Battle of the Bulge

4796: 5661:(as part of the enquiry set up by the Chiefs of Staff) with writing a report on the lessons to be learned from the handling of pre-battle Ultra. The report concluded that "the costly reverse might have been avoided if Ultra had been more carefully considered". "Ultra intelligence was plentiful and informative" though "not wholly free from ambiguity", "but it was misread and misused". Lucas and Calvocoressi noted that "intelligence staffs had been too apt to assume that Ultra would tell them everything". Among the signs misread were the formation of the new 6th Panzer Army in the build-up area (west bank of the Rhine about Cologne); the new 'Star' (signals control-network) noted by the 'Fusion Room' traffic-analysts, linking "all the armoured divisions , including some transferred from the Russian front"; the daily aerial reconnaissance of the lightly defended target area by new 4775:

strategically unimportant area, did not launch the attack until 3 January. In addition, a series of renewed German attempts to re-encircle and seize Bastogne using units moved to the southern shoulder of the salient from the north, put Patton in a desperate fight for the initiative, with the German maintaining offensive operations in sectors north and east of Bastogne until 7 January, and resulting in heavier fighting than during the 21–26 December siege of Bastogne itself; in addition, Patton's Third Army would have to clear out the "Harlange Pocket" east of Bastogne on the Belgian-Luxembourg border. One of these fierce actions around Bastogne occurred on 2 January, the Tiger IIs of German Heavy Tank Battalion 506 supported an attack by the 12th SS Hitlerjugend division against U.S. positions of the 6th Armored Division near Wardin and knocked out 15 Sherman tanks.

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only cheerful faces at this table." Patton, realizing what Eisenhower implied, responded, "Hell, let's have the guts to let the bastards go all the way to Paris. Then, we'll really cut 'em off and chew 'em up." Eisenhower, after saying he was not that optimistic, asked Patton how long it would take to turn his Third Army, located in northeastern France, north to counterattack. To the disbelief of the other generals present, Patton replied that he could attack with two divisions within 48 hours. Unknown to the other officers present, before he left, Patton had ordered his staff to prepare three contingency plans for a northward turn in at least corps strength. By the time Eisenhower asked him how long it would take, the movement was already underway. On 20 December, Eisenhower removed the First and Ninth U.S. Armies from Gen. Bradley's

5614: 4828: 4391: 5233: 4557: 3807: 4301:; when asked about their mission, some of them claimed they had been told to go to Paris to either kill or capture General Dwight Eisenhower. Security around the general was greatly increased, and Eisenhower was confined to his headquarters. Because Skorzeny's men were captured in American uniforms, they were executed as spies. This was the standard practice of every army at the time, as many belligerents considered it necessary to protect their territory against the grave dangers of enemy spying. Skorzeny said that he was told by German legal experts that as long he did not order his men to fight in combat while wearing American uniforms, such a tactic was a legitimate 5507:(200 killed, 969 wounded, and 239 missing.) T.N. Dupuy, David Bongard, and Richard Anderson list battle casualties for XXX Corps combat units as 1,462, including 222 killed, 977 wounded, and 263 missing to 16 January 1945 inclusive. Casualties among American divisions (excluding attached elements, corps and army-level combat support, and rear-area personnel) totaled 62,439 from 16 December 1944 to 16 January 1945, inclusive: 6,238 killed, 32,712 wounded, and 23,399 missing. Historian Charles B. MacDonald lists 81,000 American casualties, 41,315 during the defensive phase and 39,672 during the drive to flatten the "Bulge" through 28 January. 4816: 5302: 4271:"), Otto Skorzeny successfully infiltrated a small part of his battalion of English-speaking Germans disguised in American uniforms behind the Allied lines. Although they failed to take the vital bridges over the Meuse, their presence caused confusion out of all proportion to their military activities, and rumors spread quickly. Even General George Patton was alarmed and, on 17 December, described the situation to General Dwight Eisenhower as "Krauts ... speaking perfect English ... raising hell, cutting wires, turning road signs around, spooking whole divisions, and shoving a bulge into our defenses." 839: 509: 468: 327: 313: 299: 271: 252: 3439: 3266: 3065: 884: 538: 439: 421: 403: 385: 367: 347: 186: 4636:. With casualties mounting, and running short on replacements, tanks, ammunition, and supplies, Seventh Army was forced to withdraw to defensive positions on the south bank of the Moder River on 21 January. The German offensive drew to a close on 25 January. In the bitter, desperate fighting of Operation Nordwind, VI Corps, which had borne the brunt of the fighting, suffered a total of 14,716 casualties. The total for Seventh Army for January was 11,609. Total casualties included at least 9,000 wounded. First, Third, and Seventh Armies suffered a total of 17,000 hospitalized from the cold. 3383: 3249: 3227: 3009: 2995: 2967: 523: 228: 3989: 212: 4423:), coming due west had been engaged and much slowed and frustrated in outlying battles at defensive positions up to 16 kilometers (10 mi) from the town proper, but these defensive positions were gradually being forced back onto and into the hasty defenses built within the municipality. Moreover, the sole corridor that was open (to the southeast) was threatened and it had been sporadically closed as the front shifted, and there was expectation that it would be completely closed sooner than later, given the strong likelihood that the town would soon be surrounded. 11669: 5385:, to ensure the vital areas were held securely, and to create reserves for counter-attack. I embarked on these measures: I put British troops under command of the Ninth Army to fight alongside American soldiers, and made that Army take over some of the First Army Front. I positioned British troops as reserves behind the First and Ninth Armies until such time as American reserves could be created. Slowly but surely the situation was held, and then finally restored. Similar action was taken on the southern flank of the bulge by Bradley, with the Third Army. 11830: 2609: 5551:

assault guns. Hermann Jung gave figures for 600 German tanks across the entire western front from December 16, 1944, to February 1, 1945. Other sources place German losses in the range of 600–800: Magna E. Bauer's review of OKW records suggests 324 losses in December (77 Panzer IVs, 132 Panthers, 13 Tigers, and 102 assault guns) and even more in January. American losses over the same period were similarly heavy, totaling from 733 tanks and tank destroyers (exclusive of other types and losses suffered by British XXX Corps) to 800 in tanks alone.

2660:('People's Grenadier') units formed from a mix of battle-hardened veterans and recruits formerly regarded as too young, too old or too frail to fight. Training time, equipment and supplies were inadequate during the preparations. German fuel supplies were precarious—those materials and supplies that could not be directly transported by rail had to be horse-drawn to conserve fuel, and the mechanized and panzer divisions would depend heavily on captured fuel. As a result, the start of the offensive was delayed from 27 November until 16 December. 4755: 4253:, while a bit farther north, parts of 2nd Panzer Division were in sight of the Meuse near Dinant at Foy-Nôtre-Dame. A hastily assembled British blocking force on the east side of the river prevented the German Battlegroup Böhm from approaching the Dinant bridge. The 29th Armoured Brigade ambushed the Germans knocking out three Panthers and a number of vehicles in and around Foy-Nôtre-Dame. By late Christmas Eve the advance in this sector was stopped, as Allied forces threatened the narrow corridor held by the 2nd Panzer Division. 1915: 5418:

Americans in the Ardennes (for every British soldier there were thirty to forty Americans in the fight), and that it belittled the part played by Bradley, Patton and other American commanders. In the context of Patton's and Montgomery's well-known antipathy, Montgomery's failure to mention the contribution of any American general besides Eisenhower was seen as insulting. Indeed, Bradley and his American commanders were already starting their counterattack by the time Montgomery was given command of 1st and 9th U.S. Armies.

5366:) on the northern shoulder of the German penetration lost communications with adjacent armies, as well as with Bradley's headquarters in Luxembourg City to the south of the "bulge". Consequently, at 10:30 a.m. on 20 December, Eisenhower transferred the command of the U.S. First and Ninth Armies temporarily from Bradley to Montgomery. Command of the U.S. First Army reverted to the U.S. 12th Army Group on 17 January 1945, and command of the U.S. Ninth Army reverted to the U.S. 12th Army Group on 4 April 1945. 15898: 4439: 4169: 3394: 3238: 3031: 864: 516: 496: 285: 5381:, who arrived for a conference at 11 am, I left at noon for the H.Q. of the First Army, where I had instructed Simpson to meet me. I found the northern flank of the bulge was very disorganized. Ninth Army had two corps and three divisions; First Army had three corps and fifteen divisions. Neither Army Commander had seen Bradley or any senior member of his staff since the battle began, and they had no directive on which to work. The first thing to do was to see the battle on the northern flank 3370: 3166: 2945: 2877: 3042: 3020: 2981: 3422: 3408: 199: 3889: 5276:

fuel their vehicles. As the battle ensued, on the northern shoulder of the offensive, Dietrich stopped the armored assault on the twin villages after two days and changed the axis of their advance southward through the hamlet of Domäne Bütgenbach. The headlong drive on Elsenborn Ridge lacked needed support from German units that had already bypassed the ridge. Dietrich's decision unknowingly played into American hands, as Robertson had already decided to abandon the villages.

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Battle Participation, 1 June 1945' (copy CMH), which notes 11,609 Seventh Army battle casualties for the period, plus 2,836 cases of trench foot and 380 cases of frostbite, and estimates about 17,000 Germans killed or wounded with 5,985 processed prisoners of war. But the VI Corps AAR for January 1945 puts its total losses at 14,716 (773 killed, 4,838 wounded, 3,657 missing, and 5,448 nonbattle casualties); and Albert E. Cowdrey and Graham A. Cosmas,

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the attack from the south under Patton was steady but slow and involved heavy losses, and Montgomery was trying to avoid this situation. Morelock states that Monty was preoccupied with being allowed to lead a "single thrust offensive" to Berlin as the overall commander of Allied ground forces, and that he accordingly treated the Ardennes counteroffensive "as a sideshow, to be finished with the least possible effort and expenditure of resources."

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was about the paratroopers. Actually, the 10th Armored Division was in there December 18th, a day before we were, and had some very hard fighting before we ever got into it, and I sincerely believe that we would never have been able to get into Bastogne if it had not been for the defensive fighting of the three elements of the 10th Armored Division who were first into Bastogne and protected the town from invasion by the Germans."

4156:(106th Infantry), successfully resisted the German attacks, significantly slowing the German advance. At Montgomery's orders, St. Vith was evacuated on 21 December; U.S. troops fell back to entrenched positions in the area, presenting an imposing obstacle to a successful German advance. By 23 December, as the Germans shattered their flanks, the defenders' position became untenable and U.S. troops were ordered to retreat west of the 3642: 5317: 5486: 4352:

was responsible for an 18-kilometer (11 mi) front while its 2nd Battalion was withheld as the divisional reserve. Panzer columns took the outlying villages and widely separated strong points in bitter fighting, and advanced to points near Bastogne within four days. The struggle for the villages and American strong points, plus transport confusion on the German side, slowed the attack sufficiently to allow the

4747: 5902:, draft CMH MS (1988), pp. 54–55, a forthcoming volume in the United States Army in World War II series, reports Seventh Army hospitals processing about 9,000 wounded and 17,000 'sick and injured' during the period. Many of these may have been returned to their units, and others may have come from American units operating in the Colmar area but still supported by Seventh Army medical services." 5675:

to know how much reconnaissance was flown over the Eiffel sector on the U.S. First Army Front". E. J. N. Rose, head Air Adviser in Hut 3, read the paper at the time and described it in 1998 as "an extremely good report" that "showed the failure of intelligence at SHAEF and at the Air Ministry". Lucas and Calvocoressi "expected heads to roll at Eisenhower's HQ, but they did no more than wobble".

2037:. On 26 December the lead element of Patton's U.S. Third Army reached Bastogne from the south ending the siege. Although the offensive was effectively broken by 27 December, when the trapped units of 2nd Panzer Division made two break-out attempts with only partial success, the battle continued for another month before the front line was effectively restored to its position prior to the attack. 65: 2451:('Plan Martin'). The two field marshals combined their plans to present a joint "small solution" to Hitler. When they offered their alternative plans, Hitler would not listen. Rundstedt later testified that while he recognized the merit of Hitler's operational plan, he saw from the very first that "all, absolutely all conditions for the possible success of such an offensive were lacking." 4450:, and Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division. Conditions inside the perimeter were tough—most of the medical supplies and medical personnel had been captured. Food was scarce, and by 22 December artillery ammunition was restricted to 10 rounds per gun per day. The weather cleared the next day and supplies (primarily ammunition) were dropped over four of the next five days. 4360:) to reach Bastogne by truck on the morning of 19 December. The fierce defense of Bastogne, in which American paratroopers particularly distinguished themselves, made it impossible for the Germans to take the town with its important road junctions. The panzer columns swung past on either side, cutting off Bastogne on 20 December but failing to secure the vital crossroads. 3536:, and then Elsenborn Ridge was led by the units personally selected by Adolf Hitler. The 6th Panzer Army was given priority for supply and equipment and was assigned the shortest route to the ultimate objective of the offensive, Antwerp. The 6th Panzer Army included the elite of the Waffen-SS, including four Panzer divisions and five infantry divisions in three corps. SS- 5477:, writing in 1997, maintained that "Putting Monty in command of the northern flank had no effect on the battle". Ambrose wrote that: "Far from directing the victory, Montgomery had gotten in everyone's way, and had botched the counter-attack." Bradley blamed Montgomery's "stagnating conservatism" for his failure to counterattack when ordered to do so by Eisenhower. 4376:

ordered vast reinforcements to the area. Within a week 250,000 troops had been sent. General Gavin of the 82nd Airborne Division arrived on the scene first and ordered the 101st to hold Bastogne while the 82nd would take the more difficult task of facing the SS Panzer Divisions; it was also thrown into the battle north of the bulge, near Elsenborn Ridge.

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simultaneous attack on all sides. The assault, despite initial success by its tanks in penetrating the American line, was defeated and all the tanks destroyed. On the following day of 26 December the spearhead of Gen. Patton's 4th Armored Division, supplemented by the 26th (Yankee) Infantry Division, broke through and opened a corridor to Bastogne.

5464:, a British author who has since been accused of putting words in the mouths of German generals, and attempting to "rewrite the historical record". After conducting several interviews via an interpreter, Liddell Hart in a subsequent book attributed to Manteuffel the following statement about Montgomery's contribution to the battle in the Ardennes: 4783:

Third Army and First Army linking up on 16 January with the capture of Houffalize. Sixth Panzer Army left the Ardennes and ceded its sector to the Fifth Panzer Army on 22 January, while St. Vith was recaptured by the Americans on 23 January, and the last German units participating in the offensive did not return to their start line until February.

2025:, blocked German access to key roads to the northwest and west which they had counted on for success. This congestion and terrain that favored the defenders, threw the German advance behind schedule and allowed the Allies to reinforce the thinly placed troops. The farthest west the offensive reached was the village of Foy-Nôtre-Dame, south east of 5410:

have the picture of British troops fighting on both sides of the Americans who have suffered a hard blow." He stated that he (i.e., the German) was "headed off ... seen off ... and ... written off ... The battle has been the most interesting, I think possibly one of the most interesting and tricky battles I have ever handled."

2508:, 'Battle of the Ardennes'. The battle was militarily defined by the Allies as the Ardennes Counteroffensive, which included the German drive and the American effort to contain and later defeat it. The phrase 'Battle of the Bulge' was coined by contemporary press to describe the way the Allied front line bulged inward on wartime news maps. 5628:. The rapid advance by the German forces who surrounded the town, the spectacular resupply operations via parachute and glider, along with the fast action of General Patton's Third U.S. Army, all were featured in newspaper articles and on radio and captured the public's imagination; there were no correspondents in the area of 3692:. After a brief battle the lightly armed Americans surrendered. They were disarmed and, with some other Americans captured earlier (approximately 150 men), sent to stand in a field near the crossroads under light guard. About fifteen minutes after Peiper's advance guard passed through, the main body under the command of SS- 2697:

the Germans wanted them to believe-–that preparations were being carried out only for defensive, not offensive, operations. The Allies relied too much on Ultra, not human reconnaissance. In fact, because of the Germans' efforts, the Allies were led to believe that a new defensive army was being formed around

2849:, close enough for the generals and Panzer Corps commanders who were to lead the attack to visit Adlerhorst on 11 December, traveling there in an SS-operated bus convoy. With the castle acting as overflow accommodation, the main party was settled into the Adlerhorst's Haus 2 command bunker, including Gen. 4625:), and separate from the Ardennes Offensive, was the last major German offensive of the war on the Western Front. The weakened Seventh Army had, at Eisenhower's orders, sent troops, equipment, and supplies north to reinforce the American armies in the Ardennes, and the offensive left it in dire straits. 6238: 3822:. Peiper's forces were already behind his timetable because of the stiff American resistance and because when the Americans fell back, their engineers blew up bridges and emptied fuel dumps. Peiper's unit was delayed and his vehicles denied critically needed fuel. They took 36 hours to advance from the 4795: 5527:

The German High Command estimated that they lost between 81,834 and 98,024 men on the Western Front between 16 December 1944 and 25 January 1945; the accepted figure was 81,834, of which 12,652 were killed, 38,600 were wounded, and 30,582 were missing. Allied estimates on German casualties range from

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The operations of the American 1st Army had developed into a series of individual holding actions. Montgomery's contribution to restoring the situation was that he turned a series of isolated actions into a coherent battle fought according to a clear and definite plan. It was his refusal to engage in

5425:

Many American officers had already grown to dislike Montgomery, who was seen by them as an overly cautious commander, arrogant, and all too willing to say uncharitable things about the Americans. However, on 18 January 1945 Churchill stated to Parliament "the United States troops have done almost all

4363:

Twenty years after the battle, General McAuliffe praised the men of the 10th Armored "Tiger" Division saying, "It's always seemed regrettable to me, that Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division didn't get the credit it deserved in the battle of Bastogne. All of the newspaper and radio talk

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The 109th and 110th Regiments of the 28th Division fared worse, as they were spread so thinly that their positions were easily bypassed. Both offered stubborn resistance in the face of superior forces and threw the German schedule off by several days. The 110th's situation was by far the worst, as it

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Unlike the German forces on the northern and southern shoulders who were experiencing great difficulties, the German advance in the center gained considerable ground. The Fifth Panzer Army was spearheaded by the 2nd Panzer Division while the Panzer Lehr Division (Elite Armored Demonstration Division)

4004:

The stiff American defense prevented the Germans from reaching the vast array of supplies near the Belgian cities of Liège and Spa and the road network west of the Elsenborn Ridge leading to the Meuse River. After more than 10 days of intense battle, they pushed the Americans out of the villages, but

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Regiment in an attack and a company of Fallschirmjäger to infiltrate their lines. He followed this with a Panzer attack, gaining the eastern edge of the town. An American tank battalion arrived but, after a two-hour tank battle, Peiper finally captured Stoumont at 10:30. Knittel joined up with Peiper

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Peiper attacked Stavelot on 18 December but was unable to capture the town before the Americans evacuated a large fuel depot. Three tanks attempted to take the bridge, but the lead vehicle was disabled by a mine. Following this, 60 grenadiers advanced forward but were stopped by concentrated American

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to the north, where the 2nd Division had knocked a sizable dent in the Siegfried Line. Heavy snowstorms engulfed parts of the Ardennes area. While having the effect of keeping the Allied aircraft grounded, the weather also proved troublesome for the Germans because poor road conditions hampered their

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to assassinate Hitler resulted in much tighter security and fewer leaks. The foggy autumn weather also prevented Allied reconnaissance aircraft from correctly assessing the ground situation. German units assembling in the area were even issued charcoal instead of wood for cooking fires to cut down on

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and the damage it could inflict on the German offensive and its supply lines; the progress had to be rapid—the Meuse River, halfway to Antwerp, had to be reached by day 4; and Allied fuel supplies would have to be captured intact along the way because the combined Wehrmacht forces were short on fuel.

2430:

Model and von Rundstedt, expressed concern as to whether the goals of the offensive could be realized. Model and von Rundstedt both believed aiming for Antwerp was too ambitious, given Germany's scarce resources in late 1944. At the same time, they felt that maintaining a purely defensive posture (as

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in 1940, and aimed at splitting the armies along the U.S.-British lines and capturing Antwerp. The plan banked on unfavorable weather, including heavy fog and low-lying clouds, which would minimize the Allied air advantage. Hitler originally set the offensive for late November, before the anticipated

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due to bad weather. American forces were using this region primarily as a rest area for the U.S. First Army, and the lines were thinly held by fatigued troops and inexperienced replacement units. The Germans also took advantage of heavily overcast weather conditions that grounded the Allies' superior

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For its part, Hut 3 had grown "shy of going beyond its job of amending and explaining German messages. Drawing broad conclusions was for the intelligence staff at SHAEF, who had information from all sources," including aerial reconnaissance. Lucas and Calvocoressi added that "it would be interesting

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In response to the early success of the offensive, on 6 January Churchill contacted Stalin to request that the Soviets put pressure on the Germans on the Eastern Front. On 12 January, the Soviets began the massive Vistula–Oder Offensive, originally planned for 20 January. It had been brought forward

5506:

The Battle of the Bulge was the bloodiest battle for U.S. forces during World War II. A preliminary Army report restricted to the First and Third U.S. Armies listed 75,482 casualties (8,407 killed, 46,170 wounded and 20,905 missing); British XXX Corps losses to 17 January 1945 were recorded as 1,408

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Focusing exclusively on his own generalship, Montgomery continued to say he thought the counteroffensive had gone very well but did not explain the reason for his delayed attack on 3 January. He later attributed this to needing more time for preparation on the northern front. According to Churchill,

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Then Montgomery described the course of the battle for a half-hour. Coming to the end of his speech he said he had "employed the whole available power of the British Group of Armies; this power was brought into play very gradually ... Finally it was put into battle with a bang ... you thus

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On 7/8 January 1945, Hitler agreed to gradually withdraw forces from the tip of the Ardennes salient to east of Houffalize to avoid being cut off, but the Germans continued to resist in the salient and were only gradually pushed back otherwise. Considerable fighting went on for another 3 weeks, with

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For these reasons Allied High Command considered the Ardennes a quiet sector, relying on assessments from their intelligence services that the Germans were unable to launch any major offensive operations this late in the war. What little intelligence they had led the Allies to believe precisely what

2544:

The OKW decided by mid-September, at Hitler's insistence, that the offensive would be mounted in the Ardennes, as was done in 1940. In 1940 German forces had passed through the Ardennes in three days before engaging the enemy, but the 1944 plan called for battle in the forest itself. The main forces

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One of the few advantages held by the German forces in November 1944 was that they were no longer defending all of Western Europe. Their front lines in the west had been considerably shortened by the Allied offensive and were much closer to the German heartland. This drastically reduced their supply

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those in the northern Alsace who filled in the vacuum created by the U.S. Third Army racing north, engaged in the concurrent Operation Nordwind diversion in central and southern Alsace launched to weaken Allied response in the Ardennes, and provided reinforcements to units fighting in the Ardennes.

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T.N. Dupuy's estimates based on fragmentary German records and oral testimony suggests casualties among divisions and brigades alone (excluding attached elements, corps and army-level combat support, and rear-area personnel) totaled 74,459 from 16 December 1944 to 16 January 1945, inclusive: 11,048

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lists 105,102 casualties for the entire "Ardennes-Alsace" campaign, including 19,246 killed, 62,489 wounded, and 26,612 captured or missing; this number incorporates losses not just for the Battle of the Bulge but also all losses suffered during the period by units with the "Ardennes-Alsace" battle

5405:

On the same day as Hitler's withdrawal order of 7 January, Montgomery held his press conference at Zonhoven. Montgomery started with giving credit to the "courage and good fighting quality" of the American troops, characterizing a typical American as a "very brave fighting man who has that tenacity

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in Germany had been agreed upon in February 1944, and a faster Allied advance in the autumn of 1944 would not have altered this. The Soviet Union would have also benefited from a rapid German collapse, and its participation in the war against Japan was greatly desired. There were reservations about

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units of 2nd Panzer Division made two break-out attempts, again only with partial success, as major quantities of equipment fell into Allied hands. Further Allied pressure out of Marche finally led the German command to the conclusion that no further offensive action towards the Meuse was possible.

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Gen. Eisenhower, realizing that the Allies could destroy German forces much more easily when they were out in the open and on the offensive than if they were on the defensive, told his generals, "The present situation is to be regarded as one of opportunity for us and not of disaster. There will be

4248:

On 22/23 December German forces reached the woods of Foy-Nôtre-Dame, only a few kilometers ahead of Dinant. The narrow corridor caused considerable difficulties, as constant flanking attacks threatened the division. On 24 December, German forces made their furthest penetration west. The Panzer Lehr

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The U.S. 99th Infantry Division, outnumbered five to one, inflicted casualties in the ratio of 18 to one. The division lost about 20% of its effective strength, including 465 killed and 2,524 evacuated due to wounds, injuries, fatigue, or trench foot. German losses were much higher. In the northern

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Peiper advanced north-west towards Büllingen, keeping to the plan to move west, unaware that if he had turned north he had an opportunity to flank and trap the entire 2nd and 99th Divisions. Instead, intent on driving west, Peiper turned south to detour around Hünningen, choosing a route designated

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was actually the decisive component of the Battle of the Bulge. Untested troops of the 99th Infantry Division prevented the best equipped armored units of the German army from advancing and forced them to reroute their troops to unfavorable alternative routes that considerably slowed their advance.

5413:

Despite his positive remarks about American soldiers, the overall impression given by Montgomery, at least in the ears of the American military leadership, was that he had taken the lion's share of credit for the success of the campaign and had been responsible for rescuing the besieged Americans.

5275:

The German staff planning and organization of the attack was well done. Most of the units committed to the offensive reached their jump off points undetected. They were for the most part well organized and supplied for the attack, although they were counting on capturing American gasoline dumps to

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soldiers would clog the roads the tanks needed for their rapid advance. In fact, their horse-drawn artillery and rocket units became a significant obstacle to the armored units. Other than making futile objections to Hitler in private, Dietrich generally stayed out of planning the offensive. Model

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kept the 9th Panzer Division at Marche busy. As a result, parts of the 2nd Panzer Division were cut off. The Panzer-Lehr division tried to relieve them, but was only partially successful, as the perimeter held. For the next two days the perimeter was strengthened. On 26 and 27 December the trapped

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The parachute drop was a complete failure. Heydte ended up with a total of around 300 troops. Too small and too weak to counter the Allies, they abandoned plans to take the crossroads and instead converted the mission to reconnaissance. With only enough ammunition for a single fight, they withdrew

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in December of his suspicions. Bedell Smith sent Strong to warn Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, the commander of the 12th Army Group, of the danger. Bradley's response was succinct: "Let them come." Historian Patrick K. O'Donnell writes that on 8 December 1944 U.S. Rangers at great cost took Hill

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A footnote in the U.S. Army's official history volume "Riviera to the Rhine" makes the following note on U.S. Seventh Army casualties: "As elsewhere, casualty figures are only rough estimates, and the figures presented are based on the postwar 'Seventh Army Operational Report, Alsace Campaign and

5807:

The Ardennes offensive was also named Rundstedt-Offensive, but von Rundstedt strongly objected "to the fact that this stupid operation in the Ardennes is sometimes called the 'Rundstedt-Offensive'. This is a complete misnomer. I had nothing to do with it. It came to me as an order complete to the

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jets "as a matter of greatest urgency"; the marked increase in railway traffic in the build-up area; the movement of 1,000 trucks from the Italian front to the build-up area; disproportionate anxiety about tiny hitches in troop movements, suggesting a tight timetable; the quadrupling of Luftwaffe

5559:

Although the Germans managed to begin their offensive with complete surprise and enjoyed some initial successes, they were not able to seize the initiative on the Western Front. While the German command did not reach its goals, the Ardennes operation inflicted heavy losses and set back the Allied

5389:

Due to the news blackout imposed on the 16th, the change of leadership to Montgomery did not become public information until SHAEF announced that the change in command had "absolutely nothing to do with failure on the part of the three American generals". The announcement resulted in headlines in

3844:

and Cheneux. At Cheneux, the advance guard was attacked by American fighter-bombers, destroying two tanks and five halftracks, blocking the narrow road. The group began moving again at dusk at 16:00 and was able to return to its original route at around 18:00. Of the two bridges remaining between

3798:. Some of the injuries sustained before death included bayonet wounds to the head, broken legs, and their fingers cut off. The perpetrators were never punished for this crime. In 2001, a group of people began working on a tribute to the eleven black American soldiers to remember their sacrifices. 2842:(eyrie) command complex, co-located with OB West's base at Kransberg Castle. Believing in omens and the successes of his early war campaigns that had been planned at Kransberg, Hitler had chosen the site from which he had overseen the successful 1940 campaign against France and the Low Countries. 2239:

Montgomery and Bradley both pressed for priority delivery of supplies to their respective armies so they could continue their individual lines of advance and maintain pressure on the Germans, while Eisenhower preferred a broad-front strategy. He gave some priority to Montgomery's northern forces.

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Includes complete headquarters and attachment strength for First Army, V Corps, and VIII Corps, and the complete strength of the 78th, 99th, 106th, 28th, and 4th Infantry Divisions and 7th & 9th Armored Divisions. Due to the accounting method employed in "Hitler's Last Gamble," this does not

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issued battle credit in the form of the Ardennes-Alsace campaign citation to units and individuals that took part in operations in northwest Europe. The citation covered troops in the Ardennes sector where the main battle took place, as well as units further south in the Alsace sector, including

5590:

During World War II, most U.S. black soldiers still served only in maintenance or service positions, or in segregated units. Because of troop shortages during the Battle of the Bulge, Eisenhower decided to integrate the service for the first time. This was an important step toward a desegregated

5445:

Montgomery later said, "Distorted or not, I think now that I should never have held that press conference. So great were the feelings against me on the part of the American generals that whatever I said was bound to be wrong. I should therefore have said nothing." Eisenhower commented in his own

5240:

After officers of the regular German Army attempted to assassinate him, Hitler had increasingly trusted only the Nazi Party SS and its armed branch, the Waffen-SS. He entrusted them with carrying out his decisive counterattack. But following the Allied Normandy invasion, the SS armored units had

4461:, noted that McAuliffe's initial reply would be "tough to beat." Thus McAuliffe wrote on the paper, which was typed up and delivered to the Germans, the line he made famous and a morale booster to his troops: "NUTS!" That reply had to be explained, both to the Germans and to non-American Allies. 4375:

of Brandenberger's command was able to thrust forward 19 km (12 mi) on the inner flank to partially fulfill its assigned role. Eisenhower and his principal commanders realized by 17 December that the fighting in the Ardennes was a major offensive and not a local counterattack, and they

5417:

His comments were interpreted as self-promoting, particularly his claim that when the situation "began to deteriorate," Eisenhower had placed him in command in the north. Patton and Eisenhower both felt this was a misrepresentation of the relative share of the fighting played by the British and

5228:

The plan and timing for the Ardennes attack sprang from the mind of Adolf Hitler. He believed a critical fault line existed between the British and American military commands, and that a heavy blow on the Western Front would shatter this alliance. Planning for the "Watch on the Rhine" offensive

4762:

While the German offensive toward the Meuse had ground to a halt by the end of December, they still controlled a dangerous salient in the Allied line. Patton's Third Army in the south, centered around Bastogne, would attack north, Montgomery's forces in the north would strike south, and the two

4508:

By 24 December the German advance was effectively stalled short of the Meuse. Units of the British XXX Corps were holding the bridges at Dinant, Givet, and Namur and U.S. units were about to take over. The Germans had outrun their supply lines, and shortages of fuel and ammunition were becoming

4127:

The Germans fared better in the center (the 32 km (20 mi) Schnee Eifel sector) as the Fifth Panzer Army attacked positions held by the U.S. 28th and 106th Infantry Divisions. The Germans lacked the overwhelming strength that had been deployed in the north, but still possessed a marked

3620:

Peiper did not begin its advance until nearly 16:00, more than 16 hours behind schedule and didn't reach Bucholz Station until the early morning of 17 December. Their intention was to control the twin villages of Rocherath-Krinkelt which would clear a path to the high ground of Elsenborn Ridge.

