German invasion of the Netherlands

3782:, the Dutch commander of Rotterdam, demanding a capitulation of the city; if a positive answer had not been received within two hours the "severest means of annihilation" would be employed. However, Scharroo did not receive the message until 10:30. Not feeling inclined to surrender regardless, he asked Winkelman for orders; the latter, hearing that the document had not been signed nor contained the name of the sender, instructed him to send a Dutch envoy to clarify matters and gain time. At 12:15 a Dutch captain handed this request to von Choltitz. On the return of the German envoy at 12:00, Schmidt had already sent a radio message that the bombardment had to be postponed because negotiations had started. Just after the Dutch envoy had received a second ultimatum, now signed by Schmidt and with a new expiry time of 16:20, around 13:20 two formations of Heinkels arrived, not having received any recall orders. This was later explained by the Germans as a result of their having already pulled in their tow aerials. Schmidt ordered red flares to be fired to signal that the bombardment was to be broken off, but only the squadron making the bomb run from the southwest abandoned its attack, after their first three planes had dropped their bombs. The other 54 Heinkels, having approached from the east, continued to drop their share of the grand total of 1308 bombs, destroying the inner city and killing 814 civilians. The ensuing fires destroyed about 24,000 houses, making almost 80,000 inhabitants homeless. At 15:50 Scharroo capitulated to Schmidt in person. Meanwhile, Göring had ordered a second bombardment of the city—a group of Heinkels had already left—to be carried out unless a message was received that the whole of Rotterdam was occupied. When Schmidt heard of the order, he hastily sent an uncoded message at 17:15 claiming the city was taken, although this had yet to take place. The bombers were recalled just in time. 3487:. However, two of the four battalions available were inefficiently deployed in a failed effort to recapture the suburbs of Dordrecht; when the other two battalions approached the main road, they were met head on by a few dozen German tanks. The vanguard of the Dutch troops, not having been informed of their presence, mistook the red air recognition cloths strapped on top of the German armour for orange flags French vehicles might use to indicate their friendly intentions—orange being seen by the Dutch as their national colour—and ran towards the vehicles to welcome them, only understanding their error when they were gunned down. The battalions, subsequently hit by a Stuka bombardment, fled to the east; a catastrophe was prevented by 47mm and 75 mm batteries halting with direct AP fire the assault of the German tanks. The left wing of the Light Division despite the heavy losses then completed an ordered withdrawal to the Alblasserwaard at around 13:00. In the early afternoon eight tanks reduced the ferry bridgehead. A tank company also tried to capture the old inner city of Dordrecht without infantry support, audaciously breaching barricades, but was ordered to retreat after heavy street fighting in which at least two 1972:

shortcoming, the individual soldier lacked many necessary skills. Before the war only a minority of young men eligible to serve in the military had actually been conscripted. Until 1938, those who were enlisted only served for 24 weeks, just enough to receive basic infantry training. That same year, service time was increased to eleven months. The low quality of conscripts was not compensated for by the presence of a large body of professional military personnel. In 1940, there were only 1206 professional officers present. It had been hoped that when war threatened, these deficiencies could be quickly remedied, but following the mobilisation of all Dutch forces on 28 August 1939 (bringing Army strength to about 280,000 men) readiness only slowly improved: most available time for improving training was spent constructing defences. During this period, munition shortages limited live fire training, while unit cohesion remained low. By its own standards the Dutch Army in May 1940 was unfit for battle. It was incapable of staging an offensive, even at division level, while executing manoeuvre warfare was far beyond its capacities.

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4th Infantry Division was fleeing westwards. The Germans had expected that the Dutch would attempt to plug any gaps in the line and indeed it had been planned to shift to the north two regiments of the Dutch 3rd Army Corps for this purpose. But Dutch command now suffered such a loss of control that any thoughts to re-establish a continuous front had to be abandoned. A 8 km (5.0 mi) wide gap had appeared in the defences. Fearing that otherwise they would be encircled, at 20:30 Van Voorst tot Voorst ordered the three Army Corps to immediately abandon both the Grebbe Line and the Waal-Linge Position and to retreat during the night to the East Front of Fortress Holland at the New Holland Water Line. The Germans, however, did not at once exploit their success; only around 21:00 had it become apparent to them that the gap even existed, when the renewed advance had met no enemy resistance.

3526:, faced the unenviable task of having to advance over the Enclosure Dike because of a lack of ships. This dam was blocked by the Kornwerderzand Position, which protected a major sluice complex regulating the water level of Lake IJssel, which had to be sufficiently high to allow many Fortress Holland inundations to be maintained. The main fortifications contained 47 mm antitank-guns. Long channel piers projected in front of and behind the sluices, on both the right and left; on these, pillboxes had been built which could place a heavy enfilading fire on the dam, which did not provide the slightest cover for any attacker. On 13 May the position was reinforced by a 20 mm anti aircraft battery. It had been Feldt's intention to first destroy the position by a battery of siege mortars, but the train transporting it had been blocked on 10 May by a blown railway bridge at 251: 162: 3409:

sea; without such support there was no prospect of a prolonged successful resistance. German tanks might quickly pass through Rotterdam; Winkelman had already ordered all available antitank-guns to be placed in a perimeter around The Hague, to protect the seat of government. However, an immediate collapse of the Dutch defences might still be prevented if the planned counterattacks could seal off the southern front near Dordrecht and restore the eastern line at the Grebbeberg. Therefore, the cabinet decided to continue the fight for the time being, giving the general the mandate to surrender the Army when he saw fit and the instruction to avoid unnecessary sacrifices. Nevertheless, it was also deemed essential that Queen Wilhelmina be brought to safety; she departed around noon from Hook of Holland, where a British

1758:. The Dutch government's attitude towards war was reflected in the state of the country's armed forces, which had not significantly expanded their equipment since before the First World War, and were inadequately armed even by the standards of 1918. An economic recession lasting from 1920 until 1927 and the general détente in international relations caused a limitation of the defence budget. In that decade, only 1.5 million guilders per annum was spent on equipment. Both in 1931 and 1933, commissions appointed to economise even further failed, because they concluded that the acceptable minimum had been reached and advised that a spending increase was urgently needed. Only in February 1936 was a bill passed creating a special 53.4 million guilder defence fund. 3312: 3819: 3175:, failed to react adequately. He did not realise that motorised SS troops had been involved in the attack, and thought that the outposts had been surrendered to a small probing German force through the cowardice of the defenders. He ordered a night counterattack by the single reserve battalion of 4th Division. This attack was abandoned; on its approach the battalion was fired upon by Dutch troops manning the main line who had not been notified of its approach, leading to much confusion, and an engineer bridge necessary to cross the Grift rivulet was not brought forward in time. However, heavy preparatory Dutch artillery fire had the unintended effect of causing the Germans to abandon their plans for a night attack. 3032:

not yet passed the single pontoon bridge over the Meuse, which had caused a traffic jam after having been damaged by an incident. In the early evening in a sudden change of plans it was decided to attack even though artillery support was absent apart from one 105 mm battery. An unrequested Stuka attack that also happened to hit the Mill sector just prior to the advance routed some Dutch defenders, creating a weak section in the line from which the Dutch troops were dislodged. Though the Germans were slow to exploit the breakthrough, Colonel Schmidt at 20:30 ordered the Peel-Raam Position to be abandoned and his troops to fall back to the west improvising a new line at the Zuid-Willemsvaart canal.

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in order to maintain a connection with the Fortress Holland further to the north and preserve an allied left flank beyond the Rhine. The force assigned to this task consisted of the 16th Army Corps, comprising the 9th Motorised Infantry Division (also possessing some tracked armoured vehicles) and the 4th Infantry Division; and the 1st Army Corps, consisting of the 25th Motorised Infantry Division and the 21st Infantry Division. This army was later reinforced by the 1st Mechanised Light Division, an armoured division of the French Cavalry and a first-class powerful unit. Together with the two divisions in Zealand, seven French divisions were dedicated to the operation.

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unpleasantly surprised to learn that the best three divisions had been moved to the north and that the remaining forces were already in full retreat. The withdrawal of the Peel Division from the Peel-Raam Position to the Zuid-Willemsvaart, a canal some 10 to 30 km (6.2 to 18.6 mi) to the west, meant leaving behind their well-entrenched positions and the little artillery available in exchange for a totally unprepared line. Moreover, the eastern bank of the canal was higher than the western bank, providing excellent cover for the attackers. Finally, the order to withdraw never reached the troops at Mill; this caused one sector of the canal, near

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though equal in strength to the German, failed to bring sufficient fire on the enemy concentration of infantry, largely limiting itself to interdiction. Eight hundred metres to the west was a Stop Line, a continuous trench system from which the defenders were supposed to wage an active defence, staging local counterattacks. However, due to a lack of numbers, training, and heavy weapons the attacks failed against the well-trained SS troops. By the evening the Germans had brought the heavily forested area between the two lines under their control. Spotting a weak point, one of the SS battalion commanders,

282: 269: 3244:, they surprised Colonel Schmidt and took him prisoner. Dutch troops in the province thereby lost all unified command. Shortly after noon German armoured cars had penetrated thirty kilometres further to the west and made contact with the southern Moerdijk bridgehead, cutting off Fortress Holland from the Allied main force; at 16:45 they reached the bridges themselves. The northern part of that force would not long remain in the region: at 13:35 Gamelin ordered a complete withdrawal to Antwerp of all French troops in North Brabant, who would now limit themselves to rear-guard actions. 194: 3171:. As the German shelling had cut the telephone lines, no artillery support could be requested by the Dutch defenders. Defence was further hampered by the fact that the terrain had not yet been cleared of vegetation, which offered good cover for the attackers. At noon a breakthrough was accomplished at the extreme north of the outpost line and the Dutch positions were then slowly rolled up from behind. The outnumbered and inferiorly armed companies resisted as well as they could, but by evening, all outposts were in German hands. The commander of 2nd Army Corps, Major-General 1559: 2141:. In the south the intention was to delay the Germans as much as possible to cover a French advance. Fourth and Second Army Corps were positioned at the Grebbe Line; Third Army Corps were stationed at the Peel-Raam Position with the Light Division behind it to cover its southern flank. Brigade A and B were positioned between the Lower Rhine and the Maas. First Army Corps was a strategic reserve in the Fortress Holland, the southern perimeter of which was manned by another ten battalions and the eastern by six battalions. All these lines were reinforced by pillboxes. 2558:, to engage the main bulk of the Dutch Field Army. The expectation was that in spite of the lack of numerical superiority, they would force the Dutch back to the east front of the Fortress Holland or beyond. If the Dutch did not capitulate on the first day, the Eighteenth Army expected to enter the Fortress Holland on the third day from the south over the Moerdijk bridges and thereby ensure victory; there was no strict timetable for the total destruction of the Dutch forces. A peculiar aspect of the command structure was that the airborne attack was solely a 3248:

ran into an attacking German force of battalion strength that had been ordered by General Student to circle around the outskirts of the city to relieve the pressure being placed on his troops holding the Dort bridges. In confused street fighting the German troops were successful in blocking the battalion; the other Dutch units then halted their advance around noon. Though higher command soon ordered a better concentration of forces instead of some mopping-up action, due to a lack of clear lines of command, no subsequent attack materialised that day.

3112: 3791: 2150: 2859:, was attacked by airborne forces. Here an infantry battalion was stationed, but so close to the airfield that the paratroopers landed near its positions. A confused fight followed. The first wave of Junkers suffered no losses and the transports continued to land. In the end the Dutch defenders were overwhelmed. The German troops, steadily growing in numbers, began to move to the east to occupy IJsselmonde and eventually made contact with the paratroopers tasked with occupying the vital bridge at Dordrecht. Although the 1857: 10241: 2182:

Position, and then fall back to the Fortress Holland. This also was considered too dangerous by the government, especially in light of German air supremacy, and had the disadvantage of having to fully prepare two lines. Reijnders had already been denied full military authority in the defence zones; the conflict about strategy further undermined his political position. On 5 February 1940 he was forced to offer his resignation because of these disagreements with his superiors. He was replaced by General

1714: 238: 219: 1992: 10308: 3256: 10296: 176: 147: 4007:, the province's capital city, was heavily shelled by artillery, its inner city partially burning down. The heavy bombardment demoralised the largely French defenders, and the Germans managed to establish a bridgehead around noon. The few Dutch troops present on Walcheren, about three companies, ceased their resistance. In the evening the encroaching Germans threatened to overrun the French forces that had fled into Flushing, but a gallant delaying action led by brigade-general 2329:

Germans to it lay in employing rail transport. This implied they would be vulnerable in the concentration phase, building up their forces near Breda. They needed the Dutch troops in the Peel-Raam Position to delay the Germans for a few extra days to allow a French deployment and entrenchment, but French rapid forces also would provide a security screen. These consisted of the reconnaissance units of the armoured and motorised divisions, equipped with the relatively well-armed

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Several attempts to cross the river by boat managed only to establish a few isolated bridgeheads, and at 10:15 the Light Division was given permission to break off the crossing at this point and ordered to shift its axis of attack by reinforcing Dutch troops on the Island of Dordrecht, where it arrived that night. After clearing the Island of Dordrecht of enemy troops the division was to advance into IJsselmonde over the Dordrecht bridge in order to reach Rotterdam.

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impediment to the movement of allied reinforcements to the Fortress Holland. The second priority was closely related to the first: enabling the French army to build up a strong defensive line in North Brabant, to connect the Fortress Holland with the Allied main force in Belgium. As he had withdrawn most of his troops from the area, Winkelman had only limited means available to influence this process, largely leaving the task to local commanders.

3895:, the peninsula east of Walcheren, to deny the enemy this approach route to Vlissingen. Zuid-Beveland was connected to the coast of North Brabant by an isthmus; at its eastern and most narrow end the Bath Position had been prepared, occupied by an infantry battalion. This was mainly intended as a collecting line for possible Dutch troops retreating from the east. At its western end was the longer Zanddijk Position, occupied by three battalions. 1960: 3959:. The morale of the defenders of the Bath Position, already shaken by stories from Dutch troops fleeing to the west, was severely undermined by the news that Winkelman had surrendered; many concluded that it was useless for Zealand to continue resisting as the last remaining province. A first preparatory artillery bombardment on the position in the evening of 14 May caused the commanding officers to desert their troops, who then also fled. 2627:. Sas informed the Allies via other military attachés. However, several postponements while the Germans waited for favourable weather conditions led to a series of false alarms, which left the Dutch government and others somewhat sceptical of the information. Sas' correct prediction of the date of the attack on Denmark and Norway went largely unheeded. Though he indicated a German armoured division would try to attack Fortress Holland from 3143:, against opposition, led to a general collapse of the line. By the end of the 11th, the Germans had crossed the Zuid-Willemsvaart at most places and the Peel Division had largely disintegrated. Plans by Colonel Schmidt to concentrate his forces on the line Tilburg–'s-Hertogenbosch thus came to nothing. As the French refused to advance further to the northeast than Tilburg, apart from some reconnoitring armoured cars that went as far as 3503: 10320: 10284: 3397: 2099:, inspired by the hope that Germany would only travel through the southern provinces on its way to Belgium and leave Holland proper untouched. In 1939 it was understood such an attitude posed an invitation to invade and made it impossible to negotiate with the Entente about a common defence. Proposals by German diplomats that the Dutch government would secretly assent to an advance into the country were rejected. 2829:

substantial reinforcements. In the end the paratroopers occupied Ypenburg but failed to advance into The Hague, their route blocked by hastily assembled Dutch troops. Early in the afternoon they were dispersed by fire from three Dutch artillery batteries. Dutch batteries likewise drove away the German occupants from the other two fields, the remnant airborne troops taking refuge in nearby villages and mansions.

