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survived, but under French direction. France was granted the privilege of stationing a resident-general at Huế, who would work to the civil commissioner-general in Tonkin and could require a personal audience with the
Vietnamese king (a concession that the Vietnamese had never before been prepared to make). To ensure there were no second thoughts, a permanent French garrison would occupy the Thuận An forts. Large swathes of territory were also transferred from Annam to Cochinchina and Tonkin. The French cancelled the country's debts, but required in return the cession of the southern province of
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and he may also have considered that the previous day's bombardment had not done enough damage. At dawn the French resumed their bombardment. To their surprise the
Vietnamese replied with a well-aimed salvo of shells which whistled overhead and fell in the sea close around the French ships. They had taken advantage of the darkness to bring up rifled guns with a longer range. Although the French naval division was soon able to silence these guns, they scored a number of minor hits.
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strike against the
Vietnamese defences of Huế, followed by an ultimatum requiring the Vietnamese to accept a French protectorate over Tonkin or face immediate attack. Jules Ferry's government was initially reluctant to sanction an attack on Huế, fearing that it might provoke a response from China, but the French minister to China, Arthur Tricou, convinced the French government that China would acquiesce in a French 'act of virility'.
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1093:(You have fought valiantly. You have shown once again what France can expect from your patriotism. The king of Annam has asked for an armistice, and the civil commissioner-general has gone to Huế to negotiate. In a few days you have given a new prestige to the name of France in the Far East. Here are the first fruits of your victories. All France will applaud them!)
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on 28 September and 13 and 17 October 1883. Viaud's brutally realistic description of the fighting at Thuận An, his account of French atrocities (the bayoneting of wounded
Vietnamese soldiers by French marine infantrymen after the battle) and the obvious pleasure the soldiers took in the slaughter of
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Orders were given for a landing at dawn on 19 August. The men turned in early, and when the drums beat to quarters at 4 a.m. the officers and sailors of the landing companies prepared to man the boats. But shortly before dawn
Courbet changed his mind and cancelled the landing. The sea was very rough,
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added the weight of their own fire to the contest. The French had the better of this artillery duel. The fire from the fort slackened. On the morning of 21 August the division's launches landed a strong French column on the beach opposite the
Southern Fort, ready to attack it if necessary. But there
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Poidloue, and captured a battery of cannon commanding a stretch of the river. This feat enabled
Parrayon to attack the village and the Northern Fort, which he carried without firing a shot. Meanwhile, the French had, with some difficulty, landed the 65-millimetre guns of Luce's battery on the dunes,
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The landing force included the 27th and 31st
Companies, 1st Marine Infantry Regiment (Captains Moniot and Sorin) and the 22nd Marine Artillery Battery (Captain Luce). The detachment of Cochinchinese riflemen was commanded by Lieutenant Vincentelli. The marine infantry were under the overall command
1041:
The French capture of the Thuận An forts, which exposed Huế to immediate attack, overawed the
Vietnamese court. An armistice was quickly agreed with the French. Harmand threatened the Vietnamese with annihilation unless they immediately accepted a French protectorate over both Annam and Tonkin. On
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Vietnamese losses during the bombardment and subsequent landing had been heavy, perhaps 2,500 men killed or wounded. French casualties, by contrast had been derisory, only a dozen men wounded. On the following day
Courbet congratulated his troops on their success, singling out the officers and crew
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The landing was made in two stages. At 5.45 a.m. an advance guard under Parrayon's personal command, consisting of the three ships’ landing companies and two sections of marine infantry, climbed into the launches and made slowly for the shore. Half an hour later this detachment struggled ashore in
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from Cochinchina joined the division shortly before hostilities commenced, and Courbet ascertained that she had no new orders for him before opening fire. The Vietnamese defenders replied, although outgunned, but the French ships were out of range of their antiquated cannon. The bombardment lasted
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The great slaughter now began. Our men fired double volleys, and it was a pleasure to see their streams of well-aimed bullets shredding the enemy ranks, surely and methodically, twice a minute, on the word of command... We could see some men, quite out of their senses, standing up, seized with a
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Vous avez vaillamment combattu. Vous avez montré une fois de plus ce que la France peut attendre de votre patriotisme. Le roi d'Annam a demandé une suspension d'armes, le commissaire général civil est a Hué pour traiter. En quelques jours, vous avez donné un nouveau prestige au nom français dans
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was openly in arms against the French at Nam Định. The three men agreed that Bouët should launch an offensive against the Black Flag Army in its positions around Phu Hoai on the Day River as soon as possible. They also decided, largely on Harmand's urging, to recommend to the French government a
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and these also supported the French attack. The Vietnamese gradually gave way and eventually retreated, burning the village as they went. The ships of the naval division continued to fire throughout the action, laying down a barrage ahead of the landing force that paved the way for its advance.