5560:

invasion of Germany by several weeks. The High Command of the Allied forces had planned to resume the offensive by early January 1945, after the wet season rains and severe frosts, but those plans had to be postponed until 29 January 1945 in connection with the unexpected changes in the front.

5550:

Christer Bergström lists between 527 and 554 losses to all causes among German tanks, tank destroyers, and assault guns during the campaign, of which 324 were lost in combat. Of the German write-offs, 16–20 were Tigers, 191–194 Panthers, 141–158 Panzer IVs, and 179–182 were tank destroyers and

4475:

on Christmas Eve for its main assault the next day. Because it lacked sufficient troops and those of the 26th VG Division were near exhaustion, the XLVII Panzerkorps concentrated its assault on several individual locations on the west side of the perimeter in sequence rather than launching one

3652:

At 4:30 a.m. on 17 December 1944, the 1st SS Panzer Division was approximately 16 hours behind schedule when the convoys departed the village of Lanzerath enroute west to the town of Honsfeld. After capturing Honsfeld, Peiper detoured from his assigned route to seize a small fuel depot in

2392:

Hitler felt that his mobile reserves allowed him to mount one major offensive. Although he realized nothing significant could be accomplished in the Eastern Front, he still believed an offensive against the Western Allies, whom he considered militarily inferior to the Red Army, would have some

5229:

emphasized secrecy and the commitment of overwhelming force. Due to the use of landline communications within Germany, motorized runners carrying orders, and draconian threats from Hitler, the timing and mass of the attack was not detected by Ultra codebreakers and achieved complete surprise.

2651:

and various infantry units to form a defensive line as the battle unfolded. By this time the German Army suffered from an acute manpower shortage, and the force had been reduced to around 30 divisions. Although it retained most of its armor, there were not enough infantry units because of the

4827: 4774:

Eisenhower wanted Montgomery to go on the counter offensive on 1 January, with the aim of meeting up with Patton's advancing Third Army and cutting off German troops at the tip of the salient, trapping them in a pocket. Montgomery, refusing to risk underprepared infantry in a snowstorm for a

2884:

On 16 December 1944 at 05:30, the Germans began the assault with a massive, 90-minute artillery barrage using 1,600 artillery pieces across a 130-kilometer (80 mi) front on the Allied troops facing the 6th Panzer Army. The Americans' initial impression was that this was the anticipated,

5604:

in German front lines on wartime news maps, and it became the most widely used name for the battle. The offensive was planned by the German forces with utmost secrecy, with minimal radio traffic and movements of troops and equipment under cover of darkness. Intercepted German communications

4132:

and forced their surrender, a tribute to the way Manteuffel's new tactics had been applied. The official U.S. Army history states: "At least seven thousand were lost here and the figure probably is closer to eight or nine thousand. The amount lost in arms and equipment, of course, was very

4068:

It was the German paratroopers' only nighttime drop during World War II. Heydte was given only eight days to prepare prior to the assault. He was not allowed to use his own regiment because their movement might alert the Allies to the impending counterattack. Instead, he was provided with a

2473:

The positions of the Allied armies stretched from southern France all the way north to the Netherlands. German planning for the counteroffensive rested on the premise that a successful strike against thinly manned stretches of the line would halt Allied advances on the entire Western Front.

5690:

as file HW 13/45. It sets out the various indications of an impending offensive that were received, then offers conclusions about the wisdom conferred by hindsight; the dangers of becoming wedded to a fixed view of the enemy's likely intentions; over-reliance on "Source" (i.e. ULTRA); and

3666:

difficult; at the exit to the village of Thirimont, the armored spearhead was unable to travel the road directly to Ligneuville, and Peiper deviated from the planned route, and rather than turn to the left, the armored spearhead turned to the right, and advanced towards the crossroads of

2295:, but no decisive breakthrough was achieved. There were 96 Allied divisions at or near the front, with an estimated ten more divisions on the way from the United Kingdom. Additional Allied airborne units remained in England. The Germans could field a total of 55 understrength divisions. 4241:, ordered the division to turn westwards towards Dinant and the Meuse, leaving only a blocking force at Marche-en-Famenne. Although advancing only in a narrow corridor, 2nd Panzer Division was still making rapid headway, leading to jubilation in Berlin. Headquarters now freed up the 2624:, recently brought back up to strength and re-equipped after heavy fighting during Operation Market Garden, was located just north of the Ardennes battlefield and tasked with holding U.S. forces in place, with the possibility of launching its own attack given favorable conditions. 5272:

and Manteuffel, technical experts from the eastern front, told Hitler that a limited offensive with the goal of surrounding and crushing the American 1st Army would be the best goal their offensive could hope to achieve. Their ideas shared the same fate as Dietrich's objections.

4406:

on 19 December. By this time, the town of Bastogne and its network of 11 hard-topped roads leading through the widely forested mountainous terrain with deep river valleys and boggy mud of the Ardennes region was under severe threat. Bastogne had previously been the site of the

4147:

In the center, the town of St. Vith, a vital road junction, presented the main challenge for both von Manteuffel's and Dietrich's forces. The defenders, led by the 7th Armored Division, included the remaining regiment of the 106th U.S. Infantry Division, with elements of the

5563:

The Allies pressed their advantage following the battle. By the beginning of February 1945, the lines were roughly where they had been in December 1944. In early February, the Allies launched an attack all along the Western front: in the north under Montgomery, they fought

5264:

Despite their loyalty, none of the German field commanders entrusted with planning and executing the offensive believed it was possible to capture Antwerp. Even Dietrich believed the Ardennes was a poor area for armored warfare and that the inexperienced and badly equipped

5584:

from 20 January to 12 January because meteorological reports warned of a thaw later in the month, and the tanks needed hard ground for the offensive (and the advance of the Red Army was assisted by two Panzer Armies (5th and 6th) being redeployed for the Ardennes attack).

3659:

infantry summarily executed dozens of U.S. POWs. Afterwards, Peiper advanced to the west, towards the River Meuse and captured Ligneuville, bypassing the towns of Mödersheid, Schoppen, Ondenval, and Thirimont. The terrain and poor quality of the roads made the advance of

2393:

chances of success. Hitler believed he could split the Allied forces and compel the Americans and British to settle for a separate peace, independent of the Soviet Union. Success in the west would give the Germans time to design and produce more advanced weapons (such as

5920:"Initial" is the sum total of all unit rosters of the respective combatants at the point at which those units entered the battle, while "Final" reflects the state of those units on 16 January 1945. For the strength of the opposing sides at any one time, see table above. 2533:

There is a popular impression that the chief trouble in the Ardennes is the lack of good roads. As anyone on the ground will agree, the Ardennes has a fairly good road system. It is not the lack of roads as much as the lack of almost anything else on which to move that

2511:

While the Ardennes Counteroffensive is the correct term in Allied military language, the official Ardennes-Alsace campaign reached beyond the Ardennes battle region, and the most popular description in English speaking countries remains simply 'Battle of the Bulge'.

4509:

critical. Up to this point the German losses had been light, notably in armor, with the exception of Peiper's losses. On the evening of 24 December, Manteuffel recommended to Hitler's Military Adjutant a halt to all offensive operations and a withdrawal back to the

2868:, who was put in charge of Operation Stösser, von der Heydte gave Operation Stösser less than a 10% chance of succeeding. Model told him it was necessary to make the attempt: "It must be done because this offensive is the last chance to conclude the war favorably." 5340:

whether the Allied logistical system possessed the required flexibility to support the narrow-front strategy, the reality of terrain and logistics argued strongly against it, and the consequences if the narrow front advance had failed would have been very severe.

3879:

Knittel crossed the bridge at Stavelot around 19:00 against American forces trying to retake the town. Knittel pressed forward towards La Gleize, and shortly afterward the Americans recaptured Stavelot. Peiper and Knittel both faced the prospect of being cut off.

2075:

Allied forces eventually came to more than 700,000 men; from these there were from 77,000 to more than 83,000 casualties, including at least 8,600 killed. The "Bulge" was the largest and bloodiest single battle fought by the United States in World War II and the

2771:

taken from corpses and prisoners of war. Their job was to go behind American lines and change signposts, misdirect traffic, generally cause disruption and seize bridges across the Meuse River. By late November another ambitious special operation was added: Col.

2711:, i.e., anti-aircraft cannons) in the area and the artificial multiplication of radio transmissions in the area. All of this meant that the attack, when it came, completely surprised the Allied forces. Remarkably, the U.S. Third Army intelligence chief, Colonel 4576:. Hundreds of planes attacked Allied airfields, destroying or severely damaging some 465 aircraft. The Luftwaffe lost 277 planes, 62 to Allied fighters and 172 mostly because of an unexpectedly high number of Allied flak guns, set up to protect against German 5426:

the fighting". He ended with "Care must be taken in telling our proud tale not to claim for the British Army an undue share of what is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will, I believe, be regarded as an ever famous American victory."

2362:, leaving the German Army with little battlefield intelligence and no way to interdict Allied supplies. The converse was equally damaging; daytime movement of German forces was rapidly noticed, and interdiction of supplies combined with the bombing of the 2235:

brought supplies to front-line troops, but used up five times as much fuel to reach the front line near the Belgian border. By early October, the Allies had suspended major offensives to improve their supply lines and supply availability at the front.

3910:

did not have sufficient fuel to cross the bridge west of Stoumont and continue his advance. He maintained his lines west of Stoumont for a while, until the evening of 19 December when he withdrew them to the village edge. On the same evening the U.S.

4464:

Both 2nd Panzer and Panzer-Lehr division moved forward from Bastogne after 21 December, leaving only Panzer-Lehr division's 901st Regiment to assist the 26th Volksgrenadier-Division in attempting to capture the crossroads. The 26th VG received one

9825:

The Operations of the 3rd Battalion, 395th Infantry (99th Infantry Division) Prior to and During the German Counter-Offensive, 10 November – 24 December 1944 (Ardennes Campaign) (Personal Experience of a Company Commander and Battalion Operations

2552:

Four armies were selected for the operation. Adolf Hitler personally selected for the counter-offensive on the northern shoulder of the western front the best troops available and officers he trusted. The lead role in the attack was given to the

6847: 2405:) and permit the concentration of forces in the east. After the war ended, this assessment was generally viewed as unrealistic, given Allied air superiority throughout Europe and their ability to continually disrupt German offensive operations. 4457:, acting commander of the 101st, was told of the German demand to surrender, in frustration he responded, "Nuts!" After turning to other pressing issues, his staff reminded him that they should reply to the German demand. One officer, Lt. Col. 2578:. They were given priority for supply and equipment and assigned the shortest route to the primary objective of the offensive, Antwerp, starting from the northernmost point on the intended battlefront, nearest the important road network hub of 4180:

To protect the river crossings on the Meuse at Givet, Dinant and Namur, Montgomery ordered those few units available to hold the bridges on 19 December. This led to a hastily assembled force including rear-echelon troops, military police and

2421:. The disputes between Montgomery and Bradley were well known, and Hitler hoped he could exploit this disunity. If the attack were to succeed in capturing Antwerp, four complete armies would be trapped without supplies behind German lines. 3736:. They destroyed a number of American armored units and vehicles, and took several dozen prisoners who were subsequently murdered. Peiper also captured 50,000 US gallons (190,000 L; 42,000 imp gal) of fuel for his vehicles. 2724:

400 during the Battle of the Hürtgen Forest. The next day GIs who relieved the Rangers reported a considerable movement of German troops inside the Ardennes in the enemy's rear, but that no one in the chain of command connected the dots.

9407: 5429:

Montgomery subsequently recognized his error and later wrote: "Not only was it probably a mistake to have held this conference at all in the sensitive state of feeling at the time, but what I said was skillfully distorted by the enemy."

5519:, and the Battle of Hürtgen Forest during that time period. For the period of December 1944 – January 1945 on the entire western front, Forrest Pogue gives a total of 28,178 U.S. military personnel captured, including shot down airmen. 3975:

In La Gleize, Peiper set up defenses waiting for German relief. When the relief force was unable to penetrate the Allied lines, he decided to break through the Allied lines and return to the German lines on 23 December. The men of the

4340:, then increasing the pressure on the key road centers of St. Vith and Bastogne. The more experienced U.S. 28th Infantry Division put up a much more dogged defense than the inexperienced soldiers of the 106th Infantry Division. The 3703:

arrived. The SS troopers suddenly opened fire on the prisoners. As soon as the firing began, the prisoners panicked. Most were shot where they stood, though some managed to flee. Accounts of the killing vary, but at least 84 of the

2384:, literally, 'Hunter Deployment') implied preparation for an offensive operation. Ultra also picked up communiqués regarding extensive rail and road movements in the region, as well as orders that movements should be made on time. 5406:

in battle which makes a great soldier", and went on to talk about the necessity of Allied teamwork, and praised Eisenhower, stating, "Teamwork wins battles and battle victories win wars. On our team, the captain is General Ike."

2325:

Hitler initially promised his generals a total of 18 infantry and 12 armored or mechanized divisions "for planning purposes." The plan was to pull 13 infantry divisions, two parachute divisions and six armored divisions from the

5779:

Ellis and Warhurst cite 200 killed, 969 wounded, and 239 missing; Dupuy, Bongard, and Anderson provide higher figures of 222 killed, 977 wounded, and 263 missing among line combat units from 16 December 1944 to 16 January 1945,

5691:

improvements in German security. It also stresses the role played by poor Allied security: "The Germans have this time prevented us from knowing enough about them; but we have not prevented them knowing far too much about us".

2605:, with the task of protecting the flank. This Army was made up of only four infantry divisions, with no large-scale armored formations to use as a spearhead unit. As a result, they made little progress throughout the battle. 6196: 2230:

were successful. This destruction hampered the German response to the invasion, but it proved equally hampering to the Allies, as it took time to repair the rail network's tracks and bridges. A trucking system nicknamed the

4778:

At the start of the offensive, the First and Third U.S. Armies were separated by about 40 km (25 mi). American progress in the south was also restricted to about a kilometer or a little over half a mile per day.

5397:

Montgomery requested permission from Churchill to give a press conference to explain the situation. Though some of his staff were concerned at how the press conference would affect Montgomery's image, it was cleared by

4500:

started attacking the German troops on the roads. Allied air forces also helped the defenders of Bastogne, dropping much-needed supplies—medicine, food, blankets, and ammunition. A team of volunteer surgeons flew in by

3555:

heavy tank, consumed 2 US gallons of fuel per mile (470 litres per 100 km), and the Germans only had enough fuel for an estimated 90 to 100 miles (140 to 160 km) of travel, not nearly enough to reach Antwerp.

2671:

had provided valuable intelligence about German dispositions. Once they reached the German border, this source dried up. In France, orders had been relayed within the German army using radio messages enciphered by the

2147:

The Allies defended the Ardennes line very thinly, due to the favorable defensive terrain (a densely wooded highland with deep river valleys and a rather thin road network) and because they had intelligence that the

2172:

and west of the original invasion beaches, but the Germans had thoroughly wrecked and mined the harbor before it could be taken. It took many months to rebuild its cargo-handling capability. The Allies captured the

5327:

One of the fault lines between the British and American high commands was Eisenhower's commitment to a broad front advance. This view was opposed by the British Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Field Marshal

2374:

problems despite Allied control of the air. Additionally, their extensive telephone and telegraph network meant that radios were no longer necessary for communications, which lessened the effectiveness of Allied

4103:

Following the Malmedy massacre, on New Year's Day 1945, having previously received orders to take no prisoners, American soldiers executed approximately sixty German prisoners of war near the Belgian village of

4770:

The temperature during that January was extremely low, which required weapons to be maintained and truck engines run every half-hour to prevent their oil from congealing. The offensive went forward regardless.

4592:, losing 40 of their own planes while damaging only four American planes. While the Allies recovered from their losses within days, the operation left the Luftwaffe ineffective for the remainder of the war. 5251:, commander of the 12th SS Panzer (Armor) Division, captured by Belgian partisans on 6 September 1944. Thus Hitler gave responsibility for the key right flank of the assault to the best SS troops and a few 5575:

The German losses in the battle were especially critical: their last reserves were now gone, the Luftwaffe had been shattered, and remaining forces throughout the West were being pushed back to defend the

4789:, addressing the House of Commons following the Battle of the Bulge said, "This is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will, I believe, be regarded as an ever-famous American victory." 2731:

led it to be used as a training ground for new units and a rest area for units that had seen hard fighting. The U.S. units deployed in the Ardennes thus were a mixture of inexperienced troops (such as the

4037: 5446:

memoirs: "I doubt if Montgomery ever came to realize how resentful some American commanders were. They believed he had belittled them—and they were not slow to voice reciprocal scorn and contempt."

2719:

all correctly predicted the German offensive capability and intention to strike the U.S. VIII Corps area. These predictions were largely dismissed by the U.S. 12th Army Group. Strong had informed

9415: 7457: 5515:

credit (the entirety of U.S. First, Third and Seventh Armies), which includes losses suffered during the German offensive in Alsace, Operation Nordwind as well as forces engaged in the Saar and

8406: 4282:'s girlfriend, baseball scores, or the capital of a particular U.S. state—though many could not remember or did not know. General Omar Bradley was briefly detained when he correctly identified 4128:

numerical and material superiority over the very thinly spread 28th and 106th divisions. They succeeded in surrounding two largely intact regiments (422nd and 423rd) of the 106th Division in a

2160:

The Allies faced major supply issues, due to the rate of their advance coupled with the initial lack of deep-water ports. Over-the-beach supply operations using the Normandy landing areas, and

5343:

Montgomery's Chief of Staff, Major-General Francis de Guingand, stated in his post-war account that he had opposed Montgomery's narrow front strategy on political and administrative grounds.

2301:

first outlined his planned counter-offensive to his generals on 16 September 1944. The goal was to pierce the thinly held lines of the U.S. First Army between Monschau and Wasserbillig with

2012:

The Germans achieved a total surprise attack on the morning of 16 December 1944, due to a combination of Allied overconfidence, preoccupation with Allied offensive plans elsewhere and poor

4297:

The tightened security nonetheless made things very hard for the German infiltrators, and a number of them were captured. Even during interrogation, they continued their goal of spreading

2378:

intercepts. Nevertheless, some 40–50 messages per day were decrypted by Ultra. They recorded the quadrupling of German fighter forces, and a term used in an intercepted Luftwaffe message (

5438:

explained that "my dispatch to the BBC about it was intercepted by the German wireless, re-written to give it an anti-American bias, and then broadcast by Arnhem Radio, which was then in

3732:

Peiper entered Honsfeld, where they encountered one of the 99th Division's rest centers, clogged with confused American troops. They quickly captured portions of the 3rd Battalion of the

4496:

On 23 December the weather conditions started improving, allowing the Allied air forces to attack. They launched devastating bombing raids on the German supply points in their rear, and

16301: 4305:. Skorzeny and his men were fully aware of their likely fate, and most wore their German uniforms underneath their American ones in case of capture. Skorzeny was tried by an American 1329: 1132: 5351:

Montgomery differed from the U.S. command in how to respond to the German attack and his public statements to that effect caused tension in the American high command. Major-General

3849:

Peiper and the Meuse, the bridge over the Lienne was blown by the Americans as the Germans approached. Peiper turned north and halted his forces in the woods between La Gleize and

2077: 4225:

was passed at Ourtheville on 21 December. Lack of fuel held up the advance for one day, but on 23 December the offensive was resumed towards the two small towns of Hargimont and

3840:, leaving the bulk of his strength in Stavelot. When they reached it at 11:30 on 18 December, retreating U.S. engineers blew it up. Peiper detoured north towards the villages of 5600:'Operation Watch on the Rhine', while the Allies designated it the Ardennes Counteroffensive. The phrase "Battle of the Bulge" was coined by contemporary press to describe the 9617: 2627:

For the offensive to be successful, four criteria were deemed critical: the attack had to be a complete surprise; the weather conditions had to be poor to neutralize Allied

16306: 4344:(the most northerly of the 28th Division's regiments), holding a continuous front east of the Our, kept German troops from seizing and using the Our River bridges around 4133:

substantial. The Schnee Eifel battle, therefore, represents the most serious reverse suffered by American arms during the operations of 1944–45 in the European theater."

14469: 5285: 4815: 14214: 4518:

Disagreement and confusion at the Allied command prevented a strong response, throwing away the opportunity for a decisive action. In the center, on Christmas Eve, the

3968:

Peiper on 22 December, and although the Germans had run out of food and had virtually no fuel, they continued to fight. A Luftwaffe resupply mission went badly when SS-

13815: 7672: 9824: 8839: 3608: 3572:

The attacks by the Sixth Panzer Army's infantry units in the north fared badly because of unexpectedly fierce resistance by the U.S. 2nd and 99th Infantry Divisions.

2068:) also sustained heavy losses. In the wake of the defeat, many experienced German units were effectively out of men and equipment, and the survivors retreated to the 15820: 13831: 7136: 5591:

United States military. More than 2,000 black soldiers had volunteered to go to the front. A total of 708 black Americans were killed in combat during World War II.

2549:. The close terrain of the Ardennes would make rapid movement difficult, though open ground beyond the Meuse offered the prospect of a successful dash to the coast. 942: 12308: 12303: 12156: 5460:

After the war Manteuffel, who commanded the 5th Panzer Army in the Ardennes, was imprisoned awaiting trial for war crimes. During this period he was interviewed by

4160:. Since the German plan called for the capture of St. Vith by 18:00 on 17 December, the prolonged action in and around it dealt a major setback to their timetable. 3611:

along with four Forward Air Controllers held up the battalion of about 500 German paratroopers until sunset, about 16:00, causing 92 casualties among the Germans.

2080:. It was one of the most important battles of the war, as it marked the last major offensive attempted by the Axis powers on the Western front. After this defeat, 14158: 3964:. As he withdrew from Cheneux, American paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division engaged the Germans in fierce house-to-house fighting. The Americans shelled 13754: 13726: 12870: 12197: 3906:

and reported the Americans had recaptured Stavelot to their east. Peiper ordered Knittel to retake Stavelot. Assessing his own situation, he determined that his

12263: 5536:

German historian Hermann Jung lists 67,675 casualties from 16 December 1944 to late January 1945 for the three German armies that participated in the offensive.

3708:

were murdered. A few survived, and news of the killings of prisoners of war spread through Allied lines. Following the end of the war, soldiers and officers of

15799: 14478: 14165: 13292: 12405: 8466:

Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht (Wehrmachtführungsstab) 1940–1945: 1. Januar 1944-22. Mai 1945. Eingeleitet und erläutert von P. E. Schramm. 2 v

2502:('Ardennes Offensive') and Rundstedt-Offensive, both names being generally used nowadays in modern Germany. The French (and Belgian) name for the operation is 1322: 1125: 14781: 14144: 13446: 13071: 12610: 12372: 3953:. Peiper learned that his reinforcements had been directed to gather in La Gleize to his east, and he withdrew, leaving wounded Americans and Germans in the 2431:

had been the case since Normandy) would only delay defeat, not avert it. They thus developed alternative, less ambitious plans that did not aim to cross the

5469:

premature and piecemeal counter-attacks which enabled the Americans to gather their reserves and frustrate the German attempts to extend their breakthrough.

13787: 13733: 12919: 12313: 3119: 2571: 8634: 14251: 13740: 13356: 10584: 5718: 3954: 16366: 12766: 12258: 8086: 7461: 5257:

units under the command of "Sepp" (Joseph) Dietrich, a fanatical political disciple of Hitler, and a loyal follower from the early days of the rise of

4588:

from the German flak guns that were uninformed of the pending large-scale German air operation. The Germans suffered heavy losses at an airfield named

2263:

had achieved only some of its objectives, while its territorial gains left the Allied supply situation stretched further than before. In October, the

16321: 16316: 16311: 14137: 13577: 13453: 11249: 1315: 1118: 4001:

wrote, "... the action of the 2nd and 99th Divisions on the northern shoulder could be considered the most decisive of the Ardennes campaign."

2279:

Despite a lull along the front after the Scheldt battles, the German situation remained dire. While operations continued in the autumn, notably the

13430: 12810: 11635: 10153: 9904: 3582:, but it was closed by two collapsed overpasses that German engineers failed to repair during the first day. Peiper's forces were rerouted through 2890:

advance. Poor traffic control led to massive traffic jams and fuel shortages in forward units. Nearly 10 hours into the assault, one of the German

2803:, aimed at crushing what was left of German resistance on the Eastern Front and thereby opening the way to Berlin. It was hoped that Soviet leader 7269: 5332:, as well as Field Marshal Montgomery, who promoted a rapid advance on a narrow front under his command, with the other allied armies in reserve. 13867: 13179: 5310: 2129: 8140: 3684:

Peiper was near the hamlet of Baugnez, on the height halfway between the town of Malmedy and Ligneuville, when they encountered elements of the

3578:

Peiper, at the head of Sepp Dietrich's Sixth Panzer Army, had been designated to take the Losheim-Losheimergraben road, a key route through the

2496:, a name that deceptively implied the Germans would be adopting a defensive posture along the Western Front. The Germans also referred to it as 13686: 12988: 12589: 11657: 10745: 9158: 4615:) launched a major offensive against the thinly-stretched, 110 kilometers (70 mi) line of the Seventh U.S. Army. This offensive, known as 15692: 5624:

The battle around Bastogne received a great deal of media attention because in early December 1944 it was a rest and recreation area for many

5442:' hands. Monitored at Bradley's HQ, this broadcast was mistaken for a BBC transmission and it was this twisted text that started the uproar." 3949:

Peiper on the morning of 21 December. They failed and were forced to withdraw, and a number were captured, including battalion commander Maj.

3938:, commanding officer of the I SS Panzer Corps, to increase its efforts to back Peiper's battle group, but Priess was unable to break through. 2366:

starved Germany of oil and gasoline. This fuel shortage intensified after the Soviets overran those fields in the course of their August 1944

14485: 14448: 14425: 13939: 12861: 12831: 12528: 11941: 8259: 5752:

strictly reflect the extent of the forces in contact with each other on 16 December; accuracy is considerably improved for the later periods.

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defensive fire. After a fierce tank battle the next day, the Germans finally entered the town when U.S. engineers failed to blow the bridge.

3763:) divisions, took the key road junction at Losheimergraben just north of Lanzerath and attacked the twin villages of Rocherath and Krinkelt. 935: 14200: 3934:

Sandig, which had been ordered to take Stavelot, launched another attack without success. Sixth Panzer Army commander Sepp Dietrich ordered

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on 15 August 1944, the Allies advanced towards Germany more quickly than anticipated. The speed of the advance of the Allies caused several

14578: 14434: 14418: 14390: 13631: 12838: 2814:, and the close advance of the Red Army which would seize the site on 27 January 1945, Hitler and his staff had been forced to abandon the 2632:

The General Staff estimated they only had enough fuel to cover one third to one half of the ground to Antwerp in heavy combat conditions.

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Peiper, consisting of 4,800 men and 600 vehicles, which was charged with leading the main effort. Its newest and most powerful tank, the

2521: 1897: 1628: 1094: 5929:

David Eggenberger cites the official name as Ardennes-Alsace campaign, and describes this battle as the "Second Battle of the Ardennes".

14307: 13032: 11182: 10248: 9844: 7110: 5355:, Chief of Staff of Montgomery's 21st Army Group, rose to the occasion, and personally smoothed over the disagreements on 30 December. 4453:

Despite determined German attacks, the perimeter held. The German commander, Lüttwitz, requested Bastogne's surrender. When Brig. Gen.

2060:. The battle severely depleted Germany's armored forces, which remained largely unreplaced throughout the remainder of the war. German 1142: 15813: 14441: 12824: 12782: 9544: 4447: 3772: 3744: 3486: 3481: 3313: 2886: 2807:

would delay the start of the operation once the German assault in the Ardennes had begun and wait for the outcome before continuing.

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was tasked with contributing 100 men from each of its regiments. In loyalty to their commander, 150 men from Heydte's own unit, the

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Bradley and Patton both threatened to resign unless Montgomery's command was changed. Eisenhower, encouraged by his British deputy

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On 1 January, in an attempt to keep the offensive going, the Germans launched two new operations. At 09:15, the Luftwaffe launched

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Wilhelm Mohnke insisted the grid coordinates supplied by Peiper were wrong, parachuting supplies into American hands in Stoumont.

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fighter forces in the West; and decrypts of Japanese diplomatic signals from Berlin to Tokyo, mentioning "the coming offensive".

5613: 4341: 4190: 4152:

and 28th U.S. Infantry Division. These units, which operated under the command of Generals Robert W. Hasbrouck (7th Armored) and

3942: 3733: 3468: 3221: 3216: 3200: 3189: 2975: 2826:, in which they had coordinated much of the fighting on the Eastern Front. After a brief visit to Berlin, Hitler traveled on his 2737: 2652:

defensive needs in the East. These 30 newly rebuilt divisions used some of the last reserves of the German Army. Among them were

70: 9791:, Victory in the West: History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series, vol. II, Naval and Military Press, 7316: 4686: 4446:

By 21 December the Germans had surrounded Bastogne, which was defended by the 101st Airborne Division, the all African American

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towards Germany and attacked the rear of the American lines. Only about 100 of his weary men finally reached the German rear.