2661: 3012:, the river separating the Alblasserwaard from IJsselmonde, in the evening. There they discovered that the sector near the only bridge, built in 1939, was not strongly occupied by the airborne troops, as the Germans simply had not known of its existence because of outdated maps. It was decided to postpone a crossing until the next day, to gather sufficient forces. No attempt was made to establish a bridgehead. 10348: 3480:

Fokker T. V, dropped two bombs on the bridge; one hit a bridge pillar but failed to explode; the bomber was shot down. Dutch batteries in the Hoekse Waard, despite dive bomber attacks, tried to destroy the bridge by artillery fire, but the massive structure was only slightly damaged. Attempts to inundate the Island of Dordrecht failed, as the inlet sluices could not be opened—and were too small anyway.

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and two independent brigades (Brigade A and Brigade B), each with the strength of half a division or five battalions. All other infantry combat unit troops were raised as light infantry battalions that were dispersed all over the territory to delay enemy movement. About two thousand pillboxes had been constructed, but in lines without any depth. Modern large fortresses like the Belgian stronghold of

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German main assault was imminent, these reserves would not arrive in time to intervene in the fight at the defence zone between the two trench systems. This was all the more serious as the Stop Line had no depth and lacked large shelters to accommodate enough troops to stage a strong frontal counterattack. In the late evening it was decided to execute a flank attack from the north the next day.

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capitulation; provisions had been made for the continuation of effective government even after widespread urban destruction. The perimeter around The Hague might still ward off an armoured attack and the New Holland Water Line had some defensive capability; though it could be attacked from behind, it would take the Germans some time to deploy their forces in the difficult polder landscape.

3910:. Part of their equipment was brought by ship through Flushing harbour. Most troops of these divisions would remain south of the Western Scheldt in Zeelandic Flanders, where two of the eight Dutch battalions were also present, as were two border companies. Only two French regiments were sent to the northern bank. On 13 May the Dutch troops were placed under French operational command and 2468: 3618: 2173:, again with pillboxes and lightly occupied by a screen of fourteen "border battalions". Late in 1939 General Van Voorst tot Voorst, reviving plans he had already worked out in 1937, proposed to make use of the excellent defensive opportunities these rivers offered. He proposed a shift to a more mobile strategy by fighting a delaying battle at the plausible crossing sites near 3361:, he had arranged the formation of an extra Army Corps headquarters to direct the complex strategic situation of simultaneously fighting the Allies and advancing into the Fortress Holland over the Moerdijk bridges. As on 12 May no actual crisis seemed to materialise, with the French retreating and Belgian and British forces being completely absent, von Bock decided that XXVI 3574:

reserve, mainly behind the fall-back line near the Rhenen railroad. Furthermore, most battalions were a quarter below strength. Four were to be used, under command of Brigade B, for the flanking attack from the north. This attack was delayed for several hours; when it finally started late in the morning of 13 May, it ran right into a comparable advance by two battalions of

3738:(Führer-Directive N°11): "On the northern wing the power of the Army of Holland to resist has proven stronger than had been assumed. Political as well as military grounds demand to quickly break this resistance. (...) Furthermore the speedy conquest of the Fortress Holland is to be facilitated through a deliberate weakening of the power operated by Sixth Army". 3217:

had been breached by the infantry forces. As the entire Dutch front had dissolved, the conditions were favourable for such an attempt. In this it would not be hindered by the French forces. Because the German 6th Army was threatening its right flank and there was no time to prepare a defence line, Gamelin ordered the 7th Army to withdraw its left flank.

2068:, which was expected to hold out a prolonged period of time, in the most optimistic predictions as much as three months without any allied assistance, even though the size of the attacking German force was strongly overestimated. Before the war the intention was to fall back to this position almost immediately, after a concentration phase (the so-called 3100:, and now tried to expand its bridgehead. Although its crossings were successful, the advance of the first battalion was executed only hesitantly; the troops were surprised by German counterattacks and dispersed. The second battalion was likewise surprised, with many men being taken prisoner. In the afternoon a French reconnaissance unit, the 3734:

Already on 13 May, von Küchler, fearing that the British might reinforce the Fortress Holland, had instructed Schmidt: "Resistance in Rotterdam should be broken with all means, if necessary threaten with and carry out the annihilation of the city". In this he was to be supported by the highest command level as Hitler would state in

3453:. Arrangements for the departure had already been made before the invasion. As the Queen constitutionally was part of the government, her departure confronted the cabinet with the choice whether to follow her or remain. After heated discussions, it was decided to leave as well; the ministers sailed at 19:20 from Hook of Holland on 3541:. It was ordered to break through a second attack axis near Scherpenzeel, where a dry approach route had been discovered through the inundations. The line in this area was defended by the Dutch 2nd Infantry Division. Two German regiments were to attack simultaneously, in adjacent sectors. However, after the regiment on the right, 2546:. This was the only German armoured division having just two tank battalions, one understrength, in its single tank regiment; the total number of tanks in the unit was 141. The intention was that it should exploit a breach in the Dutch lines created by the 254th and 256th Infantry Division, and join up with them, forming the 1943:, a single Fokker T.V and seven Fokker C.V, along with several training aeroplanes. Another forty operational aircraft served with the Marineluchtvaartdienst (naval air service) along with about an equal number of reserve and training craft. The production potential of the Dutch military aircraft industry, consisting of 3549:, became delayed by flanking fire from the Dutch outpost line, the position of which had not been correctly determined. It allowed itself to get involved in fragmented firefights, and although the reserve regiment was also eventually brought forward, little progress was made against the outposts. Meanwhile, the waiting 3866:—seen by the Germans as guerilla fighters outside the laws of war—Winkelman's refusal made it clear to the Germans that only the armed forces in the homeland, with the exception of Zealand, would capitulate, not the country itself. On other points a swift agreement was reached and the document was signed at 10:15. 3530:. Several air attacks on 13 May had little effect; in the late afternoon five bicycle sections tried to approach the main bunker complex under cover of an artillery bombardment, but soon fled after being fired upon; the first was pinned down and could only retreat under cover of darkness, leaving behind some dead. 3693:. A few barges were found; only after the capitulation however, was the crossing actually executed. During this operation one barge foundered and the remainder lost their way. Fears for such a landing had caused Winkelman on 12 May to order the occupation of an improvised "Amsterdam Position" along the 3810:". Winkelman concluded that it apparently had become the German policy to devastate any city offering any resistance; in view of his mandate to avoid unnecessary suffering and the hopelessness of the Dutch military position he decided to surrender. All higher-level army units were informed at 16:50 by 3595:

Dutch command posts. It withdrew in the late afternoon, just as the SS battalions further north, to avoid a preparatory artillery bombardment, shifted to a more western position. After redeployment the Germans intended to renew their attack in order to take the Rhenen fall-back line and the village of

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was transferred to the 7th Army. Cooperation between the two allies left much to be desired and was plagued by poor communications, misunderstandings and differences regarding strategy. The Dutch considered the Bath and Zanddijk Positions to be very defensible because of the open polder landscape and

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The same Stuka bombardment that had put Brigade B to rout also broke the morale of the reserves at Rhenen. In the morning these troops had already shown severe discipline problems, with units disintegrating and leaving the battlefield because of German interdiction fire. In the late afternoon most of

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followed in which the vanguard of the Dutch troops, poorly supported by their artillery, began to give way at around 12:30 to the encroaching SS troops. Soon this resulted in a general withdrawal of the brigade, which turned into a rout when, at about 13:30, the Grebbeberg area was bombed by 27 Ju 87

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On the extreme south of the Grebbe Line, the Grebbeberg, the Germans were now deploying three SS battalions including support troops and three fresh infantry battalions of IR.322; two of IR.374 laid in immediate reserve. During the evening and night of 12–13 May the Dutch had assembled in this sector

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to pursue the withdrawing French, the other four began to cross the Moerdijk traffic bridge at 05:20. Two staff companies with tanks also went to the northern side. The Dutch made some attempts to indirectly block the advance of the German armour. At around 06:00 the last operational medium bomber, a

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to be set on fire. Having been informed by Winkelman of his concerns earlier in the afternoon, the Dutch government asked Churchill for three British divisions to turn the tide. The new prime minister answered that he simply did not have any reserves; however, three British torpedo boats were sent to

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that began to infiltrate over the Dutch border ahead of the main advance, with some troops arriving on the evening of 9 May. During the night of 10 May they approached the bridges: several teams had a few men dressed as Dutch military police pretending to bring in a group of German prisoners, to fool

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Rapid forces, whether for an offensive or defensive purpose, were needed to deny vital locations to the enemy. Long before the Germans did, the French had contemplated using airborne troops to achieve speedy attacks. As early as 1936 the French had commissioned the design of light airborne tanks, but

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would cross on boats. These auxiliary attacks might prevent a concentration of Dutch forces, blocking the 9th Panzer Division's advance through a densely built up urban area intersected by canals. In view of these conditions and the limited means available, there was a major emphasis on air support.

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had been abandoned as part of the withdrawal of III Army Corps from North Brabant. However, not all of these units would be concentrated into a single effort for a counterattack to retake the main line. Some battalions had been fed immediately into the battle at the Stop Line and others were kept in

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In North Brabant, the situation swiftly deteriorated. The French commanders of the 7th Army had expected that Dutch resistance at the Meuse and the Peel-Raam Position, by a force about five divisions strong, would have gained them at least four days to build up a defensive line near Breda. They were

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pieces. Each of its six regiments was to leave a battalion behind to serve as a covering force, together with fourteen "border battalions". The group was called the "Peel Division". This withdrawal was originally planned for the first night after the invasion, under cover of darkness, but due to the

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insisted on a full conquest, for he needed the Dutch airfields against Britain; also, he was afraid that the Entente might reinforce Fortress Holland after a partial defeat and use the airfields to bomb German cities and troops. Another rationale for complete conquest was that, as the fall of France

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that a German attack on the Netherlands was certain, it became clear to the Dutch military that staying out of the conflict might prove impossible. They started to fully prepare for war, both mentally and physically. Dutch border troops were put on greater alert. Reports of the presumed actions of a

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of his decision and ordered to first destroy their weapons and then offer their surrender to the nearest German units. At 17:20 the German envoy in The Hague was informed. At around 19:00 Winkelman gave a radio speech informing the Dutch people. This was also how the German command became aware the

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at 23:00 that German tanks had linked up with the paratroopers ended those hopes. At last he began to understand the essence of the German strategy. He ordered the artillery batteries in the Hoekse Waard to try to destroy the Moerdijk bridges and sent a special engineering team to Rotterdam to blow

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The Light Division tried to systematically reconquer the Island of Dordrecht by advancing on a broad front, using four battalions with little artillery support. On its left flank, where there was almost no enemy presence, the advance went according to plan. The battalion on the right flank however,

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sector had not been followed upon, the route to the Moerdijk bridges would not be blocked and the German armoured division would not be engaged by its stronger French mechanised counterpart. Reconnaissance elements of the 9th Panzer Division effectively exploited this opportunity: at dawn, north of

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had seen little action. It crossed the Meuse early on the morning of 11 May, but that day was unable to advance quickly over roads congested with the supply trains of the infantry divisions. The armoured division was under orders to link up with the airborne troops as soon as the Peel-Raam Position

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On 11 May the Dutch commander General Winkelman was faced with two priorities. First of all he wanted to eliminate the German airborne troops. Though the strategic assault had failed, he feared a further enemy build-up via Waalhaven and saw the German possession of the Moerdijk bridges as a serious

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at first could not exploit the opportunity offered by having a battalion in the back of the defenders because it failed to locate it. When a first attack by forward elements had been repulsed, a full assault at the Main Defense Line was initially postponed to the next day because most artillery had

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The Dutch released reports of German soldiers in disguise to the international news agencies. This caused a fifth column scare, especially in Belgium and France. However, unlike the situation later on in those two countries, in the Netherlands there was no mass exodus of civilian refugees, clogging

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French Commander in Chief General Maurice Gamelin feared the Dutch would be tempted into a quick capitulation or even an acceptance of German protection. He therefore reassigned the former French strategic reserve, the 7th Army, to operate in front of Antwerp to cover the river's eastern approaches

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The lack of a trained manpower base, a large professional organisation, or sufficient matériel reserves precluded a swift expansion of Dutch forces. There was just enough artillery to equip the larger units: eight infantry divisions (combined in four Army Corps), one Light (i.e. motorised) Division

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was present, only partly dug in and now reinforced by the three retreated Dutch battalions. An aerial bombardment that morning routed the defenders before the ground attack had even started; the first German crossings around 11:00 led to a complete collapse. A planned attempt in the evening of the

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approached the Zanddijk Position. A first attack around 08:00 on outposts of the northern sector was easily repulsed, as the Germans had to advance over a narrow dike through the inundations, despite supporting air strikes by dive bombers. However, the bombardment caused the battalions in the main

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units. They had few professional officers and little fighting experience apart from those who were World War I veterans. Like the Dutch Army, most soldiers (88%) were insufficiently trained. The seventh division was the 526th Infantry Division, a pure security unit without serious combat training.

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the idea of leaving the Fortress Holland alone, just as the Dutch hoped for, was at times considered. The first version of 19 October 1939 suggested the possibility of a full occupation if conditions were favourable. In the version of 29 October it was proposed to limit the transgression to a line

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After September 1939, desperate efforts were made to improve the situation, but with very little result. Germany, for obvious reasons, delayed its deliveries; France was hesitant to equip an army that would not unequivocally take its side. The one abundant source of readily available weaponry, the

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In the Netherlands, all the objective conditions were present for a successful defence: a dense population, wealthy, young, disciplined and well-educated; a geography favouring the defender; and a strong technological and industrial base including an armaments industry. However, these had not been

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The French supreme command considered violating the neutrality of the Low Countries if they had not joined the Anglo-French coalition before the planned large Entente offensive in the summer of 1941, but the French Cabinet, fearing a negative public reaction, vetoed the idea. Kept in consideration

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in Britain. The German occupation officially began on 17 May 1940. It would be five years before the entire country was liberated, during which time over 210,000 inhabitants of the Netherlands became victims of war, among them 104,000 Jews and other minorities, victims of genocide. Another 70,000

3408:

In the early morning of 13 May General Winkelman advised the Dutch government that he considered the general situation to be critical. On land the Dutch had been cut off from the Allied front and it had become clear no major Allied landings were to be expected to reinforce the Fortress Holland by

2972:

After the generally failed assaults on the bridges, the German divisions began crossing attempts over the rivers IJssel and Maas. The first waves typically were destroyed, due to insufficient preparatory fire on the pillboxes. At most places a secondary bombardment destroyed the pillboxes and the

2328:

Although the French troops would have a higher proportion of motorised units than their German adversaries, in view of the respective distances to be covered, they could not hope to reach their assigned sector advancing in battle deployment before the enemy did. Their only prospect of beating the

1699:

during the First World War might be repeated and tried to avoid the attention of the Great Powers and a war in which they feared a loss of human life comparable to that of the previous conflict. On 10 April, Britain and France repeated their request that the Dutch enter the war on their side, but

3594:

attacked the Stop Line. The first wave of German attackers was beaten back with serious losses, but a second wave managed to fragment the trench line, which then was taken after heavy fighting. The regiment subsequently proceeded to mop up the area to the west, delayed by resistance from several

3356:

having to overcome near Breda the resistance of several French divisions. The Germans had also been concerned that they may face some Belgian or even British divisions. Therefore, von Bock had before the invasion requested to be reinforced in this effort by another Army Corps. When this had been

2828:

was likewise quickly occupied, the morale of the defenders shaken by the bombardment. However, the landing strip was still under construction and the ground water level had not yet been lowered: planes landing there sank away in the soft soil. None of the airfields were thus capable of receiving

2206:

Given its obvious strategic importance, Belgium, though in principle neutral, had already made quite detailed arrangements for co-ordination with Entente troops. This made it difficult for the Dutch to have these plans changed again to suit their wishes. The Dutch desired the Belgians to connect

2181:

to force the German divisions to spend much of their offensive power before they had reached the MDL, and ideally even defeat them. This was deemed too risky by the Dutch government and General Reijnders. The latter wanted the army to first offer heavy resistance at the Grebbe Line and Peel-Raam

1570:

were ill-prepared to resist such an invasion. When Hitler came to power, the Dutch had begun to re-arm, but more slowly than France or Belgium; only in 1936 did the defence budget start to be gradually increased. Successive Dutch governments tended to avoid openly identifying Germany as an acute

3673:

Despite his pessimism expressed to the Dutch government and the mandate he had been given to surrender the Army, General Winkelman awaited the outcome of events, avoiding actually capitulating until it was absolutely necessary. In this he was perhaps motivated by a desire to engage the opposing

3295:

It had been well understood by the Dutch that the forces occupying the Grebbe Line would not be sufficiently strong to repel all attacks by themselves; they were intended to delay an offensive long enough for reserves to reinforce them. Due to the failure the previous day to understand that the

3275:

attacked an eight hundred metres wide sector of the main line, occupied by a Dutch company. Exploiting the many dead angles in the Dutch field of fire, it soon breached the Dutch positions, which had little depth. A second German battalion then expanded the breach to the north. Dutch artillery,

2819:

in time for the airborne infantry to land safely in their Junkers. Though one armoured car had been damaged by a bomb, the other five Landsverks, assisted by machine gun emplacements, destroyed the eighteen Junkers of the first two waves, killing many occupants. When the airstrip was blocked by

3299:

In the North, the Wons Position formed a bridgehead at the eastern end of the Enclosure Dike; it had a long perimeter of about nine kilometres to envelop enough land to receive a large number of retreating troops without making them too vulnerable to air attack. On 12 May units with a combined

3291:

railroad. The breakthrough caused a panic among the defenders, who largely abandoned the Stop Line at this point; but as Wäckerle had had no time to co-ordinate his action with other units, it was not further exploited. Order was restored at the Stop Line and the SS company became isolated and

3208:

On the morning of 12 May General Winkelman remained moderately optimistic. He still assumed a firm defence line could eventually be established in North Brabant with the help of the French and expected good progress could be made in eliminating the airborne forces, while not being aware of any

3067:

In both respects, little was achieved this day. The planned counterattack by the Light Division against the airborne troops on IJsselmonde failed. In the nick of time the bridge over the river Noord had been prepared for defence by the German paratroopers, and it proved impossible to force it.