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An attempt to negotiate was made by the Vietnamese, and discussions took up much of the afternoon. Courbet finally demanded that the Thuận An forts should be handed over to the French within two hours. This ultimatum was delivered by the Vietnamese envoys to the fort commanders, who declined to
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The Treaty of Huế gave France everything it wanted from Vietnam. The Vietnamese recognised the legitimacy of the French occupation of Cochinchina, accepted a French protectorate both for Annam and Tonkin and promised to withdraw their troops from Tonkin. Vietnam, its royal house and its court
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approved Harmand and Courbet's proposal for a naval descent on Huế to coerce the Vietnamese court. The aim of the expedition was to put a landing force ashore to capture the Thuận An forts, which guarded the entrance to the River of Perfumes, after a preliminary bombardment by the warships of
890:
for just over an hour, until it became too dark to fire effectively. The guns stopped firing at 7 p.m., and the French ships turned on their powerful electric searchlights to illuminate the forts, the Thuận An pass and the sea around their anchorage, in case of an enemy night attack.
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were transferred to Tonkin, where they would come under direct French oversight. In return the French undertook to drive out the Black Flags from Tonkin and to guarantee freedom of commerce on the Red River. These were hardly concessions, since they were planning to do both anyway.
714:, and on 16 August anchored at the entrance to the Perfume River and scouted the Thuận An fortifications. Meanwhile, a strong flotilla of the Tonkin Coasts naval division had concentrated in Tourane Bay. Courbet's naval force for the descent on Huế consisted of the ironclads
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on the evening of 16 August and issued his orders for an attack on the Thuận An forts on 18 August. On 17 August the French rehearsed their plans for the attack. The French naval division left Tourane at 8 a.m. on 18 August, in order of battle with
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The sun rose on 20 August on a completely calm sea. At 5.30 a.m. Courbet decided to proceed immediately with the landing. Just over a thousand men (the two marine infantry companies, the Cochinchinese riflemen and the landing companies of
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During the morning battle the French had captured the Northern Fort. But the Southern Fort still remained in Vietnamese hands. In the afternoon, in order to prepare the way for an attack on the Southern Fort, the gunboats
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dizzy desire to run... They zigzagged, swerving this way and that way as they tried to outrun death, clutching their garments around their waists in a comical way... Afterwards, we amused ourselves by counting the dead...
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Olivieri crossed the beach defences and fought a brief action with a party of Vietnamese who left their entrenchments to confront the invaders. The Vietnamese were quickly routed. At the same time the landing company of
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was no need. The fort and the neighbouring villages were completely empty. The Annamese had evacuated their last defences, and there was now nothing to stop the French from sailing up the River of Perfumes to Huế.
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At 8 a.m. Captain Sorin landed with the bulk of the marine infantry and linked up with the first detachment in front of the principal fort. After about an hour's fighting Captain Parrayon, Ensign Olivieri and
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1000:) were among the first French soldiers to enter the fort. Shortly after 9 a.m. the French flag was hoisted on the citadel's flagpole, to the cheers of all the men of the naval division.