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World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946

10774: 10646: 10616: 10552: 10494: 10458: 10422: 10282: 10238: 10191: 10120: 10020: 9871: 9660: 9595: 9572: 9441: 9397: 9376: 9323: 9290: 9236: 9125: 9071: 8440: 8242: 7772: 6024: 4834: 4357: 4275: 3748: 3425: 3416: 3411: 3050: 3012: 2998: 2970: 2961: 1892: 1479: 1368: 16351: 10415:

Dog Company: The Boys of Pointe du Hoc – The Rangers Who Accomplished D-Day's Toughest Mission and Led the Way across Europe

15589: 14996: 14882: 14047: 13507: 13503: 13481: 13085: 12006: 10990: 10820: 10513: 10210: 9922: 9832: 9564: 9540: 9039: 8843: 5511: 4693: 4667: 4523: 4519: 4149: 3689: 3397: 3241: 3109: 3034: 2575: 2030: 20: 10980: 7144: 3980:

were forced to abandon their vehicles and heavy equipment, although most of the 800 remaining troops were able to escape.

131: 15504: 14968: 14300: 14286: 13492: 9796: 8561: 8260:"A Very Special Relationship: Basil Liddell Hart, Wehrmacht Generals and the Debate on West German Rearmament, 1945–1953" 5618: 5399: 3836:

Capitalizing on his success and not wanting to lose more time, Peiper rushed an advance group toward the vital bridge at

3104: 3089: 2527: 2367: 1099: 12054: 10908: 9938: 6133: 6104: 2271:, opening the port of Antwerp to shipping. As a result, by the end of October, the supply situation had eased somewhat. 1683: 15713: 15582: 15460: 15038: 14753: 14704: 14462: 14017: 13262: 13101: 12949: 12803: 12508: 11650: 11221: 10682: 10386: 10368: 9511: 9311:

Das Deutsche Reich in der Defensive Strategischer Luftkrieg in Europa, Krieg im Westen und in Ostasien 1943 bis 1944/45

4420: 4390: 3997:

sector opposite the 99th, this included more than 4,000 deaths and the destruction of 60 tanks and big guns. Historian

3114: 2197: 1746: 1396: 1291: 7083: 15829: 14711: 14683: 14500: 14082: 13794: 13761: 11936: 11408: 11386: 11368: 11347: 11326: 11173: 10963: 10935: 10847: 10792: 10721: 10700: 10664: 10574: 10476: 10440: 10404: 10332: 10311: 10300:

Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal Law: The Experience of International and National Courts

10143: 10099: 10081: 10059: 9970: 9889: 9814: 9775: 9757: 9737: 9678: 9493: 9466: 9254: 9215: 9177: 9107: 9089: 8217: 5569: 4733: 4700: 3308: 2363: 1445: 12977: 12541: 11704: 11699: 11665: 11292:

Brothers, Rivals, Victors: Eisenhower, Patton, Bradley, and the Partnership That Drove the Allied Conquest in Europe

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headquarters. Two separate westbound German columns that were to have bypassed the town to the south and north, the

4234: 3895:-armed American M36 tank destroyers move forward to stem German spearhead near Werbomont, Belgium, 20 December 1944. 2779: 2240:

This had the short-term goal of opening the urgently needed port of Antwerp and the long-term goal of capturing the

2033:

on 24 December 1944. Improved weather conditions from around 24 December permitted air attacks on German forces and

15866: 15024: 14961: 14096: 13925: 13048: 11888: 9333: 9309: 8664: 6333: 5828:

after the operation was given the go-ahead in early December, although its original name remains much better known.

4372: 4078: 3596: 3463: 3129: 2688:

order was imposed on all matters concerning the upcoming offensive. The major crackdown in the Wehrmacht after the

2204: 473: 13602: 11694: 11535:

The Long Road: From Oran to Pilsen: the Oral Histories of Veterans of World War II, European Theater of Operations

3621:

Occupation of this dominating terrain would allow control of the roads to the south and west and ensure supply to

15390: 15231: 15220: 15056: 14815: 14774: 14667: 14605: 13985: 13255: 13124: 13092: 12498: 11762: 11689: 8430: 5539:

The German casualty reports for the involved armies count 63,222 losses from 10 December 1944 to 31 January 1945.

4522:

attempted to attack and cut off the spearheads of the 2nd Panzer Division at the Meuse, while the units from the

3785:

on 17 December 1944. Eleven black American soldiers were tortured after surrendering and then shot by men of the

3326: 2773: 2680:, to give the intelligence known as Ultra. In Germany such orders were typically transmitted using telephone and 981: 34: 13772: 13340: 4682: 3992:

An American soldier escorts a German crewman from his wrecked Panther tank during the Battle of Elsenborn Ridge.

3899:

At dawn on 19 December, Peiper surprised the American defenders of Stoumont by sending infantry from the 2nd SS

3853:. He learned that Stoumont was strongly held and that the Americans were bringing up strong reinforcements from 2701:

in the northern Rhineland, possibly to defend against British attack. This was done by increasing the number of

15776: 15748: 15626: 15419: 14656: 14107: 14033: 13822: 13193: 12912: 12817: 12702: 12454: 12360: 11807: 11802: 11797: 9272: 8642: 4671: 4606: 4530:

In the south, Patton's Third Army was battling to relieve Bastogne. At 16:50 on 26 December, the lead element,

4202: 2915:, both road junctions of great strategic importance. In the south, Brandenberger's Seventh Army pushed towards 2216: 2186: 1204: 15997: 10600: 4317:

stemming from his leadership of Operation Greif but was acquitted. He later moved to Spain and South America.

2322:

and Dinant by the third day, and seize Antwerp and the western bank of the Scheldt estuary by the fourth day.

16346: 16331: 15836: 15769: 15720: 15651: 15476: 14982: 14933: 14697: 14690: 14293: 14054: 13838: 12891: 12513: 11776: 11757: 11643: 10909:

Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II: Final report, 7 December 1941 – 31 December 1946

4838: 4556: 4472: 4278:

at these checkpoints grilled troops on things that every American was expected to know, like the identity of

4230: 4074: 3926:

Hansen was still struggling against bad road conditions and stiff American resistance on the southern route.

1382: 1296: 74: 8090: 3806: 2164:

on the beaches, were unable to meet operational needs. The only deep-water port the Allies had captured was

16326: 16266: 15910: 15806: 15181: 15142: 14061: 13889: 13874: 13801: 13780: 13598: 13276: 13062: 13055: 13039: 12750: 12709: 12681: 12605: 12600: 4336:

Further south on Manteuffel's front, the main thrust was delivered by all attacking divisions crossing the

4238: 4182: 2338: 2133: 1974: 1339: 56: 12571: 11255: 4274:

Checkpoints were set up all over the Allied rear, greatly slowing the movement of soldiers and equipment.

4193:, which had turned in its tanks for re-equipping, was told to take back their tanks and head to the area. 1850: 16296: 16291: 16037: 15873: 15197: 15149: 14767: 14739: 14592: 14207: 14186: 13700: 13363: 13269: 12759: 12459: 12350: 11770: 10167: 7673:"World War II: Pathfinders Resupply 101st Airborne Division Troops in Bastogne Via Daring Parachute Drop" 5679: 2017:

air forces for an extended period. American resistance on the northern shoulder of the offensive, around

1438: 10892: 9408:"Peter Calvocoressi: Political writer who served at Bletchley Park and assisted at the Nuremberg trials" 3959: 2412:

attack through the weakly defended Ardennes, mirroring the successful German offensive there during the

2314:

by the end of the first day, get the armor through the Ardennes by the end of the second day, reach the

2288: 2177:

intact in the first days of September, but it was not operational until 28 November. The estuary of the

1981:

which took place from 16 December 1944 to 25 January 1945. It was launched through the densely forested

1695: 1238: 16276: 16271: 16161: 16120: 16087: 15944: 15671: 15167: 15086: 15031: 14919: 14875: 14525: 14151: 14075: 13970: 13847: 13719: 13712: 13672: 13645: 13377: 13310: 12905: 12716: 12646: 12161: 11990: 11893: 10762: 9318:], Das Deutsche Reich und die Zweite Weltkrieg (in German), vol. 7, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 7277: 5728: 4408: 4197:

was significantly reinforced for this effort. Units of the corps which fought in the Ardennes were the

4194: 2800: 2418: 2329: 2044:, 2,600 artillery pieces, and over 1,000 combat aircraft. Between 63,000 and 104,000 of these men were 1865: 1860: 1830: 1722: 1554: 1261: 1189: 1064: 9027:

UK National Archives HW 13/45, "Indications of the German Offensive of December 1944", Part C, para. 5

16361: 16057: 15573: 15490: 15275: 15135: 15107: 14940: 14845: 14635: 14068: 13135: 12789: 11926: 11819: 11624: 5888:

slang. In this case it signified rejection, and was explained to the Germans as meaning "Go to Hell!"

4535: 3583: 3520: 3510: 2041: 2018: 1729: 1469: 1452: 1433: 1358: 1286: 1029: 1003: 13333: 6979:

Statement of General Lauer "the enemy had the key to success within his hands, but did not know it."

2792:, a night-time paratroop drop behind the Allied lines aimed at capturing a vital road junction near 64: 16286: 16281: 16067: 15974: 15312: 15289: 14541: 14342: 14335: 13992: 13652: 13624: 13617: 13004: 12620: 12395: 11792: 10108: 5684:

Indications of the German Offensive of December 1944, derived from ULTRA material, submitted to DMI

5301: 5261:

in Germany. The leadership composition of the Sixth Panzer Army had a distinctly political nature.

5009: 4629: 4531: 4229:. Hargimont was captured the same day, but Marche-en-Famenne was strongly defended by the American 4198: 3875:

Knittel, which had been designated to follow Hansen, to instead move forward to support Peiper. SS-

1793: 1474: 1428: 591: 528: 487: 481: 262: 13349: 13326: 10811: 9608: 8287: 5457:, Guingand, and Walter Smith, moved Eisenhower to reconsider and allowed Montgomery to apologize. 1918:

Map showing the swelling of "the Bulge" as the German offensive progressed creating the nose-like

15734: 15678: 15548: 15408: 15093: 14746: 14642: 14548: 14116: 13977: 13947: 13911: 13896: 13768: 13660: 13638: 13584: 13570: 13552: 13216: 12997: 12725: 12674: 12503: 12283: 12176: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11722: 10525: 10032:

Publications Combined: The Battle Of The Bulge - Key Writings Of The Ardennes, Rhine And Bastogne

9341:, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Royal Netherlands Army, Free University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands 5336: 4707: 4660: 4567: 4432: 4353: 4006: 2621: 2260: 2122: 1855: 1688: 1678: 1503: 1222: 1184: 357: 10785:

The Other Price of Hitler's War: German Military and Civilian Losses Resulting From World War II

9913: 9588:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1494–2007

4367:

In the extreme south, Brandenberger's three infantry divisions were checked by divisions of the

16207: 16031: 16012: 16007: 15992: 15426: 15319: 15121: 15072: 14975: 14868: 14838: 14621: 14509: 14235: 14026: 13610: 13591: 13561: 13108: 13078: 12595: 12559: 12329: 12166: 12110: 11916: 11781: 11737: 11214:

A Machine Gunner's War: From Normandy to Victory with the 1st Infantry Division in World War II

10766: 9431: 7812: 7549: 3912: 3786: 3715: 2955: 2097: 1902: 1518: 1508: 1493: 11188: 11021: 10204: 9003: 7610: 7043: 6343: 3538: 3519:

is often credited as the central point where the German offensive was stopped, the battle for

2858: 2715:, the U.S. First Army intelligence chief and the SHAEF intelligence officer Brigadier General 16212: 16151: 16046: 15937: 15917: 15640: 15483: 15379: 15349: 15305: 15045: 15010: 15003: 14926: 14824: 14265: 14242: 14089: 13693: 13230: 12970: 12956: 12639: 12534: 12518: 11684: 9187: 6262: 5808:

last detail. Hitler had even written on the plan in his own handwriting 'not to be altered'".

4547: 4283: 3998: 2617: 2268: 2065: 2013: 1774: 1712: 1590: 1542: 1243: 1057: 993: 905: 855: 13528: 12192: 12078: 10754: 10270: 10254: 7114: 3988: 3814:

By the evening the spearhead had pushed north to engage the U.S. 99th Infantry Division and

16240: 16230: 16197: 16100: 16095: 16062: 16027: 15741: 15596: 15247: 15204: 15174: 15100: 14910: 14889: 13808: 13285: 12963: 12469: 12249: 12228: 12223: 11951: 11873: 11673: 11356: 11335: 10835: 10129: 5723: 5713: 5363: 5306: 4416: 4120: 3449: 3336: 2768: 2664: 2594: 2590: 2375: 2247: 2125: 1967: 1887: 1782: 1616: 1498: 1413: 1403: 976: 561: 448: 407: 256: 12035: 9534: 4022: 2789: 2663:

Before the offensive the Allies were virtually blind to German troop movement. During the

2208: 1009: 8: 16222: 16072: 15859: 15511: 15467: 14989: 14123: 13882: 13409: 13239: 13223: 13172: 12523: 12493: 12367: 12293: 12288: 12273: 12268: 12218: 12136: 10566: 10303: 9708: 9632: 5939: 5605:

indicating a substantial German offensive preparation were not acted upon by the Allies.

5565: 5352: 5078: 4412: 4329: 4242: 3382: 3248: 3226: 3008: 2994: 2966: 2904:, killing 567 people, the highest death toll from a single rocket attack during the war. 2846: 2720: 2598: 2342: 2264: 2165: 2152:

was using the area across the German border as a rest-and-refit area for its own troops.

1845: 1807: 1760: 1753: 1652: 1537: 1418: 1280: 1268: 1179: 443: 12171: 11629: 10621: 10342: 10070: 9831:(Monograph), Fort Benning, Georgia: U.S. Army Infantry School, p. 3, archived from 9559:

Clarke, Jeffrey J.; Smith, Robert Ross (1993), "Chapter XXXVIII: The Battle of Alsace",

6956: 6413: 5587:

Churchill was elated at Stalin's offer of help, thanking Stalin for the thrilling news.

5402:

Alan Brooke, who was possibly the only person from whom Montgomery would accept advice.

16245: 16133: 16110: 16105: 16052: 16017: 15852: 15685: 15610: 15564: 15534: 15442: 15282: 14947: 14831: 14725: 14676: 14614: 14370: 14321: 14130: 13747: 13402: 13200: 12576: 12146: 12131: 12126: 12094: 11863: 11397: 11315: 11290: 11091: 10923: 10860: 9749:

An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present

9450: 8609: 8388: 7638: 5650: 5629: 5601: 5490: 5474: 5461: 5295: 5258: 4622: 4589: 4551: 4371:

after an advance of 6.4 km (4 mi); that front was then firmly held. Only the

4142: 3892: 3134: 2894: 2748: 2608: 2491: 2355:). By November, it was clear that Soviet forces were preparing for a winter offensive. 2253: 2189: 2169: 2161: 2104: 2001:

and destroy each of the four Allied armies and force the western Allies to negotiate a

1919: 1870: 1664: 1657: 1595: 1528: 1513: 1374: 1194: 1166: 1159: 1034: 998: 371: 289: 12298: 11272:

The Tigers of Bastogne: Voices of the 10th Armored Division in the Battle of the Bulge

11132: 10271: 9959: 3700: 3695: 2829: 2676:, and these could be picked up and decrypted by Allied code-breakers headquartered at 16202: 16171: 15843: 15727: 15617: 15557: 15518: 15451: 15433: 15399: 15342: 15296: 15240: 15065: 14803: 14795: 14732: 14585: 14179: 13704: 13165: 13144: 12854: 12565: 12339: 12334: 12278: 12073: 12030: 11878: 11858: 11848: 11814: 11732: 11595: 11574: 11556: 11538: 11520: 11502: 11481: 11463: 11440: 11422: 11404: 11382: 11364: 11343: 11322: 11297: 11275: 11235: 11217: 11169: 11148: 11145:

World War II and the Postwar Years in America: A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia

11058: 11032: 10994: 10959: 10941: 10931: 10866: 10843: 10788: 10770: 10755: 10739: 10717: 10709: 10696: 10678: 10660: 10642: 10592: 10570: 10548: 10517: 10490: 10472: 10454: 10436: 10418: 10400: 10382: 10364: 10348: 10328: 10320: 10307: 10278: 10234: 10187: 10159: 10139: 10133: 10116: 10095: 10077: 10055: 10016: 9966: 9898: 9885: 9867: 9810: 9792: 9771: 9753: 9747: 9733: 9674: 9656: 9640: 9621: 9591: 9568: 9515: 9489: 9462: 9437: 9393: 9372: 9319: 9286: 9268: 9250: 9232: 9211: 9173: 9167: 9152: 9131: 9121: 9103: 9085: 9067: 8842:. Centre de Recherches et d'Informations sur la Bataille des Ardennes. Archived from 8436: 8279: 8238: 8213: 8136: 7768: 7323: 6020: 5625: 5528:

81,000 to 103,900. Some authors have estimated German casualties as high as 125,000:

5516: 4786: 4454: 4385: 4306: 4226: 4098: 3714:

Peiper, including Peiper and SS general Dietrich, were tried for the incident at the

3516: 3097: 2668: 2648: 2346: 2280: 2181:

river that controlled access to the port had to be cleared of both German troops and

2100: 2053: 2049: 1970: 1821: 1814: 1788: 1767: 1671: 1568: 1523: 1423: 1228: 1214: 1209: 1199: 1173: 1082: 1039: 971: 331: 19:

This article is about the 1944 German offensive in World War II. For other uses, see

10810:

Stewart, Richard W., ed. (2010), "World War II: The War Against Germany and Italy",

9504: 9455: 9366: 4754: 4061:

Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte, considered by Germans to be a hero of the

2693:

smoke and reduce chances of Allied observers deducing a troop buildup was underway.

2256:

was able to reorganize the disrupted German armies into a coherent defensive force.

16022: 16002: 15762: 15755: 15699: 15363: 15128: 15114: 15017: 14954: 14905: 14718: 14571: 14518: 14328: 14279: 14193: 13416: 13393: 12926: 12448: 12424: 12390: 12344: 12238: 12233: 11898: 11883: 11457: 11083: 11071: 11050: 9986:

Hinsley, F. H., "Introduction: The Influence of Ultra in the Second World War", in

9688: 8271: 7322:. Office de Promotion du Tourisme de Wallonie et de Bruxelles. 2009. Archived from 5885: 4497: 4403: 3646: 3636: 2760: 2728: 2413: 2402: 2284: 2232: 2045: 1800: 1739: 1700: 1486: 1457: 1233: 1077: 317: 27: 12935: 11829: 10487:

Neil Webster's Cribs for Victory: The Untold Story of Bletchley Park's Secret Room

2799:

German intelligence had set 20 December as the expected date for the start of the

16156: 16128: 16042: 15785: 15497: 15412: 15370: 15268: 15211: 15079: 14861: 14852: 14381: 13956: 13932: 13186: 12202: 12141: 12025: 11971: 11399:

The Battle of the Bulge, The German View: Perspectives from Hitler's High Command

11017: 10953: 10636: 10200: 10030: 9725: 9316:

The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia 1943–1944/5

9059: 9043: 7762: 7270:"Why the Bulge Didn't Break: Green Troops Grew Up Fast to Become Heroes of Hofen" 6288: 6286: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5546:'s official numbers are 75,000 American casualties and 100,000 German casualties. 5359: 4577: 4502: 4428: 4395: 4368: 4262: 4173: 4129: 4062: 4010: 3705: 3276: 3075: 2764: 2756: 2642: 2636: 2628: 2586: 2554: 2545:

were to advance westward to the Meuse River, then turn northwest for Antwerp and

2292: 2212: 2193: 2174: 2141: 2093: 2057: 1994: 1840: 1705: 1633: 1585: 1547: 1462: 1249: 1016: 556: 551: 501: 430: 412: 303: 15897: 11002: 9036: 6162: 5453:, had decided to sack Montgomery. Intervention by Montgomery's and Eisenhower's 4438: 4168: 2593:

was assigned to the middle sector with the objective of capturing Brussels. The

16179: 16143: 15792: 15328: 15254: 13299: 13158: 12416: 12151: 12065: 12046: 12017: 11982: 11963: 11453: 10984: 10632: 10512:, U.S. Army in World War II: European Theater of Operations, Washington, D.C.: 8275: 5577: 5454: 5435: 5335:

Eisenhower based his decision on various military and political realities. The

4972: 4581: 4298: 4290:

because the American MP who questioned him mistakenly believed the capital was

4250: 4054: 4046: 3935: 3919:

arrived and deployed at La Gleize and along Peiper's planned route of advance.

3916: 3868: 3795: 3542: 2854: 2716: 2677: 2673: 2655: 2358:

Meanwhile, the Allied air offensive of early 1944 had effectively grounded the

2223: 2069: 1623: 1408: 1363: 1307: 1044: 863: 515: 495: 284: 204: 26:

Not to be confused with the 1940 German Army Group A Ardennes offensive in the

12464: 12244: 11499:

Skorzeny's Special Missions: The Memoirs of "The Most Dangerous Man in Europe"

10163: 7562: 6283: 5965: 3393: 3237: 3030: 2876: 2767:. These soldiers were to be dressed in American and British uniforms and wear 1914: 16260: 15603: 13521: 13370: 13209: 12400: 11587: 11494: 11161: 11036: 10945: 10596: 10092:

Commander in Chief, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War

10013:

Churchill and Hitler: Essays on the Political-Military Direction of Total War

9644: 9224: 9135: 9120:, Contributions in Military Studies, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 8283: 6137: 6108: 5869: 5798:

Pogue cites Allied estimates in excess of 24,000 killed and 16,000 prisoners.

5686: – were issued on 28 December 1944. Copy No. 2 is held by the 5658: 5450: 5374: 5040: 4585: 4573: 4458: 4310: 4153: 4082: 3950: 3369: 3165: 2944: 2804: 2752: 2685: 2563: 1734: 1559: 1389: 1274: 838: 508: 467: 425: 326: 312: 298: 270: 251: 191: 146: 133: 9335:

Beginning of the End: The Leadership of SS Obersturmbannführer Jochen Peiper

8610:"Battle of the Bulge | Summary, Commanders, & Significance | Britannica" 5394:, which for the first time mentioned British contributions to the fighting. 4081:, went against orders and joined him. They had little time to establish any 3421: 3407: 3041: 3019: 2980: 2698: 15984: 15902: 15706: 13999: 13904: 13535: 12898: 12662: 12430: 12355: 11868: 11310: 10906: 9784: 9730:

Hitler's Last Gamble: The Battle of the Bulge, December 1944 – January 1945

9604: 9353: 8412: 7827: 7653: 7087: 6210: 5662: 5378: 5321: 4596: 4560:

P-47s destroyed at Y-34 Metz-Frescaty airfield during Operation Bodenplatte

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Hitler's Commander: Field Marshal Walter Model – Hitler's Favorite General

9921:, United States Army in World War II: Pictorial Record (Second ed.), 9563:, United States Army in World War II: The European Theater of Operations, 5171:

Initial and Final manpower commitments for all units in Ardennes Campaign

4325: 4116: 4013:

prevented the German forces from reaching the road network to their west.

3564: 3533: 3212: 3196: 3185: 2635:

The plan originally called for just under 45 divisions, including a dozen

2601:, was assigned to the southernmost sector, near the Luxembourgish city of 2291:, the strategic situation in the west had changed little. The Allies were 2244:, the biggest industrial area of Germany. With the Allies stalled, German 15966: 15541: 15527: 15189: 13858: 13679: 13664: 13018: 12615: 12548: 11853: 11668: 10047: 9710:

84th Infantry Division in the Battle of Germany, November 1944 – May 1945

6942: 6940: 5646: 5568:(also known as the Battle of the Reichswald); east of Aachen they fought 5329: 5290: 4977: 4821:

U.S. 6th Armored Division tanks moving near Wardin, Belgium, January 1945

4767:

to reduce the bulge, and push east back toward the offensive start line.

4484: 4314: 4302: 3837: 3579: 3568:

Sepp Dietrich led the Sixth Panzer Army in the northernmost attack route.

2850: 2783: 2681: 2446: 2432: 2034: 2006: 1835: 1638: 11181: 10563:

Men of Steel: I SS Panzer Corps: The Ardennes and Eastern Front, 1944–45

9208:

Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1887–1976: A Selected Bibliography

8505: 8357: 6962: 4572:(Operation Baseplate), a major campaign against Allied airfields in the 3826:

region to Stavelot, while the same advance required nine hours in 1940.

3740:

Rollbahn D as he had been given latitude to choose the best route west.

14896: 14649: 14628: 13514: 12847: 12775: 11095: 10856: 9862:

Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V.; Wenger, J. Michael (1994),

9385: 5248: 4842: 4764: 4674: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4157: 3782: 3747:

attempted to break through the defending line of the U.S. 99th and the

2916: 2891: 2839: 2712: 2602: 2409: 2182: 1990: 1575: 1352: 121: 11632:– a list of Battle of the Bulge museums near the previous battlefield. 11379:

Leaders in Dangerous Times: Douglas Macarthur and Dwight D. Eisenhower

9845:"Montgomery Says Doughboy Courage, Fighting Ability Halted Nazi Drive" 8210:

In Pursuit of Military Excellence; The Evolution of Operational Theory

7742: 6937: 4442:

A German machine gunner marching through the Ardennes in December 1944

2727:

Because the Ardennes was considered a quiet sector, considerations of

2185:. These limitations led to differences between General Eisenhower and 920: 15159: 14564: 14361: 14172: 13963: 13918: 11621: 11571:

An Honor to Serve: Oral Histories United States Veterans World War II

11184:

Review and Recommendation of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes

10888: 9169:

A Blood Dimmed Tide, The Battle of the Bulge by the Men Who Fought It

7045:

Review and Recommendation of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes

6273: 6271: 6214: 5700: 5045: 4541: 4337: 4028: 4027:

Operation Stösser was a paratroop drop into the American rear in the

3841: 3589:

To preserve the quantity of armor available, the infantry of the 9th

2740:), and battle-hardened troops sent to that sector to recuperate (the 2567: 2359: 2149: 2111:

Troops were fatigued by weeks of continuous combat and rapid movement

2061: 1882: 82: 13439: 11087: 10379:

Generals of the Bulge: Leadership in the U.S. Army's Greatest Battle

8303:

Liddell Hart and the Mearsheimer Critique: A 'Pupil's' Retrospective

7353: 5881: 4750:

Erasing the Bulge—The Allied counterattack, 26 December – 25 January

4649: 3671:, which is equidistant from the city of Malmedy and Ligneuville and 2207:, in the south would get priority access to supplies. German forces 16189: 13423: 13151: 10951: 6258: 6206: 6082: 5494: 5439: 4489: 4287: 4105: 4005:

were unable to dislodge them from the ridge, where elements of the

3850: 3819: 3641: 3552: 2912: 2908: 2907:

In the center, von Manteuffel's Fifth Panzer Army attacked towards

2864:

In a personal conversation on 13 December between Walter Model and

2579: 2546: 2137: 2022: 1982: 1580: 113: 86: 9265:

Behind the Battle: Intelligence in the War with Germany, 1939-1945

6268: 5982: 5316: 3930:

Knittel was forced to disengage from the heights around Stavelot.

3751:. The 12th SS Panzer Division, reinforced by additional infantry ( 2763:, was to lead a task force of English-speaking German soldiers in 2488:('Operation Watch on the Rhine'), after the German patriotic hymn 2319: 2040:

The Germans committed over 410,000 men, just over 1,400 tanks and

11187:, Philipps University of Marburg, 20 October 1947, archived from 9809:(Revised ed.), Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military Classics, 9479:(Revised ed.), Cleobury Mortimer, England: M & M Baldwin 8894: 8892: 8890: 8145: 5911:

For Allied forces, Dupuy counts light tanks with tank destroyers.

5761:

For Allied forces, Dupuy counts light tanks with tank destroyers.

5594:

The Germans officially referred to the offensive by the codename

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The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War

10521: 10135:

A Time For Trumpets: The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge

9625: 9519: 8779: 8153: 6464: 5872:, later a noted author, was captured while serving in this unit. 5373:

The First Army was fighting desperately. Having given orders to

15929: 14040: 12631: 10714:

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany

10352: 8719: 7947: 7084:"Remembering the invisible soldiers of the Battle of the Bulge" 6045: 6043: 5572:; in the center, under Hodges; and in the south, under Patton. 4633: 4058: 3781:, Belgium, approximately 6.5 miles (10.5 km) northeast of 3778: 3672: 3603:, had been ordered to clear the village first. A single 18-man 2751:

were planned for the offensive. By October it was decided that

2398: 2026: 1993:. The offensive was intended to stop Allied use of the Belgian 522: 217: 11232:

Strike and Hold: A Memoir of the 82nd Airborne in World War II

10878: 10469:

To Win the Winter Sky: The Air War over the Ardennes 1944–1945

10231:

Grenadiers, The Story of Waffen-SS General Kurt "Panzer" Meyer

9618:

Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army

9582:

Clodfelter, Michl ea (2008), "Twentieth Century (1900–1945)",

8887: 8067: 7983: 7818: 6668: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6134:"Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1945" 6105:"Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1944" 5369:

Montgomery wrote about the situation he found on 20 December:

904:

c. 800 aircraft lost, at least 500 in December and 280 during

14228: 10880: 10819:, American Military History, vol. II (Second ed.), 10638:

The Last Battle: The Classic History of the Battle for Berlin

9994:

Millward, William, "Chapter 1: Life in and out of Hut 3", in

9356:(30 April 1951), "The War America Fought: Sweep to Victory", 8590: 8321: 7563:"WWII 10th Armored Division in Bastogne by General McAuliffe" 7299: 7297: 7295: 7249: 7215: 7213: 7200: 7198: 5654: 5241:

suffered significant leadership casualties. This included SS-

4806: 4345: 4221:

came up from the south, leaving Bastogne to other units. The

3823: 3604: 2315: 2227: 33:"Ardennes Offensive" redirects here. For the video game, see 10325:

Panzers in Winter: Hitler's Army and the Battle of the Bulge

8938: 8936: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8695: 7959: 7413: 7086:. U.S. Wereth Memorial website. 29 June 1944. Archived from 6070: 6040: 854:

c. 1,000 aircraft lost, over 647 in December and 353 during

11615: 10451:

Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945

10433:

Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945

10209:, U.S. Army in Action Series (Facsimile reprint ed.), 9939:"Battle of the Bulge: U.S. Troops Fight at Elsenborn Ridge" 8948: 8807: 8105: 7923: 7851: 7839: 7730: 7481: 7479: 7389: 6968: 6848:"Explaining the silence surrounding Elsenborn Ridge battle" 6361: 5286:

Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II

4746: 2702: 2241: 11138:(Reprint ed.), Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press 10072:

Impact: The History of Germany's V-Weapons in World War II

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for two days, before withdrawing progressively westwards.

