 4912: 4893: 4874: 4855: 4831: 4810: 4784: 4758: 4737: 4715: 4696: 4677: 4655: 4636: 4615: 4596: 4574: 4555: 4531: 4497: 4474: 4445: 4420: 4395: 4371: 4363:] 4337: 4316: 4292: 4267: 4248: 4229: 4197: 4189:] 4165: 4146: 4129: 4109: 4087: 4058: 4037: 4018: 2859:46,765 2818:1,499 2762:95,654 2716:August 2708:Month 2669:range. 2448:75 had 2343:Werviq 2232:Battle 2225:sluice 2186:Gistel 2114:, the 2103:rafale 2016:corons 2010:fosses 1952:Calais 1903:sortie 1822:Hesdin 1816:. The 1730:Cassel 1706:Bruges 1702:Ostend 1555:Sultan 1504:Russia 1392:Allied 1346:French 1342:German 1310:German 1297:French 1226:Albert 1221:Flirey 1087:Dinant 1077:Haelen 989:Sambre 944:Amiens 812:Verdun 642:Étreux 588:Dinant 450:80,000 434:21,562 424:58,155 199: 181: 157:France 154: 127:Result 7348:Ypres 7232:Other 7025:Japan 7020:Italy 6847:camps 6691:Rugby 5527:Japan 5522:Italy 5500:China 5394:North 4628:[ 4516:Books 4489:[ 4359:[ 4284:[ 4206:(PDF) 4191:(PDF) 4185:[ 2960:Notes 2757:Total 2151:Plans 2037:Menin 1956:Douai 1948:Arras 1877:, OHL 1726:Lille 1710:Ghent 1691:Jäger 1662:Liège 1658:Trier 1615:Aisne 1581:Marne 1559:Jihad 1358:Arras 1336:, in 1334:Ypres 1236:Arras 1092:Namur 1082:Liège 856:Arras 839:Ancre 593:Namur 583:Liège 488:Ypres 89:Ypres 6812:POWs 6138:1918 6040:1917 5966:1916 5867:1915 5771:1914 5576:Siam 5379:East 5076:2015 5053:2019 5042:ISSN 5006:2015 4995:OCLC 4974:ISBN 4955:ISBN 4939:2015 4910:ISBN 4891:ISBN 4872:ISBN 4853:ISBN 4840:2015 4829:OCLC 4808:ISBN 4795:2015 4782:ISBN 4767:2015 4756:OCLC 4735:ISBN 4713:ISBN 4694:ISBN 4675:ISBN 4653:ISBN 4634:ISBN 4613:OCLC 4594:ISBN 4572:ISBN 4553:ISBN 4540:2015 4529:OCLC 4495:ISBN 4472:ISBN 4459:2015 4443:OCLC 4429:2015 4418:OCLC 4414:HMSO 4393:ISBN 4380:2015 4369:OCLC 4346:2015 4335:OCLC 4314:ISBN 4301:2015 4290:OCLC 4265:ISBN 4246:ISBN 4227:ISBN 4214:2015 4195:OCLC 4163:ISBN 4144:ISBN 4127:OCLC 4107:OCLC 4085:ISBN 4069:2015 4056:ISBN 4035:ISBN 4016:ISBN 3107:the 3088:the 3050:and 3005:the 2711:No. 2678:and 2503:and 2491:and 2184:and 2163:Foch 2046:pavé 2035:and 1992:Yser 1982:and 1966:and 1960:Lens 1950:and 1901:and 1672:and 1491:and 1440:Sir 1386:and 1291:The 1256:Yser 1114:Yser 1102:Nete 899:1918 861:Vimy 833:1917 766:1916 750:Loos 707:1915 684:Yser 620:Mons 567:1914 76:Date 5034:doi 1988:Lys 1764:BEF 1660:to 1427:Lys 511:of 7294:: 5040:. 5030:66 5028:. 5024:. 4416:. 3986:^ 3971:^ 3716:^ 3629:^ 3590:^ 3419:^ 3404:^ 3197:^ 2883:c. 2465:12 2031:, 2027:, 1990:, 1808:, 1804:, 1708:, 1693:. 1668:, 1664:, 1647:c. 1348:, 1344:, 1320:– 1316:, 1312:: 1303:, 1299:: 362:c. 6663:/ 5175:e 5168:t 5161:v 5078:. 5055:. 5036:: 4982:. 4963:. 4941:. 4918:. 4899:. 4880:. 4861:. 4816:. 4743:. 4721:. 4702:. 4683:. 4661:. 4642:. 4619:. 4602:. 4580:. 4561:. 4542:. 4503:. 4480:. 4461:. 4431:. 4401:. 4382:. 4348:. 4322:. 4273:. 4254:. 4235:. 4216:. 4171:. 4152:. 4133:. 4113:. 4093:. 4071:. 4043:. 4024:. 3146:. 3072:. 2618:( 2474:2 2470:1 2467:+ 2419:) 2285:3 2281:1 2278:+ 2276:7 2271:2 2267:1 2264:+ 2262:5 1872:( 1510:( 1295:( 1193:e 1186:t 1179:v 1051:e 1044:t 1037:v 548:e 541:t 534:v 34:. 20:)

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Knowledge

First Battle of Ypres

Index