3150:

All the efforts in the south were made on the assumption the Grebbe Line would be able to beat off attacks on its own; its reserves had even been partly shifted to the counterattack against the airborne forces. However, there were some indications that a problem was developing in this sector.

3998:

While the commanders of the remaining Dutch troops on South-Beveland refused direct commands by their superior to threaten the German flank, on 17 May a night attack at 03:00 across the Sloedam failed. The Germans now demanded the capitulation of the island; when this was refused they bombed

3798:

Winkelman at first intended to continue the fight, even though Rotterdam had capitulated and German forces from there might now advance into the heart of the Fortress Holland. The possibility of terror bombings was considered before the invasion and had not been seen as grounds for immediate

1571:

military threat. Partly this was caused by a wish not to antagonise a vital trade partner, even to the point of repressing criticism of Nazi policies; partly it was made inevitable by a policy of strict budgetary limits with which the conservative Dutch governments tried in vain to fight the

2031:

in 1940 as the fortifications were outdated. The line was located at the extreme eastern edge of the area lying below sea level. This allowed the ground before the fortifications to be easily inundated with a few feet of water, too shallow for boats, but deep enough to turn the soil into an

2997:

rapid German advance an immediate retreat was ordered at 06:45, to avoid the 3rd Army Corps becoming entangled with enemy troops. The corps joined "Brigade G", six battalions already occupying the Waal-Linge line, and was thus brought up to strength again. It would see no further fighting.

2251:

when the Entente launched its planned 1941 offensive. But he did not dare to stretch his supply lines that far unless the Belgians and Dutch would take the allied side before the German attack. When both nations refused, Gamelin made it clear that he would occupy a connecting position near

3861:

for a meeting with von Küchler to negotiate the articles of a written capitulation document. Both quickly agreed on most conditions, Winkelman declaring to have surrendered army, naval and air forces. When von Küchler demanded that pilots still fighting for the allies should be treated as

3510:

In Rotterdam a last attempt was made to blow up the Willemsbrug. The commander of the 2nd Battalion Irish Guards in Hook of Holland, 32 km (20 mi) to the west, refused to participate in the attempt as being outside the scope of his orders. Two Dutch companies, mainly composed of

1971:

poorly equipped, it was also poorly trained. A particular problem was the absence of experience gained in the handling of larger units above the battalion level. From 1932 until 1936, the Dutch Army did not hold summer field manoeuvres in order to conserve military funding. Adding to this

1661:

was a plan to invade if Germany attacked the Netherlands alone, necessitating an Entente advance through Belgium, or if the Netherlands assisted the enemy by tolerating a German advance into Belgium through the southern part of their territory, both possibilities discussed as part of the

2605:

therefore justified the invasion as a reaction to a supposed Entente attempt to occupy the Low Countries, similar to the justification used by the German Empire to invade Belgium in World War I. Some German officers were averse to the Nazi regime and were also uneasy about the invasion.

3874:

The province of Zealand, in the southwest of the country, was exempt from the surrender; fighting continued there in a common allied effort with French troops. The Dutch forces in the province comprised eight full battalions of army and naval troops. They were commanded by Rear-Admiral

1774:. Total Dutch forces equalled 48 regiments of infantry as well as 22 infantry battalions for strategic border defence. In comparison, Belgium, despite a smaller and more aged male population, fielded 22 full divisions and the equivalent of 30 divisions when smaller units were included. 3720:

On IJsselmonde the German forces prepared to cross the Maas in Rotterdam, which was defended by about eight Dutch battalions. Crossings would be attempted in two sectors. The main attack would take place in the centre of the city, with the German 9th Panzer Division advancing over the

1652:

tried to convince them not to wait for an inevitable German attack, but to join the Anglo-French Entente. Both the Belgians and Dutch refused, even though the German attack plans had fallen into Belgian hands after a German aircraft crash in January 1940, in what became known as the

2230:; the Dutch had no forces available with which to fulfill this request. Repeated Belgian requests to reconsider the Orange Position were refused by Winkelman. Therefore, the Belgians decided to withdraw, in the event of an invasion, all their troops to their main defence line, the 1628:) were spent on defence. It proved very difficult to obtain new matériel in wartime, however, especially as the Dutch had ordered some of their new equipment from Germany, which deliberately delayed deliveries. Moreover, a considerable part of the funds were intended for the 3943:

straights separating the island of Walcheren from Zuid-Beveland, even though there was not sufficient time for adequate entrenchment. This prevented an effective concentration of Allied forces, allowing the Germans, despite a numerical inferiority, to defeat them piecemeal.

2371:

itself could hardly be taken for granted, it was for political reasons seen as desirable to obtain a Dutch capitulation, because a defeat might well bring less hostile governments to power in Britain and France. A swift defeat would also free troops for other front sectors.

3127:, the German commander in Rotterdam refused to evacuate this bridgehead and the few German defenders held fast in a single office building, protected by a canal in front of them and covered by fire from the south bank. The two remaining Dutch bombers failed to destroy the 3515:, stormed the bridgehead. The bridge was reached and the remaining fifty German defenders in the building in front of it were on the point of surrender when after hours of fighting the attack was abandoned because of heavy flanking fire from the other side of the river. 3838:, had left the country to continue the fight; Dutch naval vessels were generally not included in the surrender. Eight ships and four unfinished hulks had already departed, some smaller vessels were scuttled, and nine others sailed for England in the evening of 14 May. 3704:

the field army successfully withdrew from the Grebbe Line to the East Front without being bombed as had been feared, and disengaged from the gradually pursuing enemy troops. The new position had some severe drawbacks: the inundations were mostly not yet ready and the

3498:

of the staff platoon of the 1st Tank Battalion, stormed the Barendrecht bridge into the Hoekse Waard, but all of them were lost to a single 47 mm antitank-gun. Though the Germans did not follow up their attack, this area too was abandoned by the Dutch troops.

2193:

During the Phoney War the Netherlands officially adhered to a policy of strict neutrality. In secret, the Dutch military command, partly acting on its own accord, negotiated with both Belgium and France via the Dutch military attaché in Paris, Lieutenant-Colonel

2409:

The German divisions, with a nominal strength of 17,807 men, were fifty percent larger than their Dutch counterparts and possessed twice their effective firepower, but even so the necessary numerical superiority for a successful offensive was simply lacking.

3251:

In Rotterdam and around The Hague again little was done against the paratroopers. Most Dutch commanders, still afraid of a presumed Fifth Column, limited themselves to security measures; they had been ordered not to stage any attacks above company level.

2631:

and that there was a plan to capture the Queen, Dutch defensive strategy was not adapted and it was not understood these were elements of a larger scheme. On 4 May Sas again warned that an attack was imminent; this time it coincided with a warning from

1793:

tank, for which just one driver had been trained and which had the sole task of testing antitank obstacles, had remained the only example of its kind and was no longer in service by 1940. There were two squadrons of armoured cars, each with a dozen

3850:, concluded that his base, with a naval garrison of 10,000, its own air service, and extensive land defences, should continue to resist also. Only with some difficulty did Winkelman convince him to obey the surrender order. Large parts of the 3745:

Generals Kurt Student and Schmidt desired a limited air attack to temporarily paralyse the defences, allowing the tanks to break out of the bridgehead; severe urban destruction was to be avoided as it would only hamper their advance. However,

2304:

and Holland were difficult to negotiate because of their many waterways. However, both the French and the Germans saw the possibility of a surprise flanking attack in this region. For the Germans this would have the advantage of bypassing the

1616:

in the spring of 1939. These events forced the Dutch government to exercise greater vigilance, but they limited their reaction as much as they could. The most important measure was a partial mobilisation of 100,000 men in April 1939.

1789:. Whereas the other major participants all had a considerable armoured force, the Netherlands had not been able to obtain the minimum of 146 modern tanks (110 light, 36 medium) they had already considered necessary in 1937. A single 1647:

The strategic position of the Low Countries, located between France and Germany on the uncovered flanks of their fortification lines, made the area a logical route for an offensive by either side. In a 20 January 1940 radio speech,

3054:

had surrendered, opening the way for the German feint offensive into Central Belgium. The Germans however, failed to capture the main bridge intact, forcing them to delay the crossing by the 4th Panzer Division until the next day.

2207:

their defences to the Peel-Raam Position, that Reijnders refused to abandon without a fight. He did not approve of a plan by Van Voorst tot Voorst to occupy a so-called "Orange Position" on the much shorter line 's-Hertogenbosch–

1690:

was declared on 19 April. However, most civilians still cherished the illusion that their country might be spared, an attitude that has since been described as a state of denial. The Dutch hoped that the restrained policy of the

3304:. At noon it quickly penetrated the line in a concentrated attack, forcing the defenders to withdraw to the Enclosure Dike. For some the German advance cut off their escape route by land; they sailed away from the small port of 2260:

to cover the southern flank of the Grebbe Line, leaving only a covering force behind. This Waal-Linge Position was to be reinforced with pillboxes; the budget for such structures was increased with a hundred million guilders.

3147:, this created a dangerous gap. Winkelman, sensitive to the general Dutch weakness in the region, requested the British government to send an Army Corps to reinforce allied positions in the area and bomb Waalhaven airfield. 2268:, the Dutch command became worried about the possibility they too could become the victim of such a strategic assault. To repulse an attack, five infantry battalions were positioned at the main ports and airbases, such as 3131:. The German forces involved in the attack of the previous day on The Hague also held out, none of the attempts to eliminate the isolated groups of in total about 1600 paratroopers and airlanded forces met with success. 2419:. These mounted troops, accompanied by some infantry, were to occupy the weakly defended provinces east of the river IJssel and then try to cross the Afsluitdijk (Enclosure Dike). A simultaneous landing in Holland near 2280:. These were reinforced by additional AA-guns, two tankettes and twelve of the 24 operational armoured cars. These specially directed measures were accompanied by more general ones: the Dutch had posted no less than 32 3071:

Earlier during the day, two attempts were made by Dutch battalions to carry out an attack against the western flank of the German perimeter. The first battalion, withdrawn from the Belgian border, partly crossed the

1542:

in the winter of 1939–1940. During this time, the British and French built up their forces in expectation of a long war, and the Germans together with the Soviets completed their conquest of Poland. On 9 October,

3122:

In Rotterdam, though reinforced by an infantry regiment, the Dutch failed to completely dislodge the German airborne troops from their bridgehead on the northern bank of the Maas. Despite permission from General

1726:

at the time still had many shortcomings in equipment and training, the Dutch army, by comparison, was far less prepared for war. The myth of the general German equipment advantage over the opposing armies in the

3803: 2773:

in total claiming 41. The Dutch were left with just 70 aircraft by the end of the day. They claimed most of the German aircraft destroyed on 10 May. Spread out over Dutch territory, they continued to engage the

3987:, over which most of the French troops had fled to Walcheren, was cancelled when an armoured reconnaissance patrol ran into French resistance which knocked out one of the armoured cars. On 16 May the island of 3750:

commander Hermann Göring, worried about the fate of his surrounded airborne troops, hoped to force an immediate Dutch national capitulation by a much more extensive bombardment. His head of operations, General

3004:, was the only manoeuvre force the Dutch Army possessed. Its planned withdrawal had been similarly executed a day early. Its regiments had biked over the Maas and Waal bridges and then turned left through the 3569:

about a dozen battalions. These forces consisted of the reserve battalions of several army corps, divisions and brigades, and the independent Brigade B, which had been freed when the Main Defence Line in the

3829:

Winkelman acted both in his capacity of commander of the Dutch Army and of highest executive power of the homeland. This created a somewhat ambiguous situation. On the morning of 14 May the commander of the

3027:, the military commander of the Dutch troops in North Brabant, were largely unsuccessful as, apart from the fact that he could not be reached that day, Dutch defences there were already collapsing. At Mill, 3815:

Dutch had surrendered; the Dutch troops had generally disengaged from the enemy and had not yet made contact. The Dutch surrender implied that in principle a cease-fire should be observed by both parties.

3163:, on the evening of the 10th. This Main Defense Line sector had no inundations in front of it and had therefore been chosen as the main attack axis of the division. It was protected by a line of outposts ( 1685:

in Scandinavia caused widespread fears that the Netherlands too had been infiltrated by German agents assisted by traitors. Countermeasures were taken against a possible assault on airfields and ports. A

10398: 2515:. This operation was cancelled, so it was decided to use them to obtain an easy victory in the Netherlands. The airborne troops would on the first day attempt to secure the airfields around the Dutch 1440: 3050:

In the extreme south, the six border battalions in the province of Limburg only slightly delayed the advance of the German Sixth Army; before noon the area had been overrun and the strategic city of

2519:, The Hague, and then capture that government, together with the Dutch High Command and Queen Wilhelmina. German officers actually took lessons on how to address royalty on such occasions. The plan, 2256:. The Dutch did not fortify this area. In secret, Winkelman decided on 30 March to abandon the Peel-Raam Position immediately at the onset of a German attack and withdraw his Third Army Corps to the 3674:

German troops for as long as possible, to assist the Allied war effort. In the early morning of 14 May, though the situation remained critical, a certain calm was evident in the Dutch Headquarters.

2820:

wrecks the remaining waves aborted the landing and tried to find alternatives, often putting down their teams in meadows or on the beach, thus dispersing the troops. The small auxiliary airfield of

1939:

reconnaissance aircraft—thus 74 of the 155 aircraft were biplanes. Of these aircraft 125 were operational. Of the remainder the air force school used three Fokker D.XXI, six Fokker D.XVII, a single

10378: 1583:

between 1933 and 1939, was personally convinced that Germany would not violate Dutch neutrality; senior officers made no effort to mobilise public opinion in favour of improving military defence.

1669:

refused to become a German ally whatever the circumstances. The Dutch tried on several occasions to act as an intermediary to reach a negotiated peace settlement between the Entente and Germany.