3945:, 30th Infantry Division, attacked the dispersed units of 2144:, with limited Allied operational objectives in the area. 16302:

Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

10981:"Chapter 20: The German Counteroffensive in the Ardennes" 10623:

Decisive Battles: From Yorktown to Operation Desert Storm

9864:

Nuts!: The Battle of the Bulge: The Story and Photographs

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German troops advancing past abandoned American equipment

3721: 9590:(Third ed.), Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 8865: 8863: 8861: 8795: 8369: 8055: 7935: 7703: 7691: 7615: 7476: 7341: 7024: 7002: 7000: 6865: 6815: 6776: 6740: 6584: 6060: 6058: 4256: 2919:

in its efforts to secure the flank from Allied attacks.

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As the Ardennes crisis developed, the U.S. First Army (

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of XLVII Panzer Corps, as well as the Corps' infantry (

2845:

Von Rundstedt set up his operational headquarters near

1997:

and to split the Allied lines, allowing the Germans to

13293:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

10693:

The Unknown Dead: Civilians in the Battle of the Bulge

9728:; Bongard, David L.; Anderson, Richard C. Jr. (1994), 9689:"Oscar Koch: An Unsung Hero Behind Patton's Victories" 8960: 8875: 8707: 8333: 8177: 8149:. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 416–428. 8043: 8031: 7863: 7715: 7377: 7365: 7137:"Belgian villagers remember 'Wereth 11' with memorial" 6982: 6805: 6803: 6557: 6524: 6512: 6476: 6382: 6349: 3922:

German efforts to reinforce Peiper were unsuccessful.

2460:), and von Rundstedt, overall commander of the German 11113:"Operation Nordwind: The "Other" Battle of the Bulge" 10862:

Generals: Ten British Commanders who Shaped the World

10347:, Cleveland; New York: The World Publishing Company, 10253:, United States Department of Defense, archived from 9861: 8858: 8087:"This Day in History: Monty holds a press conference" 7971: 7887: 7875: 7503: 7401: 7359: 7064: 7012: 6997: 6877: 6827: 6788: 6728: 6692: 6321: 6055: 4837:, U.S. Third Army links up with soldiers of the U.S. 4515:(literally 'Western Rampart'). Hitler rejected this. 4245:

for Fifth Panzer Army, which was deployed at Marche.

4123:

led the Fifth Panzer Army in the middle attack route.

2880:

Situation on the Western Front as of 15 December 1944

2470:), were put in charge of carrying out the operation. 2064:

personnel, and later also Luftwaffe aircraft (in the

10907:

U.S. Army Statistical and Accounting Branch (1953),

10591:. Vol. 17, no. 6. Leesburg, VA: Primedia. 10585:"Massacre At Malmédy During the Battle of the Bulge" 9724: 8511: 8481: 8363: 7833: 7602: 7600: 7491: 7437: 7425: 6889: 6644: 6632: 6500: 6443: 6277: 6181: 6157: 6155: 6088: 5988: 5976: 2922: 2572:

1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler

2566:. It included the most experienced formation of the 901:

527–554 tanks, tank destroyers and assault guns lost

16307:

Battles of World War II involving the United States

10928:

Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton

10076:, Rockville Centre, New York: Sarpedon Publishers, 9308:Boog, Horst; Krebs, Gerhard; Vogel, Detlef (2001), 8237:. Cornell University Press. pp. 8–9, 203–204. 6800: 6656: 5719:

German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II

2885:localized counterattack resulting from the Allies' 2424:Several senior German military officers, including 11396: 11314: 11289: 11131: 10813:The United States Army in a Global Era, 1917–2008 10620: 10069: 9958: 9915:The War Against Germany: Europe and Adjacent Areas 9503: 9454: 9118:Home by Christmas: The Illusion of Victory in 1944 8135: 7052: 6913: 6901: 6716: 6680: 6620: 6572: 6545: 6414:"A Brief History of the U.S. Army in World War II" 6394: 5953: 5279: 4542:German supporting efforts across the Western Front 4332:led Seventh Army in the southernmost attack route. 3504: 2345:during the summer had destroyed much of Germany's 11143:Young, William H.; Young, Nancy K., eds. (2010), 11055:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 11022:"Fighting with Allies: The Debate Fifty Years On" 9283:The Ardennes: Hitler's Winter Offensive 1944–1945 8984: 7597: 6431: 6241:Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 24, 2024. 6152: 6128: 6126: 6099: 6097: 3614:This created a bottleneck in the German advance. 3527: 2084:could only retreat for the remainder of the war. 16258: 10958:, Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Publishing Company, 9961:Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park 9787:; Warhurst, A. E. (2009) , Butler, James (ed.), 9770:(First ed.), New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 9433:Snow and Steel: The Battle of the Bulge, 1944–45 8840:"The Battle of Elsenborn December 1944 (Part V)" 8413:U.S. Army Statistical and Accounting Branch 1953 6854:, no. 4, 99th Infantry Division Association 6016:Snow and Steel: The Battle of the Bulge, 1944-45 5570:the second phase of the Battle of Hürtgen Forest 2482:The Wehrmacht's code name for the offensive was 1337: 484:(under 21st Army Group 20 December – 16 January) 11517:Hitler's Winter: The German Battle of the Bulge 11074:(1964), "Hitler's Image of the United States", 10001: 9880:Graham, Roger D; Colonel, USAF-Retired (2007), 9188:"Ardennes, Battle of the (Battle of the Bulge)" 8725: 8469:(in German). Bernard & Graefe. p. 1362 8432:Pogue's War: Diaries of a WWII Combat Historian 6217:tanks and 182 assault guns and tank destroyers. 5900:The Medical Department: The War Against Germany 4176:tank in Namur on the Meuse River, December 1944 11437:The Ardennes Offensive I Armee & VII Armee 10029:Jones, Jeffrey Frank, ed. (18 December 2019), 9653:The Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Final Gamble 9307: 7767:. Casemate / Vaktel Forlag. pp. 351–376. 6123: 6094: 6049: 4758:Map: Allied Offensive against Ardennes salient 2443:('Operation Autumn Mist') and von Rundstedt's 15945: 12647: 11651: 11618:– Official webpage of the United States Army. 11592:Panther vs. Sherman: Battle of the Bulge 1944 10978: 10657:Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia 10412: 10250:Battle of the Bulge Remembered 60 Years Later 9783: 9668: 9429: 8701: 8635:"70th Anniversary of the Battle of the Bulge" 8596: 8435:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 328. 8327: 8305:, Strategic Studies Institute, pp. 12–13 7754: 6758: 6470: 6315:American Experience – The Battle of the Bulge 6076: 6012: 5635: 5544:United States Army Center of Military History 1323: 1126: 936: 89:during the Battle of the Bulge, January 1945. 11514: 10952:Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge (1995), 10107: 9995: 9987: 9956: 9903:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9474: 9449: 9390:Secret Days: Code-breaking in Bletchley Park 8898: 8813: 7419: 6963:Review and Recommendation, War Crimes (1947) 5823: 5817: 5789:10,749 dead; 34,225 wounded; 22,487 captured 5678:Five copies of a report by the Chief of the 5595: 5266: 5252: 5242: 4850: 4616: 4610: 4600: 4565: 4510: 4488:American Infantry fighting their way toward 4466: 4402:Senior Allied commanders met in a bunker in 3900: 3790: 3777:Another, smaller, massacre was committed in 3758: 3752: 3727: 3709: 3693: 3679: 3661: 3654: 3622: 3615: 3590: 3573: 3546: 2827: 2815: 2777: 2706: 2653: 2640: 2558: 2503: 2497: 2489: 2483: 2465: 2455: 2444: 2436: 2425: 2379: 2350: 2327: 2302: 2245: 2078:third-deadliest campaign in American history 1140: 11269: 11212:Andrews, Ernest A.; Hurt, David B. (2022), 11211: 10922: 10453:(New with photos ed.), Da Capo Press, 9745: 9696:Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin 9631: 9558: 9539:, The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II, 9331: 8801: 8665:"Final Campaigns, the Allies enter Germany" 8232: 7953: 7929: 7748: 7736: 7458:"The British in the Battle of the Ardennes" 7243: 7231: 7219: 7204: 7177: 7165: 5533:killed, 34,168 wounded, and 29,243 missing. 4639: 3686:285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion 2838:on 11 December, taking up residence in the 2522:Wehrmacht forces for the Ardennes Offensive 2435:(in German and Dutch: Maas); Model's being 103:(1 month, 1 week and 5 days) 15952: 15938: 12654: 12640: 11658: 11644: 11376: 11142: 10744:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10690: 10358: 10340: 9957:Hinsley, F. H.; Strip, Alan, eds. (1993), 9911: 9765: 9581: 9157:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8773: 8761: 8195: 8171: 8073: 8013: 7989: 7905: 7395: 7303: 6226: 5218: 2812:20 July 1944 attempt to assassinate Hitler 2114:Supply lines were stretched extremely thin 1330: 1316: 1133: 1119: 943: 929: 16367:Battles of World War II involving Germany 11355: 11334: 10930:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 10842:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 10672: 10181: 10151: 10128: 10067: 10010: 9842: 9822: 9686: 9650: 9584:The Toll of World War II, U.S. Statistics 9514:, vol. 6, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 9501: 9298: 9280: 8749: 8737: 8547: 8523: 8499: 8375: 8315: 8139:, Prime Minister (18 January 1945). 8037: 7857: 7845: 7806: 7794: 7760: 7591: 7455: 7276:. Military History Online. Archived from 7255: 7030: 7006: 6950: 6871: 6821: 6770: 6734: 6710: 6590: 6355: 6296: 6202: 6000: 4734:Learn how and when to remove this message 4356:(reinforced by elements from the 9th and 3773:333rd Artillery Battalion (United States) 2871: 2454:Model, commander of German Army Group B ( 2387: 16322:Battles of World War II involving France 16317:Battles of World War II involving Canada 16312:Tank battles involving the United States 11568: 11550: 11493: 11110: 11070: 11049: 10582: 10560: 10376: 10297: 10199: 10089: 10054:, New York City: W.W. Norton & Co., 9993: 9483: 9115: 8978: 8351: 8123: 8079: 7965: 7941: 7761:Bergstrom, Christer (19 December 2014). 7709: 7621: 7606: 7533: 7521: 6931: 6883: 6638: 6506: 6259:Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge 1995 6019:. Oxford University Press. p. 649. 6013:Caddick-Adams, Peter (31 October 2014). 5612: 5484: 5315: 5300: 5289: 5236:German field commanders plan the advance 5231: 4753: 4745: 4555: 4483: 4479: 4437: 4389: 4324: 4167: 4115: 3987: 3887: 3883: 3805: 3726:Driving to the south-east of Elsenborn, 3640: 3563: 3559: 2887:recent attack in the Wahlerscheid sector 2875: 2607: 2140:region primarily as a rest area for the 1913: 85:on their march to recapture the town of 11932:French Committee of National Liberation 11434: 11416: 11309: 11270:Collins, Michael; King, Martin (2013), 11229: 11216:, Philadelphia & Oxford: Casemate, 11101: 11016: 10809: 10800: 10654: 10542: 10484: 10344:The Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery 10319: 10068:King, Benjamin; Kutta, Timothy (1998), 10046: 9985: 9912:Greenfield, Kent Roberts, ed. (1989) , 9532: 9406:Bush, Johnathan A. (20 February 2010), 9364: 9352: 9262: 9244: 9185: 9097: 9079: 9058: 8966: 8954: 8927: 8915: 8881: 8831: 8789: 8785: 8689: 8566:(in German). Musterschmidt. p. 195 8535: 8487: 8111: 8049: 8025: 7917: 7869: 7724: 7659: 7579: 7070: 6809: 6662: 6650: 6606: 6327: 6292: 6250: 5617:The Battle of the Bulge diorama at the 5346: 4111: 3941:Small units of the U.S. 2nd Battalion, 3801: 3605:Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon 3207:392nd Engineer General Service Regiment 2155: 950: 101:16 December 1944 – 28 January 1945 16259: 14508: 14486:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 11922:French Civil and Military High Command 11586: 11532: 11394: 11287: 11247: 11160: 11129: 10879:U.S. Army Center of Military History, 10834: 10708: 10545:The Ardennes Offensive VI Panzer Armee 10466: 10448: 10430: 10394: 10268: 9936: 9879: 9804: 9706: 9384: 9223: 9205: 8837: 8825: 8713: 8584: 8339: 8300: 8257: 8235:Liddell Hart and the Weight of History 8212:. London: Francass. pp. 108–109. 8183: 8159: 7697: 7485: 7383: 7371: 7189: 7058: 7036: 7018: 6895: 6833: 6794: 6782: 6698: 6674: 6614: 6610: 6602: 6566: 6539: 6518: 6494: 6482: 6388: 6376: 6339: 6169:. DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER 6064: 5223: 4538:, reached Bastogne, ending the siege. 4320: 4163: 4136: 3722:Kampfgruppe Peiper deflected southeast 3358:Southern Sector: Hochscheid to Mompach 2933:Northern Sector: Monschau to Krewinkel 2219:until the end of the war in May 1945. 681:1,912 tank destroyers and assault guns 650:1,970 tank destroyers and assault guns 619:1,713 tank destroyers and assault guns 15933: 15357:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 14789:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 14435:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 14391:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 13489:Rape during the occupation of Germany 12635: 11639: 11419:The Ardennes Offensive V Panzer Armee 10983:, in Greenfield, Kent Roberts (ed.), 10855: 10782: 10752: 10729: 10615: 10502: 10399:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo, 10246: 10228: 10028: 9965:, New York: Oxford University Press, 9639:, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 9165: 9142: 8942: 8869: 8462: 8429:Pogue, Forrest C. (1 February 2006). 8428: 8207: 8001: 7977: 7893: 7881: 7545: 7509: 7407: 6845: 6746: 6300: 6190: 5959: 4863: 4860: 4257:Operation Greif and Operation Währung 1311: 1114: 924: 915:Approximately 3,000 civilians killed. 14479:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 13504:Rape during the liberation of France 12007:Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon 11573:, SVC Northern Appalachian Studies, 11555:, SVC Northern Appalachian Studies, 11537:, SVC Northern Appalachian Studies, 11475: 11251:Air Power in the Battle of the Bulge 10991:U.S. Army Center of Military History 10821:U.S. Army Center of Military History 10631: 10514:U.S. Army Center of Military History 10217:from the original on 4 December 2008 10211:U.S. Army Center of Military History 9923:U.S. Army Center of Military History 9687:Dougherty, Kevin (April–June 2002), 9603: 9565:U.S. Army Center of Military History 9547:from the original on 6 December 2008 9541:U.S. Army Center of Military History 9405: 8990: 8559: 8061: 7497: 7443: 7431: 7347: 7261: 6991: 6974: 6946: 6919: 6907: 6722: 6686: 6626: 6578: 6551: 6458: 6437: 6400: 6254: 5640: 5512:United States Department of the Army 4672:adding citations to reliable sources 4643: 4505:and began operating in a tool room. 4379: 4092: 4016: 3630: 3362: 3158: 2937: 2616:In an indirect, secondary role, the 2576:12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend 2136:) and his staff decided to hold the 897:(U.S. Estimate: 103,900 casualties) 813:3,256 anti-tank and artillery pieces 807:414 tank destroyers and assault guns 782:3,396 anti-tank and artillery pieces 776:462 tank destroyers and assault guns 751:4,131 anti-tank and artillery pieces 745:608 tank destroyers and assault guns 720:4,224 anti-tank and artillery pieces 714:667 tank destroyers and assault guns 687:3,181 anti-tank and artillery pieces 656:3,305 anti-tank and artillery pieces 625:2,408 anti-tank and artillery pieces 587:499 tank destroyers and assault guns 21:Battle of the Bulge (disambiguation) 11622:The Battle of the Bulge: Battlebook 11102:Whiting, Charles (9 October 2007), 10979:von Luttichau, Charles V. (2000) , 10627:, London; New York: Continuum Books 10583:Reynolds, Michael (February 2003). 9229:Ardennes 1944: Hitler's Last Gamble 9066:, University Press of Mississippi, 7360:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994 5619:Audie Murphy American Cotton Museum 4833:M8 armored car on patrol from U.S. 4431:and placed them under Montgomery's 3678:At 12:30 p.m. on 17 December, 2834:('Special Train of the Führer') to 2528:Battle of the Bulge order of battle 2117:Supplies were dangerously depleted. 2066:concluding stages of the engagement 1024:Allied defense and counteroffensive 13: 14705:German invasion of the Netherlands 12978:Weather events during World War II 11828: 11462:, New York: Simon & Schuster, 11254:, Airpower Journal, archived from 11204: 10823:, pp. 133–168, CMH Pub. 30-22 10327:, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 9937:Hersko, Ralph E. (November 1998), 9368:A General's Life: An Autobiography 9285:, Havertown: Casemate Publishers, 9084:, New York: Simon & Schuster, 8512:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994 8364:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994 8141:"War Situation And Foreign Policy" 7834:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994 7111:"Wereth 11 Remembered in Ceremony" 7108: 6278:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994 6089:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994 5989:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994 5977:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994 5608: 3860:To Peiper's south, the advance of 2477: 2192:, commander of the Anglo-Canadian 597:971 anti-tank and artillery pieces 14: 16378: 15336:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 11937:Provisional Consultative Assembly 11609: 10298:McDonald, Gabrielle, ed. (2000), 10247:Miles, Donna (14 December 2004), 10035:, Jeffrey Frank Jones, p. 53 9843:Gallagher, Wes (8 January 1945), 9008:discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk 8641:. 20 January 2015. Archived from 5669: 2923:Units involved in initial assault 2224:destroy the French railway system 81:, move past a destroyed American 15959: 15896: 12661: 11667: 11569:Wissolik, Richard David (2007), 11551:Wissolik, Richard David (2005), 10911:(Report), Department of the Army 10895:from the original on 31 May 2021 10881:"Battle of the Bulge – Overview" 10695:, University Press of Kentucky, 10341:Montgomery, Bernard Law (1958), 9610:The Ardennes:Battle of the Bulge 9484:Cavanagh, William C. C. (2004), 9030: 9021: 8996: 8657: 8627: 8602: 8553: 8456: 8422: 8381: 8294: 8251: 8226: 8201: 8129: 7665: 7627: 7555: 7449: 7309: 7267: 7048:, 20 October 1947, pp. 4–22 5932: 5923: 5914: 5905: 5891: 5875: 5770:Includes two parachute divisions 5694: 5632:, Elsenborn, or Monschau-Höfen. 4826: 4814: 4794: 4648: 3437: 3420: 3406: 3392: 3381: 3368: 3264: 3247: 3236: 3225: 3211: 3195: 3184: 3164: 3063: 3040: 3029: 3018: 3007: 2993: 2979: 2965: 2943: 2096:at the end of July 1944 and the 882: 862: 837: 536: 521: 514: 507: 494: 466: 437: 419: 401: 383: 365: 345: 325: 311: 297: 283: 269: 250: 226: 210: 197: 184: 63: 16357:History of Luxembourg (Belgium) 11363:, Alpine Fine Arts Collection, 10113:History of the Second World War 9051: 9037:Units Entitled to Battle Credit 8146:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 7637:. The Drop Zone. Archived from 7274:American Forces in World War II 7129: 7102: 7076: 6839: 6596: 6406: 6306: 6244: 6232: 5862: 5851: 5840: 5831: 5811: 5801: 5792: 5783: 5773: 5280:Allied high-command controversy 4659:needs additional citations for 4632:was fighting on three sides in 4053:) area. The objective was the " 3532:The attack on Monschau, Höfen, 3505:Attack on the northern shoulder 3176:Surrounded and captured on the 2861:, von Manteuffel and Dietrich. 2774:Friedrich August von der Heydte 2667:, the extensive network of the 2274: 15583:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 13286:Territorial changes of Germany 13194:Indonesian National Revolution 11515:Tucker-Jones, Anthony (2022), 11076:The American Historical Review 11057:, Cambridge University Press, 11001:, CMH Pub 70-7, archived from 10840:Battle: The Story of the Bulge 10524:, CMH Pub. 7-1, archived from 10413:O'Donnell, Patrick K. (2012), 10206:Bastogne: The First Eight Days 10182:MacDonald, Charles B. (1998), 10158:, Center of Military History, 10152:MacDonald, Charles B. (1993), 10002:Holroyd-Doveton, John (2013), 9766:Eisenhower, John S.D. (1969), 9669:de Senarclens, Pierre (1988), 9371:, The University of Michigan, 9332:Bouwmeester, Maj. Han (2004), 9190:, in Kingston, Jack A. (ed.), 8563:Die Ardennen-Offensive 1944/45 7679:. Historynet.com. 12 June 2006 6006: 5764: 5755: 5745: 4628:By 15 January, Seventh Army's 4532:Company D, 37th Tank Battalion 4191:British 11th Armoured Division 3528:Best German divisions assigned 3154:Central Sector: Roth to Gemünd 2928:Forces deployed North to South 2788:(paratrooper combat group) in 2738:106th "Golden Lions" Divisions 2293:slowly pushing towards Germany 2289:fighting in the Hürtgen Forest 2211:of several major ports on the 16:World War II battle, 1944–1945 1: 16337:January 1945 events in Europe 14983:Japanese invasion of Thailand 14934:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 14698:German invasion of Luxembourg 13072:Mediterranean and Middle East 12611:Mediterranean and Middle East 12514:End of World War II in Europe 11777:French Forces of the Interior 11111:Whitlock, Flint (Fall 2010), 10361:A Field Marshal in the Family 9430:Caddick-Adams, Peter (2015), 9194:, vol. I, pp. 69–73 8838:Nyssen, Léon (15 July 2007). 8089:. History.com. Archived from 7456:Blockmans, Guy (6 May 2002). 7113:. Defense.gov. Archived from 5858:Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler 5734: 5480: 4473:15th Panzergrenadier Division 4207:British 6th Airborne Division 4187:British 29th Armoured Brigade 3745:277th Volksgrenadier Division 3627:Peiper's armored task force. 3487:212th Volksgrenadier Division 3482:276th Volksgrenadier Division 3469:352nd Volksgrenadier Division 3314:560th Volksgrenadier Division 3105:277th Volksgrenadier Division 3090:326th Volksgrenadier Division 2755:, the German SS-commando who 2215:coast into the autumn, while 2196:, over whether Montgomery or 2168:on the northern shore of the 2087: 1939: Front line, 25 December 1933: Front line, 20 December 1927: Front line, 16 December 1297:End of World War II in Europe 893:63,000~ to 75,000+ casualties 57:Western Front of World War II 16342:Battles involving Luxembourg 14890:Invasion of the Soviet Union 14579:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 13890:Independent State of Croatia 11288:Jordan, Jonathan W. (2011), 9823:Fabianich, Keith P. (1947), 9713:, New York: The Viking Press 9655:, Pearson Higher Education, 9486:The Battle East of Elsenborn 9475:Calvocoressi, Peter (2001), 9303:, New York: Ballantine Books 9281:Bergström, Christer (2014), 9192:Encyclopedia of World War II 7317:"The Battle of the Ardennes" 6205:, p. 426, including 20 6050:Boog, Krebs & Vogel 2001 5947: 5473:However, American historian 4845:, Belgium. January 16, 1945. 4421:26th Volksgrenadier Division 4313:for allegedly violating the 4057:" crossroads. It was led by 3766: 3464:5th Fallschirmjäger Division 3332:26th Volksgrenadier Division 3296:62nd Volksgrenadier Division 3291:18th Volksgrenadier Division 3130:3rd Fallschirmjäger Division 3115:12th Volksgrenadier Division 2759:the former Italian dictator 2217:Dunkirk remained under siege 1966:, was the last major German 1922:during 16–25 December 1944. 7: 16038:Second Battle of El Alamein 15998:Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski 15874:End of World War II in Asia 15714:Western invasion of Germany 15221:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 15198:Second Battle of El Alamein 14768:Hundred Regiments Offensive 14740:Battle of the Mediterranean 14593:Italian invasion of Albania 12760:Air warfare of World War II 11771:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 11630:Battle of the Bulge Museums 11377:MacDougall, Robert (2013), 11248:Carter, William R. (1989), 11230:Burriss, T. Moffat (2001), 10489:, Polperro Heritage Press, 10485:Pearson, Joss, ed. (2011), 10377:Morelock, Jerry D. (2015), 10004:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 9746:Eggenberger, David (1985), 9651:Delaforce, Patrick (2004), 9502:Churchill, Winston (1953), 9436:, Oxford University Press, 9392:, London: Frontline Books, 9360:, vol. 30, no. 18 7751:, p. 527, footnote 14. 5884:can mean several things in 5707: 5680:Secret Intelligence Service 4841:of U.S. First Army west of 4580:/missile attacks and using 4108:(8 km from Bastogne). 3818:Peiper arrived in front of 2515: 2408:Hitler's plan called for a 2259:Field Marshal Montgomery's 2101:landings in southern France 2021:, and in the south, around 10: 16383: 16162:Battle of the Chinese Farm 16121:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 16088:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 15800:Naval bombardment of Japan 15168:First Battle of El Alamein 15087:Battle of Christmas Island 15032:Japanese invasion of Burma 14796:Italian invasion of Greece 14712:German invasion of Belgium 14684:German invasion of Denmark 14657:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 14526:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 12783:Comparative military ranks 12162:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre 11894:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 11787:French Expeditionary Corps 10763:Cambridge University Press 10691:Schrijvers, Peter (2005), 10561:Reynolds, Michael (2006), 10503:Pogue, Forrest C. (1954), 10449:Parker, Danny S. (2004) , 10395:Newton, Steven H. (2006), 10359:Montgomery, Brian (2010), 10269:Miller, Donald L. (2002), 10052:Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis 9299:Blumenson, Martin (1972), 8276:10.1177/096834459800500304 8233:Mearsheimer, John (2010). 8162:, p. 611, footnote 1. 6313:McCullough, David (2005). 5729:Operation Spring Awakening 5636:Bletchley Park post-mortem 5597:Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein 5510:An official report by the 5283: 4809:, Luxembourg, January 1945 4763:forces planned to meet at 4545: 4383: 4260: 4249:Division took the town of 4140: 4096: 4020: 3983: 3770: 3634: 3508: 3380:109th Infantry Regiment / 3246:110th Infantry Regiment / 3210:424th Infantry Regiment / 3194:423rd Infantry Regiment / 3183:422nd Infantry Regiment / 3039:394th Infantry Regiment / 3017:393rd Infantry Regiment / 2525: 2519: 2485:Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein 2330:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 1898:Raids on the Atlantic Wall 1893:Strategic Bombing Campaign 335:(1st Allied Airborne Army) 32: 25: 18: 16352:History of Liège Province 16221: 16188: 16170: 16142: 16119: 16086: 15983: 15965: 15889: 15721:Bratislava–Brno offensive 15661: 15652:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 15389: 15276:Allied invasion of Sicily 15230: 15136:Aleutian Islands campaign 15108:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 15055: 15046:Greek famine of 1941–1944 14941:Second Battle of Changsha 14846:German invasion of Greece 14814: 14691:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 14666: 14604: 14499: 14380: 14106: 14016: 13857: 13560: 13551: 13309: 13134: 13026:North and Central Pacific 12987: 12749: 12742: 12669: 12585: 12555:1946 legislative election 12484: 12441: 12414: 12381: 12322: 12211: 12185: 12119: 12103: 12087: 12063: 12044: 12015: 11999: 11980: 11961: 11950: 11927:French National Committee 11907: 11839: 11826: 11820:French Forces of the West 11713: 11680: 11395:Parker, Danny S. (1999), 11147:, vol. 1, ABC-CLIO, 11130:Wilmot, Chester (1972) , 10783:Sorge, Martin K. (1986), 10655:Sandler, Stanley (2002), 10467:Parker, Danny S. (1994), 10431:Parker, Danny S. (1991), 10417:, Boston: Da Capo Press, 10273:The Story of World War II 10109:Liddell Hart, Basil Henry 10011:Jablonsky, David (1994), 9707:Draper, Theodore (1946), 9116:Andidora, Ronald (2002), 9098:Ambrose, Stephen (1998), 9080:Ambrose, Stephen (1992), 6677:, p. 84, Chapter VI. 6077:Ellis & Warhurst 2009 5699:After the war ended, the 5554: 5522: 5501: 5202: 5188: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5139: 5108: 5076: 5039: 5007: 4971: 4942: 4913: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4868: 4857: 4851:Force comparisons by date 4467: 4448:969th Artillery Battalion 3901: 3690:U.S. 7th Armored Division 3511:Battle of Elsenborn Ridge 2801:upcoming Soviet offensive 2042:armored fighting vehicles 2031:U.S. 2nd Armored Division 1349: 1154: 962: 914: 829: 592:armored fighting vehicles 569: 458: 239: 174: 93: 69:American soldiers of the 62: 54: 49: 16068:Battle of the Dukla Pass 15975:Battle of Cambrai (1917) 15313:Allied invasion of Italy 15290:Solomon Islands campaign 15039:Third Battle of Changsha 14636:First Battle of Changsha 14542:Second Sino-Japanese War 13475:German military brothels 13341:United States war crimes 12572:Trial of Philippe Pétain 12499:1945 municipal elections 12396:Liberation of Strasbourg 11553:They Say There Was a War 11480:, Osceola: MBI Pub. Co, 11166:Battle of the Bulge 1944 11104:Battle Of Hurtgen Forest 10801:Stanton, Shelby (2006), 10732:The Secrets of Station X 10675:Tigers in Combat, Vol. 1 10641:, Simon & Schuster, 10277:, Simon & Schuster, 10115:, G. P. Putnam's Sons., 10094:, Simon & Schuster, 10015:, Taylor & Francis, 9996:Hinsley & Strip 1993 9988:Hinsley & Strip 1993 9206:Baxter, Colin F (1999), 9102:, Simon & Schuster, 5739: 5311:Supreme Allied Commander 4640:Allied counter-offensive 4595:On the same day, German 2866:Friedrich von der Heydte 2574:. It also contained the 2462:Army Command in the West 2419:Russian winter offensive 2368:Jassy-Kishinev Offensive 2130:Supreme Allied Commander 529:1st Allied Airborne Army 358:Führer und Reichskanzler 263:Supreme Allied Commander 75:Tennessee National Guard 15735:Second Guangxi campaign 15590:Philippines (1944–1945) 15094:Battle of the Coral Sea 14997:Fall of the Philippines 14643:Battle of South Guangxi 14549:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 13948:Italian Social Republic 12289:Liberation of Marseille 11478:World War II Day by Day 11435:Quarrie, Bruce (2001), 11417:Quarrie, Bruce (2000), 11381:, Trafford Publishing, 11134:The Struggle for Europe 10753:Solis, Gary D. (2010), 10730:Smith, Michael (2011), 10543:Quarrie, Bruce (1999), 10184:The Battle of the Bulge 10090:Larrabee, Eric (1987), 10006:, Woodland Publications 9849:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 9807:Hitler's Last Offensive 9805:Elstob, Peter (2003) , 9533:Cirillo, Roger (1995), 9267:, Sinclair-Stephenson, 9263:Bennett, Ralph (1994), 9245:Bennett, Ralph (2011), 9004:"The Discovery Service" 8639:National D-Day Memorial 8463:Percy, Schramm (1961). 8258:Searle, Alaric (1998). 7764:The Ardennes, 1944–1945 7749:Clarke & Smith 1993 7737:Clarke & Smith 1993 5390:British newspapers and 5362:) and U.S. Ninth Army ( 5337:Allied occupation zones 5219:Strategy and leadership 4568:Unternehmen Bodenplatte 4354:101st Airborne Division 4342:112th Infantry Regiment 3943:119th Infantry Regiment 3864:Hansen had stalled. SS- 3734:394th Infantry Regiment 3222:112th Infantry Regiment 3217:106th Infantry Division 3201:106th Infantry Division 3190:106th Infantry Division 3110:12th SS Panzer Division 2976:395th Infantry Regiment 2622:Gustav-Adolf von Zangen 2439:Unternehmen Herbstnebel 2261:Operation Market Garden 2222:The Allies' efforts to 2029:, being stopped by the 1185:Siegfried Line campaign 71:117th Infantry Regiment 16208:Battle of Medina Ridge 16032:Operation Winter Storm 16013:Battle of Brody (1941) 16008:Battle of Sedan (1940) 15993:Battle of Khalkhin Gol 15320:Armistice of Cassibile 15122:Battle of Dutch Harbor 15073:Battle of the Java Sea 14976:Attack on Pearl Harbor 14876:Syria–Lebanon campaign 14869:Battle of South Shanxi 14839:Invasion of Yugoslavia 14622:Battle of the Atlantic 14236:Korean Liberation Army 13942:(until September 1943) 13899:(until September 1944) 13877:(until September 1944) 12529:Provisional Government 12193:Liberation of Saint-Lô 12167:Maquis de Saint-Marcel 12147:Liberation of Limousin 12111:Battle of Mont Mouchet 12095:Liberation of Limousin 11991:Syria–Lebanon campaign 11942:Provisional Government 11917:Empire Defense Council 11833: 11782:French Liberation Army 11533:Wilmes, David (1999), 11519:, Oxford, UK: Osprey, 11117:World War II Quarterly 11029:Joint Forces Quarterly 10716:, Simon and Schuster, 10673:Schneider, W. (2004), 9752:, Dover Publications, 9365:Bradley, Omar (1983), 9186:Axelrod, Alan (2007), 9166:Astor, Gerald (1992), 8762:Young & Young 2010 8560:Jung, Hermann (1971). 8208:Naveh, Shimon (1997). 7611:Chapter 21: The Relief 5824: 5818: 5621: 5596: 5498: 5471: 5387: 5324: 5313: 5298: 5267: 5253: 5243: 5237: 4839:84th Infantry Division 4759: 4751: 4617: 4612:Heeresgruppe Oberrhein 4611: 4607:Army Group Upper Rhine 4601: 4566: 4561: 4511: 4493: 4443: 4399: 4373:5th Parachute Division 4358:10th Armored Divisions 4333: 4267:For Operation Greif (" 4211:33rd Armoured Brigades 4177: 4124: 4079:6th Parachute Regiment 4050: 4042: 4032: 3993: 3913:82nd Airborne Division 3896: 3811: 3791: 3787:1st SS Panzer Division 3759: 3753: 3749:2nd Infantry Divisions 3728: 3716:Malmedy massacre trial 3710: 3694: 3680: 3662: 3655: 3649: 3623: 3616: 3609:99th Infantry Division 3591: 3574: 3569: 3547: 3403:12th Infantry Regiment 3387:28th Infantry Division 3253:28th Infantry Division 3231:28th Infantry Division 3120:1st SS Panzer Division 3046:99th Infantry Division 3024:99th Infantry Division 3004:38th Infantry Regiment 2990:23rd Infantry Regiment 2985:99th Infantry Division 2881: 2872:Initial German assault 2828: 2816: 2778: 2742:28th Infantry Division 2707: 2654: 2647:divisions forming the 2641: 2613: 2559: 2542: 2504: 2498: 2490: 2484: 2466: 2456: 2445: 2437: 2426: 2388:Drafting the offensive 2380: 2351: 2328: 2303: 2246: 2094:breakout from Normandy 1953: 1951: German movements 1945: Allied movements 988:Initial German assault 240:Commanders and leaders 79:30th Infantry Division 16213:Battle of Al Busayyah 16047:Battle of Prokhorovka 15484:Second Battle of Guam 15380:Bengal famine of 1943 15350:Second Battle of Kiev 15306:Battle of the Dnieper 15011:Battle of Wake Island 14883:East African campaign 14825:Battle of South Henan 14470:atrocities by Germans 14243:Korean Volunteer Army 13217:Occupation of Germany 12971:Music in World War II 12519:Victory in Europe Day 12198:Battle of Mont Gargan 12055:Liberation of Corsica 11832: 11808:4th Moroccan Mountain 11803:3rd Algerian Infantry 11798:2nd Moroccan Infantry 11476:Shaw, Antony (2000), 11403:, London: Greenhill, 11357:MacDonald, Charles B. 11336:MacDonald, Charles B. 10589:World War II Magazine 10130:MacDonald, Charles B. 9789:The Defeat of Germany 9042:16 March 2013 at the 8290:on 24 September 2021. 7677:World War II Magazine 6846:Wager, Eliot (2011), 6822:King & Kutta 1998 6379:, pp. 1088–1089. 5616: 5488: 5466: 5371: 5319: 5304: 5293: 5235: 4835:11th Armored Division 4757: 4749: 4683:"Battle of the Bulge" 4559: 4548:Operation Bodenplatte 4487: 4480:Allied counterstrikes 4441: 4393: 4328: 4203:53rd (Welsh) Infantry 4171: 4119: 3999:John S. D. Eisenhower 3991: 3891: 3884:German advance halted 3809: 3653:Büllingen, where the 3644: 3567: 3560:German forces held up 3426:4th Infantry Division 3417:8th Infantry Regiment 3412:4th Infantry Division 3309:116th Panzer Division 3013:2nd Infantry Division 2999:2nd Infantry Division 2971:2nd Infantry Division 2962:9th Infantry Regiment 2879: 2611: 2531: 2505:Bataille des Ardennes 2427:Generalfeldmarschalls 2269:Battle of the Scheldt 2014:aerial reconnaissance 1917: 1591:Battle of Britain Day 906:Operation Bodenplatte 856:Operation Bodenplatte 830:Casualties and losses 816:16 infantry divisions 785:15 infantry divisions 754:16 infantry divisions 723:13 infantry divisions 690:22 infantry divisions 659:22 infantry divisions 628:15 infantry divisions 16347:History of the Eifel 16332:December 1944 events 16241:Battle of Debaltseve 16231:Battle of Novoazovsk 16198:Battle of 73 Easting 16101:Battle of Asal Uttar 16096:Operation Grand Slam 16063:Battle of Studzianki 16028:Battle of Stalingrad 15770:Surrender of Germany 15248:Battle of West Hubei 15205:Guadalcanal campaign 15175:Battle of Stalingrad 15101:Battle of Madagascar 13868:Albania protectorate 13655:(formerly Swaziland) 13364:Wehrmacht war crimes 13180:Expulsion of Germans 12964:Art and World War II 12862:British contribution 12811:Governments in exile 12504:Advance to the Rhine 12309:Battle of Montélimar 12304:Liberation of Guéret 12284:Liberation of Toulon 12157:Liberation of Guéret 11874:Dwight D. Eisenhower 11674:Liberation of France 11191:on 29 September 2007 11072:Weinberg, Gerhard L. 11051:Weinberg, Gerhard L. 10989:(Reissue ed.), 10257:on 25 September 2015 10229:Meyer, Kurt (2005), 9633:De Guingand, Francis 9561:Riviera to the Rhine 9512:The Second World War 9418:on 25 September 2015 9143:Annan, Noel (1995), 8726:Holroyd-Doveton 2013 8301:Luvaas, Jay (1990), 7192:, pp. 103, 104. 