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would be fully committed to Bouët's projected attack on the Black Flag Army, it was agreed that the landing near Huế would be made by troops from the French garrisons in Cochinchina.
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677:, the French civil commissioner-general for Tonkin, held a council of war at Haiphong. The meeting noted that the Court of Huế was covertly aiding and abetting
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the sand dunes in front of the Vietnamese defences. The Vietnamese, snug in their trenches overlooking the beach, began to hurl firecrackers at the attackers.
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645:'s administration in Paris, did more than anything else to make a war between France and China inevitable, and sowed the seeds of the Vietnamese
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took station at the entrance to the river, to be able to fire both upon the southern forts and on the large northern fort, 2,000 metres away.
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at its head, and anchored off the entrance to the Huế River around 2 p.m. The ships took up positions for the impending attack.
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the outclassed Vietnamese, caused great offence in France, and he was recalled by the navy ministry and suspended from duty.
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boldly crossed the river barrage. The fort's guns engaged them gamely, and the two gunboats fired back. Out at sea,
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Courbet issued the following order of the day to his sailors and soldiers to commemorate the victory at Thuận An:
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Louis-Marie-Julien Viaud (1850–1923), who served in Courbet's Tonkin Coasts naval division aboard the ironclad
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2013:
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At 5.40 p.m. on 18 August the ships of the naval division hoisted a French flag at each masthead,
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l'Extrême-Orient. Voilà les premiers résultats de vos succès. La France entière y applaudira!
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were struck several times during these exchanges of fire, but were not seriously damaged.
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7 ships (Consisting of 2 Gunboats, 2 Ironclads, 1 Cruiser, 1 Transport, and 1 Troopship)
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stormed the coastal forts that guarded the river approaches to the Vietnamese capital
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Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy during the Sino-French Controversy
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629:(1883–1886). During the battle a French landing force under the command of Admiral
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opened fire, and the entire division immediately followed suit. The light frigate
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was a little to the east, and was charged with attacking the southern forts only.
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25 August 1883, cowed by the French appeal to force, the Vietnamese signed the
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L'amiral Courbet et le « Bayard »: récits, souvenirs historiques
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641:. The French strike against the Vietnamese in August 1883, sanctioned by
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French sailors and marine infantry go ashore at Thuận An, 20 August 1883
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L'amiral Courbet, d'après les papiers de la Marine et de la famille
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L'amiral Courbet en Extrême-Orient: notes et correspondance
931:) would go ashore under the command of Captain Parrayon of
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French warships off the Thuận An forts, 18 August 1883
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685:, and that the Vietnamese commander-in-chief Prince
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1176:Cahu, 10–18; Huard, 103–22; Loir, 13–22; Thomazi,
870:, were to move in close and protect the landing.
16:1883 battle during the French conquest of Vietnam
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1281:Trente cinq mois de campagne en Chine, au Tonkin
914:The attack on the Thuận An forts, 20 August 1883
705:On 16 August, Courbet left Along Bay aboard his
661:Admiral Anatole-Amédée-Prosper Courbet (1827–85)
1260:La division navale d'Extrême-Orient (1870/1940)
996:Palma Gourdon (who would later win fame in the
698:Courbet's Tonkin Coasts naval division. As the
1053:Signature of the Treaty of Huế, 25 August 1883
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1365:Histoire militaire de l'Indochine française
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613:(20 August 1883) was a clash between the
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1117:, which was published in three parts in
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1098:Pierre Loti and the battle of Thuận An
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1871:First Battle of the Citadel of Hanoi
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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987:Victory at Thuận An, 20 August 1883
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1799:Vietnamese Civil War of 1789–1802
1497:Battle of Cầu Giấy (Paper Bridge)
1136:Trois journées de guerre en Annam
1115:Trois journées de guerre en Annam
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649:national uprising in July 1885.