2317:

these plans had been abandoned in 1940, as they possessed no cargo planes large enough to carry them. A naval division and an infantry division were earmarked to depart for Zealand to block the

3167:), manned by two companies of infantry. At about half past three in the morning of the 11th, German artillery started shelling the outposts, followed at dawn by an attack by two battalions of 3292:

surrounded. The earlier general German advance later caused the main line to be abandoned for over 3.2 km (2 mi) to the north because the troops there feared an attack from behind.

2562:

operation; the airborne forces would initially not be under operational command of the German Army. The attack on Rotterdam was ultimately to be an Army operation and considered by it as the

2222:

When Winkelman took over command, he intensified the negotiations, proposing on 21 February that Belgium would man a connecting line with the Peel-Raam Position along the Belgian part of the

1513:

by the Luftwaffe on 14 May, the Germans threatened to bomb other Dutch cities if the Dutch forces refused to surrender. The General Staff knew it could not stop the bombers, and ordered the

3806:, the commander of the city of Utrecht, that the Germans demanded its surrender; leaflets were dropped by propaganda planes announcing that only unconditional surrender could "spare it the 2992:

Even before the armoured train arrived, the Dutch 3rd Army Corps had already been planned to be withdrawn from behind the Peel-Raam Position, taking with it all the artillery apart from 36

1665:. The Dutch government never officially formulated a policy on how to act in case of either contingency; the majority of ministers preferred to resist an attack, while a minority and Queen 3015:

Meanwhile, on the evening of the 10th, around 22:00, French reconnaissance elements using Panhard 178 armoured cars had started to arrive at the Dutch border, forming a vanguard for the

1895:, one of Europe's largest producers of radio equipment, the Dutch army mostly used telephone connections; only the Artillery had been equipped with the modest number of 225 radio sets. 1872:. Many of these were fitted in the pillboxes; each battalion had a heavy machine gun company of twelve. The Dutch infantry squads were equipped with an organic light machine gun, the 823: 1782:, was inaccessible because the Dutch, contrary to most other nations, did not recognise the communist regime. An attempt in 1940 to procure Soviet armour captured by Finland failed. 2186:

who decided that in the north the Grebbe Line would be the main defence line where the decisive battle was to be waged, partly because it would there be easier to break out with a

1849:(84 mm) field guns performed the same role for the covering forces. Only eight of the 120 modern 105 mm pieces ordered from Germany had been delivered at the time of the 3352:

Contrary to Winkelman, the German command was very satisfied with the day's events. It had been feared that the third day of the operation might become a "crisis day", the XXVI

421: 4018:

had surrendered on 18 May, Zeelandic Flanders was the last remaining unoccupied Dutch homeland territory. On orders of the French, all Dutch troops were withdrawn on 19 May to

2300:. It had its own objectives within the larger French strategy, and French planning had long considered the possibility of operations in Dutch territory. The coastal regions of 3139:, to be left undefended; as this sector contained a bridge which was not demolished, the Germans were effortlessly able to cross the canal around 13:00. A second crossing at 3677:

In the North, a German artillery bombardment of the Kornwerderzand Position began at 09:00. However, the German batteries were forced to move away after being surprised by

2965:

the roads. Generally German soldiers behaved in a civilised manner towards the Dutch population, forming neat queues at the shops to buy goods rationed in Germany, such as

2796:

and even more were wrecked during or after landing. German Ju 52 total losses in the entire battle amounted to 224, compared to 430 Ju 52s deployed by the airborne troops.

2402:, 225th, and 526th Infantry Division) that would not take part in the fighting. Six of these divisions were "Third Wave" units only raised in August 1939 from territorial 8812: 8557: 3464:

in London, having conferred all governmental authority over the homeland to Winkelman. Three Dutch merchant ships, escorted by British warships, transferred government

3300:

strength of only two battalions were still present, so the line was weakly held. This was exploited by the first German unit to arrive, the single bicycle battalion of

2390:

to defeat the Dutch main force. Of all German armies to take part in the operation, this was by far the weakest. It contained only four regular infantry divisions (the

8158: 6704: 3876: 3024: 2195: 1620:

After the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the ensuing outbreak of the Second World War, the Netherlands hoped to remain neutral, as it had done during

3902:) had arrived on 10 May; these motorised units subsequently departed for North Brabant, but from 11 May the area was reinforced by two French infantry divisions: the 2523:, had been developed by Hitler personally, embellishing an earlier idea to let an envoy offer "armed protection of the Dutch neutrality", that is, to become a German 10163: 8174: 1841:

47 mm L/39s were available, which were effective weapons but too few in number, being only at a third of the planned strength; another three hundred antiquated

2198:

to co-ordinate a common defence to a German invasion. This failed because of insurmountable differences of opinion about the question of which strategy to follow.

8501: 8097: 8069: 7213: 3916: 3570: 3854:

were also reluctant to believe or accept the surrender, especially those units that hardly had seen any fighting, such as 3rd and 4th Army Corps and Brigade A.

3308:, taking the last remaining vessels on the eastern side of Lake IJssel. This denied the Germans any craft for a crossing attempt, which plan was now abandoned. 10142: 8821: 8508: 7635: 816: 513: 2386:

and 18th Army were deployed on the Dutch border, the first, much larger, force would move south of Venlo to Belgium, leaving just the 18th Army under General

2362:(Holland Directive) of 15 November it was decided to conquer the entire south, but in the north to advance no further than the Grebbe Line, and to occupy the 9124: 8487: 7789: 7414: 3879:, who, being a naval officer, had been directly subordinated to Winkelman. The area was under naval command because of the predominance of the naval port of 2490:

To ensure a victory the Germans resorted to unconventional means. The Germans had trained two airborne/airlanding assault divisions. The first of these, the

3327:

region, on the road between 's-Hertogenbosch and the Moerdijk bridges. He still fostered hopes that those forces were French, but the announcement by Radio

8130: 8076: 7262: 6004: 2374:

Though it was thus on 17 January 1940 decided to conquer the whole of the Netherlands, few units could be made available for this task. The main effort of

3887:

which controlled the access to Antwerp via the Western Scheldt. The northern islands of the province were defended only by a few platoons. The defence of

2697: 2019:

protected all major cities in the west, by flooding part of the countryside. In the early 19th century this line was shifted somewhat to the east, beyond

10408: 8594: 8083: 7699: 3835: 414: 3267:

While the situation in the south was becoming critical, in the east the Germans made a first successful effort in dislodging the Dutch defenders on the

10393: 7109: 4070: 1586: 3506:

The Willemsbrug shortly after its opening in 1878, as seen from Noordereiland. A new bridge was completed nearby in 1981, and this one was demolished.

10388: 8480: 7920: 7796: 4065: 4060: 3779: 2723:, KG 4 hit the naval airfield at De Kooy, destroying 35 aircraft, most of them trainers. Fiebig himself was shot down and spent five days as a Dutch 2073: 809: 3019:. This division operated, with the 25e DIM on its left, on the northern flank of the French 7th Army; its mission was to ensure contact between the 2731:, where the Dutch lost a third of their medium bombers, and The Hague airfields where I./KG 4 destroyed half of the 21 defending fighters to assist 7773: 7153: 4055: 3172: 2102:

From September 1939 a more easterly Main Defence Line (MDL) was constructed. This second main defensive position had a northern part formed by the

1811: 1547:

ordered plans to be made for an invasion of the Low Countries, to use them as a base against Great Britain and to pre-empt a similar attack by the

2412:

To remedy this, assorted odds and ends were used to reinforce 18th Army. The first of these was the only German cavalry division, the aptly named

1833:

howitzers, the only really modern pieces; 144 obsolete Krupp 125 mm guns; 40 150 mm sFH13's; 72 Krupp 150 mm L/24 howitzers and 28

8210: 7522: 2619:(German military intelligence) officer, began in March 1939 to pass along information to his friend, the Dutch military attaché in Berlin, Major 2554:

axis. At the same time an offensive would be staged against the Grebbe Line in the east by the 207th and 227th Infantry Division, united to form

2122: 8029: 7331: 6797: 3847: 407: 10035: 4022:

in Belgium, as their presence would be demoralising and confusing to their own forces. On 27 May all of Zeelandic Flanders had been occupied.

2709:(KG 4), traversed it and then disappeared to the west, giving the Dutch the illusion that the operation was directed at England. But over the 8828: 8791: 8768: 8282: 7204: 7174: 6818: 3967:

positions to flee, and the entire line had to be abandoned around 14:00 despite the southern part being supported by the French torpedo boat

1624:

25 years earlier. To ensure this neutrality, the Dutch army was mobilised from 24 August and entrenched. Large sums (almost 900 million

8543: 4131: 8921: 8777: 8761: 8733: 7974: 7181: 3534: 3484: 3104:, with the assistance of another Dutch border battalion attempted an attack on the southern Moerdijk bridgehead, but the armoured cars of 9678: 8745: 8657: 8601: 8564: 7839: 4112: 3578:. This brigade, unaware of Dutch intentions, had shifted its attack axis to the north to roll up the Grebbe Line from behind. A confused 1391: 1122: 8650: 7375: 3919:, was not convinced of their value and positioned his troops at more conspicuous obstacles. On the evening of 13 May one regiment, the 3287:

he broke through the Stop Line, quickly advancing 1.6 km (1 mi) to the west until being halted by a fall-back line along the

506: 10156: 8784: 7167: 7125: 2382:. The attack on central Belgium was only a feint—and the attack on Fortress Holland only a sideshow of this feint. Although both the 17: 2542:

would simultaneously be secured to allow a mechanised force to relieve the airborne troops from the south. This force was to be the

10005: 7817: 7591: 7354: 7220: 7031: 4093: 3483:

The Light Division tried to cut the German corridor by advancing to the west and linking up with a small ferry bridgehead over the

2321:

against a German crossing. These would send forward forces over the Scheldt estuary into the Isles, supplied by overseas shipping.

1907:, which was not an independent arm of the Dutch armed forces, but part of the Army, on 10 May operated a fleet of 155 aircraft: 28 4250: 10354: 8900: 8697: 8349: 7727: 7227: 7139: 7075: 4185: 3365:

would be responsible for pursuing the French south towards Antwerp, while some forces would be directed by the new headquarters,

3047:, delayed by logistical problems and Dutch demolition teams blowing up 236 bridges. Dutch troop strength in that area was weak. 2973:

infantry divisions crossed the river after building pontoon bridges; but at some, as Venlo, the attempt was aborted. At Arnhem,

2234:. This created a dangerous gap forty kilometres wide. The French were invited to fill it. The French Commander in Chief General 9103: 8615: 7458: 6996: 3223: 2936:

The Germans, executing a plan approved by Hitler, tried to capture the IJssel and Maas bridges intact, using commando teams of

6967:

Verliesregister 1939–1945. Alle militaire vliegtuigverliezen in Nederland tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Verliesregister 1940

2636:. When on the evening of 9 May Oster again phoned his friend saying just "Tomorrow, at dawn", Dutch troops were put on alert. 2492: 10418: 9699: 9604: 9131: 8877: 8752: 7831: 7805: 7662: 7368: 7285: 6852: 6701: 2907: 2497: 1479:. The battle lasted from 10 May 1940 until the surrender of the main Dutch forces on 14 May. Dutch troops in the province of 1386: 973: 862: 776: 499: 9932: 9339: 9225: 8390: 7850: 7846: 7824: 7428: 3435: 3016: 2855:, to form a bridgehead. At the same time the military airfield of Waalhaven, positioned south of the city on the island of 2781:

Immediately after the bombardments, between 04:30 and 05:00 local time, paratroopers were landed near the airfields. Dutch

100: 3494:

German armoured forces advanced north over the Dordrecht bridge to IJsselmonde island. Three tanks, two PzKpfw. IIs and a

10336: 9847: 9311: 8643: 8629: 7835: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2121:

between Lake IJssel and the Lower Rhine. It was dug on instigation of the commander of the Field Army Lieutenant-General

1609: 3978:, several kilometres to the west of the Zanddijk Position, approached the Canal through Zuid-Beveland, where the French 3008:

when it was decided in the afternoon to let it counterattack the German airborne landing on IJsselmonde. It reached the

1802:

cars were in the process of being taken into service, some still having to be fitted with their main armament. A single

1177: 10056: 9925: 9803: 9381: 9096: 8805: 8360: 7605: 7444: 7292: 7146: 5341:

J.N. Fernhout, 1992, "Het verband tussen de Luftwaffe-verliezen in mei '40 en de Duitse invasieplannen voor Engeland",

3891:, the Dutch part of Flanders, was largely left to the Allies. The main Dutch army forces would thus be concentrated in 3553:

was pounded by concentrated Dutch artillery fire and had to withdraw, resulting in a complete failure of the attack by

2925:

estuary connecting the island to North Brabant province were captured and a bridgehead fortified on the southern side.

1240: 3851: 3533:

In the East the Germans tried to overcome the resistance in the Grebbe Line by also deploying the other division of X

3283:, suddenly attacked with a hastily assembled force of about company strength. In a, for this battle, rare instance of 10172: 9054: 9026: 8843: 8425: 8137: 8104: 6943: 6925: 6900: 6870: 6834: 6752: 6734: 4212: 3717:

soil had not yet been constructed, so defences had to be improvised to accommodate the much larger number of troops.

2945: 2713:

it turned to the east again to stage a surprise attack on the Dutch airfields, together with the other wings. Led by

2700:, in the case of the Low Countries without a declaration of war given before hostilities; France was already at war. 1948: 1595: 1580: 939: 748: 730: 7320: 2843:, crowded with two platoons of troops, landed in the heart of the city and unloaded assault teams that captured the 1518: 10373: 10209: 9367: 9304: 8439: 8268: 7391: 6809: 3311: 2413: 7945: 3818: 3759:). Despite misgivings by Albert Kesselring about its scope and necessity, at 11:45 ninety Heinkels took off for a 10428: 9733: 9574: 9563: 9399: 9158: 9117: 9010: 8948: 8328: 7598: 7467: 7435: 2568:(focal point) of the campaign in the Netherlands; 18th Army saw the air landings as primarily subservient to the 2543: 112: 8115: 7683: 5997: 3729:

would cross to operate on its immediate left and east of Rotterdam a battalion of the 16th Infantry Regiment of

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were destroyed and three tanks heavily damaged. All Dutch troops were withdrawn from the island in the night.

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if the conditions were favourable. However, he took no comparable decision regarding the Peel-Raam Position.

1666: 876: 783: 3336:. Pessimistic about the general situation at this point, he also ordered the vast strategic oil reserves of 10253: 10149: 9524: 9485: 8404: 8232: 8217: 8144: 8123: 7941: 7619: 7405: 7398: 7382: 7093: 7052: 7024: 833: 566: 4660:

Nederlandse Vuurwapens: Landmacht en Luchtvaartafdeling, drs G. de Vries & drs B.J. Martens, pp. 40–56

1344: 10216: 9540: 9492: 9110: 9082: 8935: 8550: 8529: 8043: 7706: 7612: 7102: 4031: 3928: 3612: 2799: 2640: 1613: 1510: 932: 723: 480: 6955: 2949:, the Dutch Nazi party. Most of these attempts failed and the bridges were blown, on two occasions with 2454:, which would serve as assault infantry to breach the Dutch fortified positions. Still this added only 1 1189: 10403: 10274: 10014: 9510: 9429: 9374: 9262: 9218: 8868: 8494: 8418: 8313: 8190: 8062: 8055: 8015: 7988: 7720: 7653: 7248: 7059: 6989: 3431: 2825: 2450: 1359: 1354: 1324: 1216: 1048: 636: 51: 2984: 10383: 9916: 9833: 9618: 9478: 9450: 9283: 9188: 8978: 8411: 7478: 7132: 5998:"The National Archives – War Cabinet Weekly Résumé (No. 37) of the Naval, Military and Air Situation" 4037: 3639: 3560: 2882: 1786: 1637: 1535: 1223: 963: 946: 927: 852: 766: 737: 718: 475: 118: 7676: 2759: 2309:

line. The Zealand Isles were considered to be strategically critical, as they are just opposite the

2264:

After the German attack on Denmark and Norway in April 1940, when the Germans used large numbers of

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more may have died from indirect consequences, such as poor nutrition or limited medical services.