6613:, pp. 329–334; 6257:, pp. 565–567; 5724:Liberation of France 5714:Battle of Garfagnana 5688:UK National Archives 5347:Montgomery's actions 5247:(Brigadier general) 4668:improve this article 4623:Operation North Wind 4618:Unternehmen Nordwind 4584:shells, but also by 4536:4th Armored Division 4520:2nd Armored Division 4417:Panzer-Lehr-Division 4239:XXXXVII Panzer-Korps 4150:9th Armored Division 4121:Hasso von Manteuffel 4112:Attack in the center 3802:Germans advance west 3398:9th Armored Division 3242:9th Armored Division 3135:150th Panzer Brigade 3035:9th Armored Division 2665:liberation of France 2591:Hasso von Manteuffel 2304:Generalfeldmarschall 2248:Generalfeldmarschall 2205:U.S. 12th Army Group 2162:direct landing ships 2156:Allied supply issues 2126:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1962:, also known as the 1888:Defence of the Reich 1369:The Heligoland Bight 1051:German counterattack 600:6 infantry divisions 408:Hasso von Manteuffel 257:Dwight D. Eisenhower 147:50.00417°N 5.72000°E 16327:History of Wallonia 16267:Battle of the Bulge 16223:Russo-Ukrainian War 16078:Battle of the Bulge 16073:Battle of Arracourt 15860:Potsdam Declaration 15749:Italy (Spring 1945) 15512:Liberation of Paris 14969:Siege of Sevastopol 13980:(until August 1944) 13883:Wang Jingwei regime 13705:from September 1943 13665:from September 1944 13603:from September 1944 13463:Romanian war crimes 13454:Persecution of Jews 13440:Croatian war crimes 13410:Japanese war crimes 13224:Occupation of Japan 13173:First Indochina War 12885:Military production 12797:Declarations of war 12509:Invasion of Germany 12373:Battle of Meximieux 12368:Battle of Arracourt 12330:Liberation of Nancy 12294:Liberation of Paris 12274:Battle of La Ciotat 12269:Battle of Port Cros 12234:Liberation of Brest 12219:Battle for Brittany 12137:Battle of Cherbourg 11616:Battle of the Bulge 11501:, Greenhill Books, 11258:on 16 December 2013 11005:on 30 December 2007 10955:Battle of the Bulge 10924:Van Creveld, Martin 10865:, Faber and Faber, 10787:, Greenwood Press, 10567:Casemate Publishers 10531:on 5 September 2021 10506:The Supreme Command 10381:, Stackpole Books, 10233:, Stackpole Books, 9506:Triumph and Tragedy 9461:, London: Cassell, 9451:Calvocoressi, Peter 8957:, pp. 270–272. 8945:, pp. 270–272. 8828:, pp. 122–123. 8587:, pp. 292–293. 8514:, pp. 474–477. 8366:, pp. 466–471. 8114:, pp. 382–385. 8076:, pp. 311–314. 8064:, pp. 204–205. 8004:, pp. 378–395. 7992:, pp. 276–277. 7968:, pp. 489–490. 7956:, pp. 410–413. 7821:Battle of the Bulge 7350:, pp. 259–260. 7280:on 25 February 2009 7258:, p. 461, 463. 7117:on 5 September 2015 6977:, p. 78, 6749:, pp. 362–366. 6497:, pp. 122–123. 6473:, pp. 456–458. 6239:Battle of the Bulge 6163:"DMSi ACSDB report" 5940:Neil Leslie Webster 5837:Only two battalions 5645:At Bletchley Park, 5566:Operation Veritable 5353:Freddie de Guingand 5224:Hitler's chosen few 5172: 5140:Infantry divisions 4413:2nd Panzer Division 4398:on 22 December 1944 4330:Erich Brandenberger 4321:Attack in the south 4243:9th Panzer Division 4237:, commander of the 4164:Meuse River bridges 4137:Battle for St. Vith 4085:or train together. 3539:Obersturmbannführer 3391:Combat Command A / 3327:2nd Panzer Division 3235:Combat Command R / 3028:Combat Command B / 2956:102nd Cavalry Group 2599:Erich Brandenberger 2560:Oberstgruppenführer 2364:Romanian oil fields 2343:Operation Bagration 2334:strategic reserve. 2265:First Canadian Army 2209:remained in control 1960:Battle of the Bulge 1877:Strategic campaigns 1480:Ypres–Comines Canal 1292:Invasion of Germany 954:Battle of the Bulge 851:800 tanks destroyed 819:8 armored divisions 788:8 armored divisions 757:8 armored divisions 726:7 armored divisions 693:8 armored divisions 662:8 armored divisions 631:6 armored divisions 603:2 armored divisions 444:Erich Brandenberger 143: / 50:Battle of the Bulge 16297:1945 in Luxembourg 16292:1944 in Luxembourg 16246:Battle of Vuhledar 16236:Mariupol offensive 16134:Battle of Basantar 16111:Battle of Chawinda 16106:Battle of Phillora 16058:Battle of Radzymin 16053:Operation Goodwood 16018:Operation Crusader 15853:Surrender of Japan 15686:Battle of Iwo Jima 15535:Belgrade offensive 14948:Siege of Leningrad 14832:Battle of Shanggao 14761:British Somaliland 14726:Dunkirk evacuation 14677:Norwegian campaign 14615:Invasion of Poland 14442:Japanese prisoners 13403:Italian war crimes 13334:British war crimes 13249:Soviet occupations 13033:South-West Pacific 12920:Allied cooperation 12878:Military equipment 12577:Klaus Barbie trial 12314:Liberation of Nice 12132:Battle of Carentan 12127:Operation Overlord 11864:Bernard Montgomery 11834: 11594:, Oxford: Osprey, 11361:The Last Offensive 11317:The Longest Winter 11168:, Oxford: Osprey, 10710:Shirer, William L. 10471:, Combined Books, 10435:, Combined Books, 10321:Mitcham, Samuel W. 10201:Marshall, S. L. A. 10155:The Last Offensive 9231:, London: Viking, 9172:, Donald I. Fine, 8702:de Senarclens 1988 8645:on 21 October 2022 8614:www.britannica.com 8597:Caddick-Adams 2015 8328:Caddick-Adams 2015 8137:Churchill, Winston 7329:on 7 February 2011 6994:, pp. 75–106. 6953:, p. 203–209. 6785:, pp. 16, 19. 6617:, pp. 95–100. 6471:von Luttichau 2000 5979:, appendices E, F. 5682: – 5651:Peter Calvocoressi 5626:war correspondents 5622: 5517:Lorraine campaigns 5499: 5491:Mardasson Memorial 5462:B. H. Liddell Hart 5325: 5314: 5299: 5259:National Socialism 5238: 5170: 4760: 4752: 4562: 4552:Operation Nordwind 4494: 4471:Regiment from the 4444: 4400: 4334: 4286:as the capital of 4178: 4143:Battle of St. Vith 4125: 4075:II Parachute Corps 3994: 3897: 3812: 3743:To the north, the 3663:Kampfgruppe Peiper 3650: 3570: 3534:Krinkelt-Rocherath 3321:XLVII Panzer Corps 3303:LVIII Panzer Corps 3124:Kampfgruppe Peiper 3051:14th Cavalry Group 2882: 2749:special operations 2614: 2557:, commanded by SS 2492:Die Wacht am Rhein 2352:Heeresgruppe Mitte 2254:Gerd von Rundstedt 2252:('Field Marshal') 2198:Lieutenant General 2190:Bernard Montgomery 2170:Cotentin peninsula 2121:By December 1944, 2105:military logistics 1964:Ardennes Offensive 1954: 1903:Battle of Atlantic 822:2 armored brigades 791:3 armored brigades 760:3 armored brigades 696:2 armored brigades 665:2 armored brigades 372:Gerd von Rundstedt 290:Bernard Montgomery 83:M5A1 "Stuart" tank 36:Ardennes Offensive 16277:Conflicts in 1945 16272:Conflicts in 1944 16254: 16253: 16203:Battle of Norfolk 15927: 15926: 15885: 15884: 15728:Battle of Okinawa 15627:Burma (1944–1945) 15461:Mariana and Palau 15241:Tunisian campaign 15066:Fall of Singapore 14990:Fall of Hong Kong 14733:Battle of Britain 14586:Operation Himmler 14495: 14494: 14159:Dutch East Indies 13795:Southern Rhodesia 13547: 13546: 13447:Genocide of Serbs 13350:German war crimes 13327:Soviet war crimes 13320:Allied war crimes 13166:Division of Korea 13145:Chinese Civil War 12943:Strategic bombing 12855:Manhattan Project 12629: 12628: 12566:Trente Glorieuses 12542:Épuration sauvage 12480: 12479: 12340:Operation Undergo 12335:Operation Astonia 12279:Provence landings 12079:Battle of Glières 12074:Battle of Vercors 12036:Battle of Réunion 12031:Tunisian campaign 11879:Raymond O. Barton 11859:Winston Churchill 11849:Charles de Gaulle 11601:978-1-84603-292-9 11580:978-1-885851-20-8 11562:978-1-885851-51-2 11544:978-1-885851-13-0 11526:978-1-4728-4739-3 11508:978-1-85367-291-0 11487:978-0-7603-0939-1 11469:978-0-684-80330-2 11446:978-1-85532-913-3 11428:978-1-85532-857-0 11342:, Burford Books, 11340:Company Commander 11321:, Da Capo Press, 11303:978-0-451-23212-0 11281:978-1-61200-181-4 11241:978-1-57488-348-0 11154:978-0-313-35652-0 11064:978-0-521-55879-2 10986:Command Decisions 10872:978-0-571-22485-2 10805:, Stackpole Books 10776:978-0-521-87088-7 10648:978-0-684-80329-6 10554:978-1-85532-853-2 10496:978-0-9559541-8-4 10460:978-0-306-81391-7 10424:978-0-306-82029-8 10363:, Pen and Sword, 10284:978-0-7432-1198-7 10240:978-0-8117-3197-3 10193:978-1-85799-128-4 10122:978-0-306-80912-5 10022:978-0-7146-4119-5 9873:978-0-02-881069-0 9866:, Potomac Books, 9732:, HarperCollins, 9662:978-1-4058-4062-0 9637:Operation Victory 9597:978-0-7864-3319-3 9574:978-0-16-034746-7 9543:, CMH Pub 72-26, 9488:, Pen and Sword, 9443:978-0-19933-514-5 9399:978-1-84832-615-6 9378:978-0-671-41023-0 9325:978-3-421-05507-1 9292:978-1-61200-277-4 9247:Ultra in the West 9238:978-0-670-91864-5 9127:978-0-313-31751-4 9073:978-1-57806-026-9 8930:, pp. 66–67. 8901:, pp. 61–64. 8899:Calvocoressi 2001 8814:Calvocoressi 1980 8442:978-0-8131-9160-7 8389:"Ardennes-Alsace" 8244:978-0-8014-7631-0 7920:, pp. 32–43. 7860:, pp. 21–22. 7848:, pp. 77–79. 7774:978-1-61200-277-4 7700:, pp. 84–86. 7635:"NUTS! Revisited" 7488:, pp. 76–83. 7464:on 23 August 2012 7420:Liddell Hart 1970 7141:Stars and Stripes 6773:, pp. 86–89. 6026:978-0-19-933516-9 5641:Missed indicators 5392:Stars and Stripes 5216: 5215: 5168: 5167: 4801:Americans of the 4787:Winston Churchill 4744: 4743: 4736: 4718: 4524:4th Cavalry Group 4498:P-47 Thunderbolts 4455:Anthony McAuliffe 4386:Siege of Bastogne 4380:Siege of Bastogne 4307:military tribunal 4227:Marche-en-Famenne 4215:34th Tank Brigade 4195:British XXX Corps 4174:Sherman "Firefly" 4099:Chenogne massacre 4093:Chenogne massacre 4023:Operation Stösser 4017:Operation Stösser 3955:Froidcourt Castle 3631:Malmedy massacres 3517:Siege of Bastogne 3501: 3500: 3354: 3353: 3281:(von Manteuffel) 3278:Fifth Panzer Army 3150: 3149: 3098:I SS Panzer Corps 3077:Sixth Panzer Army 2790:Operation Stösser 2708:Flugabwehrkanonen 2669:French Resistance 2649:armored spearhead 2587:Fifth Panzer Army 2499:Ardennenoffensive 2403:super-heavy tanks 2347:Army Group Center 2281:Lorraine Campaign 2203:, commanding the 2054:wounded in action 1911: 1910: 1305: 1304: 1108: 1107: 1083:Chenogne massacre 919: 918: 848:81,000 casualties 729:1 armored brigade 634:1 armored brigade 332:Lewis H. Brereton 293:(21st Army Group) 279:(12th Army Group) 170: 169: 152:50.00417; 5.72000 16374: 16362:History of Namur 16023:Battle of Gazala 16003:Battle of Hannut 15954: 15947: 15940: 15931: 15930: 15920: 15913: 15906: 15903:World portal 15901: 15900: 15876: 15869: 15862: 15855: 15846: 15839: 15832: 15823: 15816: 15809: 15802: 15795: 15788: 15779: 15772: 15765: 15763:Prague offensive 15758: 15756:Battle of Berlin 15751: 15744: 15737: 15730: 15723: 15716: 15709: 15702: 15700:Vienna offensive 15695: 15688: 15681: 15679:Battle of Manila 15674: 15654: 15645: 15636: 15629: 15620: 15613: 15606: 15599: 15592: 15585: 15578: 15569: 15560: 15553: 15544: 15537: 15530: 15523: 15514: 15507: 15500: 15493: 15486: 15479: 15472: 15463: 15456: 15447: 15438: 15429: 15422: 15420:Korsun–Cherkassy 15415: 15404: 15382: 15373: 15366: 15359: 15352: 15345: 15338: 15331: 15322: 15315: 15308: 15301: 15292: 15285: 15278: 15271: 15264: 15262:Bombing of Gorky 15257: 15250: 15243: 15223: 15216: 15207: 15200: 15193: 15184: 15177: 15170: 15163: 15152: 15145: 15138: 15131: 15129:Battle of Midway 15124: 15117: 15115:Battle of Gazala 15110: 15103: 15096: 15089: 15082: 15075: 15068: 15048: 15041: 15034: 15027: 15025:Battle of Borneo 15020: 15018:Malayan campaign 15013: 15006: 14999: 14992: 14985: 14978: 14971: 14964: 14962:Bombing of Gorky 14957: 14955:Battle of Moscow 14950: 14943: 14936: 14929: 14922: 14915: 14899: 14892: 14885: 14878: 14871: 14864: 14855: 14848: 14841: 14834: 14827: 14807: 14798: 14791: 14784: 14777: 14770: 14763: 14756: 14749: 14742: 14735: 14728: 14721: 14719:Battle of France 14714: 14707: 14700: 14693: 14686: 14679: 14659: 14652: 14645: 14638: 14631: 14624: 14617: 14595: 14588: 14581: 14574: 14572:Munich Agreement 14567: 14560: 14551: 14544: 14537: 14528: 14521: 14506: 14505: 14488: 14481: 14472: 14465: 14458: 14457:Soviet prisoners 14451: 14444: 14437: 14428: 14421: 14412: 14405: 14398: 14397:German prisoners 14393: 14373: 14364: 14357: 14350: 14345: 14338: 14331: 14324: 14317: 14310: 14303: 14296: 14289: 14282: 14275: 14268: 14261: 14254: 14245: 14238: 14231: 14224: 14217: 14210: 14203: 14196: 14189: 14182: 14175: 14168: 14161: 14154: 14147: 14140: 14133: 14126: 14119: 14099: 14092: 14085: 14078: 14071: 14064: 14057: 14050: 14043: 14036: 14029: 14009: 14002: 13995: 13988: 13981: 13973: 13966: 13959: 13950: 13943: 13935: 13928: 13926:French Indochina 13921: 13914: 13907: 13900: 13892: 13885: 13878: 13870: 13850: 13841: 13834: 13825: 13818: 13811: 13804: 13797: 13790: 13783: 13776: 13773:from August 1944 13764: 13757: 13750: 13743: 13736: 13729: 13722: 13715: 13708: 13696: 13689: 13682: 13675: 13668: 13656: 13648: 13641: 13634: 13627: 13620: 13613: 13606: 13594: 13587: 13580: 13573: 13558: 13557: 13538: 13531: 13524: 13517: 13510: 13499: 13484: 13477: 13470: 13465: 13456: 13449: 13442: 13433: 13426: 13419: 13417:Nanjing Massacre 13412: 13405: 13396: 13394:Nuremberg trials 13387: 13380: 13373: 13366: 13359: 13352: 13343: 13336: 13329: 13322: 13302: 13295: 13288: 13279: 13272: 13265: 13258: 13251: 13244: 13235: 13226: 13219: 13212: 13205: 13196: 13189: 13182: 13175: 13168: 13161: 13154: 13147: 13127: 13118: 13111: 13104: 13095: 13088: 13081: 13074: 13065: 13058: 13051: 13042: 13035: 13028: 13021: 13014: 13007: 13000: 12998:Asia and Pacific 12980: 12973: 12966: 12959: 12952: 12945: 12938: 12929: 12927:Mulberry harbour 12922: 12915: 12908: 12901: 12894: 12887: 12880: 12873: 12864: 12857: 12850: 12841: 12834: 12827: 12820: 12813: 12806: 12799: 12792: 12785: 12778: 12769: 12762: 12747: 12746: 12735: 12728: 12719: 12712: 12705: 12698: 12691: 12684: 12677: 12656: 12649: 12642: 12633: 12632: 12535:Épuration légale 12487: 12449:Atlantic pockets 12425:Atlantic pockets 12391:Battle of Alsace 12345:Atlantic pockets 12239:Atlantic pockets 12177:Battle of Ushant 12172:Maquis de Saffré 11959: 11958: 11910: 11899:Philippe Kieffer 11889:Philippe Leclerc 11884:George S. Patton 11842: 11728:Commando Kieffer 11716: 11672: 11671: 11660: 11653: 11646: 11637: 11636: 11625:U.S. Army Europe 11604: 11583: 11565: 11547: 11529: 11511: 11490: 11472: 11459:A Bridge Too Far 11449: 11431: 11413: 11402: 11391: 11373: 11352: 11331: 11320: 11306: 11295: 11284: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11244: 11226: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11178: 11157: 11139: 11137: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11107: 11098: 11082:(4): 1006–1021, 11067: 11046: 11045: 11043: 11026: 11018:Weigley, Russell 11013: 11012: 11010: 10975: 10974: 10972: 10948: 10919: 10918: 10916: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10875: 10852: 10831: 10830: 10828: 10818: 10806: 10797: 10779: 10760: 10749: 10743: 10735: 10726: 10705: 10687: 10669: 10651: 10628: 10626: 10612: 10610: 10608: 10599:. Archived from 10579: 10557: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10530: 10511: 10499: 10481: 10463: 10445: 10427: 10409: 10391: 10373: 10355: 10337: 10316: 10294: 10293: 10291: 10276: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10243: 10225: 10224: 10222: 10213:, CMH Pub 22-2, 10196: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10166:, archived from 10148: 10138:, Bantam Books, 10125: 10104: 10086: 10075: 10064: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10025: 10007: 9998: 9990: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9964: 9953: 9952: 9950: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9920: 9908: 9902: 9894: 9876: 9858: 9857: 9855: 9839: 9838:on 18 March 2009 9837: 9830: 9819: 9801: 9785:Ellis, Lionel F. 9780: 9768:The Bitter Woods 9762: 9742: 9726:Dupuy, Trevor N. 9721: 9720: 9718: 9703: 9693: 9683: 9665: 9647: 9628: 9615: 9600: 9578: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9509: 9498: 9480: 9477:Top Secret Ultra 9471: 9460: 9457:Top Secret Ultra 9446: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9414:, archived from 9402: 9381: 9361: 9354:Bradley, Omar N. 9349: 9348: 9346: 9340: 9328: 9304: 9295: 9277: 9259: 9241: 9220: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9182: 9162: 9156: 9148: 9145:Changing Enemies 9139: 9112: 9100:Citizen Soldiers 9094: 9082:Band of Brothers 9076: 9064:Americans at War 9060:Ambrose, Stephen 9046: 9034: 9028: 9025: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9014: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8970: 8964: 8958: 8952: 8946: 8940: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8918:, p. 179ff. 8913: 8902: 8896: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8835: 8829: 8823: 8817: 8811: 8805: 8802:Eggenberger 1985 8799: 8793: 8783: 8777: 8771: 8765: 8759: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8676: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8606: 8600: 8594: 8588: 8582: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8571: 8557: 8551: 8545: 8539: 8533: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8426: 8420: 8410: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8393:history.army.mil 8385: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8325: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8306: 8298: 8292: 8291: 8286:. Archived from 8255: 8249: 8248: 8230: 8224: 8223: 8205: 8199: 8193: 8187: 8181: 8175: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8133: 8127: 8121: 8115: 8109: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8083: 8077: 8071: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8047: 8041: 8035: 8029: 8023: 8017: 8011: 8005: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7975: 7969: 7963: 7957: 7954:De Guingand 1947 7951: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7930:Van Creveld 1977 7927: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7758: 7752: 7746: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7713: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7669: 7663: 7662:, c. "Bastogne". 7657: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7641:on 14 March 2010 7631: 7625: 7619: 7613: 7604: 7595: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7559: 7553: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7460:. Archived from 7453: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7423: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7328: 7321: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7265: 7259: 7253: 7247: 7244:Bouwmeester 2004 7241: 7235: 7232:Bouwmeester 2004 7229: 7223: 7220:Bouwmeester 2004 7217: 7208: 7205:Bouwmeester 2004 7202: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7178:Bouwmeester 2004 7175: 7169: 7166:Bouwmeester 2004 7163: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7147:on 21 March 2021 7143:. Archived from 7133: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7109:Hoover, Steven. 7106: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7080: 7074: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6995: 6989: 6980: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6944: 6935: 6934:, p. 34-40. 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6461:, pp. 1–64. 6456: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6418:history.army.mil 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6310: 6304: 6290: 6281: 6275: 6266: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6159: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6136:. Archived from 6130: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6107:. Archived from 6101: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6062: 6053: 6047: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5963: 5957: 5942: 5938:Calvocoressi to 5936: 5930: 5927: 5921: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5903: 5895: 5889: 5886:American English 5879: 5873: 5866: 5860: 5855: 5849: 5844: 5838: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5790: 5787: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5768: 5762: 5759: 5753: 5749: 5599: 5270: 5256: 5246: 5173: 5169: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4855: 4854: 4830: 4818: 4798: 4739: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4719: 4717: 4676: 4652: 4644: 4620: 4614: 4604: 4571: 4514: 4470: 4469: 4073:of 800 men. The 4040: 3963: 3915:under Maj. Gen. 3904: 3903: 3794: 3762: 3756: 3731: 3713: 3699: 3683: 3665: 3658: 3647:Malmedy massacre 3637:Malmedy massacre 3626: 3619: 3599:Fallschirmjaeger 3594: 3592:Fallschirmjaeger 3577: 3550: 3454:(Brandenberger) 3442: 3441: 3424: 3410: 3396: 3385: 3373: 3372: 3363: 3269: 3268: 3251: 3240: 3229: 3215: 3199: 3188: 3169: 3168: 3159: 3068: 3067: 3044: 3033: 3022: 3011: 2997: 2983: 2969: 2948: 2947: 2938: 2833: 2822:headquarters in 2821: 2787: 2761:Benito Mussolini 2729:economy of force 2710: 2684:, and a special 2659: 2646: 2620:, under General 2597:, under General 2562: 2540: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2487: 2469: 2459: 2450: 2442: 2429: 2414:Battle of France 2383: 2354: 2333: 2306: 2285:Battle of Aachen 2251: 2233:Red Ball Express 1979:Second World War 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1740:Atlantic Pockets 1344: 1340:Western Front of 1332: 1325: 1318: 1309: 1308: 1149: 1147: 1135: 1128: 1121: 1112: 1111: 1078:Malmedy massacre 957: 955: 945: 938: 931: 922: 921: 887: 886: 867: 866: 842: 841: 779:1,090 other AFVs 748:1,496 other AFVs 717:1,261 other AFVs 684:7,079 other AFVs 653:7,769 other AFVs 622:5,352 other AFVs 541: 540: 526: 525: 519: 518: 512: 511: 499: 498: 471: 470: 442: 441: 424: 423: 406: 405: 388: 387: 370: 369: 350: 349: 330: 329: 318:George S. Patton 316: 315: 302: 301: 288: 287: 274: 273: 259: 255: 254: 232: 230: 229: 216: 214: 213: 203: 201: 200: 190: 188: 187: 158: 157: 155: 154: 153: 148: 144: 141: 140: 139: 136: 95: 94: 67: 47: 46: 28:Battle of France 16382: 16381: 16377: 16376: 16375: 16373: 16372: 16371: 16287:1945 in Belgium 16282:1944 in Belgium 16257: 16256: 16255: 16250: 16217: 16184: 16166: 16157:Valley of Tears 16138: 16129:Battle of Chamb 16115: 16082: 16043:Battle of Kursk 15979: 15961: 15958: 15928: 15923: 15916: 15909: 15895: 15893: 15881: 15872: 15865: 15858: 15851: 15842: 15835: 15828: 15819: 15814:Atomic bombings 15812: 15805: 15798: 15791: 15784: 15775: 15768: 15761: 15754: 15747: 15740: 15733: 15726: 15719: 15712: 15705: 15698: 15691: 15684: 15677: 15670: 15657: 15650: 15639: 15632: 15625: 15616: 15609: 15602: 15595: 15588: 15581: 15572: 15563: 15556: 15547: 15540: 15533: 15526: 15517: 15510: 15505:Eastern Romania 15503: 15498:Warsaw Uprising 15496: 15491:Tannenberg Line 15489: 15482: 15477:Western Ukraine 15475: 15466: 15459: 15450: 15441: 15432: 15425: 15418: 15407: 15398: 15385: 15378: 15369: 15362: 15355: 15348: 15341: 15334: 15327: 15318: 15311: 15304: 15295: 15288: 15281: 15274: 15269:Battle of Kursk 15267: 15260: 15253: 15246: 15239: 15226: 15219: 15210: 15203: 15196: 15187: 15180: 15173: 15166: 15157: 15148: 15141: 15134: 15127: 15120: 15113: 15106: 15099: 15092: 15085: 15080:St Nazaire Raid 15078: 15071: 15064: 15051: 15044: 15037: 15030: 15023: 15016: 15009: 15002: 14995: 14988: 14981: 14974: 14967: 14960: 14953: 14946: 14939: 14932: 14925: 14918: 14904: 14895: 14888: 14881: 14874: 14867: 14862:Anglo-Iraqi War 14860: 14853:Battle of Crete 14851: 14844: 14837: 14830: 14823: 14810: 14801: 14794: 14787: 14782:Eastern Romania 14780: 14773: 14766: 14759: 14752: 14745: 14738: 14731: 14724: 14717: 14710: 14703: 14696: 14689: 14682: 14675: 14662: 14655: 14648: 14641: 14634: 14627: 14620: 14613: 14600: 14591: 14584: 14577: 14570: 14563: 14556: 14547: 14540: 14533: 14524: 14517: 14491: 14484: 14477: 14468: 14461: 14456: 14447: 14440: 14433: 14424: 14417: 14408: 14401: 14396: 14389: 14376: 14369: 14360: 14353: 14348: 14343:Western Ukraine 14341: 14334: 14327: 14320: 14313: 14306: 14299: 14292: 14287:Northeast China 14285: 14278: 14271: 14264: 14257: 14250: 14241: 14234: 14227: 14220: 14213: 14206: 14199: 14192: 14185: 14178: 14171: 14164: 14157: 14150: 14143: 14136: 14129: 14122: 14115: 14102: 14095: 14088: 14081: 14074: 14067: 14060: 14053: 14046: 14039: 14032: 14025: 14012: 14005: 13998: 13991: 13986:Slovak Republic 13984: 13976: 13969: 13962: 13957:Empire of Japan 13955: 13946: 13938: 13931: 13924: 13917: 13910: 13903: 13895: 13888: 13881: 13873: 13866: 13853: 13846: 13837: 13830: 13821: 13814: 13807: 13800: 13793: 13786: 13779: 13767: 13760: 13753: 13746: 13739: 13732: 13725: 13718: 13711: 13699: 13692: 13685: 13678: 13671: 13659: 13651: 13644: 13637: 13630: 13623: 13616: 13609: 13597: 13590: 13583: 13576: 13569: 13543: 13534: 13527: 13520: 13513: 13502: 13487: 13480: 13473: 13469:Sexual violence 13468: 13461: 13452: 13445: 13438: 13429: 13422: 13415: 13408: 13401: 13392: 13383: 13376: 13369: 13362: 13355: 13348: 13339: 13332: 13325: 13318: 13305: 13298: 13291: 13284: 13275: 13268: 13261: 13254: 13247: 13238: 13229: 13222: 13215: 13208: 13199: 13192: 13187:Greek Civil War 13185: 13178: 13171: 13164: 13157: 13150: 13143: 13130: 13123: 13114: 13107: 13100: 13091: 13084: 13077: 13070: 13061: 13054: 13047: 13038: 13031: 13024: 13017: 13012:South-East Asia 13010: 13003: 12996: 12983: 12976: 12969: 12962: 12955: 12948: 12941: 12934: 12925: 12918: 12911: 12904: 12897: 12890: 12883: 12876: 12871:Military awards 12869: 12860: 12853: 12846: 12837: 12830: 12823: 12816: 12809: 12802: 12795: 12788: 12781: 12774: 12765: 12758: 12738: 12731: 12724: 12715: 12708: 12701: 12696: 12687: 12680: 12673: 12665: 12660: 12630: 12625: 12581: 12560:Fourth Republic 12485: 12476: 12437: 12410: 12383: 12377: 12318: 12299:Maillé massacre 12207: 12203:Operation Cobra 12181: 12142:Battle for Caen 12115: 12099: 12083: 12059: 12040: 12026:Operation Torch 12011: 11995: 11976: 11972:Battle of Gabon 11953: 11946: 11908: 11903: 11840: 11835: 11824: 11793:1st Free French 11714: 11709: 11676: 11666: 11664: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11581: 11563: 11545: 11527: 11509: 11488: 11470: 11454:Ryan, Cornelius 11452: 11447: 11429: 11411: 11389: 11371: 11350: 11329: 11304: 11282: 11261: 11259: 11242: 11224: 11207: 11205:Further reading 11202: 11194: 11192: 11176: 11155: 11121: 11119: 11106:, Da Capo Press 11088:10.2307/1842933 11065: 11041: 11039: 11024: 11020:(Summer 1995), 11008: 11006: 10970: 10968: 10966: 10938: 10914: 10912: 10898: 10896: 10873: 10850: 10826: 10824: 10816: 10795: 10777: 10737: 10736: 10724: 10703: 10685: 10667: 10649: 10633:Ryan, Cornelius 10617:Riley, Jonathon 10606: 10604: 10603:on 7 March 2007 10577: 10555: 10534: 10532: 10528: 10509: 10497: 10479: 10461: 10443: 10425: 10407: 10389: 10371: 10335: 10314: 10289: 10287: 10285: 10260: 10258: 10241: 10220: 10218: 10194: 10173: 10171: 10170:on 4 April 2023 10146: 10123: 10102: 10084: 10062: 10038: 10036: 10023: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9948: 9946: 9928: 9926: 9925:, CMH Pub. 12-3 9918: 9896: 9895: 9892: 9884:, AuthorHouse, 9874: 9853: 9851: 9835: 9828: 9817: 9799: 9798:978-184574059-7 9778: 9760: 9740: 9716: 9714: 9691: 9681: 9673:, Transaction, 9663: 9613: 9598: 9577:, CMH Pub. 7-10 9575: 9550: 9548: 9536:Ardennes-Alsace 9524: 9522: 9496: 9469: 9444: 9421: 9419: 9412:The Independent 9400: 9379: 9344: 9342: 9338: 9326: 9293: 9275: 9257: 9239: 9218: 9197: 9195: 9180: 9150: 9149: 9128: 9110: 9092: 9074: 9054: 9049: 9044:Wayback Machine 9035: 9031: 9026: 9022: 9012: 9010: 9002: 9001: 8997: 8989: 8985: 8977: 8973: 8965: 8961: 8953: 8949: 8941: 8934: 8926: 8922: 8914: 8905: 8897: 8888: 8880: 8876: 8868: 8859: 8849: 8847: 8846:on 12 July 2015 8836: 8832: 8824: 8820: 8812: 8808: 8800: 8796: 8784: 8780: 8774:Clodfelter 2008 8772: 8768: 8760: 8756: 8748: 8744: 8736: 8732: 8724: 8720: 8712: 8708: 8700: 8696: 8688: 8684: 8674: 8672: 8671:. 16 March 2020 8663: 8662: 8658: 8648: 8646: 8633: 8632: 8628: 8618: 8616: 8608: 8607: 8603: 8595: 8591: 8583: 8579: 8569: 8567: 8558: 8554: 8546: 8542: 8534: 8530: 8522: 8518: 8510: 8506: 8498: 8494: 8486: 8482: 8472: 8470: 8461: 8457: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8427: 8423: 8411: 8407: 8397: 8395: 8387: 8386: 8382: 8374: 8370: 8362: 8358: 8350: 8346: 8338: 8334: 8326: 8322: 8314: 8310: 8299: 8295: 8256: 8252: 8245: 8231: 8227: 8220: 8206: 8202: 8196:Montgomery 2010 8194: 8190: 8182: 8178: 8174:, pp. 281. 8172:Montgomery 1958 8170: 8166: 8158: 8154: 8134: 8130: 8122: 8118: 8110: 8106: 8096: 8094: 8085: 8084: 8080: 8074:Montgomery 1958 8072: 8068: 8060: 8056: 8048: 8044: 8036: 8032: 8024: 8020: 8014:Montgomery 1958 8012: 8008: 8000: 7996: 7990:Montgomery 1958 7988: 7984: 7976: 7972: 7964: 7960: 7952: 7948: 7940: 7936: 7928: 7924: 7916: 7912: 7906:Eisenhower 1969 7904: 7900: 7892: 7888: 7880: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7856: 7852: 7844: 7840: 7832: 7828: 7819:U.S. Army CMH, 7817: 7813: 7805: 7801: 7793: 7789: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7759: 7755: 7747: 7743: 7735: 7731: 7723: 7716: 7708: 7704: 7696: 7692: 7682: 7680: 7671: 7670: 7666: 7658: 7654: 7644: 7642: 7633: 7632: 7628: 7620: 7616: 7609:, p. 172, 7605: 7598: 7590: 7586: 7578: 7574: 7561: 7560: 7556: 7544: 7540: 7536:, p. 1951. 7532: 7528: 7520: 7516: 7508: 7504: 7496: 7492: 7484: 7477: 7467: 7465: 7454: 7450: 7442: 7438: 7430: 7426: 7418: 7414: 7406: 7402: 7398:, p. 303f. 7396:Schrijvers 2005 7394: 7390: 7382: 7378: 7370: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7346: 7342: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7319: 7315: 7314: 7310: 7304:Eisenhower 1969 7302: 7293: 7283: 7281: 7266: 7262: 7254: 7250: 7242: 7238: 7230: 7226: 7218: 7211: 7203: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7176: 7172: 7164: 7160: 7150: 7148: 7135: 7134: 7130: 7120: 7118: 7107: 7103: 7093: 7091: 7090:on 28 July 2011 7082: 7081: 7077: 7069: 7065: 7057: 7053: 7042: 7041: 7037: 7029: 7025: 7017: 7013: 7005: 6998: 6990: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6969: 6965:, p. 4-22. 6961: 6957: 6945: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6906: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6882: 6878: 6870: 6866: 6857: 6855: 6844: 6840: 6832: 6828: 6820: 6816: 6808: 6801: 6793: 6789: 6781: 6777: 6769: 6765: 6757: 6753: 6745: 6741: 6733: 6729: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6697: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6601: 6597: 6589: 6585: 6577: 6573: 6569:, p. 1090. 6565: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6542:, p. 1092. 6538: 6525: 6521:, p. 1091. 6517: 6513: 6505: 6501: 6493: 6489: 6485:, p. 1085. 6481: 6477: 6469: 6465: 6457: 6444: 6436: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6412: 6411: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6391:, p. 1086. 