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235:Unknown number of Forts and Guns
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2069:Naval battles involving Vietnam
1794:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh
1351:Yueh-nan yu Chung-fa chan-cheng
1344:Figures et choses qui passaient
693:On 11 August the navy minister
34:needs additional citations for
2064:Naval battles involving France
1267:In Love with a Handsome Sailor
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467:Treaty of Huế (25 August 1883)
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1323:L'escadre de l'amiral Courbet
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935:and seize the Northern Fort.
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448:Treaty of Huế (14 April 1863)
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621:during the period of early
532:(31 January – 2 March 1968)
476:Treaty of Huế (6 June 1884)
249:1 Ironclad lightly damaged
10:
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1907:Capture of Nam Định (1883)
1886:Capture of Nam Định (1873)
1809:Catholic Church in Vietnam
1735:French conquest of Vietnam
1683:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
1487:Capture of Nam Định (1883)
1358:La conquête de l'Indochine
1330:Au Tonkin, 1883–1885
1033:for special commendation.
700:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
246:1 Gunboat lightly damaged
2059:Battles involving Vietnam
2019:Constans Agreement (1887)
2014:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
1917:Battle of Cầu Giấy (1883)
1891:Battle of Cầu Giấy (1873)
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255:2,500 killed and wounded
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1784:France–Vietnam relations
1645:Vietnamese personalities
1421:France–Vietnam relations
1213:Huard, 122–30; Thomazi,
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552:(5 March – 2 April 1975)
2024:Gérard Agreement (1895)
1999:Treaty of Saigon (1874)
1994:Treaty of Saigon (1862)
1850:Bombardment of Qui Nhơn
1602:Charles-Théodore Millot
1978:Pacification of Tonkin
1597:Paul-Gustave Herbinger
1593:Alexandre-Eugène Bouët
1590:François-Jules Harmand
1586:Louis Brière de l'Isle
1482:Battle of Hanoi (1882)
1441:Pacification of Tonkin
1426:China–France relations
1416:French colonial empire
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977:lieutenant de vaisseau
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874:remained in the rear.
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510:Huế Phật Đản shootings
212:Commanders and leaders
1614:Chinese personalities
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809:The naval bombardment
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485:Abdication of Bảo Đại
379:Retreat from Lạng Sơn
240:Casualties and losses
2009:Treaty of Huế (1884)
2004:Treaty of Huế (1883)
1973:Vietnamese uprisings
1952:Siege of Tuyên Quang
1881:Capture of Ninh Bình
1876:Capture of Hải Dương
1860:Capture of Vĩnh Long
1636:Empress Dowager Cixi
1556:French personalities
1542:Treaty of Huế (1884)
1512:Treaty of Huế (1883)
1157:of Captain Radiguet.
1103:Enseigne de vaisseau
968:enseigne de vaisseau
821:Courbet returned to
742:, and the transport
550:Hue–Da Nang Campaign
520:Huế chemical attacks
58:"Battle of Thuận An"
43:improve this article
1947:Capture of Hưng Hóa
1855:Capture of Biên Hòa
1766:3rd French invasion
1759:2nd French invasion
1752:1st French invasion
1532:Capture of Hưng Hóa
1309:La guerre du Tonkin
966:A spearhead led by
2094:August 1883 events
1927:Battle of Thuận An
1922:Battle of Phủ Hoài
1912:Battle of Gia Quất
1662:Nguyễn Thiện Thuật
1507:Battle of Thuận An
1502:Battle of Phủ Hoài
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611:Battle of Thuận An
573:Vietnam portal
542:(28 February 1968)
457:Battle of Thuận An
257:Many Guns captured
164:near Huế, central
124:Battle of Thuận An
2074:Conflicts in 1883
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1962:Lạng Sơn campaign
1942:Bắc Ninh Campaign
1845:Capture of Mỹ Tho
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1671:Armies and fleets
1567:Berthe de Villers
1527:Bắc Ninh campaign
1492:Battle of Gia Cuc