3951:, quickly advancing to the Western Scheldt, reached the Bath Position. This cut off the retreat of 3752: 3706: 3203: 2601:

The German population and troops generally disliked the idea of violating Dutch neutrality. German

1731:

was in fact a reality in the case of the Battle of the Netherlands. Germany had a modern army with

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the Dutch detonation teams. Some of these "military policemen" were real Dutchmen, members of the

10077: 10021: 9891: 9751: 9436: 9089: 8985: 8891: 8459: 8320: 8290: 8254: 8239: 8111: 8003: 7981: 7927: 7913: 7895: 7559: 7340: 7068: 7017: 4128: 4011:

in person, in which he was killed, allowed most troops to be evacuated over the Western Scheldt.

3088:

into IJsselmonde; the second battalion, taken from the Fortress Holland forces positioned at the

2503:, of airborne infantry. Initially the plan was that the main German assault was to take place in 1677: 1349: 1182: 1172: 997: 660: 551: 325: 3599:. However, these preparations would prove to be superfluous: the Dutch had already disappeared. 3111: 2427:. As both efforts were unlikely to succeed, the mass of regular divisions was reinforced by the 2333:

armoured car. These would be concentrated into two task forces named after their commander: the

1673: 572: 9769: 9662: 9464: 9415: 9318: 9211: 9181: 8964: 8852: 8578: 8369: 7953: 7934: 7904: 7451: 7421: 6700:

Oorlogsverliezen 1940–1945. Maandschrift van het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, blz. 749.

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was for the first time committed to battle at the Grebbeberg itself when two battalions of its

3323:

In the afternoon General Winkelman received information about armoured forces advancing in the

2860: 2816: 2216: 2086: 1979:

himself) had an equally low opinion of the Dutch military and expected that the core region of

1968: 1865: 1747: 1548: 1514: 1396: 1012: 1002: 987: 588: 578: 556: 545: 4109: 3305: 3277: 2429: 10312: 10260: 9983: 9826: 9722: 9692: 9648: 9388: 9353: 9346: 9269: 9167: 8608: 8585: 8432: 8036: 7573: 7313: 7299: 6982: 4689: 2782: 2479: 2293: 2227: 1472: 1268: 1206: 1084: 1036: 617: 286: 250: 167: 7871: 10084: 9939: 9590: 9547: 9517: 9443: 9253: 9232: 8151: 7628: 7306: 3495: 3443: 3284: 2957:

crossed it followed by a troop train, both driving right through the Peel-Raam Position at

2856: 2815:

ended in operational failure. The paratroopers were unable to capture the main airfield at

2812: 2383: 2024: 2012: 1876:, of which about eight thousand were available. Most Dutch infantry were equipped with the 1807: 1558: 1381: 1276: 1110: 992: 907: 897: 698: 688: 561: 455: 445: 3263:

seen from the south; the slopes facing the attackers in the east were more gradual (2005).

3194:

in the evening. Most Dutch troops had been evacuated from the north over the Afsluitdijk.

2387: 8: 10202: 9976: 9854: 9810: 9332: 8466: 8225: 7752: 7582: 7566: 7515: 4004: 3842:

was sunk by German bombers while crossing. The commander of the main Dutch naval port of

3488: 3461: 3341: 2917:

the Dordrecht bridge was captured but in the city itself the garrison held out. The long

2914: 2900: 2833: 2551: 2296:, a third force, not all that much smaller than either, would operate on Dutch soil: the 2111: 2094: 2078: 1869: 1538:, but no major land operations occurred in Western Europe during the period known as the 1339: 1301: 1254: 1247: 1211: 1146: 1031: 912: 703: 612: 460: 4090: 3271:. After preparatory artillery bombardment in the morning, at around noon a battalion of 1605: 10300: 10195: 10028: 9953: 9907: 9877: 9785: 9625: 9290: 9174: 9068: 9019: 8957: 8713: 8664: 8473: 8090: 7745: 7543: 6914: 6823: 3992: 3888: 3579: 3512: 3414: 2763:(ZG 26) shot down 25 Dutch aircraft in aerial combat for a loss of nine fighters, with 2739: 2733: 2516: 2507:, and it was expected these troops would be used for a crossing attempt over the river 2475: 2242: 2183: 2138: 2090: 2082: 2028: 1687: 1364: 1158: 1151: 1089: 1022: 1007: 868: 605: 598: 583: 4182: 3280: 3108:

with which it was reinforced were heavily bombed by German Stukas and had to retreat.

1555:. A joint Dutch-Belgian peace offer between the two sides was rejected on 7 November. 10186: 10070: 9960: 9900: 9861: 9794: 9776: 9742: 9685: 9639: 9583: 9408: 9146: 9138: 9075: 8928: 8522: 8047: 7508: 7487: 7197: 6939: 6921: 6909: 6896: 6888: 6866: 6848: 6830: 6805: 6748: 6730: 4208: 4008: 3790: 3742:, using Heinkel He 111 bombers, was therefore shifted from Sixth to Eighteenth Army. 3454: 3337: 2958: 2764: 2753: 2705: 2693: 2620: 2530:

In the event this did not bring forth the desired immediate collapse, the bridges at

2223: 1654: 1649: 1629: 1590:

Dutch troops close the barrier of the Nijmegen Waal bridge during the Albania crisis.

1494:

drops, to occupy tactical points and assist the advance of ground troops. The German

1315: 1308: 1282: 1261: 1165: 1062: 1017: 917: 708: 593: 465: 399: 343: 4204:

Hitler's Blitzkrieg Campaigns: The Invasion And Defense Of Western Europe, 1939–1940

2367: 2149: 1785:

On 10 May, the most conspicuous deficiency of the Dutch Army lay in its shortage of

10105: 10098: 10042: 9706: 9471: 9457: 9360: 9297: 9248: 9061: 8914: 8861: 8671: 8622: 8536: 7759: 7736: 7269: 3831: 3428: 3140: 3044: 2918: 2187: 2065: 2033: 2016: 2000: 1877: 1728: 1576: 1572: 1435: 1294: 1233: 1194: 980: 951: 761: 666: 537: 523: 43: 7278: 3632: Location of the Dutch defence lines and area within Dutch troops are present 3345:

Lake IJssel. Also, 2nd Battalion, The Welsh Guards was prepared to be sent to the

228: 10128: 9840: 9755: 9713: 9611: 9554: 9422: 9204: 9195: 8724: 8299: 8275: 7529: 6969:, Studiegroep Luchtoorlog 1939–1945, Nederlands Instituut voor Militaire Historie 6959: 6708: 4202: 4189: 4135: 4116: 4097: 4050: 3825:, in the centre, leaves the school building in which the negotiations took place. 3822: 3694: 3622: 3346: 3236: 2889: 2789: 2724: 2685: 2363: 2318: 2297: 2265: 2235: 1936: 1904: 1881: 1444: 1334: 1199: 1127: 1079: 1041: 956: 754: 649: 622: 223: 61: 10240: 2313:

estuary, so their capture would pose a special menace to the safety of England.

2238:

was more than interested in including the Dutch in his continuous front as—like

2226:. The Belgians refused to do this unless the Dutch reinforced their presence in 2129:(Peel-Raam Position), located between the Maas and the Belgian border along the 1594:

International tensions grew in the late 1930s. Crises were caused by the German

10324: 10135: 9671: 9597: 7642: 7501: 4015: 3956: 3863: 3857:

At 05:00 on 15 May a German messenger reached The Hague, inviting Winkelman to

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The geography of the landing areas: at the coast is The Hague; Rotterdam is at

2284:

throughout the country and fifteen trains to help make troop movements easier.

2020: 2008: 1767: 1696: 1692: 1427: 1415: 1117: 902: 857: 801: 693: 450: 348: 273: 181: 2824:

was only lightly defended, and fell at once to German attack. The airfield of

2778:

where possible, claiming 13 victories over German fighter aircraft by 14 May.

2032:

impassable quagmire. The area west of the New Hollandic Water Line was called

1991: 1713: 10367: 10288: 9946: 7864: 7713: 7552: 3892: 3811: 3690: 3255: 3232: 3209:

special danger to the Grebbe Line. During the day his hopes would be dashed.

3009: 2922: 2837: 2804: 2786: 2748: 2720: 2633: 2628: 2379: 2281: 1916: 1860:

Light Division conducting an exercise with the Schwarzlose after mobilization

1856: 1746:), while the Netherlands had an army whose armoured forces comprised only 39 1740: 1641: 1534:

The United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany in 1939, following the

1456: 1228: 1053: 883: 790: 641: 672: 10245: 10049: 8342: 8247: 7878: 7241: 7005: 4246: 3410: 3358: 3241: 3124: 3116: 3089: 2864: 2769: 2644: 2524: 2306: 2231: 2130: 2049: 1932: 1912: 1795: 1779: 1736: 1682: 1544: 1476: 1103: 281: 268: 255: 199: 6781:

Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, Deel 2: Neutraal

2953:

and all. The main exception was the Gennep railway bridge. Immediately an

1487:

until 17 May, when Germany completed its occupation of the whole country.

9884: 9870: 9532: 8201: 8022: 8007: 7361: 6790:

Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, Deel 3: Mei '40

6772:

Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, Deel 1: Voorpel

6767: 3678: 3093: 3085: 3081: 2852: 2844: 2564: 2330: 2107: 2045: 2023:, and later modernised with fortresses. This new position was called the 1996: 1771: 1621: 1498:

used paratroopers in the capture of several airfields in the vicinity of

1468: 1452: 1329: 1132: 237: 218: 152: 3404:, which evacuated members of the Dutch Royal family from the Netherlands 3159:, had reached the southernmost part of the Grebbe Line, in front of the 9239: 8992: 8971: 7857: 7190: 7118: 4000: 3880: 3843: 3701: 3686: 3596: 3545:, reached the start position for the attack, the regiment on the left, 3527: 3523: 3324: 3097: 3051: 2928: 2610: 2602: 2581: 2134: 1940: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1908: 1846: 1763: 1539: 1464: 1069: 846: 2977:

led the assault and that day advanced to the Grebbe Line, followed by

2423:

was to be attempted, using barges to be captured in the small port of

1506:, helping to quickly overrun the country and immobilise Dutch forces. 9502: 8907: 8704: 8515: 8306: 8261: 3884: 3668: Position of German troops as well as areas under German control 3316: 3183: 3073: 3023:

and Antwerp. Attempts to co-ordinate the French advance with Colonel

2966: 2879: 2821: 2710: 2689: 2535: 2531: 2420: 2277: 2269: 1959: 1885: 1873: 1822: 1723: 1633: 1600: 1552: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1484: 1376: 57: 7782: 3424:

made it too dangerous to try to reach Zealand, she went to England.

1838: 1766:

were nonexistent; the only modern fortification complex was that at

10399:

Battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom

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seriously impaired the fighting performance of the Dutch infantry.

1850: 1818: 1755: 1751: 1074: 742: 630: 491: 320: 303: 3227:, which had arrived at Tilburg, retreated to the south. Also, the 1829:

75 mm field guns, partly produced in licence; 52 105 mm

1676:, followed by a warning by the new Japanese naval attaché Captain 6952: 3984: 3648: 3465: 3450: 3396: 2897: 2892:

to bombard the airfield at short range—this only resulted in the

2508: 2483: 2301: 2208: 2118: 2115: 1980: 1892: 1834: 1803: 1799: 1625: 1480: 1460: 10379:

Battles and operations of World War II involving the Netherlands

3947:

On 14 May the Germans had occupied almost all of North Brabant.

3096:

to the Island of Dordrecht the previous day, using the ferry at

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The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany

4019: 3988: 3770:

German troops advance through a destroyed section of Rotterdam.

3617: 3328: 3288: 3040: 2848: 2743:(KG 54) in attacks upon ports and communications. KG 4 lost 11 2715: 2615: 2310: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2162: 1976: 1944: 1830: 6792:(in Dutch), Amsterdam: Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie 6783:(in Dutch), Amsterdam: Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie 6774:(in Dutch), Amsterdam: Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie 3915:

extensive inundations. However, the French commander, General

2703:

In the night the Luftwaffe violated Dutch airspace. One wing,

2684:

On the morning of 10 May 1940 the Dutch awoke to the sound of

1490:

The invasion of the Netherlands saw some of the earliest mass

10330: 8571: 6953:

History Site "War Over Holland – the Dutch struggle May 1940"

3191: 3001: 2961:

and unloading an infantry battalion behind the defence line.

2512: 2355: 2257: 2253: 2061: 2053: 1826: 1790: 6845:

Luftwaffe at War, Volume 2; Blitzkrieg in the West 1939–1940

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Following the Dutch defeat, Queen Wilhelmina established a

3940: 3714: 3710: 3231:

at Breda progressed no further to the north than the river

2467: 1732: 315: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5054: 5052: 4802: 4800: 6865:(in German), Wölfersheim-Berstadt: Podzun-Pallas-Verlag, 4862: 4860: 4814: 4812: 4690:"Royal Netherlands Air Force, 1939–1945 Second World War" 4389: 4387: 4296: 4294: 4266: 4264: 4262: 2643:

from 1938 to 1943, and was one of those hanged after the

2211:, to form a continuous front with the Belgian lines near 1868:

machine guns, partly licence produced, and eight hundred

6556: 6454: 6366: 6364: 6106: 6036: 6034: 5906: 5885: 5873: 5843: 5822: 5774: 5735: 5624: 5396: 5158: 5144: 5132: 4647: 4645: 4572: 4570: 5319: 5317: 5100: 5088: 5049: 4797: 1983:

proper could be conquered in about three to five days.