6387: 6383: 6375: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6338: 6334: 6326: 6322: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6299:, p. 618; 6291: 6284: 6276: 6269: 6249: 6245: 6237: 6233: 6227:Schrijvers 2005 6225: 6221: 6201: 6197: 6189: 6182: 6172: 6170: 6161: 6160: 6153: 6143: 6141: 6132: 6131: 6124: 6114: 6112: 6103: 6102: 6095: 6087: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6063: 6056: 6048: 6041: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6011: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5975: 5966: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5896: 5892: 5880: 5876: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5852: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5710: 5697: 5672: 5657:were tasked by 5643: 5638: 5611: 5609:Media attention 5557: 5525: 5504: 5483: 5475:Stephen Ambrose 5455:Chiefs of Staff 5349: 5288: 5282: 5226: 5221: 5044: 4975: 4973:Tank destroyers 4853: 4846: 4831: 4822: 4819: 4810: 4803:101st Engineers 4799: 4740: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4677: 4675: 4665: 4653: 4642: 4582:proximity fused 4578:V-1 flying bomb 4554: 4546:Main articles: 4544: 4503:military glider 4492:, December 1944 4482: 4468:Panzergrenadier 4433:21st Army Group 4429:12th Army Group 4388: 4382: 4369:U.S. VIII Corps 4323: 4309:in 1947 at the 4265: 4263:Operation Greif 4259: 4209:, the 29th and 4205:Divisions, the 4199:51st (Highland) 4185:personnel. The 4166: 4145: 4139: 4130:pincer movement 4114: 4101: 4095: 4063:Battle of Crete 4036: 4025: 4019: 4011:First U.S. Army 3986: 3957: 3902:Panzergrenadier 3886: 3877:Sturmbannführer 3804: 3775: 3769: 3754:Panzergrenadier 3724: 3701:Werner Pötschke 3696:Sturmbannführer 3639: 3633: 3562: 3530: 3521:Elsenborn Ridge 3513: 3507: 3502: 3436: 3431: 3367: 3355: 3263: 3258: 3163: 3151: 3062: 3057: 2942: 2925: 2874: 2830:Führersonderzug 2780:Fallschirmjäger 2765:Operation Greif 2643:Panzergrenadier 2629:air superiority 2612:The German plan 2555:6th Panzer Army 2541: 2539:Theodore Draper 2538: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2480: 2478:Operation names 2390: 2341:, the Soviets' 2277: 2213:English Channel 2194:21st Army Group 2175:port of Antwerp 2158: 2142:U.S. First Army 2090: 2019:Elsenborn Ridge 1995:port of Antwerp 1985:region between 1956: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1912: 1907: 1634:St Nazaire Raid 1586:The Hardest Day 1453:Fort Eben-Emael 1439:Rotterdam Blitz 1397:The Netherlands 1345: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1306: 1301: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1109: 1104: 1100:Order of battle 1030:Elsenborn Ridge 1004:Lanzerath Ridge 958: 953: 951: 949: 910: 881: 877: 861: 836: 825: 699: 557:6th Panzer Army 552:5th Panzer Army 535: 520: 513: 506: 502:21st Army Group 493: 474:12th Army Group 465: 454: 446: 436: 431:6th Panzer Army 428: 418: 413:5th Panzer Army 410: 400: 392: 382: 374: 364: 354: 344: 338: 334: 324: 320: 310: 306: 304:Courtney Hodges 296: 292: 282: 278: 268: 260: 249: 248: 227: 225: 222: 211: 209: 198: 196: 185: 183: 151: 149: 145: 142: 137: 134: 132: 130: 129: 128: 102: 68: 41: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16380: 16370: 16369: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16252: 16251: 16249: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16227: 16225: 16219: 16218: 16216: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16194: 16192: 16186: 16185: 16183: 16182: 16180:Operation Nasr 16176: 16174: 16168: 16167: 16165: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16152:Operation Badr 16148: 16146: 16144:Yom Kippur War 16140: 16139: 16137: 16136: 16131: 16125: 16123: 16117: 16116: 16114: 16113: 16108: 16103: 16098: 16092: 16090: 16084: 16083: 16081: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16040: 16035: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15989: 15987: 15981: 15980: 15978: 15977: 15971: 15969: 15963: 15962: 15957: 15956: 15949: 15942: 15934: 15925: 15924: 15922: 15921: 15914: 15907: 15890: 15887: 15886: 15883: 15882: 15880: 15879: 15878: 15877: 15870: 15863: 15849: 15848: 15847: 15833: 15830:South Sakhalin 15826: 15825: 15824: 15810: 15803: 15796: 15789: 15782: 15781: 15780: 15766: 15759: 15752: 15745: 15738: 15731: 15724: 15717: 15710: 15703: 15696: 15689: 15682: 15675: 15667: 15665: 15659: 15658: 15656: 15655: 15648: 15647: 15646: 15630: 15623: 15622: 15621: 15607: 15600: 15593: 15586: 15579: 15570: 15561: 15554: 15545: 15538: 15531: 15524: 15515: 15508: 15501: 15494: 15487: 15480: 15473: 15464: 15457: 15448: 15439: 15430: 15423: 15416: 15405: 15395: 15393: 15387: 15386: 15384: 15383: 15376: 15375: 15374: 15367: 15353: 15346: 15339: 15332: 15325: 15324: 15323: 15309: 15302: 15293: 15286: 15279: 15272: 15265: 15258: 15255:Battle of Attu 15251: 15244: 15236: 15234: 15228: 15227: 15225: 15224: 15217: 15208: 15201: 15194: 15185: 15178: 15171: 15164: 15155: 15154: 15153: 15146: 15132: 15125: 15118: 15111: 15104: 15097: 15090: 15083: 15076: 15069: 15061: 15059: 15053: 15052: 15050: 15049: 15042: 15035: 15028: 15021: 15014: 15007: 15004:Battle of Guam 15000: 14993: 14986: 14979: 14972: 14965: 14958: 14951: 14944: 14937: 14930: 14927:Battle of Kiev 14923: 14916: 14902: 14901: 14900: 14886: 14879: 14872: 14865: 14858: 14857: 14856: 14842: 14835: 14828: 14820: 14818: 14812: 14811: 14809: 14808: 14799: 14792: 14785: 14778: 14771: 14764: 14757: 14750: 14743: 14736: 14729: 14722: 14715: 14708: 14701: 14694: 14687: 14680: 14672: 14670: 14664: 14663: 14661: 14660: 14653: 14646: 14639: 14632: 14625: 14618: 14610: 14608: 14602: 14601: 14599: 14598: 14597: 14596: 14589: 14582: 14575: 14568: 14554: 14553: 14552: 14545: 14531: 14530: 14529: 14514: 14512: 14503: 14497: 14496: 14493: 14492: 14490: 14489: 14482: 14475: 14474: 14473: 14466: 14454: 14453: 14452: 14438: 14431: 14430: 14429: 14426:United Kingdom 14422: 14415: 14414: 14413: 14394: 14386: 14384: 14378: 14377: 14375: 14374: 14367: 14366: 14365: 14358: 14346: 14339: 14332: 14325: 14318: 14311: 14304: 14297: 14290: 14283: 14276: 14269: 14262: 14255: 14248: 14247: 14246: 14239: 14225: 14218: 14211: 14204: 14197: 14190: 14183: 14176: 14169: 14162: 14155: 14148: 14141: 14134: 14127: 14120: 14112: 14110: 14104: 14103: 14101: 14100: 14093: 14086: 14079: 14072: 14065: 14058: 14051: 14044: 14037: 14030: 14022: 14020: 14014: 14013: 14011: 14010: 14003: 13996: 13989: 13982: 13974: 13967: 13960: 13953: 13952: 13951: 13936: 13929: 13922: 13915: 13908: 13901: 13893: 13886: 13879: 13871: 13863: 13861: 13855: 13854: 13852: 13851: 13844: 13843: 13842: 13828: 13827: 13826: 13823:British Empire 13816:United Kingdom 13812: 13805: 13798: 13791: 13784: 13777: 13765: 13758: 13751: 13744: 13737: 13730: 13723: 13716: 13709: 13697: 13690: 13683: 13676: 13669: 13657: 13649: 13642: 13635: 13632:Czechoslovakia 13628: 13621: 13614: 13607: 13595: 13588: 13581: 13574: 13566: 13564: 13555: 13549: 13548: 13545: 13544: 13542: 13541: 13540: 13539: 13532: 13529:Rape of Manila 13525: 13518: 13511: 13500: 13485: 13478: 13466: 13459: 13458: 13457: 13450: 13436: 13435: 13434: 13427: 13420: 13406: 13399: 13398: 13397: 13390: 13389: 13388: 13381: 13367: 13360: 13346: 13345: 13344: 13337: 13330: 13315: 13313: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13303: 13300:United Nations 13296: 13289: 13282: 13281: 13280: 13273: 13266: 13259: 13245: 13236: 13227: 13220: 13213: 13206: 13197: 13190: 13183: 13176: 13169: 13162: 13159:Decolonization 13155: 13148: 13140: 13138: 13132: 13131: 13129: 13128: 13121: 13120: 13119: 13105: 13098: 13097: 13096: 13089: 13082: 13068: 13067: 13066: 13059: 13045: 13044: 13043: 13036: 13029: 13022: 13015: 13008: 12993: 12991: 12985: 12984: 12982: 12981: 12974: 12967: 12960: 12953: 12946: 12939: 12932: 12931: 12930: 12923: 12909: 12902: 12895: 12888: 12881: 12874: 12867: 12866: 12865: 12851: 12844: 12843: 12842: 12835: 12832:United Kingdom 12828: 12814: 12807: 12800: 12793: 12786: 12779: 12772: 12771: 12770: 12755: 12753: 12744: 12740: 12739: 12737: 12736: 12729: 12722: 12721: 12720: 12713: 12706: 12694: 12693: 12692: 12678: 12670: 12667: 12666: 12659: 12658: 12651: 12644: 12636: 12627: 12626: 12624: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12590:WW II theatres 12586: 12583: 12582: 12580: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12545: 12538: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12490: 12488: 12482: 12481: 12478: 12477: 12475: 12474: 12473: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12445: 12443: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12435: 12434: 12433: 12421: 12419: 12412: 12411: 12409: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12387: 12385: 12379: 12378: 12376: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12364: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12326: 12324: 12320: 12319: 12317: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12255: 12254: 12253: 12252: 12247: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12215: 12213: 12209: 12208: 12206: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12189: 12187: 12183: 12182: 12180: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12152:Tulle massacre 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12123: 12121: 12117: 12116: 12114: 12113: 12107: 12105: 12101: 12100: 12098: 12097: 12091: 12089: 12085: 12084: 12082: 12081: 12076: 12070: 12068: 12061: 12060: 12058: 12057: 12051: 12049: 12042: 12041: 12039: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12022: 12020: 12013: 12012: 12010: 12009: 12003: 12001: 11997: 11996: 11994: 11993: 11987: 11985: 11978: 11977: 11975: 11974: 11968: 11966: 11956: 11948: 11947: 11945: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11913: 11911: 11909:Administration 11905: 11904: 11902: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11845: 11843: 11837: 11836: 11827: 11825: 11823: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11811: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11767: 11766: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11743:3rd Army Corps 11740: 11730: 11725: 11723:Army of Africa 11719: 11717: 11711: 11710: 11708: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11681: 11678: 11677: 11663: 11662: 11655: 11648: 11640: 11634: 11633: 11627: 11619: 11611: 11610:External links 11608: 11606: 11605: 11600: 11588:Zaloga, Steven 11584: 11579: 11566: 11561: 11548: 11543: 11530: 11525: 11512: 11507: 11495:Skorzeny, Otto 11491: 11486: 11473: 11468: 11450: 11445: 11432: 11427: 11414: 11409: 11392: 11387: 11374: 11369: 11353: 11348: 11332: 11327: 11307: 11302: 11285: 11280: 11267: 11245: 11240: 11227: 11223:978-1636241043 11222: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11200: 11179: 11174: 11162:Zaloga, Steven 11158: 11153: 11140: 11127: 11108: 11099: 11068: 11063: 11047: 11014: 10976: 10964: 10949: 10936: 10920: 10904: 10876: 10871: 10853: 10848: 10832: 10807: 10798: 10793: 10780: 10775: 10750: 10727: 10722: 10706: 10701: 10688: 10684:978-0811731713 10683: 10670: 10665: 10652: 10647: 10629: 10613: 10580: 10575: 10558: 10553: 10540: 10500: 10495: 10482: 10477: 10464: 10459: 10446: 10441: 10428: 10423: 10410: 10405: 10392: 10388:978-0811711999 10387: 10374: 10370:978-1848844254 10369: 10356: 10338: 10333: 10317: 10312: 10295: 10283: 10266: 10244: 10239: 10226: 10197: 10192: 10179: 10149: 10144: 10126: 10121: 10105: 10100: 10087: 10082: 10065: 10060: 10044: 10026: 10021: 10008: 9999: 9991: 9983: 9971: 9954: 9934: 9909: 9890: 9877: 9872: 9859: 9840: 9820: 9815: 9802: 9797: 9781: 9776: 9763: 9758: 9743: 9738: 9722: 9704: 9684: 9679: 9666: 9661: 9648: 9629: 9601: 9596: 9579: 9573: 9556: 9530: 9499: 9494: 9481: 9472: 9467: 9447: 9442: 9427: 9403: 9398: 9382: 9377: 9362: 9350: 9329: 9324: 9305: 9296: 9291: 9278: 9273: 9260: 9255: 9249:, Hutchinson, 9242: 9237: 9225:Beevor, Antony 9221: 9216: 9203: 9183: 9178: 9163: 9140: 9126: 9113: 9108: 9095: 9090: 9077: 9072: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9047: 9029: 9020: 8995: 8983: 8971: 8959: 8947: 8932: 8920: 8903: 8886: 8874: 8872:, p. 121. 8857: 8830: 8818: 8806: 8794: 8778: 8776:, p. 561. 8766: 8764:, p. 534. 8754: 8752:, p. 127. 8750:Blumenson 1972 8742: 8740:, p. 244. 8738:Churchill 1953 8730: 8728:, p. 367. 8718: 8716:, p. 331. 8706: 8694: 8692:, p. 101. 8682: 8669:Bletchley Park 8656: 8626: 8601: 8599:, p. 649. 8589: 8577: 8552: 8550:, p. 426. 8548:Bergström 2014 8540: 8538:, p. 157. 8528: 8526:, p. 424. 8524:Bergström 2014 8516: 8504: 8502:, p. 425. 8500:Bergström 2014 8492: 8480: 8455: 8441: 8421: 8405: 8380: 8376:MacDonald 1993 8368: 8356: 8344: 8342:, p. 111. 8332: 8330:, p. 644. 8320: 8318:, p. 318. 8316:Delaforce 2004 8308: 8293: 8270:(3): 327–357. 8264:War in History 8250: 8243: 8225: 8218: 8200: 8198:, p. 296. 8188: 8186:, p. 611. 8176: 8164: 8152: 8128: 8116: 8104: 8093:on 5 July 2014 8078: 8066: 8054: 8042: 8038:Gallagher 1945 8030: 8028:, p. 198. 8018: 8016:, p. 276. 8006: 7994: 7982: 7980:, p. 194. 7970: 7958: 7946: 7944:, p. 177. 7934: 7932:, p. 230. 7922: 7910: 7898: 7896:, p. 113. 7886: 7884:, p. 308. 7874: 7862: 7858:MacDonald 1984 7850: 7846:MacDonald 1984 7838: 7826: 7811: 7809:, p. 379. 7807:Bergström 2014 7799: 7797:, p. 274. 7795:Schneider 2004 7787: 7773: 7753: 7741: 7739:, p. 527. 7729: 7714: 7712:, p. 769. 7702: 7690: 7664: 7652: 7626: 7624:, p. 177. 7614: 7596: 7594:, p. 422. 7592:MacDonald 1984 7584: 7582:, p. 208. 7572: 7554: 7538: 7526: 7514: 7512:, p. 171. 7502: 7500:, p. 568. 7490: 7475: 7448: 7446:, p. 407. 7436: 7434:, p. 170. 7424: 7422:, p. 653. 7412: 7410:, p. 147. 7400: 7388: 7386:, p. 137. 7376: 7374:, p. 130. 7364: 7352: 7340: 7308: 7306:, p. 224. 7291: 7260: 7256:MacDonald 1984 7248: 7246:, p. 112. 7236: 7234:, p. 111. 7224: 7222:, p. 109. 7209: 7207:, p. 108. 7194: 7182: 7180:, p. 107. 7170: 7168:, p. 106. 7158: 7128: 7101: 7075: 7063: 7051: 7035: 7033:, p. 210. 7031:MacDonald 1984 7023: 7021:, p. 382. 7011: 7007:MacDonald 1984 6996: 6981: 6967: 6955: 6951:MacDonald 1984 6949:, p. 78; 6936: 6924: 6912: 6900: 6888: 6876: 6874:, p. 410. 6872:MacDonald 1984 6864: 6838: 6836:, p. 186. 6826: 6824:, p. 281. 6814: 6799: 6797:, p. 132. 6787: 6775: 6771:MacDonald 1984 6763: 6759:O'Donnell 2012 6751: 6739: 6735:Dougherty 2002 6727: 6715: 6711:MacDonald 1984 6703: 6701:, p. 118. 6691: 6679: 6667: 6655: 6643: 6631: 6619: 6609:, p. 38; 6605:, p. 33; 6595: 6593:, p. 194. 6591:Jablonsky 1994 6583: 6571: 6556: 6544: 6523: 6511: 6499: 6487: 6475: 6463: 6442: 6430: 6405: 6393: 6381: 6360: 6356:Fabianich 1947 6348: 6332: 6320: 6305: 6297:MacDonald 1998 6295:, p. 53; 6282: 6267: 6253:, p. 73; 6243: 6231: 6229:, p. 339. 6219: 6203:Bergström 2014 6195: 6193:, p. 396. 6180: 6167:apps.dtic.mil/ 6151: 6140:on 25 May 2013 6122: 6111:on 25 May 2013 6093: 6091:, p. 470. 6081: 6079:, p. 195. 6069: 6067:, p. 339. 6054: 6052:, p. 632. 6039: 6025: 6005: 6003:, p. 618. 6001:MacDonald 1984 5993: 5991:, p. 480. 5981: 5964: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5931: 5922: 5913: 5904: 5890: 5874: 5861: 5850: 5839: 5830: 5819:Wacht am Rhein 5810: 5800: 5791: 5782: 5772: 5763: 5754: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5709: 5706: 5696: 5693: 5671: 5670:SHAEF failures 5668: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5610: 5607: 5578:Siegfried Line 5556: 5553: 5548: 5547: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5524: 5521: 5503: 5500: 5482: 5479: 5436:Chester Wilmot 5434:correspondent 5348: 5345: 5294:Field Marshal 5284:Main article: 5281: 5278: 5268:Volksgrenadier 5254:Volksgrenadier 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5106: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5005: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4832: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4813: 4811: 4800: 4793: 4742: 4741: 4656: 4654: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4602:Heeresgruppe G 4543: 4540: 4481: 4478: 4384:Main article: 4381: 4378: 4322: 4319: 4299:disinformation 4261:Main article: 4258: 4255: 4183:Army Air Force 4165: 4162: 4141:Main article: 4138: 4135: 4113: 4110: 4097:Main article: 4094: 4091: 4055:Baraque Michel 4021:Main article: 4018: 4015: 3985: 3982: 3936:Hermann Priess 3885: 3882: 3803: 3800: 3771:Main article: 3768: 3765: 3760:Volksgrenadier 3723: 3720: 3635:Main article: 3632: 3629: 3561: 3558: 3543:Joachim Peiper 3529: 3526: 3509:Main article: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3414: 3400: 3389: 3361: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3334: 3329: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3300: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3244: 3233: 3219: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3192: 3157: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3139: 3138: 3132: 3127: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3048: 3037: 3026: 3015: 3001: 2987: 2973: 2959: 2936: 2924: 2921: 2895:destroyed the 2873: 2870: 2855:Wilhelm Keitel 2776:was to lead a 2717:Kenneth Strong 2678:Bletchley Park 2674:Enigma machine 2656:Volksgrenadier 2618:Fifteenth Army 2589:under General 2536: 2520:Main article: 2517: 2514: 2479: 2476: 2457:Heeresgruppe B 2389: 2386: 2381:Jägeraufmarsch 2276: 2273: 2157: 2154: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2089: 2086: 2070:Siegfried Line 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1812: 1805: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1779: 1772: 1765: 1758: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1703: 1698: 1696:Hürtgen Forest 1693: 1686: 1681: 1679:Siegfried Line 1676: 1669: 1662: 1655: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1629:Commando Raids 1626: 1624:Baedeker Blitz 1621: 1614: 1601: 1600: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1552: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1460: 1455: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1429:The Grebbeberg 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1393: 1392: 1379: 1378: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1335: 1334: 1327: 1320: 1312: 1303: 1302: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1277: 1272: 1265: 1258: 1253: 1246: 1241: 1239:Hürtgen Forest 1236: 1231: 1226: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1170: 1163: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1138: 1137: 1130: 1123: 1115: 1106: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1061: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1013: 1006: 1001: 996: 990: 989: 985: 984: 979: 974: 968: 967: 963: 960: 959: 948: 947: 940: 933: 925: 917: 916: 912: 911: 909: 908: 902: 895: 894: 880: 878: 876: 875: 859: 858: 852: 849: 835: 832: 831: 827: 826: 824: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 810:907 other AFVs 808: 805: 802: 793: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 770:c. 401,000 men 762: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 739:c. 449,000 men 731: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 702: 700: 698: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 667: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 644:c. 705,000 men 636: 635: 632: 629: 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 613:c. 541,000 men 605: 604: 601: 598: 595: 588: 585: 582: 575: 572: 571: 567: 566: 565: 564: 559: 554: 532: 491: 490: 485: 461: 460: 459:Units involved 456: 455: 453: 452: 434: 416: 398: 380: 362: 341: 339: 337: 336: 322: 308: 294: 280: 266: 245: 242: 241: 237: 236: 223: 221: 220: 207: 205:United Kingdom 194: 180: 177: 176: 172: 171: 168: 167: 166:Allied victory 164: 160: 159: 111: 109: 105: 104: 99: 91: 90: 77:, part of the 60: 59: 52: 51: 45: 44: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16379: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16264: 16262: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16228: 16226: 16224: 16220: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16195: 16193: 16191: 16187: 16181: 16178: 16177: 16175: 16173: 16172:Iran–Iraq War 16169: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16149: 16147: 16145: 16141: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16126: 16124: 16122: 16118: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16093: 16091: 16089: 16085: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16048: 16044: 16041: 16039: 16036: 16033: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15990: 15988: 15986: 15982: 15976: 15973: 15972: 15970: 15968: 15964: 15955: 15950: 15948: 15943: 15941: 15936: 15935: 15932: 15919: 15915: 15912: 15908: 15905: 15904: 15899: 15892: 15891: 15888: 15875: 15871: 15868: 15864: 15861: 15857: 15856: 15854: 15850: 15845: 15841: 15840: 15838: 15837:Kuril Islands 15834: 15831: 15827: 15822: 15818: 15817: 15815: 15811: 15808: 15804: 15801: 15797: 15794: 15790: 15787: 15783: 15778: 15774: 15773: 15771: 15767: 15764: 15760: 15757: 15753: 15750: 15746: 15743: 15739: 15736: 15732: 15729: 15725: 15722: 15718: 15715: 15711: 15708: 15704: 15701: 15697: 15694: 15690: 15687: 15683: 15680: 15676: 15673: 15669: 15668: 15666: 15664: 15660: 15653: 15649: 15644: 15643: 15638: 15637: 15635: 15631: 15628: 15624: 15619: 15615: 15614: 15612: 15608: 15605: 15604:Syrmian Front 15601: 15598: 15594: 15591: 15587: 15584: 15580: 15577: 15576: 15571: 15568: 15567: 15562: 15559: 15555: 15552: 15551: 15550:Market Garden 15546: 15543: 15539: 15536: 15532: 15529: 15525: 15522: 15521: 15516: 15513: 15509: 15506: 15502: 15499: 15495: 15492: 15488: 15485: 15481: 15478: 15474: 15471: 15470: 15465: 15462: 15458: 15455: 15454: 15449: 15446: 15445: 15440: 15437: 15436: 15431: 15428: 15424: 15421: 15417: 15414: 15410: 15409:Monte Cassino 15406: 15403: 15402: 15397: 15396: 15394: 15392: 15388: 15381: 15377: 15372: 15368: 15365: 15361: 15360: 15358: 15354: 15351: 15347: 15344: 15340: 15337: 15333: 15330: 15326: 15321: 15317: 15316: 15314: 15310: 15307: 15303: 15300: 15299: 15294: 15291: 15287: 15284: 15280: 15277: 15273: 15270: 15266: 15263: 15259: 15256: 15252: 15249: 15245: 15242: 15238: 15237: 15235: 15233: 15229: 15222: 15218: 15215: 15214: 15209: 15206: 15202: 15199: 15195: 15192: 15191: 15186: 15183: 15179: 15176: 15172: 15169: 15165: 15162: 15161: 15156: 15151: 15147: 15144: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15133: 15130: 15126: 15123: 15119: 15116: 15112: 15109: 15105: 15102: 15098: 15095: 15091: 15088: 15084: 15081: 15077: 15074: 15070: 15067: 15063: 15062: 15060: 15058: 15054: 15047: 15043: 15040: 15036: 15033: 15029: 15026: 15022: 15019: 15015: 15012: 15008: 15005: 15001: 14998: 14994: 14991: 14987: 14984: 14980: 14977: 14973: 14970: 14966: 14963: 14959: 14956: 14952: 14949: 14945: 14942: 14938: 14935: 14931: 14928: 14924: 14921: 14917: 14913: 14912: 14907: 14903: 14898: 14894: 14893: 14891: 14887: 14884: 14880: 14877: 14873: 14870: 14866: 14863: 14859: 14854: 14850: 14849: 14847: 14843: 14840: 14836: 14833: 14829: 14826: 14822: 14821: 14819: 14817: 14813: 14806: 14805: 14800: 14797: 14793: 14790: 14786: 14783: 14779: 14776: 14775:Baltic states 14772: 14769: 14765: 14762: 14758: 14755: 14751: 14748: 14744: 14741: 14737: 14734: 14730: 14727: 14723: 14720: 14716: 14713: 14709: 14706: 14702: 14699: 14695: 14692: 14688: 14685: 14681: 14678: 14674: 14673: 14671: 14669: 14665: 14658: 14654: 14651: 14647: 14644: 14640: 14637: 14633: 14630: 14626: 14623: 14619: 14616: 14612: 14611: 14609: 14607: 14603: 14594: 14590: 14587: 14583: 14580: 14576: 14573: 14569: 14566: 14562: 14561: 14559: 14555: 14550: 14546: 14543: 14539: 14538: 14536: 14532: 14527: 14523: 14522: 14520: 14516: 14515: 14513: 14511: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14498: 14487: 14483: 14480: 14476: 14471: 14467: 14464: 14460: 14459: 14455: 14450: 14446: 14445: 14443: 14439: 14436: 14432: 14427: 14423: 14420: 14419:United States 14416: 14411: 14407: 14406: 14404: 14400: 14399: 14395: 14392: 14388: 14387: 14385: 14383: 14379: 14372: 14368: 14363: 14359: 14356: 14355:Quốc dân Đảng 14352: 14351: 14347: 14344: 14340: 14337: 14333: 14330: 14326: 14323: 14319: 14316: 14312: 14309: 14305: 14302: 14298: 14295: 14291: 14288: 14284: 14281: 14277: 14274: 14270: 14267: 14263: 14260: 14256: 14253: 14249: 14244: 14240: 14237: 14233: 14232: 14230: 14226: 14223: 14219: 14216: 14212: 14209: 14205: 14202: 14198: 14195: 14191: 14188: 14184: 14181: 14177: 14174: 14170: 14167: 14163: 14160: 14156: 14153: 14149: 14146: 14142: 14139: 14135: 14132: 14128: 14125: 14121: 14118: 14114: 14113: 14111: 14109: 14105: 14098: 14094: 14091: 14087: 14084: 14080: 14077: 14073: 14070: 14066: 14063: 14059: 14056: 14055:Liechtenstein 14052: 14049: 14045: 14042: 14038: 14035: 14031: 14028: 14024: 14023: 14021: 14019: 14015: 14008: 14007:Collaboration 14004: 14001: 13997: 13994: 13990: 13987: 13983: 13979: 13975: 13972: 13968: 13965: 13961: 13958: 13954: 13949: 13945: 13944: 13941: 13937: 13934: 13930: 13927: 13923: 13920: 13916: 13913: 13909: 13906: 13902: 13898: 13894: 13891: 13887: 13884: 13880: 13876: 13872: 13869: 13865: 13864: 13862: 13860: 13856: 13849: 13845: 13840: 13836: 13835: 13833: 13832:United States 13829: 13824: 13820: 13819: 13817: 13813: 13810: 13806: 13803: 13799: 13796: 13792: 13789: 13785: 13782: 13778: 13774: 13770: 13766: 13763: 13759: 13756: 13752: 13749: 13745: 13742: 13738: 13735: 13731: 13728: 13724: 13721: 13717: 13714: 13710: 13706: 13702: 13698: 13695: 13691: 13688: 13684: 13681: 13677: 13674: 13670: 13666: 13662: 13658: 13654: 13650: 13647: 13643: 13640: 13636: 13633: 13629: 13626: 13622: 13619: 13615: 13612: 13608: 13604: 13600: 13596: 13593: 13589: 13586: 13582: 13579: 13575: 13572: 13568: 13567: 13565: 13563: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13550: 13537: 13533: 13530: 13526: 13523: 13522:Comfort women 13519: 13516: 13512: 13509: 13506: / 13505: 13501: 13498: 13495: / 13494: 13491: / 13490: 13486: 13483: 13482:Camp brothels 13479: 13476: 13472: 13471: 13467: 13464: 13460: 13455: 13451: 13448: 13444: 13443: 13441: 13437: 13432: 13428: 13425: 13421: 13418: 13414: 13413: 13411: 13407: 13404: 13400: 13395: 13391: 13386: 13382: 13379: 13375: 13374: 13372: 13371:The Holocaust 13368: 13365: 13361: 13358: 13357:forced labour 13354: 13353: 13351: 13347: 13342: 13338: 13335: 13331: 13328: 13324: 13323: 13321: 13317: 13316: 13314: 13312: 13308: 13301: 13297: 13294: 13290: 13287: 13283: 13278: 13274: 13271: 13267: 13264: 13260: 13257: 13253: 13252: 13250: 13246: 13243: 13242: 13237: 13234: 13233: 13228: 13225: 13221: 13218: 13214: 13211: 13210:Marshall Plan 13207: 13204: 13203: 13198: 13195: 13191: 13188: 13184: 13181: 13177: 13174: 13170: 13167: 13163: 13160: 13156: 13153: 13149: 13146: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13137: 13133: 13126: 13122: 13117: 13113: 13112: 13110: 13106: 13103: 13099: 13094: 13090: 13087: 13083: 13080: 13076: 13075: 13073: 13069: 13064: 13063:Eastern Front 13060: 13057: 13056:Western Front 13053: 13052: 13050: 13046: 13041: 13037: 13034: 13030: 13027: 13023: 13020: 13016: 13013: 13009: 13006: 13002: 13001: 12999: 12995: 12994: 12992: 12990: 12986: 12979: 12975: 12972: 12968: 12965: 12961: 12958: 12954: 12951: 12950:Puppet states 12947: 12944: 12940: 12937: 12933: 12928: 12924: 12921: 12917: 12916: 12914: 12910: 12907: 12903: 12900: 12896: 12893: 12892:Naval history 12889: 12886: 12882: 12879: 12875: 12872: 12868: 12863: 12859: 12858: 12856: 12852: 12849: 12845: 12840: 12839:United States 12836: 12833: 12829: 12826: 12822: 12821: 12819: 12815: 12812: 12808: 12805: 12801: 12798: 12794: 12791: 12787: 12784: 12780: 12777: 12773: 12768: 12764: 12763: 12761: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12748: 12745: 12741: 12734: 12730: 12727: 12723: 12718: 12714: 12711: 12707: 12704: 12700: 12699: 12695: 12690: 12686: 12685: 12683: 12679: 12676: 12672: 12671: 12668: 12664: 12657: 12652: 12650: 12645: 12643: 12638: 12637: 12634: 12622: 12621:Sino Japanese 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12606:Eastern Front 12604: 12602: 12601:Western Front 12599: 12597: 12594: 12591: 12588: 12587: 12584: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12567: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12550: 12546: 12544: 12543: 12539: 12537: 12536: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12491: 12489: 12483: 12471: 12470:Saint-Nazaire 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12446: 12444: 12440: 12432: 12429: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12418: 12413: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12401:Colmar Pocket 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12388: 12386: 12380: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12325: 12321: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12251: 12250:Saint-Nazaire 12248: 12246: 12243: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12221: 12220: 12217: 12216: 12214: 12210: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12190: 12188: 12184: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12124: 12122: 12118: 12112: 12109: 12108: 12106: 12102: 12096: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12086: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12071: 12069: 12067: 12062: 12056: 12053: 12052: 12050: 12048: 12043: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12023: 12021: 12019: 12014: 12008: 12005: 12004: 12002: 11998: 11992: 11989: 11988: 11986: 11984: 11979: 11973: 11970: 11969: 11967: 11965: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11949: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11906: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11838: 11831: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11772: 11768: 11764: 11763:32nd Infantry 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11738:Cavalry Corps 11736: 11735: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11720: 11718: 11712: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11682: 11679: 11675: 11670: 11661: 11656: 11654: 11649: 11647: 11642: 11641: 11638: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11620: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11603: 11597: 11593: 11589: 11585: 11582: 11576: 11572: 11567: 11564: 11558: 11554: 11549: 11546: 11540: 11536: 11531: 11528: 11522: 11518: 11513: 11510: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11489: 11483: 11479: 11474: 11471: 11465: 11461: 11460: 11455: 11451: 11448: 11442: 11438: 11433: 11430: 11424: 11420: 11415: 11412: 11410:1-85367-354-4 11406: 11401: 11400: 11393: 11390: 11388:9781490712314 11384: 11380: 11375: 11372: 11370:1-56852-001-8 11366: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11351: 11349:1-58080-038-6 11345: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11330: 11328:0-306-81304-1 11324: 11319: 11318: 11312: 11311:Kershaw, Alex 11308: 11305: 11299: 11294: 11293: 11286: 11283: 11277: 11273: 11268: 11257: 11253: 11252: 11246: 11243: 11237: 11234:, Brassey's, 11233: 11228: 11225: 11219: 11215: 11210: 11209: 11190: 11186: 11185: 11180: 11177: 11175:1-84176-810-3 11171: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11156: 11150: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11135: 11128: 11118: 11114: 11109: 11105: 11100: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11073: 11069: 11066: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11023: 11019: 11015: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10988: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10967: 10965:1-56311-013-X 10961: 10957: 10956: 10950: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10937:0-521-29793-1 10933: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10910: 10905: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10877: 10874: 10868: 10864: 10863: 10858: 10854: 10851: 10849:0-8032-9437-9 10845: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10822: 10815: 10814: 10808: 10804: 10799: 10796: 10794:0-313-25293-9 10790: 10786: 10781: 10778: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10759: 10758: 10751: 10747: 10741: 10733: 10728: 10725: 10723:0-671-72868-7 10719: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10704: 10702:0-8131-2352-6 10698: 10694: 10689: 10686: 10680: 10677:, Stackpole, 10676: 10671: 10668: 10666:1-57607-344-0 10662: 10658: 10653: 10650: 10644: 10640: 10639: 10634: 10630: 10625: 10624: 10618: 10614: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10581: 10578: 10576:1-932033-51-3 10572: 10568: 10564: 10559: 10556: 10550: 10546: 10541: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10508: 10507: 10501: 10498: 10492: 10488: 10483: 10480: 10478:0-938289-35-7 10474: 10470: 10465: 10462: 10456: 10452: 10447: 10444: 10442:0-938289-04-7 10438: 10434: 10429: 10426: 10420: 10416: 10411: 10408: 10406:0-306-81399-8 10402: 10398: 10393: 10390: 10384: 10380: 10375: 10372: 10366: 10362: 10357: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10345: 10339: 10336: 10334:0-275-97115-5 10330: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10315: 10313:90-411-1135-2 10309: 10305: 10301: 10296: 10286: 10280: 10275: 10274: 10267: 10256: 10252: 10251: 10245: 10242: 10236: 10232: 10227: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10207: 10202: 10198: 10195: 10189: 10185: 10180: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10156: 10150: 10147: 10145:0-553-34226-6 10141: 10137: 10136: 10131: 10127: 10124: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10103: 10101:0-671-66382-8 10097: 10093: 10088: 10085: 10083:1-885119-51-8 10079: 10074: 10073: 10066: 10063: 10061:0-393-04994-9 10057: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10034: 10033: 10027: 10024: 10018: 10014: 10009: 10005: 10000: 9997: 9992: 9989: 9984: 9974: 9972:0-19-820327-6 9968: 9963: 9962: 9955: 9944: 9940: 9935: 9924: 9917: 9916: 9910: 9906: 9900: 9893: 9891:9781467830966 9887: 9883: 9878: 9875: 9869: 9865: 9860: 9850: 9846: 9841: 9834: 9827: 9821: 9818: 9816:0-85052-984-0 9812: 9808: 9803: 9800: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9779: 9777:0-306-80652-5 9773: 9769: 9764: 9761: 9759:0-486-24913-1 9755: 9751: 9750: 9744: 9741: 9739:0-06-016627-4 9735: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9712: 9711: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9690: 9685: 9682: 9680:0-88738-152-9 9676: 9672: 9667: 9664: 9658: 9654: 9649: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9605:Cole, Hugh M. 9602: 9599: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9580: 9576: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9557: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9537: 9531: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9508: 9507: 9500: 9497: 9495:1-84415-126-3 9491: 9487: 9482: 9478: 9473: 9470: 9468:0-304-30546-4 9464: 9459: 9458: 9452: 9448: 9445: 9439: 9435: 9434: 9428: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9404: 9401: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9380: 9374: 9370: 9369: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9337: 9336: 9330: 9327: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9312: 9306: 9302: 9297: 9294: 9288: 9284: 9279: 9276: 9270: 9266: 9261: 9258: 9256:9780571253746 9252: 9248: 9243: 9240: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9219: 9217:9780313291197 9213: 9209: 9204: 9193: 9189: 9184: 9181: 9179:1-55611-281-5 9175: 9171: 9170: 9164: 9160: 9154: 9146: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9123: 9119: 9114: 9111: 9109:0-684-84801-5 9105: 9101: 9096: 9093: 9091:0-671-76922-7 9087: 9083: 9078: 9075: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9056: 9045: 9041: 9038: 9033: 9024: 9009: 9005: 8999: 8992: 8987: 8981:, p. 24. 