1037:The Treaty of Huế
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1571:Oscar de Négrier
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1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1819:Tourane (1856)
1816:
1814:Tourane (1847)
1811:
1806:
1804:Nguyễn dynasty
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1740:
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1726:
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1718:
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1608:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1563:Amédée Courbet
1559:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1478:
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1472:
1471:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1353:(Taipei, 1993)
1347:
1342:Loti, Pierre,
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1293:Ganneron, A.,
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1262:(Nantes, 2006)
1254:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1206:
1186:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1131:
1099:
1096:
1080:
1077:
1038:
1035:
1018:Châteaurenault
929:Châteaurenault
907:
904:
840:Châteaurenault
810:
807:
806:
805:
801:Châteaurenault
798:
791:
789:
782:
775:
773:
766:
759:
755:
752:
727:Châteaurenault
724:, the cruiser
654:
651:
631:Amédée Courbet
605:
604:
602:
601:
594:
587:
579:
576:
575:
562:
561:
556:
555:
553:
546:
545:
543:
536:
535:
533:
526:
525:
523:
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480:
478:
472:
471:
469:
463:
462:
460:
453:
452:
450:
444:
443:
441:
433:
430:Nguyễn dynasty
424:
423:
420:
419:
411:
410:
401:
400:
393:
385:
384:
382:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
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351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
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321:
316:
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305:
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290:
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275:
267:
259:
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252:
242:
241:
237:
236:
233:
229:
228:
224:
223:
220:
218:Amédée Courbet
214:
213:
209:
208:
206:Nguyen dynasty
203:
187:
186:
182:
181:
178:
177:
176:French victory
174:
170:
169:
163:
161:
157:
156:
155:20 August 1883
153:
145:
144:
134:
133:
126:
125:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2111:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
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2077:
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2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:Bắc Lệ ambush
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
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1900:
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1797:
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1774:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1733:(1858–1886) (
1732:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:Hoàng Kế Viêm
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:Tang Jingsong
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:Henri Rivière
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1547:Bắc Lệ ambush
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
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1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1367:(Hanoi, 1931)
1366:
1363:Thomazi, A.,
1362:
1360:(Paris, 1934)
1359:
1356:Thomazi, A.,
1355:
1352:
1348:
1346:(Paris, 1931)
1345:
1341:
1339:(Paris, 1886)
1338:
1334:
1332:(Paris, 1886)
1331:
1327:
1325:(Paris, 1886)
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1311:(Paris, 1887)
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:Gervais, E.,
1299:
1297:(Paris, 1885)
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:Eastman, L.,
1285:
1283:(Paris, 1899)
1282:
1278:
1276:(Paris, 1896)
1275:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1258:Barbier, H.,
1257:
1256:
1246:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1153:
1149:
1137:
1134:Pierre Loti,
1130:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1044:Treaty of Huế
1034:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1001:
999:
995:
985:
981:
978:
974:
969:
961:
956:
952:
950:
946:
942:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
912:
903:
901:
897:
891:
888:
884:
879:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
824:
815:
803:
802:
795:
790:
787:
786:
779:
774:
771:
770:
763:
758:
757:
751:
749:
745:
741:
740:
735:
734:
729:
728:
723:
722:
717:
713:
712:
708:
703:
701:
696:
691:
688:
687:Hoàng Kế Viêm
684:
680:
676:
675:Jules Harmand
672:
671:General Bouët
668:
659:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
600:
595:
593:
588:
586:
581:
580:
578:
577:
574:
564:
563:
554:
551:
548:
547:
544:
541:
538:
537:
534:
531:
530:Battle of Huế
528:
527:
524:
522:(3 June 1963)
521:
518:
517:
514:
511:
508:
507:
499:
498:
489:
486:
483:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
461:
458:
455:
454:
451:
449:
446:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
431:
427:
422:
421:
417:
413:
412:
409:
403:
402:
397:
392:
391:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
303:
298:
288:
283:
281:
276:
274:
269:
268:
265:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
243:
238:
234:
231:
230:
225:
221:
219:
216:
215:
210:
207:
204:
201:
189:
188:
183:
175:
172:
171:
167:
162:
159:
158:
154:
151:
150:
146:
140:
135:
132:
127:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2041:
2039:
1926:
1506:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1349:Lung Chang,
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1314:Lerner, M.,
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1245:Berrong, 267
1240:
1231:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1201:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1152:
1135:
1127:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1056:
1040:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
993:
990:
976:
972:
967:
965:
959:
958:The gunboat
948:
944:
940:
937:
932:
928:
924:
920:
917:
899:
895:
892:
886:
882:
880:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
820:
800:
784:
768:
747:
743:
738:
732:
726:
720:
715:
710:
704:
695:Charles Brun
692:
664:
610:
608:
512:(8 May 1963)
456:
426:Nguyễn lords
333:
324:Paper Bridge
254:
248:
245:
185:Belligerents
129:Part of the
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1768:(1882–1886)
1761:(1873–1874)
1754:(1858–1862)
1576:Jules Ferry
1316:Pierre Loti
1307:Huard, L.,
1279:Duboc, E.,
1111:Pierre Loti
823:Tourane Bay
643:Jules Ferry
623:hostilities
405:History of
369:Phu Lam Tao
99:August 2021
2048:Categories
1652:Hoàng Diệu
1621:Liu Yongfu
1409:Background
1321:Loir, M.,
1272:Cahu, T.,
1253:References
1235:Lerner, 65
1226:Huard, 119
1138:, extract.
1060:Bình Thuận
679:Liu Yongfu
653:Background
619:Vietnamese
502:After 1945
251:12 wounded
69:newspapers
1748:Preceding
1631:Zeng Jize
1200:Thomazi,
1180:, 165–6;
1165:Footnotes
1120:Le Figaro
1068:Thanh Hóa
647:Cần Vương
364:Đồng Đăng
1775:Treaties
1729:Wars in
1215:Conquête
1202:Conquête
1178:Conquête
1132:—
1107:Atalante
973:Atalante
925:Atalante
887:Alouette
872:Annamite
864:Atalante
844:Atalante
785:Atalante
748:Annamite
721:Atalante
707:flagship
617:and the
439:Phú Xuân
396:a series
394:Part of
354:Hưng Hóa
349:Bắc Ninh
334:Thuận An
329:Phủ Hoài
314:Nam Dinh
227:Strength
160:Location
1731:Vietnam
1072:Hà Tĩnh
1064:Nghệ An
878:reply.
625:of the
374:Bang Bo
344:Son Tay
319:Gia Cuc
222:Unknown
166:Vietnam
83:scholar
1772:Issues
1184:, 62–4
1031:Vipère
1014:Bayard
1010:Vipère
960:Vipère
945:Vipère
933:Bayard
921:Bayard
900:Bayard
896:Vipère
883:Bayard
860:Vipère
848:Bayard
836:Bayard
832:Bayard
827:Bayard
769:Bayard
739:Vipère
716:Bayard
711:Bayard
639:Tonkin
615:French
398:on the
359:Bắc Lệ
309:Ha Noi
200:France
197:
173:Result
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1217:, 166
1204:, 165
1144:Notes
825:with
339:Palan
90:JSTOR
76:books
1070:and
1029:and
1027:Lynx
1016:and
1008:and
1006:Lynx
943:and
941:Lynx
927:and
868:Drac
866:and
858:and
856:Lynx
852:Drac
744:Drac
736:and
733:Lynx
718:and
673:and
609:The
428:and
152:Date
62:news
1025:of
681:'s
635:Huế
407:Huế
45:by
2050::
1189:^
1066:,
1046:.
923:,
669:,
1737:)
1722:e
1715:t
1708:v
1394:e
1387:t
1380:v
598:e
591:t
584:v
286:e
279:t
272:v
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