7636:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

6825:

Phoenix Triumphant: The Rise and Rise of the Luftwaffe

4857: 4809: 4384: 4291: 4259: 2137:, as ordered by the Dutch Commander in Chief, General 1880:

rifle, adopted in 1895. There were but six 80 mm

429: 111:

Removal of Dutch military presence in the continental

10272: 6361: 6031: 4642: 4567: 3953:

27e Groupe de Reconnaissance de Division d'Infanterie

2349:

During the many changes in the operational plans for

1951:, was not fully exploited due to budget limitations. 1519:

last occupied parts of the Netherlands were liberated

5314: 3102:

5e Groupe de Reconnaissance de Division d'Infanterie

2896:

foundering after being bombed. A plan to commit the

6913: 6822: 6724: 4071:List of British military equipment of World War II 3900:Groupes de Reconnaissance de Division d'Infanterie 3785: 2044:), the eastern flank of which was also covered by 6725:Amersfoort, Herman; Kamphuis, Piet, eds. (2005), 4066:List of French military equipment of World War II 4061:List of German military equipment of World War II 3906:, a B-class division, and the newly formed naval 3802:However, he soon received a message from Colonel 3755:, described this option as a "radical solution" ( 3427:The previous evening, the Queen's only child and 2579:this one most strongly embodied the concept of a 2125:. This line was extended by a southern part: the 1864:The Dutch Infantry used about 2,200 7.92 mm 1837:152 mm L/15 howitzers. As antitank-guns 386 1817:The Dutch Artillery had available a total of 676 10365: 4687: 4200: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4056:List of Dutch military equipment of World War II 3983:same day to force the eight hundred metres long 3713:needed because trenches would be flooded in the 831: 4255:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. xxi. 4155:De Jong, Het Koninkrijk, Staatsuitgeverij, 1971 2623:. This information included the attack date of 2378:would be made in the centre, between Namur and 2245:four years later—he hoped to circle around the 2123:Jan Joseph Godfried baron van Voorst tot Voorst 1754:, and an air force in large part consisting of 6727:Mei 1940 – De Strijd op Nederlands grondgebied 4127:Goossens, Dutch armament: Military airplanes, 3991:was taken against light opposition; on 17 May 3804:Cuno Eduard Willem baron van Voorst tot Voorst 3778:to bring an ultimatum from Schmidt to Colonel 2593:as a whole, it involved a high risk strategy. 1935:dive bombers (used as fighters) and seventeen 1810:tankettes used by the Artillery completed the 6990: 6742: 4158: 3955:, which was subsequently destroyed defending 2496:, consisted of paratroopers; the second, the 2344: 1575:, which hit Dutch society particularly hard. 817: 507: 415: 6863:Die deutsche Panzertruppe 1933–1942 – Band 1 3689:. Feldt now decided to land on the coast of 3186:towards the final Dutch fall-back line, the 2201: 6936:Lightning War: Blitzkrieg in the West, 1940 6916:Lightning War: Blitzkrieg in the West, 1940 4239: 2157:In front of this Main Defence Line was the 1986: 1975:German generals and tacticians (along with 6997: 6983: 6762:Partworks and Encyclopedia of World War II 3869: 3468:and diamond stocks to the United Kingdom. 2688:roaring in the sky. Germany had commenced 2011:had devised a defensive system called the 1891:Despite the Netherlands being the seat of 824: 810: 514: 500: 422: 408: 10394:Battles of World War II involving Germany 6883:(in German), R. Oldenbourg Verlag München 6881:Blitzkrieg-Legende – Der Westfeldzug 1940 4108:Goossens, Dutch armament: Miscellaneous, 3681:from the 15 cm. aft cannon of HNLMS 1954: 1708: 190: 10389:Battles of World War II involving France 4654: 3817: 3789: 3774:At 09:00 a German messenger crossed the 3765: 3662: French defences in the Netherlands 3616: 3559: 3501: 3395: 3310: 3254: 3110: 2983: 2927: 2798: 2659: 2466: 2398:), assisted by three reserve divisions ( 2148: 2144: 2048:and the southern flank protected by the 1990: 1958: 1855: 1712: 1585: 1557: 158: 27:1940 German invasion during World War II 6933: 6908: 6878: 6796: 6787: 6778: 6766: 4245: 4201:Kaufmann, J.E.; Kaufmann, H.W. (2007). 3697:, but only weak forces were available. 3638: Heavy Dutch defence line against 14: 10409:Germany–Netherlands military relations 10366: 8851: 8829:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 6887: 6842: 6817: 3438:and their children, had departed from 2292:In addition to the Dutch Army and the 1608:of 1938; and the German occupation of 1562:Dutch soldiers on guard, November 1939 9700:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 9132:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 8778:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 8734:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7832:Rape during the occupation of Germany 6978: 6964: 6860: 6729:(in Dutch), Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers, 4194: 4089:Goossens, Dutch armament: Artillery, 3235:. As the initial order to occupy the 3035:In the North, by the end of the day, 2751:; KG 30 and 54 another nine bombers. 2747:bombers in total on 10 May and three 805: 495: 403: 10337: 8822:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7847:Rape during the liberation of France 3436:Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld 3349:though it would not arrive in time. 3017:French 1st Mechanised Light Division 2052:of three broad parallel rivers: the 1434:), was a military campaign, part of 521: 101:German occupation of the Netherlands 3229:25e Division d'Infanterie Motorisée 3084:) and tried to storm the bridge at 2988:German tanks enter the Netherlands. 2596: 2585:as the term was then understood: a 2161:, a covering line along the rivers 2110:), located at the foothills of the 2027:. The line was reinforced with new 1898: 1798:M36 or M38 vehicles. Another dozen 24: 10333:German invasion of the Netherlands 9048:German invasion of the Netherlands 7321:Weather events during World War II 6895:, New York: Simon & Schuster, 6743:Schulten, C.M.; Theil, J. (1979), 3794:The phases of the Dutch occupation 2639:Oster was a leading figure of the 2287: 1853:. Most artillery was horse-drawn. 1412:German invasion of the Netherlands 433:German invasion of the Netherlands 37:German invasion of the Netherlands 25: 10440: 9679:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 6747:(in Dutch), Bussum: Unieboek BV, 6010:from the original on 30 July 2013 3182:advanced through the province of 2946:Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging 2836:was much more successful. Twelve 2589:or strategic assault. Also, like 2169:), connected by positions in the 1581:Prime Minister of the Netherlands 1551:, which could threaten the vital 10346: 10318: 10306: 10294: 10282: 10239: 7004: 6694: 6685: 6676: 6667: 6658: 6649: 6640: 6631: 6622: 6613: 6604: 6595: 6586: 6577: 6568: 6547: 6538: 6529: 6520: 6511: 6502: 6493: 6484: 6475: 6466: 6445: 6436: 6427: 6418: 6409: 6400: 6391: 6382: 6373: 6352: 6343: 6334: 6325: 6316: 6307: 6298: 6289: 6280: 6271: 6262: 6253: 6244: 6235: 6226: 6217: 6208: 6199: 6190: 6181: 6172: 6163: 6154: 6145: 6136: 6127: 6118: 6097: 6088: 6079: 6070: 6061: 6052: 6043: 6022: 5990: 5981: 5972: 5963: 5954: 5945: 5936: 5927: 5918: 5897: 5864: 5855: 5834: 5813: 5804: 5795: 5786: 5765: 5756: 5747: 5726: 5717: 5708: 5699: 5690: 5681: 5672: 5663: 5654: 5645: 5636: 5615: 5606: 5597: 5588: 5579: 5570: 5561: 5552: 5543: 5534: 5525: 5516: 5507: 5498: 5489: 5480: 5471: 5462: 5453: 5444: 5435: 5426: 5417: 5408: 5387: 5378: 5369: 5360: 5351: 5335: 5326: 5305: 5296: 5287: 5278: 5269: 5260: 5251: 5242: 5233: 5224: 5215: 5206: 5197: 5188: 5179: 5170: 5123: 5114: 4688:Niels Hillebrand (15 May 2004). 3763:of the inner city of Rotterdam. 3621:Dutch situation just before the 3420:, a British destroyer, and when 2913:was therefore abandoned. At the 1999:, a forward defence line of the 1884:for each regiment. This lack of 280: 267: 249: 236: 227: 217: 192: 174: 160: 145: 50: 5079: 5070: 5061: 5040: 5031: 5022: 5013: 5004: 4995: 4986: 4977: 4968: 4959: 4950: 4941: 4932: 4923: 4914: 4905: 4896: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4848: 4839: 4830: 4821: 4788: 4779: 4770: 4761: 4752: 4743: 4734: 4725: 4716: 4707: 4681: 4672: 4663: 4633: 4624: 4615: 4606: 4597: 4588: 4579: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4522: 4513: 4504: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4423: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4375: 4366: 4357: 4348: 4339: 4330: 4321: 4312: 4303: 4282: 4273: 3786:The surrender of the Dutch Army 3518:In the North, the commander of 2215:as proposed by Belgian General 1703: 9926:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 7629:Territorial changes of Germany 7537:Indonesian National Revolution 6951:Goossens, Allert M.A. (2011), 6331:Amersfoort (2005), pp. 366–367 6313:Amersfoort (2005), pp. 367–368 6103:Amersfoort (2005), pp. 324–325 5762:Amersfoort (2005), pp. 171–172 5549:Amersfoort (2005), pp. 316–320 4230: 4221: 4207:. Da Capo Press. p. 191. 4149: 4140: 4121: 4102: 4083: 2692:and attacked the Netherlands, 2276:and the Rotterdam airfield of 1963:Dutch mobile anti-aircraft gun 107:Reichskommissariat Niederlande 13: 1: 9326:Japanese invasion of Thailand 9277:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 9041:German invasion of Luxembourg 7415:Mediterranean and Middle East 6847:, London: Chevron/Ian Allan, 6745:Nederlandse Pantservoertuigen 6717: 5302:Shirer (1960), pp. 1024, 1073 4528:Amersfoort (2005), pp. 73, 76 3727:SS Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler 3386:SS Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler 3000:The Light Division, based at 1672:After the German invasion of 1524: 10419:Invasions of the Netherlands 9233:Invasion of the Soviet Union 8922:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 8233:Independent State of Croatia 6879:Frieser, Karl-Heinz (2005), 6451:De Jong (1969b), pp. 366–367 5266:De Jong (1969b), pp. 244–247 5257:De Jong (1969b), pp. 124–126 5176:De Jong (1969b), pp. 296–297 4911:De Jong (1969b), pp. 195–196 4447:De Jong (1969b), pp. 256–258 4438:De Jong (1969b), pp. 254–256 4381:De Jong (1969b), pp. 203–208 4025: 3700:In the East, under cover of 3685:, which had sailed into the 3471:While two tank companies of 3434:, together with her husband 3224:1e Division Légère Mécanique 3115:General der Fallschirmjäger 2932:German landings in Rotterdam 2500:Luftlande-Infanteriedivision 2474:tank, now on display in the 7: 10217:End of World War II in Asia 10057:Western invasion of Germany 9564:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 9541:Second Battle of El Alamein 9111:Hundred Regiments Offensive 9083:Battle of the Mediterranean 8936:Italian invasion of Albania 7103:Air warfare of World War II 6934:Powaski, Ronald E. (2008), 6535:De Jong (1970), pp. 376–377 6517:De Jong (1970), pp. 393–397 6508:De Jong (1970), pp. 385–386 4044: 4032:Netherlands in World War II 3929:Canal through Zuid-Beveland 3613:German bombing of Rotterdam 3219:2e Brigade Légère Mécanique 2680:indicates the Hollands Diep 1919:fighters; ten twin-engined 1911:twin-engine destroyers; 31 1614:Italian invasion of Albania 1596:occupation of the Rhineland 382:4 armoured trains destroyed 10: 10445: 10143:Naval bombardment of Japan 9511:First Battle of El Alamein 9430:Battle of Christmas Island 9375:Japanese invasion of Burma 9139:Italian invasion of Greece 9055:German invasion of Belgium 9027:German invasion of Denmark 9000:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 8869:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 7126:Comparative military ranks 5076:De Jong (1969b), pp. 62–63 4612:Schulten (1979), pp. 40–41 4603:Schulten (1979), pp. 38–40 4594:Schulten (1979), pp. 33–37 4029: 3980:271e Régiment d’Infanterie 3656: Belgian defence line 3610: 3413:battalion was present, on 3212:In the two previous days, 3201: 3153:SS Standarte "Der Fuehrer" 2727:. KG 4 also hit Amsterdam- 2544:German 9th Panzer Division 2464:division to the equation. 2451:Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler 2345:German strategy and forces 2060:) and two branches of the 1529: 1517:to cease hostilities. The 1422:), otherwise known as the 1420:Duitse aanval op Nederland 1392:Raids on the Atlantic Wall 1387:Strategic Bombing Campaign 384:225–275 aircraft destroyed 10232: 10064:Bratislava–Brno offensive 10004: 9995:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 9732: 9619:Allied invasion of Sicily 9573: 9479:Aleutian Islands campaign 9451:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 9398: 9389:Greek famine of 1941–1944 9284:Second Battle of Changsha 9189:German invasion of Greece 9157: 9034:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 9009: 8947: 8842: 8723: 8449: 8359: 8200: 7903: 7894: 7652: 7477: 7369:North and Central Pacific 7330: 7092: 7085: 7012: 6861:Jentz, Thomas L. (1998), 6682:Amersfoort (2005), p. 253 6673:Amersfoort (2005), p. 252 6664:Amersfoort (2005), p. 251 6655:Amersfoort (2005), p. 250 6637:Amersfoort (2005), p. 249 6628:Amersfoort (2005), p. 248 6619:Amersfoort (2005), p. 247 6610:Amersfoort (2005), p. 246 6601:Amersfoort (2005), p. 245 6592:Amersfoort (2005), p. 255 6583:Amersfoort (2005), p. 241 6574:Amersfoort (2005), p. 239 6565:Amersfoort (2005), p. 244 6553:Amersfoort (2005), p. 184 6499:Amersfoort (2005), p. 179 6481:Amersfoort (2005), p. 183 6472:Amersfoort (2005), p. 182 6463:Amersfoort (2005), p. 181 6406:Amersfoort (2005), p. 370 6358:Amersfoort (2005), p. 369 6340:Amersfoort (2005), p. 367 6322:Amersfoort (2005), p. 368 6295:Amersfoort (2005), p. 306 6277:Amersfoort (2005), p. 329 6268:Amersfoort (2005), p. 180 6259:Amersfoort (2005), p. 178 6250:Amersfoort (2005), p. 307 6241:Amersfoort (2005), p. 305 6223:Amersfoort (2005), p. 173 6214:Amersfoort (2005), p. 299 6196:Amersfoort (2005), p. 296 6187:Amersfoort (2005), p. 295 6178:Amersfoort (2005), p. 294 6169:Amersfoort (2005), p. 291 6160:Amersfoort (2005), p. 308 6151:Amersfoort (2005), p. 304 6142:Amersfoort (2005), p. 301 6133:Amersfoort (2005), p. 300 6124:Amersfoort (2005), p. 327 6115:Amersfoort (2005), p. 326 6076:Amersfoort (2005), p. 361 6067:Amersfoort (2005), p. 360 6058:Amersfoort (2005), p. 359 6049:Amersfoort (2005), p. 358 5969:Amersfoort (2005), p. 175 5951:Amersfoort (2005), p. 176 5942:Amersfoort (2005), p. 167 5933:Amersfoort (2005), p. 141 5915:Amersfoort (2005), p. 172 5903:Amersfoort (2005), p. 170 5894:Amersfoort (2005), p. 324 5882:Amersfoort (2005), p. 290 5870:Amersfoort (2005), p. 285 5861:Amersfoort (2005), p. 284 5852:Amersfoort (2005), p. 282 5840:Amersfoort (2005), p. 281 5831:Amersfoort (2005), p. 364 5819:Amersfoort (2005), p. 355 5810:Amersfoort (2005), p. 353 5801:Amersfoort (2005), p. 352 5792:Amersfoort (2005), p. 243 5783:Amersfoort (2005), p. 238 5771:Amersfoort (2005), p. 237 5753:Amersfoort (2005), p. 168 5744:Amersfoort (2005), p. 320 5732:Amersfoort (2005), p. 279 5723:Amersfoort (2005), p. 278 5714:Amersfoort (2005), p. 276 5705:Amersfoort (2005), p. 275 5696:Amersfoort (2005), p. 272 5687:Amersfoort (2005), p. 269 5678:Amersfoort (2005), p. 267 5669:Amersfoort (2005), p. 266 5660:Amersfoort (2005), p. 164 5651:Amersfoort (2005), p. 231 5642:Amersfoort (2005), p. 229 5633:Amersfoort (2005), p. 235 5621:Amersfoort (2005), p. 344 5612:Amersfoort (2005), p. 347 5603:Amersfoort (2005), p. 346 5594:Amersfoort (2005), p. 345 5585:Amersfoort (2005), p. 351 5576:Amersfoort (2005), p. 350 5567:Amersfoort (2005), p. 165 5558:Amersfoort (2005), p. 162 5540:Amersfoort (2005), p. 227 5531:Amersfoort (2005), p. 226 5522:Amersfoort (2005), p. 230 5513:Amersfoort (2005), p. 349 5504:Amersfoort (2005), p. 348 5486:Amersfoort (2005), p. 153 5477:Amersfoort (2005), p. 213 5468:Amersfoort (2005), p. 218 5459:Amersfoort (2005), p. 220 5450:Amersfoort (2005), p. 215 5441:Amersfoort (2005), p. 214 5423:Amersfoort (2005), p. 336 5414:Amersfoort (2005), p. 338 5405:Amersfoort (2005), p. 363 5393:Amersfoort (2005), p. 340 5384:Amersfoort (2005), p. 341 5375:Amersfoort (2005), p. 199 5366:Amersfoort (2005), p. 197 5357:Amersfoort (2005), p. 192 5293:Amersfoort (2005), p. 103 5212:Amersfoort (2005), p. 145 5167:Amersfoort (2005), p. 143 5155:Amersfoort (2005), p. 142 5141:Amersfoort (2005), p. 139 5129:Amersfoort (2005), p. 138 5111:Amersfoort (2005), p. 140 5097:Amersfoort (2005), p. 129 5067:Amersfoort (2005), p. 128 5058:Amersfoort (2005), p. 240 5046:Amersfoort (2005), p. 101 5028:Amersfoort (2005), p. 100 4806:Amersfoort (2005), p. 188 4188:17 September 2011 at the 4181:Goossens, Balance Sheet, 4134:19 September 2020 at the 3962:On the morning of 15 May 3939:, took a position at the 3925:68e Division d'Infanterie 3912:68e Division d'Infanterie 3908:68e Division d'Infanterie 3904:60e Division d'Infanterie 3606: 3391: 3357:denied by chief of staff 3197: 3178:Meanwhile, in the North, 3058: 2975:Leibstandarte Der Fuehrer 2655: 2650: 2202:Coordinating with Belgium 2007:In the 17th century, the 1717:Major Dutch defence lines 1636:), much of it related to 1536:German invasion of Poland 1511:Nazi bombing of Rotterdam 1424:Battle of the Netherlands 843: 533: 441: 393: 354: 296: 207: 134: 67: 49: 41: 36: 18:Battle of the Netherlands 9656:Allied invasion of Italy 9633:Solomon Islands campaign 9382:Third Battle of Changsha 8979:First Battle of Changsha 8885:Second Sino-Japanese War 7818:German military brothels 7684:United States war crimes 5332:Grimm, P. e.a. pp. 22–27 5311:Grimm, P. e.a. pp. 21–27 5010:Amersfoort (2005), p. 96 4965:Amersfoort (2005), p. 97 4956:Amersfoort (2005), p. 90 4929:Amersfoort (2005), p. 94 4866:Amersfoort (2005), p. 87 4818:Amersfoort (2005), p. 84 4758:Amersfoort (2005), p. 82 4740:Amersfoort (2005), p. 71 4537:Amersfoort (2005), p. 79 4519:Amersfoort (2005), p. 72 4501:Amersfoort (2005), p. 64 4393:Amersfoort (2005), p. 92 4354:Amersfoort (2005), p. 78 4300:Amersfoort (2005), p. 67 4270:Amersfoort (2005), p. 77 4076: 3976:SS-Standarte Deutschland 3964:SS-Standarte Deutschland 3949:SS-Standarte Deutschland 3937:60 Division d'Infanterie 3877:Hendrik Jan van der Stad 3840:Johan Maurits van Nassau 3753:Otto Hoffmann von Waldau 3683:Johan Maurits van Nassau 3647: Dutch defences in 3376:, to advance north with 3204:Battle of the Grebbeberg 3025:Leonard Johannes Schmidt 2910:Johan Maurits van Nassau 2196:David van Voorst Evekink 2025:New Hollandic Water Line 1987:Dutch defensive strategy 1568:Netherlands Armed Forces 1483:continued to resist the 10374:1940 in the Netherlands 10078:Second Guangxi campaign 9933:Philippines (1944–1945) 9437:Battle of the Coral Sea 9340:Fall of the Philippines 8986:Battle of South Guangxi 8892:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 8291:Italian Social Republic 6965:Grimm, P. e.a. (2008), 6958:2 February 2011 at the 6788:De Jong, Louis (1970), 6779:De Jong, Louis (1969), 5495:De Jong (1969b), p. 358 5432:De Jong (1969b), p. 201 5284:De Jong (1969b), p. 308 5275:De Jong (1969b), p. 323 5248:De Jong (1969b), p. 126 5239:De Jong (1969b), p. 107 5230:De Jong (1969b), p. 106 5221:De Jong (1969b), p. 105 5203:De Jong (1969b), p. 305 5120:De Jong (1969b), p. 283 5037:De Jong (1969b), p. 225 5019:De Jong (1969b), p. 224 5001:De Jong (1969b), p. 231 4992:De Jong (1969b), p. 230 4983:De Jong (1969b), p. 229 4974:De Jong (1969b), p. 191 4947:De Jong (1969b), p. 148 4938:De Jong (1969b), p. 221 4920:De Jong (1969b), p. 216 4902:De Jong (1969b), p. 194 4893:De Jong (1969b), p. 197 4875:De Jong (1969b), p. 360 4854:De Jong (1969b), p. 141 4836:De Jong (1969b), p. 322 4827:De Jong (1969b), p. 366 4785:De Jong (1969b), p. 346 4776:De Jong (1969b), p. 329 4767:De Jong (1969b), p. 349 4749:De Jong (1969b), p. 344 4722:De Jong (1969b), p. 340 4713:De Jong (1969b), p. 338 4678:De Jong (1969b), p. 337 4669:De Jong (1969b), p. 330 4651:De Jong (1969b), p. 327 4639:De Jong (1969b), p. 332 4621:De Jong (1969b), p. 331 4576:De Jong (1969b), p. 325 4546:De Jong (1969b), p. 351 4510:De Jong (1969b), p. 362 4492:De Jong (1969b), p. 324 4483:De Jong (1969b), p. 249 4474:De Jong (1969b), p. 393 4465:De Jong (1969b), p. 392 4456:De Jong (1969b), p. 258 4429:De Jong (1969b), p. 251 4420:De Jong (1969b), p. 254 4411:De Jong (1969b), p. 144 4402:De Jong (1969b), p. 143 4372:De Jong (1969b), p. 129 4345:De Jong (1969b), p. 363 4115:22 October 2020 at the 3870:The fighting in Zealand 3592:322. Infanterieregiment 3588:207. Infanteriedivision 3555:227. Infanteriedivision 3551:366. Infanterieregiment 3547:412. Infanterieregiment 3543:366. Infanterieregiment 3539:227. Infanteriedivision 3378:254. Infanteriedivision 3157:207. Infanteriedivision 3029:256. Infanteriedivision 2979:207. Infanteriedivision 2783:anti-aircraft batteries 2647:to assassinate Hitler. 2396:256th Infantry Division 2003:, is shown in dark blue 394:2,000+ civilians killed 243:G. v. Voorst tot Voorst 124:End of Dutch neutrality 62:bombed by the Luftwaffe 10429:World War II invasions 9663:Armistice of Cassibile 9465:Battle of Dutch Harbor 9416:Battle of the Java Sea 9319:Attack on Pearl Harbor 9219:Syria–Lebanon campaign 9212:Battle of South Shanxi 9182:Invasion of Yugoslavia 8965:Battle of the Atlantic 8579:Korean Liberation Army 8285:(until September 1943) 8242:(until September 1944) 8220:(until September 1944) 6829:, Brockhampton Press, 6544:De Jong (1970), p. 384 6526:De Jong (1970), p. 374 6490:De Jong (1970), p. 375 6442:De Jong (1970), p. 370 6433:De Jong (1970), p. 369 6424:De Jong (1970), p. 368 6415:De Jong (1970), p. 366 6397:De Jong (1970), p. 351 6388:De Jong (1970), p. 350 6379:De Jong (1970), p. 349 6370:De Jong (1970), p. 348 6349:De Jong (1970), p. 345 6304:De Jong (1970), p. 335 6286:De Jong (1970), p. 333 6232:De Jong (1970), p. 323 6205:De Jong (1970), p. 311 6094:De Jong (1970), p. 303 6085:De Jong (1970), p. 302 6040:De Jong (1970), p. 301 6028:De Jong (1970), p. 300 5987:De Jong (1970), p. 288 5978:De Jong (1970), p. 264 5960:De Jong (1970), p. 225 5085:De Jong (1969b), p. 65 4884:De Jong (1969), p. 578 4845:De Jong (1969), p. 573 4794:De Jong (1969), p. 577 4731:De Jong (1969), p. 544 4630:De Jong (1969), p. 545 4585:Schulten (1979), p. 24 4564:Schulten (1979), p. 37 4555:De Jong (1969), p. 562 4363:De Jong (1969), p. 548 4336:De Jong (1969), p. 642 4327:De Jong (1969), p. 570 4318:De Jong (1969), p. 542 4309:De Jong (1969), p. 541 4288:De Jong (1969), p. 506 4279:De Jong (1969), p. 438 4096:15 August 2017 at the 3826: 3795: 3771: 3670: 3565: 3507: 3405: 3320: 3264: 3151:Motorised elements of 3119: 2989: 2933: 2861:Royal Netherlands Navy 2808: 2760:Zerstörergeschwader 26 2681: 2645:20 July 1944 bomb plot 2587:Strategischer Überfall 2487: 2217:Raoul Van Overstraeten 2154: 2153:The Peel-Raam Position 2004: 1969:Royal Netherlands Army 1964: 1955:Training and readiness 1931:light bombers, twelve 1874:M.20 Lewis machine gun 1861: 1718: 1709:Royal Netherlands Army 1591: 1563: 1515:Royal Netherlands Army 1509:After the devastating 1448: 1431: 1419: 208:Commanders and leaders 60:destroyed after being 9827:Second Battle of Guam 9723:Bengal famine of 1943 9693:Second Battle of Kiev 9649:Battle of the Dnieper 9354:Battle of Wake Island 9226:East African campaign 9168:Battle of South Henan 8813:atrocities by Germans 8586:Korean Volunteer Army 7560:Occupation of Germany 7314:Music in World War II 6843:Hooton, E.R. (2007), 6804:, Drukkerij Bareman, 6691:Shirer (1960), p. 723 5924:De Jong (1970) p. 272 4236:Frieser (2005), p. 74 4227:Shirer (1960), p. 633 3917:Pierre-Servais Durand 3821: 3793: 3769: 3736:Führer-Weisung Nr. 11 3731:22. Luftlandedivision 3620: 3571:Land van Maas en Waal 3563: 3520:1. Kavalleriedivision 3505: 3399: 3367:Generalkommando XXXIX 3314: 3302:1. Kavalleriedivision 3258: 3180:1. Kavalleriedivision 3114: 3039:had reached the line 3037:1. Kavalleriedivision 2987: 2931: 2802: 2663: 2609:One of them, Colonel 2575:Of all operations of 2470: 2430:SS-Verfügungsdivision 2152: 2145:Positioning of troops 2064:. It functioned as a 1994: 1962: 1859: 1722:exploited: while the 1716: 1589: 1561: 1085:Battle of Britain Day 355:Casualties and losses 121:in the United Kingdom 117:The Dutch government 10414:Invasions by Germany 10113:Surrender of Germany 9591:Battle of West Hubei 9548:Guadalcanal campaign 9518:Battle of Stalingrad 9444:Battle of Madagascar 8211:Albania protectorate 7998:(formerly Swaziland) 7707:Wehrmacht war crimes 7523:Expulsion of Germans 7307:Art and World War II 7205:British contribution 7154:Governments in exile 6707:2 March 2011 at the 6646:Hoebeke, pp. 112–114 5323:Hooton 1994, p. 241. 5194:Jentz (1998), p. 121 5185:Jentz (1998), p. 116 3898:Three French GRDIs ( 3496:Panzerkampfwagen III 3489:Panzerkampfwagen IIs 3285:infiltration tactics 2013:Hollandic Water Line 1870:Vickers machine guns 1812:list of Dutch armour 1700:were again refused. 1382:Defence of the Reich 863:The Heligoland Bight 10203:Potsdam Declaration 10092:Italy (Spring 1945) 9855:Liberation of Paris 9312:Siege of Sevastopol 8323:(until August 1944) 8226:Wang Jingwei regime 8048:from September 1943 8008:from September 1944 7946:from September 1944 7806:Romanian war crimes 7797:Persecution of Jews 7783:Croatian war crimes 7753:Japanese war crimes 7567:Occupation of Japan 7516:First Indochina War 7228:Military production 7140:Declarations of war 6938:, Book Sales Inc., 6760:Star Busmann, C.W. 5343:Militaire Spectator 4038:government-in-exile 3931:and the other, the 3475:remained with XXVI 3462:government in exile 3278:Obersturmbannführer 2915:Island of Dordrecht 2834:attack on Rotterdam 2813:attack on The Hague 2792:of the Luftwaffe's 2785:shot down numerous 2690:Operation Fall Gelb 2493:7. Flieger-Division 2394:, 227th, 254th and 2112:Utrechtse Heuvelrug 2015:, which during the 1808:Carden-Loyd Mark VI 1610:Bohemia and Moravia 1371:Strategic campaigns 974:Ypres–Comines Canal 777:Ypres–Comines Canal 380:6,000–7,000 wounded 10196:Surrender of Japan 10029:Battle of Iwo Jima 9878:Belgrade offensive 9291:Siege of Leningrad 9175:Battle of Shanggao 9104:British Somaliland 9069:Dunkirk evacuation 9020:Norwegian campaign 8958:Invasion of Poland 8785:Japanese prisoners 7746:Italian war crimes 7677:British war crimes 7592:Soviet occupations 7376:South-West Pacific 7263:Allied cooperation 7221:Military equipment 6910:Powaski, Ronald E. 6889:Shirer, William L. 4146:Hooton 2007, p. 48 3993:Schouwen-Duiveland 3889:Zeelandic Flanders 3827: 3796: 3772: 3740:Kampfgeschwader 54 3671: 3566: 3508: 3406: 3321: 3265: 3120: 3092:, had crossed the 2990: 2934: 2809: 2740:Kampfgeschwader 54 2734:Kampfgeschwader 30 2682: 2550:, on the Gennep – 2517:seat of government 2488: 2476:German Tank Museum 2416:Kavalleriedivision 2243:Bernard Montgomery 2184:Henry G. Winkelman 2155: 2139:Izaak H. Reijnders 2005: 1965: 1862: 1719: 1688:state of emergency 1674:Norway and Denmark 1663:hypothèse Hollande 1592: 1564: 1397:Battle of Atlantic 10404:Conflicts in 1940 10270: 10269: 10228: 10227: 10071:Battle of Okinawa 9970:Burma (1944–1945) 9804:Mariana and Palau 9584:Tunisian campaign 9409:Fall of Singapore 9333:Fall of Hong Kong 9076:Battle of Britain 8929:Operation Himmler 8838: 8837: 8502:Dutch East Indies 8138:Southern Rhodesia 7890: 7889: 7790:Genocide of Serbs 7693:German war crimes 7670:Soviet war crimes 7663:Allied war crimes 7509:Division of Korea 7488:Chinese Civil War 7286:Strategic bombing 7198:Manhattan Project 6854:978-1-85780-272-6 4183:waroverholland.nl 4129:waroverholland.nl 4110:waroverholland.nl 4091:waroverholland.nl 4009:Marcel Deslaurens 3883:on the island of 3836:Johannes Furstner 3640:armoured vehicles 3473:9. Panzerdivision 3382:9. Panzerdivision 3369:under command of 3338:Royal Dutch Shell 3214:9. Panzerdivision 2765:Albert Kesselring 2754:Jagdgeschwader 26 2706:Kampfgeschwader 4 2672:and Dordrecht at 2641:German resistance 2621:Gijsbertus J. Sas 2388:Georg von Küchler 2335:Groupe Beauchesne 2224:Zuid-Willemsvaart 2127:Peel-Raamstelling 1967:Not only was the 1845:(57 mm) and 1655:Mechelen Incident 1650:Winston Churchill 1630:Dutch East Indies 1432:Slag om Nederland 1405: 1404: 799: 798: 489: 488: 398: 397: 389: 388:(sent to England) 375: 370: 363: 336: 310: 130: 129: 16:(Redirected from 10436: 10384:Battle of France 10359: 10351: 10350: 10349: 10339: 10323: 10322: 10321: 10311: 10310: 10309: 10299: 10298: 10297: 10287: 10286: 10285: 10278: 10263: 10256: 10249: 10246:World portal 10244: 10243: 10219: 10212: 10205: 10198: 10189: 10182: 10175: 10166: 10159: 10152: 10145: 10138: 10131: 10122: 10115: 10108: 10106:Prague offensive 10101: 10099:Battle of Berlin 10094: 10087: 10080: 10073: 10066: 10059: 10052: 10045: 10043:Vienna offensive 10038: 10031: 10024: 10022:Battle of Manila 10017: 9997: 9988: 9979: 9972: 9963: 9956: 9949: 9942: 9935: 9928: 9921: 9912: 9903: 9896: 9887: 9880: 9873: 9866: 9857: 9850: 9843: 9836: 9829: 9822: 9815: 9806: 9799: 9790: 9781: 9772: 9765: 9763:Korsun–Cherkassy 9758: 9747: 9725: 9716: 9709: 9702: 9695: 9688: 9681: 9674: 9665: 9658: 9651: 9644: 9635: 9628: 