8980: 8979:Millward 1993 8975: 8969:, p. 67. 8968: 8963: 8956: 8951: 8944: 8939: 8937: 8929: 8924: 8917: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8900: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8884:, p. 11. 8883: 8878: 8871: 8866: 8864: 8862: 8845: 8841: 8834: 8827: 8822: 8816:, p. 48. 8815: 8810: 8803: 8798: 8791: 8788:, p. 4; 8787: 8782: 8775: 8770: 8763: 8758: 8751: 8746: 8739: 8734: 8727: 8722: 8715: 8710: 8704:, p. 39. 8703: 8698: 8691: 8686: 8670: 8666: 8660: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8630: 8615: 8611: 8605: 8598: 8593: 8586: 8581: 8565: 8564: 8556: 8549: 8544: 8537: 8532: 8525: 8520: 8513: 8508: 8501: 8496: 8489: 8484: 8468: 8467: 8459: 8444: 8438: 8434: 8433: 8425: 8418: 8414: 8409: 8394: 8390: 8384: 8378:, p. 53. 8377: 8372: 8365: 8360: 8354:, p. 92. 8353: 8352:Morelock 2015 8348: 8341: 8336: 8329: 8324: 8317: 8312: 8304: 8297: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8254: 8246: 8240: 8236: 8229: 8221: 8219:0-7146-4727-6 8215: 8211: 8204: 8197: 8192: 8185: 8180: 8173: 8168: 8161: 8156: 8148: 8147: 8142: 8138: 8132: 8126:, p. 65. 8125: 8124:Morelock 2015 8120: 8113: 8108: 8092: 8088: 8082: 8075: 8070: 8063: 8058: 8052:, p. 58. 8051: 8046: 8039: 8034: 8027: 8022: 8015: 8010: 8003: 7998: 7991: 7986: 7979: 7974: 7967: 7966:Larrabee 1987 7962: 7955: 7950: 7943: 7942:Andidora 2002 7938: 7931: 7926: 7919: 7914: 7908:, p. 91. 7907: 7902: 7895: 7890: 7883: 7878: 7872:, p. 10. 7871: 7866: 7859: 7854: 7847: 7842: 7836:, appendix E. 7835: 7830: 7823: 7822: 7815: 7808: 7803: 7796: 7791: 7776: 7770: 7766: 7765: 7757: 7750: 7745: 7738: 7733: 7727:, p. 53. 7726: 7721: 7719: 7711: 7710:Weinberg 1995 7706: 7699: 7694: 7678: 7674: 7668: 7661: 7656: 7640: 7636: 7630: 7623: 7622:Marshall 1988 7618: 7612: 7608: 7607:Marshall 1988 7603: 7601: 7593: 7588: 7581: 7576: 7568: 7564: 7558: 7551: 7547: 7542: 7535: 7534:McDonald 2000 7530: 7524:, p. 58. 7523: 7522:Reynolds 2006 7518: 7511: 7506: 7499: 7494: 7487: 7482: 7480: 7463: 7459: 7452: 7445: 7440: 7433: 7428: 7421: 7416: 7409: 7404: 7397: 7392: 7385: 7380: 7373: 7368: 7362:, p. 88. 7361: 7356: 7349: 7344: 7325: 7318: 7312: 7305: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7264: 7257: 7252: 7245: 7240: 7233: 7228: 7221: 7216: 7214: 7206: 7201: 7199: 7191: 7186: 7179: 7174: 7167: 7162: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7132: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7073:, p. 31. 7072: 7067: 7060: 7055: 7047: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7027: 7020: 7015: 7008: 7003: 7001: 6993: 6988: 6986: 6976: 6971: 6964: 6959: 6952: 6948: 6943: 6941: 6933: 6932:Reynolds 2003 6928: 6922:, p. 83. 6921: 6916: 6910:, p. 73. 6909: 6904: 6898:, p. 69. 6897: 6892: 6885: 6884:Cavanagh 2004 6880: 6873: 6868: 6853: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6830: 6823: 6818: 6811: 6806: 6804: 6796: 6791: 6784: 6779: 6772: 6767: 6760: 6755: 6748: 6743: 6736: 6731: 6725:, p. 21. 6724: 6719: 6713:, p. 40. 6712: 6707: 6700: 6695: 6689:, p. 86. 6688: 6683: 6676: 6671: 6664: 6659: 6652: 6647: 6640: 6639:Whitlock 2010 6635: 6629:, p. 24. 6628: 6623: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6599: 6592: 6587: 6581:, p. 19. 6580: 6575: 6568: 6563: 6561: 6554:, p. 17. 6553: 6548: 6541: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6520: 6515: 6508: 6507:Weinberg 1964 6503: 6496: 6491: 6484: 6479: 6472: 6467: 6460: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6439: 6434: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6403:, p. 68. 6402: 6397: 6390: 6385: 6378: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6357: 6352: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6330:, p. 52. 6329: 6324: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6289: 6287: 6280:, p. 18. 6279: 6274: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6247: 6240: 6235: 6228: 6223: 6216: 6212: 6211:Panther tanks 6208: 6204: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6185: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6156: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6127: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6098: 6090: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6066: 6061: 6059: 6051: 6046: 6044: 6028: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6009: 6002: 5997: 5990: 5985: 5978: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5962:, p. 53. 5961: 5956: 5952: 5941: 5935: 5926: 5917: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5883: 5878: 5871: 5870:Kurt Vonnegut 5865: 5859: 5854: 5848: 5847:Hitler Jugend 5843: 5834: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5804: 5795: 5786: 5776: 5767: 5758: 5748: 5744: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5705: 5702: 5695:Battle credit 5692: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5615: 5606: 5603: 5598: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5579: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5552: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5520: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5496: 5492: 5487: 5478: 5476: 5470: 5465: 5463: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5451:Arthur Tedder 5447: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5354: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5333: 5331: 5323: 5318: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5244:Brigadeführer 5234: 5230: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5174: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4867: 4856: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4824: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4766: 4756: 4748: 4738: 4735: 4727: 4724:December 2018 4716: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4685: – 4684: 4680: 4679:Find sources: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4657:This section 4655: 4651: 4646: 4645: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4624: 4619: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4586:friendly fire 4583: 4579: 4575: 4574:Low Countries 4570: 4569: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4513: 4506: 4504: 4499: 4491: 4486: 4477: 4474: 4462: 4460: 4459:Harry Kinnard 4456: 4451: 4449: 4440: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4311:Dachau Trials 4308: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4270: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4231:84th Division 4228: 4224: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4175: 4170: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4154:Alan W. Jones 4151: 4144: 4134: 4131: 4122: 4118: 4109: 4107: 4100: 4090: 4086: 4084: 4083:unit cohesion 4080: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4033:Hautes Fagnes 4030: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4002: 4000: 3990: 3981: 3979: 3973: 3971: 3970:Brigadeführer 3967: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3951:Hal D. McCown 3948: 3944: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3928:Schnellgruppe 3925: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3894: 3890: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3873:Schnellgruppe 3870: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3808: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3792:Schnellgruppe 3789:belonging to 3788: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3735: 3730: 3719: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3657: 3648: 3645:Scene of the 3643: 3638: 3628: 3625: 3618: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3600: 3593: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3566: 3557: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3497: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3444:German Forces 3440: 3434: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3350: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3271:German Forces 3267: 3261: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3146: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3070:German Forces 3066: 3060: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2878: 2869: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2831: 2825: 2820: 2819: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2753:Otto Skorzeny 2750: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2686:radio silence 2683: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2650: 2645: 2644: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2610: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2564:Sepp Dietrich 2561: 2556: 2550: 2548: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2486: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2441: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2420: 2417:start of the 2415: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2385: 2382: 2377: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339:Eastern Front 2335: 2332: 2331: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2187:Field Marshal 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2153: 2151: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2134:Western Front 2131: 2127: 2124: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975:Western Front 1972: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1921: 1916: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1735:Colmar Pocket 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1691: 1690:Market Garden 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1561: 1560:Haddock Force 1558: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1391: 1390:Schuster Line 1388: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1348: 1343: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1275:Colmar Pocket 1273: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1224: 1223:Market Garden 1220: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1190:Channel Coast 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1148: 1144:Western Front 1136: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1095:German forces 1093: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 991: 987: 986: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 969: 965: 964: 961: 956: 946: 941: 939: 934: 932: 927: 926: 923: 913: 907: 903: 900: 899: 898: 892: 891: 890: 885: 879: 873: 872: 871: 870: 865: 857: 853: 850: 847: 846: 845: 840: 834: 833: 828: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 800: 799: 798: 797: 790: 787: 784: 781: 778: 775: 772: 769: 768: 767: 766: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 737: 736: 735: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 706: 705: 701: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 673: 672: 671: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 642: 641: 640: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 611: 610: 609: 602: 599: 596: 593: 589: 586: 583: 580: 579: 578: 574: 573: 568: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 549: 548: 546: 545: 539: 533: 531: 530: 524: 517: 510: 505: 504: 503: 497: 489: 486: 483: 480: 479: 478: 476: 475: 469: 463: 462: 457: 450: 445: 440: 435: 432: 427: 426:Sepp Dietrich 422: 417: 414: 409: 404: 399: 396: 391: 386: 381: 378: 373: 368: 363: 360: 359: 353: 348: 343: 342: 340: 333: 328: 323: 319: 314: 309: 305: 300: 295: 291: 286: 281: 277: 272: 267: 264: 258: 253: 247: 246: 244: 243: 238: 235: 224: 219: 208: 206: 195: 193: 192:United States 182: 181: 179: 178: 173: 165: 162: 161: 156: 127: 123: 119: 115: 110: 107: 106: 100: 97: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 66: 61: 58: 53: 48: 43: 39: 37: 29: 22: 16077: 15960:Tank battles 15911:Bibliography 15894: 15707:Project Hula 15672:Vistula–Oder 15641: 15633: 15574: 15565: 15549: 15519: 15468: 15452: 15443: 15434: 15400: 15297: 15212: 15188: 15158: 14909: 14802: 14747:North Africa 14449:Soviet Union 14403:Soviet Union 14329:Soviet Union 14097:Vatican City 14000:Vichy France 13905:German Reich 13802:Soviet Union 13788:South Africa 13781:Sierra Leone 13734:Newfoundland 13553:Participants 13536:Marocchinate 13240: 13231: 13201: 13079:North Africa 13040:Indian Ocean 12899:Nazi plunder 12790:Cryptography 12663:World War II 12564: 12547: 12540: 12533: 12494:End of Vichy 11869:Henri Giraud 11769: 11591: 11570: 11552: 11534: 11516: 11498: 11477: 11458: 11436: 11418: 11398: 11378: 11360: 11339: 11316: 11291: 11274:, Casemate, 11271: 11260:, retrieved 11256:the original 11250: 11231: 11213: 11193:, retrieved 11189:the original 11183: 11165: 11144: 11133: 11120:, retrieved 11116: 11103: 11079: 11075: 11054: 11040:, retrieved 11028: 11007:, retrieved 11003:the original 10985: 10969:, retrieved 10954: 10927: 10913:, retrieved 10897:, retrieved 10884: 10861: 10839: 10836:Toland, John 10825:, retrieved 10812: 10802: 10784: 10756: 10731: 10713: 10692: 10674: 10659:, ABC-CLIO, 10656: 10637: 10622: 10607:29 September 10605:. Retrieved 10601:the original 10588: 10562: 10544: 10533:, retrieved 10526:the original 10505: 10486: 10468: 10450: 10432: 10414: 10396: 10378: 10360: 10343: 10324: 10299: 10288:, retrieved 10272: 10259:, retrieved 10255:the original 10249: 10230: 10219:, retrieved 10205: 10183: 10172:, retrieved 10168:the original 10154: 10134: 10112: 10091: 10071: 10051: 10048:Kershaw, Ian 10037:, retrieved 10031: 10012: 10003: 9976:, retrieved 9960: 9947:, retrieved 9945:, HistoryNet 9943:World War II 9942: 9927:, retrieved 9914: 9881: 9863: 9852:, retrieved 9848: 9833:the original 9806: 9788: 9767: 9748: 9729: 9715:, retrieved 9709: 9699: 9695: 9670: 9652: 9636: 9609: 9587: 9583: 9560: 9549:, retrieved 9535: 9523:, retrieved 9505: 9485: 9476: 9456: 9432: 9420:, retrieved 9416:the original 9411: 9410:, Obituary, 9389: 9367: 9357: 9343:, retrieved 9334: 9315: 9310: 9300: 9282: 9264: 9246: 9228: 9210:, ABC-CLIO, 9207: 9196:, retrieved 9191: 9168: 9144: 9117: 9099: 9081: 9063: 9052:Bibliography 9032: 9023: 9011:. Retrieved 9007: 8998: 8986: 8974: 8967:Pearson 2011 8962: 8955:Bennett 1994 8950: 8928:Pearson 2011 8923: 8916:Bennett 2011 8882:Hinsley 1993 8877: 8848:. Retrieved 8844:the original 8833: 8821: 8809: 8797: 8790:Stanton 2006 8786:Cirillo 1995 8781: 8769: 8757: 8745: 8733: 8721: 8709: 8697: 8690:Sandler 2002 8685: 8673:. Retrieved 8668: 8659: 8647:. Retrieved 8643:the original 8638: 8629: 8617:. Retrieved 8613: 8604: 8592: 8580: 8568:. Retrieved 8562: 8555: 8543: 8536:Stewart 2010 8531: 8519: 8507: 8495: 8488:Cirillo 1995 8483: 8471:. Retrieved 8465: 8458: 8446:. Retrieved 8431: 8424: 8408: 8396:. Retrieved 8392: 8383: 8371: 8359: 8347: 8335: 8323: 8311: 8302: 8296: 8288:the original 8267: 8263: 8253: 8234: 8228: 8209: 8203: 8191: 8179: 8167: 8155: 8144: 8131: 8119: 8112:Bradley 1983 8107: 8097:21 September 8095:. Retrieved 8091:the original 8081: 8069: 8057: 8050:Bradley 1951 8045: 8033: 8026:Whiting 2007 8021: 8009: 7997: 7985: 7973: 7961: 7949: 7937: 7925: 7918:Weigley 1995 7913: 7901: 7889: 7877: 7870:Mitcham 2006 7865: 7853: 7841: 7829: 7820: 7814: 7802: 7790: 7778:. Retrieved 7763: 7756: 7744: 7732: 7725:Cirillo 1995 7705: 7693: 7681:. Retrieved 7676: 7667: 7660:Ambrose 1992 7655: 7643:. Retrieved 7639:the original 7629: 7617: 7587: 7580:Ambrose 1998 7575: 7566: 7557: 7541: 7529: 7517: 7505: 7493: 7466:. Retrieved 7462:the original 7451: 7439: 7427: 7415: 7403: 7391: 7379: 7367: 7355: 7343: 7331:. Retrieved 7324:the original 7311: 7282:. Retrieved 7278:the original 7273: 7263: 7251: 7239: 7227: 7185: 7173: 7161: 7149:. Retrieved 7145:the original 7140: 7131: 7119:. Retrieved 7115:the original 7104: 7092:. Retrieved 7088:the original 7078: 7071:Quarrie 1999 7066: 7054: 7044: 7038: 7026: 7014: 6970: 6958: 6927: 6915: 6903: 6891: 6886:, p. 8. 6879: 6867: 6856:, retrieved 6852:Checkerboard 6851: 6841: 6829: 6817: 6810:Quarrie 1999 6790: 6778: 6766: 6754: 6742: 6730: 6718: 6706: 6694: 6682: 6670: 6663:Stanton 2006 6658: 6653:, p. 4. 6651:Cirillo 1995 6646: 6634: 6622: 6607:Mitcham 2006 6598: 6586: 6574: 6547: 6514: 6502: 6490: 6478: 6466: 6440:, p. 1. 6433: 6421:. Retrieved 6417: 6408: 6396: 6384: 6358:, p. 3. 6351: 6335: 6323: 6317:(Videotape). 6314: 6308: 6293:Cirillo 1995 6251:Axelrod 2007 6246: 6234: 6222: 6198: 6171:. Retrieved 6166: 6142:. Retrieved 6138:the original 6113:. Retrieved 6109:the original 6084: 6072: 6030:. Retrieved 6015: 6008: 5996: 5984: 5955: 5934: 5925: 5916: 5907: 5899: 5893: 5877: 5864: 5857: 5853: 5846: 5842: 5833: 5822:was renamed 5813: 5803: 5794: 5785: 5775: 5766: 5757: 5747: 5698: 5683: 5677: 5673: 5663:Arado Ar 234 5644: 5623: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5562: 5558: 5549: 5526: 5509: 5505: 5472: 5467: 5459: 5448: 5444: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5396: 5391: 5388: 5383:as one whole 5382: 5372: 5368: 5357: 5350: 5342: 5334: 5326: 5274: 5263: 5239: 5227: 4978:assault guns 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4730: 4721: 4711: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4678: 4666:Please help 4661:verification 4658: 4627: 4597:Army Group G 4594: 4563: 4529: 4517: 4507: 4495: 4463: 4452: 4445: 4425: 4401: 4366: 4362: 4350: 4335: 4296: 4280:Mickey Mouse 4276:American MPs 4273: 4266: 4247: 4235:von Lüttwitz 4223:Ourthe River 4219: 4179: 4146: 4126: 4102: 4087: 4070: 4067: 4026: 4003: 3995: 3977: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3946: 3940: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3921: 3907: 3898: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3861: 3859: 3846: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3815: 3813: 3776: 3742: 3738: 3725: 3677: 3651: 3613: 3598: 3588: 3571: 3537: 3531: 3514: 3495: 3475: 3457: 3451:Seventh Army 3450: 3443: 3435: 3430: 3374: 3366: 3357: 3356: 3348: 3337: 3320: 3302: 3284: 3277: 3270: 3262: 3257: 3178:Schnee Eifel 3170: 3162: 3153: 3152: 3144: 3123: 3096: 3083: 3076: 3069: 3061: 3056: 3053:, Mechanized 2958:, Mechanized 2949: 2941: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2906: 2896: 2883: 2863: 2844: 2824:East Prussia 2818:Wolfsschanze 2809: 2798: 2746: 2726: 2721:Bedell Smith 2695: 2690:20 July plot 2662: 2634: 2626: 2615: 2595:Seventh Army 2584: 2551: 2543: 2532: 2510: 2481: 2472: 2453: 2423: 2407: 2401:designs and 2395:jet aircraft 2391: 2372: 2357: 2336: 2324: 2312:Army Group B 2308:Walter Model 2299:Adolf Hitler 2297: 2278: 2275:German plans 2258: 2238: 2221: 2201:Omar Bradley 2159: 2146: 2120: 2091: 2074: 2039: 2035:supply lines 2011: 2003:peace treaty 1963: 1959: 1957: 1876: 1875: 1822: 1815: 1808: 1801: 1781: 1775: 1768: 1761: 1754: 1745: 1744: 1723: 1717: 1706: 1689: 1672: 1665: 1658: 1646: 1645: 1617: 1610: 1603: 1602: 1596: 1567: 1566: 1548: 1529: 1485: 1484: 1463: 1444: 1443: 1395: 1394: 1381: 1380: 1373: 1351: 1342:World War II 1279: 1267: 1260: 1255: 1248: 1221: 1172: 1165: 1158: 1063: 1056: 1015: 1008: 982:Wahlerscheid 952: 896: 888: 874:1,408–1,462+ 868: 860: 843: 795: 794: 764: 763: 734:24 December: 733: 732: 704:16 December: 703: 669: 668: 638: 637: 608:24 December: 607: 606: 590:1,921 other 577:16 December: 576: 544:Army Group B 542: 534: 527: 500: 492: 472: 464: 395:Army Group B 390:Walter Model 356: 352:Adolf Hitler 321:(Third Army) 307:(First Army) 276:Omar Bradley 234:Nazi Germany 175:Belligerents 55:Part of the 42: 38:(video game) 35: 15642:Bodenplatte 15528:Gothic Line 14754:West Africa 14301:Philippines 14280:Netherlands 14145:Czech lands 14083:Switzerland 14027:Afghanistan 13971:Philippines 13839:Puerto Rico 13755:Philippines 13741:New Zealand 13727:Netherlands 13680:Free France 13431:Prosecution 13232:Osoaviakhim 13102:West Africa 13086:East Africa 12733:Conferences 12549:Tripartisme 12524:Victory Day 12460:La Rochelle 12351:La Rochelle 11854:Jean Moulin 11815:Second Army 11789:Divisions: 11758:1st Armored 11700:Netherlands 11042:28 February 10857:Urban, Mark 10186:, Phoenix, 10039:10 November 9882:The Nimrods 9386:Briggs, Asa 8826:Briggs 2011 8714:Beevor 2015 8585:Parker 1991 8340:Baxter 1999 8184:Wilmot 1972 8160:Wilmot 1972 7780:10 November 7698:Zaloga 2004 7645:23 February 7486:Zaloga 2004 7384:Parker 2004 7372:Parker 2004 7268:Dean, Rob. 7190:Toland 1999 7059:Hersko 1998 7019:Toland 1999 6896:Parker 2004 6834:Beevor 2015 6795:Parker 2004 6783:Toland 1999 6699:Parker 1994 6675:Draper 1946 6615:Parker 1991 6611:Newton 2006 6603:Elstob 2003 6567:Shirer 1990 6540:Shirer 1990 6519:Shirer 1990 6495:Parker 1994 6483:Shirer 1990 6389:Shirer 1990 6377:Shirer 1990 6340:Miller 2002 6328:Ambrose1997 6209:tanks, 194 6065:Parker 1991 5825:Herbstnebel 5659:General Nye 5647:F. L. Lucas 5330:Alan Brooke 4315:laws of war 4303:ruse of war 4284:Springfield 4071:Kampfgruppe 3978:Kampfgruppe 3966:Kampfgruppe 3958: [ 3947:Kampfgruppe 3932:Kampfgruppe 3924:Kampfgruppe 3917:James Gavin 3908:Kampfgruppe 3893:M3 90mm gun 3862:Kampfgruppe 3847:Kampfgruppe 3838:Trois-Ponts 3830:Kampfgruppe 3816:Kampfgruppe 3729:Kampfgruppe 3711:Kampfgruppe 3681:Kampfgruppe 3624:Kampfgruppe 3617:Kampfgruppe 3580:Losheim Gap 3575:Kampfgruppe 3548:Kampfgruppe 3458:LXXXV Corps 3375:U.S. Forces 3338:Panzer Lehr 3323:(Lüttwitz) 3171:U.S. Forces 3122:(Including 3086:(Hitzfeld) 3084:LXVII Corps 3080:(Dietrich) 2950:U.S. Forces 2892:V-2 rockets 2859:Blumentritt 2851:Alfred Jodl 2784:Kampfgruppe 2757:had rescued 2682:teleprinter 2447:Fall Martin 2433:Meuse River 2267:fought the 2183:naval mines 2082:Nazi forces 2007:Axis powers 1776:Blockbuster 1684:Netherlands 1639:Dieppe Raid 1434:Afsluitdijk 1359:River Forth 1146:(1944–1945) 1058:Bodenplatte 994:Losheim Gap 801:383,016 men 796:16 January: 708:406,342 men 678:2,428 tanks 675:700,520 men 670:16 January: 647:2,409 tanks 616:1,616 tanks 581:228,741 men 150: / 16261:Categories 15742:West Hunan 15575:Pointblank 14911:Silver Fox 14897:Summer War 14650:Winter War 14629:Phoney War 14410:Azerbaijan 14371:Yugoslavia 14266:Luxembourg 14108:Resistance 13848:Yugoslavia 13713:Luxembourg 13515:Sook Ching 13311:War crimes 12913:Technology 12906:Opposition 12848:Lend-Lease 12825:Australian 12818:Home front 12776:Blitzkrieg 12726:Casualties 12717:Commanders 12689:Operations 12384:March 1945 12382:Nov 1944 - 12229:Saint-Malo 12088:March 1944 11733:First Army 11695:Luxembourg 11439:, Osprey, 11421:, Osprey, 11262:9 February 10765:, p. 10547:, Osprey, 10221:6 December 10164:1018406550 9702:(1): 64–66 9301:Eisenhower 9274:0712665218 8943:Smith 2011 8870:Annan 1995 8675:21 October 8649:21 October 8415:, p. 8002:Pogue 1954 7978:Urban 2005 7894:Astor 1992 7882:Meyer 2005 7548:, p. 7546:Solis 2010 7510:Riley 2010 7408:Sorge 1986 6747:Pogue 1954 6423:21 October 6342:, p. 6301:Miles 2004 6261:, p. 6191:Pogue 1954 5960:Jones 2019 5780:inclusive. 5735:References 5630:Saint-Vith 5481:Casualties 5307:Eisenhower 5296:Montgomery 5249:Kurt Meyer 4843:Houffalize 4765:Houffalize 4694:newspapers 4409:VIII Corps 4213:, and the 4158:Salm River 4051:Hoge Venen 4043:Hohes Venn 3866:Oberführer 3783:Saint-Vith 3595:Regiment, 3515:While the 3476:LXXX Corps 3285:LXVI Corps 3137:(Skorzeny) 2917:Luxembourg 2900:cinema in 2840:Adlerhorst 2810:After the 2747:Two major 2713:Oscar Koch 2699:Düsseldorf 2603:Echternach 2526:See also: 2410:Blitzkrieg 2092:After the 2088:Background 2009:' favour. 1991:Luxembourg 1783:Lumberjack 1653:Baby Blitz 1618:Donnerkeil 1576:Kanalkampf 1499:Montcornet 1404:Maastricht 1383:Luxembourg 1353:Phoney War 1281:Reichswald 1089:Background 977:Kesternich 765:2 January: 639:2 January: 488:Third Army 482:First Army 122:Luxembourg 15807:Manchuria 15693:Indochina 15469:Bagration 14920:Lithuania 14565:Anschluss 14362:Viet Minh 14259:Lithuania 14201:Hong Kong 13964:Manchukuo 13919:Azad Hind 13578:Australia 13378:Aftermath 13241:Paperclip 13136:Aftermath 12936:Total war 12804:Diplomacy 12767:In Europe 12486:Aftermath 12323:Sept 1944 12186:July 1944 11456:(1995) , 11037:1070-0692 11031:: 38–45, 10946:185298453 10889:U.S. Army 10597:0898-4204 10203:(1988) , 9645:503437701 9138:, No. 216 9136:248051360 9013:31 August 8991:Bush 2010 8284:0968-3445 8062:Ryan 1995 7498:Cole 1964 7444:Cole 1964 7432:Cole 1964 7348:Cole 1964 7333:26 August 6992:Cole 1964 6975:Cole 1964 6947:Cole 1964 6920:Cole 1964 6908:Cole 1964 6858:30 August 6723:Cole 1964 6687:Cole 1964 6627:Cole 1964 6579:Cole 1964 6552:Cole 1964 6459:Cole 1964 6438:Cole 1964 6401:Ryan 1995 6255:Cole 1964 6215:Panzer IV 5948:Citations 5701:U.S. Army 5497:, Belgium 5178:American 5079:divisions 5046:artillery 5041:Anti-tank 4935:~401,000 4932:~449,000 4923:~705,000 4920:~541,000 4338:River Our 4038:‹See Tfd› 4031:(French: 4029:High Fens 3842:La Gleize 3767:Wereth 11 3656:Waffen-SS 3607:from the 3584:Lanzerath 3460:(Kniess) 3305:(Kruger) 2568:Waffen-SS 2360:Luftwaffe 2242:Ruhr area 2226:prior to 2166:Cherbourg 2150:Wehrmacht 2062:Luftwaffe 1968:offensive 1883:The Blitz 1866:Nuremberg 1861:Heilbronn 1846:Frankfurt 1831:Paderborn 1809:Undertone 1762:Veritable 1755:Blackcock 1647:1944–1945 1604:1941–1943 1538:Abbeville 1419:Rotterdam 1414:The Hague 1269:Blackcock 1072:Massacres 844:American: 804:216 tanks 773:287 tanks 742:423 tanks 711:557 tanks 584:483 tanks 138:5°43′12″E 135:50°0′15″N 16190:Gulf War 15918:Category 15867:document 15777:document 15634:Ardennes 15618:Budapest 15566:Crossbow 15444:Overlord 15283:Smolensk 14501:Timeline 14336:Slovakia 14322:Thailand 14173:Ethiopia 14138:Bulgaria 14062:Portugal 13993:Thailand 13875:Bulgaria 13653:Eswatini 13646:Ethiopia 13599:Bulgaria 13424:Unit 731 13385:Response 13202:Keelhaul 13152:Cold War 13125:Americas 13116:timeline 13109:Atlantic 12989:Theaters 12596:Atlantic 12442:May 1945 12264:Égletons 12212:Aug 1944 12120:Jun 1944 12104:May 1944 12000:Dec 1941 11954:campaign 11590:(2008), 11497:(1997), 11359:(1994), 11338:(1999), 11313:(2004), 11164:(2004), 11053:(1995), 10999:59-60007 10926:(1977), 10893:archived 10885:Army.mil 10859:(2005), 10838:(1999), 10740:citation 10734:, London 10712:(1990), 10635:(1995), 10619:(2010), 10522:53-61717 10323:(2006), 10304:Springer 10215:archived 10174:29 April 10132:(1984), 10111:(1970), 10050:(2000), 9899:citation 9826:Officer) 9635:(1947), 9626:65060001 9607:(1964), 9545:archived 9520:53-12165 9453:(1980), 9422:8 August 9388:(2011), 9227:(2015), 9153:citation 9147:, London 9062:(1997), 9040:Archived 8570:23 April 8473:23 April 8448:23 April 8398:23 April 7284:17 March 7151:25 March 6207:Tiger II 6032:23 April 5868:Private 5708:See also 5495:Bastogne 5440:Goebbels 5320:General 5305:General 5212:425,941 5198:498,622 5189:Initial 5181:British 5111:brigades 5109:Armored 5077:Armored 4938:383,016 4929:406,342 4926:700,520 4917:228,741 4630:VI Corps 4512:Westwall 4490:Bastogne 4288:Illinois 4172:British 4106:Chenogne 4041:German: 3871:ordered 3851:Stoumont 3820:Stavelot 3601:Division 3553:Tiger II 3478:(Beyer) 3340:Division 3287:(Lucht) 3101:(Prieß) 2913:St. Vith 2909:Bastogne 2897:Cine Rex 2769:dog tags 2580:Monschau 2547:Brussels 2537:— 2534:matters. 2516:Planning 2318:between 2138:Ardennes 2107:issues: 2058:captured 2023:Bastogne 1999:encircle 1983:Ardennes 1971:campaign 1851:Würzburg 1730:2nd Alps 1724:Nordwind 1666:Chastity 1659:Overlord 1611:Cerberus 1597:Sea Lion 1581:Adlertag 1555:1st Alps 1514:Boulogne 1470:Gembloux 1375:Wikinger 1262:Nordwind 1229:Lorraine 1210:Boulogne 1200:Le Havre 1167:Chastity 1160:Overlord 1065:Nordwind 1040:Bastogne 1035:St. Vith 999:Clervaux 869:British: 570:Strength 562:7th Army 449:7th Army 114:Ardennes 108:Location 87:St. Vith 15844:Shumshu 15611:Hungary 15558:Estonia 15542:Lapland 15520:Dragoon 15453:Neptune 15435:Ichi-Go 15401:Tempest 15343:Changde 15298:Cottage 15190:Jubilee 14906:Finland 14804:Compass 14510:Prelude 14463:Finland 14349:Vietnam 14315:Romania 14187:Germany 14166:Estonia 14152:Denmark 14131:Belgium 14124:Austria 14117:Albania 14048:Ireland 14034:Andorra 14018:Neutral 13978:Romania 13912:Hungary 13897:Finland 13769:Romania 13661:Finland 13639:Denmark 13585:Belgium 13571:Algeria 13277:Romania 13263:Hungary 13019:Pacific 12743:General 12697:Leaders 12682:Battles 12675:Outline 12616:Pacific 12465:Lorient 12455:Dunkirk 12361:Dunkirk 12245:Lorient 11841:Leaders 11685:Belgium 11296:, NAL, 11195:7 March 11122:19 July 11096:1842933 11009:18 June 10971:19 July 10915:20 July 10899:20 July 10827:19 July 10535:17 July 10353:58-9414 10290:19 July 10261:12 June 9978:20 July 9949:20 July 9929:20 July 9854:12 June 9717:20 July 9551:16 July 9525:19 July 9198:19 July 8619:24 June 7683:12 July 7567:YouTube 7468:10 July 7121:12 July 7094:12 July 6173:25 July 5375:Dempsey 5364:Simpson 5322:Bradley 5209:111,100 5206:680,706 5195:111,904 5192:687,498 5184:German 5048:pieces 4861:Allied 4708:scholar 4534:of the 4292:Chicago 4269:Griffin 4233:. Gen. 4009:of the 4007:V Corps 3984:Outcome 3796:Knittel 3669:Baugnez 2902:Antwerp 2857:, Gen. 2853:, Gen. 2847:Limburg 2836:Giessen 2794:Malmedy 2467:OB West 2337:On the 2179:Schelde 2132:on the 2123:General 2050:missing 2005:in the 1987:Belgium 1977:during 1973:on the 1920:salient 1871:Hamburg 1841:TF Baum 1823:Varsity 1816:Plunder 1794:Cologne 1789:Remagen 1769:Grenade 1747:Germany 1713:Scheldt 1673:Dragoon 1569:Britain 1524:Dunkirk 1446:Belgium 1424:Zeeland 1244:Scheldt 1205:Dunkirk 1174:Dragoon 1010:Stösser 972:Vianden 966:Prelude 889:German: 377:OB West 126:Germany 118:Belgium 15821:Debate 15793:Taipei 15786:Borneo 15364:Tarawa 14558:Europe 14519:Africa 14308:Poland 14294:Norway 14273:Malaya 14252:Latvia 14194:Greece 14180:France 14076:Sweden 14041:Bhutan 13762:Poland 13748:Norway 13720:Mexico 13687:Greece 13673:France 13611:Canada 13592:Brazil 13562:Allies 13508:Serbia 13497:Poland 13270:Poland 13256:Baltic 13049:Europe 12751:Topics 12703:Allied 12406:Bitche 12259:Lioran 12224:Rennes 11952:French 11715:Forces 11705:Norway 11598: 11577: 11559: 11541: 11523: 11505: 11484: 11466: 11443: 11425: 11407: 11385: 11367: 11346: 11325: 11300: 11278: 11238: 11220: 11172: 11151: 11094: 11061: 11035: 10997: 10962: 10944: 10934: 10869: 10846: 10791: 10773: 10720: 10699: 10681: 10663: 10645: 10595: 10573: 10551: 10520: 10493: 10475: 10457: 10439: 10421: 10403: 10385: 10367: 10351: 10331: 10310: 10281: 10237: 10190: 10162: 10142: 10119: 10098: 10080: 10058: 10019: 9969: 9888: 9870: 9813: 9795: 9774: 9756: 9736: 9677: 9659: 9643: 9624: 9594: 9571: 9518: 9492: 9465: 9440: 9396: 9375: 9345:7 June 9322: 9289: 9271: 9253: 9235: 9214: 9176: 9134: 9124: 9106: 9088: 9070: 8850:6 June 8439: 8282: 8241: 8216: 7771: 6213:, 158 6144:29 May 6115:29 May 6023: 5555:Result 5523:German 5502:Allied 5379:Crerar 5360:Hodges 5309:, the 5203:Final 5072:3,256 5069:3,396 5066:4,131 5063:4,224 5060:3,181 5057:3,305 5054:2,408 5032:1,090 5029:1,496 5026:1,261 5023:7,079 5020:7,769 5017:5,352 5014:1,921 5008:Other 4991:1,912 4988:1,970 4985:1,713 4955:2,428 4952:2,409 4949:1,616 4943:Tanks 4908:16 Jan 4898:24 Dec 4893:16 Dec 4888:16 Jan 4878:24 Dec 4873:16 Dec 4858:Force 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4681: 4634:Alsace 4605:) and 4404:Verdun 4251:Celles 4059:Oberst 3869:Mohnke 3779:Wereth 3673:Waimes 3496: 3349: 3145: 2805:Stalin 2637:panzer 2570:: the 2399:U-boat 2397:, new 2283:, the 2098:Allied 2046:killed 2027:Dinant 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1856:Kassel 1802:Gisela 1701:Aachen 1530:Dynamo 1519:Calais 1504:Saumur 1487:France 1475:La Lys 1458:Hannut 1234:Aachen 1215:Calais 1195:Dieppe 594:(AFVs) 231: 218:Canada 215: 202: 189: 163:Result 15597:Leyte 15427:Narva 15413:Anzio 15371:Makin 15329:Burma 15213:Torch 15182:Rzhev 15143:Kiska 14229:Korea 14215:Japan 14208:Italy 14090:Tibet 14069:Spain 13940:Italy 13701:Italy 13694:India 13618:China 13493:Japan 13093:Italy 13005:China 12957:Women 12431:Royan 12356:Royan 12045:Sept 11690:Italy 11092:JSTOR 11025:(PDF) 10817:(PDF) 10529:(PDF) 10510:(PDF) 9919:(PDF) 9836:(PDF) 9829:(PDF) 9692:(PDF) 9671:Yalta 9614:(PDF) 9339:(PDF) 9314:[ 7327:(PDF) 7320:(PDF) 5740:Notes 5655:Hut 3 5602:bulge 5493:near 4903:2 Jan 4883:2 Jan 4869:Date 4864:Axis 4807:Wiltz 4805:near 4715:JSTOR 4701:books 4394:U.S. 4346:Ouren 4047:Dutch 3962:] 3824:Eifel 2376:Ultra 2320:Liège 2316:Meuse 2228:D-Day 2128:(the 2056:, or 1718:Bulge 1707:Queen 1549:Paula 1543:Lille 1509:Arras 1494:Sedan 1464:David 1256:Bulge 1250:Queen 1180:Paris 1017:Greif 15985:WWII 15663:1945 15391:1944 15232:1943 15160:Blue 15150:Attu 15057:1942 14816:1941 14668:1940 14606:1939 14535:Asia 14382:POWs 14222:Jews 13933:Iraq 13859:Axis 13809:Tuva 13625:Cuba 12710:Axis 12417:1945 12415:Apr 12066:1944 12064:Jan 12047:1943 12018:1942 12016:Nov 11983:1941 11981:Jun 11964:1940 11962:Nov 11596:ISBN 11575:ISBN 11557:ISBN 11539:ISBN 11521:ISBN 11503:ISBN 11482:ISBN 11464:ISBN 11441:ISBN 11423:ISBN 11405:ISBN 11383:ISBN 11365:ISBN 11344:ISBN 11323:ISBN 11298:ISBN 11276:ISBN 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Battle of the Bulge

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