9621: 9614: 9607: 9605:Bombing of Gorky 9600: 9593: 9586: 9566: 9559: 9550: 9543: 9536: 9527: 9520: 9513: 9506: 9495: 9488: 9481: 9474: 9472:Battle of Midway 9467: 9460: 9458:Battle of Gazala 9453: 9446: 9439: 9432: 9425: 9418: 9411: 9391: 9384: 9377: 9370: 9368:Battle of Borneo 9363: 9361:Malayan campaign 9356: 9349: 9342: 9335: 9328: 9321: 9314: 9307: 9305:Bombing of Gorky 9300: 9298:Battle of Moscow 9293: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9242: 9235: 9228: 9221: 9214: 9207: 9198: 9191: 9184: 9177: 9170: 9150: 9141: 9134: 9127: 9120: 9113: 9106: 9099: 9092: 9085: 9078: 9071: 9064: 9062:Battle of France 9057: 9050: 9043: 9036: 9029: 9022: 9002: 8995: 8988: 8981: 8974: 8967: 8960: 8938: 8931: 8924: 8917: 8915:Munich Agreement 8910: 8903: 8894: 8887: 8880: 8871: 8864: 8849: 8848: 8831: 8824: 8815: 8808: 8801: 8800:Soviet prisoners 8794: 8787: 8780: 8771: 8764: 8755: 8748: 8741: 8740:German prisoners 8736: 8716: 8707: 8700: 8693: 8688: 8681: 8674: 8667: 8660: 8653: 8646: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8597: 8588: 8581: 8574: 8567: 8560: 8553: 8546: 8539: 8532: 8525: 8518: 8511: 8504: 8497: 8490: 8483: 8476: 8469: 8462: 8442: 8435: 8428: 8421: 8414: 8407: 8400: 8393: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8352: 8345: 8338: 8331: 8324: 8316: 8309: 8302: 8293: 8286: 8278: 8271: 8269:French Indochina 8264: 8257: 8250: 8243: 8235: 8228: 8221: 8213: 8193: 8184: 8177: 8168: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8140: 8133: 8126: 8119: 8116:from August 1944 8107: 8100: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8072: 8065: 8058: 8051: 8039: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8011: 7999: 7991: 7984: 7977: 7970: 7963: 7956: 7949: 7937: 7930: 7923: 7916: 7901: 7900: 7881: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7842: 7827: 7820: 7813: 7808: 7799: 7792: 7785: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7760:Nanjing Massacre 7755: 7748: 7739: 7737:Nuremberg trials 7730: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7702: 7695: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7645: 7638: 7631: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7587: 7578: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7539: 7532: 7525: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7497: 7490: 7470: 7461: 7454: 7447: 7438: 7431: 7424: 7417: 7408: 7401: 7394: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7343: 7341:Asia and Pacific 7323: 7316: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7272: 7270:Mulberry harbour 7265: 7258: 7251: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7207: 7200: 7193: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7121: 7112: 7105: 7090: 7089: 7078: 7071: 7062: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7034: 7027: 7020: 6999: 6992: 6985: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6948: 6930: 6919: 6905: 6884: 6875: 6857: 6839: 6828: 6814: 6802:Slagveld Sloedam 6793: 6784: 6775: 6757: 6739: 6711: 6698: 6692: 6689: 6683: 6680: 6674: 6671: 6665: 6662: 6656: 6653: 6647: 6644: 6638: 6635: 6629: 6626: 6620: 6617: 6611: 6608: 6602: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6584: 6581: 6575: 6572: 6566: 6563: 6554: 6551: 6545: 6542: 6536: 6533: 6527: 6524: 6518: 6515: 6509: 6506: 6500: 6497: 6491: 6488: 6482: 6479: 6473: 6470: 6464: 6461: 6452: 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3580:encounter battle 3564:Junkers Ju 87 Bs 3522:, Major General 3432:Princess Juliana 3429:heir presumptive 2919:Moerdijk bridges 2794:Transportgruppen 2790:transport planes 2686:aircraft engines 2597:The Oster affair 2570:XXVI. Armeekorps 2552:'s-Hertogenbosch 2548:XXVI. Armeekorps 2463: 2462: 2458: 2339:Groupe Lestoquoi 2294:German 18th Army 2188:counteroffensive 2159:IJssel-Maaslinie 2098: 2066:National Redoubt 2034:Fortress Holland 2017:Franco-Dutch War 2001:Dutch Water Line 1899:Dutch Air Forces 1866:Schwarzlose M.08 1729:Battle of France 1577:Hendrikus Colijn 1573:Great Depression 1455:invasion of the 1443: 1234:Atlantic Pockets 838: 834:Western Front of 826: 819: 812: 803: 802: 528: 526: 525:Battle of France 516: 509: 502: 493: 492: 436: 434: 424: 417: 410: 401: 400: 387: 374:(United Kingdom) 373: 368: 361: 334: 308: 289: 287:Hans von Sponeck 285: 284: 272: 271: 254: 253: 245: 241: 240: 231: 222: 221: 202: 198: 196: 195: 180: 178: 177: 170: 166: 164: 163: 151: 149: 148: 113:European Theater 69: 68: 54: 44:Battle of France 34: 33: 21: 10444: 10443: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10434: 10433: 10424:May 1940 events 10364: 10363: 10362: 10352: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10338:sister projects 10335:at Knowledge's 10329: 10319: 10317: 10307: 10305: 10295: 10293: 10283: 10281: 10273: 10271: 10266: 10259: 10252: 10238: 10236: 10224: 10215: 10208: 10201: 10194: 10185: 10178: 10171: 10162: 10157:Atomic bombings 10155: 10148: 10141: 10134: 10127: 10118: 10111: 10104: 10097: 10090: 10083: 10076: 10069: 10062: 10055: 10048: 10041: 10034: 10027: 10020: 10013: 10000: 9993: 9982: 9975: 9968: 9959: 9952: 9945: 9938: 9931: 9924: 9915: 9906: 9899: 9890: 9883: 9876: 9869: 9860: 9853: 9848:Eastern Romania 9846: 9841:Warsaw Uprising 9839: 9834:Tannenberg Line 9832: 9825: 9820:Western Ukraine 9818: 9809: 9802: 9793: 9784: 9775: 9768: 9761: 9750: 9741: 9728: 9721: 9712: 9705: 9698: 9691: 9684: 9677: 9670: 9661: 9654: 9647: 9638: 9631: 9624: 9617: 9612:Battle of Kursk 9610: 9603: 9596: 9589: 9582: 9569: 9562: 9553: 9546: 9539: 9530: 9523: 9516: 9509: 9500: 9491: 9484: 9477: 9470: 9463: 9456: 9449: 9442: 9435: 9428: 9423:St Nazaire Raid 9421: 9414: 9407: 9394: 9387: 9380: 9373: 9366: 9359: 9352: 9345: 9338: 9331: 9324: 9317: 9310: 9303: 9296: 9289: 9282: 9275: 9268: 9261: 9247: 9238: 9231: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9205:Anglo-Iraqi War 9203: 9196:Battle of Crete 9194: 9187: 9180: 9173: 9166: 9153: 9144: 9137: 9130: 9125:Eastern Romania 9123: 9116: 9109: 9102: 9095: 9088: 9081: 9074: 9067: 9060: 9053: 9046: 9039: 9032: 9025: 9018: 9005: 8998: 8991: 8984: 8977: 8970: 8963: 8956: 8943: 8934: 8927: 8920: 8913: 8906: 8899: 8890: 8883: 8876: 8867: 8860: 8834: 8827: 8820: 8811: 8804: 8799: 8790: 8783: 8776: 8767: 8760: 8751: 8744: 8739: 8732: 8719: 8712: 8703: 8696: 8691: 8686:Western Ukraine 8684: 8677: 8670: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8630:Northeast China 8628: 8621: 8614: 8607: 8600: 8593: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8549: 8542: 8535: 8528: 8521: 8514: 8507: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8445: 8438: 8431: 8424: 8417: 8410: 8403: 8396: 8389: 8382: 8375: 8368: 8355: 8348: 8341: 8334: 8329:Slovak Republic 8327: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8300:Empire of Japan 8298: 8289: 8281: 8274: 8267: 8260: 8253: 8246: 8238: 8231: 8224: 8216: 8209: 8196: 8189: 8180: 8173: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8129: 8122: 8110: 8103: 8096: 8089: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8061: 8054: 8042: 8035: 8028: 8021: 8014: 8002: 7994: 7987: 7980: 7973: 7966: 7959: 7952: 7940: 7933: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7886: 7877: 7870: 7863: 7856: 7845: 7830: 7823: 7816: 7812:Sexual violence 7811: 7804: 7795: 7788: 7781: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7735: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7698: 7691: 7682: 7675: 7668: 7661: 7648: 7641: 7634: 7627: 7618: 7611: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7581: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7542: 7535: 7530:Greek Civil War 7528: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7473: 7466: 7457: 7450: 7443: 7434: 7427: 7420: 7413: 7404: 7397: 7390: 7381: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7355:South-East Asia 7353: 7346: 7339: 7326: 7319: 7312: 7305: 7298: 7291: 7284: 7277: 7268: 7261: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7214:Military awards 7212: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7180: 7173: 7166: 7159: 7152: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7124: 7117: 7108: 7101: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7058: 7051: 7044: 7039: 7030: 7023: 7016: 7008: 7003: 6973: 6960:Wayback Machine 6946: 6928: 6903: 6873: 6855: 6837: 6812: 6755: 6737: 6720: 6715: 6714: 6709:Wayback Machine 6699: 6695: 6690: 6686: 6681: 6677: 6672: 6668: 6663: 6659: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6641: 6636: 6632: 6627: 6623: 6618: 6614: 6609: 6605: 6600: 6596: 6591: 6587: 6582: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6564: 6557: 6552: 6548: 6543: 6539: 6534: 6530: 6525: 6521: 6516: 6512: 6507: 6503: 6498: 6494: 6489: 6485: 6480: 6476: 6471: 6467: 6462: 6455: 6450: 6446: 6441: 6437: 6432: 6428: 6423: 6419: 6414: 6410: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6383: 6378: 6374: 6369: 6362: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6335: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6276: 6272: 6267: 6263: 6258: 6254: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6128: 6123: 6119: 6114: 6107: 6102: 6098: 6093: 6089: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6057: 6053: 6048: 6044: 6039: 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4469: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4260: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4199: 4195: 4190:Wayback Machine 4180: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4136:Wayback Machine 4126: 4122: 4117:Wayback Machine 4107: 4103: 4098:Wayback Machine 4088: 4084: 4079: 4051:Marine memorial 4047: 4034: 4028: 3927:, occupied the 3872: 3846:, Rear-Admiral 3834:, Vice-Admiral 3788: 3780:Pieter Scharroo 3695:North Sea Canal 3669: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3651: 3644: 3642: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3623:Rotterdam Blitz 3615: 3609: 3394: 3371:Generalleutnant 3347:Hook of Holland 3281:Hilmar Wäckerle 3237:Geertruidenberg 3206: 3200: 3165:voorpostenlinie 3076:at two points ( 3061: 3021:Vesting Holland 2921:over the broad 2890:Nieuwe Waterweg 2863:intervened—the 2803:Burning German 2725:prisoner of war 2668:, Waalhaven at 2658: 2653: 2599: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2364:Frisian Islands 2360:Holland-Weisung 2347: 2319:Western Scheldt 2298:French 7th Army 2290: 2288:French strategy 2266:airborne troops 2236:Maurice Gamelin 2204: 2147: 2076: 2074:Gelderse Valley 2042:Festung Holland 2038:Vesting Holland 1989: 1957: 1937:Koolhoven FK-51 1905:Dutch air force 1901: 1770:, guarding the 1711: 1706: 1640:to build three 1532: 1527: 1439: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1128:St Nazaire Raid 1080:The Hardest Day 947:Fort Eben-Emael 933:Rotterdam Blitz 891:The Netherlands 839: 835: 832: 830: 800: 795: 738:Fort Eben-Emael 724:Rotterdam Blitz 529: 524: 522: 520: 490: 485: 481:Rotterdam Blitz 437: 432: 430: 428: 386:1,350 captured 385: 383: 381: 379: 371: 366: 364: 349:armoured trains 346: 341: 339: 337: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 311: 307: 292: 279: 278: 266: 260: 248: 235: 234: 224:Henri Winkelman 216: 193: 191: 186: 175: 173: 161: 159: 146: 144: 119:goes into exile 96:German victory 87: 76: 55: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10442: 10432: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10361: 10360: 10331: 10328: 10327: 10315: 10313:United Kingdom 10303: 10291: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10264: 10257: 10250: 10233: 10230: 10229: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10222: 10221: 10220: 10213: 10206: 10192: 10191: 10190: 10176: 10173:South Sakhalin 10169: 10168: 10167: 10153: 10146: 10139: 10132: 10125: 10124: 10123: 10109: 10102: 10095: 10088: 10081: 10074: 10067: 10060: 10053: 10046: 10039: 10032: 10025: 10018: 10010: 10008: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9998: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9973: 9966: 9965: 9964: 9950: 9943: 9936: 9929: 9922: 9913: 9904: 9897: 9888: 9881: 9874: 9867: 9858: 9851: 9844: 9837: 9830: 9823: 9816: 9807: 9800: 9791: 9782: 9773: 9766: 9759: 9748: 9738: 9736: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9726: 9719: 9718: 9717: 9710: 9696: 9689: 9682: 9675: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9652: 9645: 9636: 9629: 9622: 9615: 9608: 9601: 9598:Battle of Attu 9594: 9587: 9579: 9577: 9571: 9570: 9568: 9567: 9560: 9551: 9544: 9537: 9528: 9521: 9514: 9507: 9498: 9497: 9496: 9489: 9475: 9468: 9461: 9454: 9447: 9440: 9433: 9426: 9419: 9412: 9404: 9402: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9392: 9385: 9378: 9371: 9364: 9357: 9350: 9347:Battle of Guam 9343: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9308: 9301: 9294: 9287: 9280: 9273: 9270:Battle of Kiev 9266: 9259: 9245: 9244: 9243: 9229: 9222: 9215: 9208: 9201: 9200: 9199: 9185: 9178: 9171: 9163: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9151: 9142: 9135: 9128: 9121: 9114: 9107: 9100: 9093: 9086: 9079: 9072: 9065: 9058: 9051: 9044: 9037: 9030: 9023: 9015: 9013: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9003: 8996: 8989: 8982: 8975: 8968: 8961: 8953: 8951: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8941: 8940: 8939: 8932: 8925: 8918: 8911: 8897: 8896: 8895: 8888: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8857: 8855: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8836: 8835: 8833: 8832: 8825: 8818: 8817: 8816: 8809: 8797: 8796: 8795: 8781: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8769:United Kingdom 8765: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8737: 8729: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8717: 8710: 8709: 8708: 8701: 8689: 8682: 8675: 8668: 8661: 8654: 8647: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8619: 8612: 8605: 8598: 8591: 8590: 8589: 8582: 8568: 8561: 8554: 8547: 8540: 8533: 8526: 8519: 8512: 8505: 8498: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8470: 8463: 8455: 8453: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8443: 8436: 8429: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8401: 8394: 8387: 8380: 8373: 8365: 8363: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8353: 8346: 8339: 8332: 8325: 8317: 8310: 8303: 8296: 8295: 8294: 8279: 8272: 8265: 8258: 8251: 8244: 8236: 8229: 8222: 8214: 8206: 8204: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8166:British Empire 8159:United Kingdom 8155: 8148: 8141: 8134: 8127: 8120: 8108: 8101: 8094: 8087: 8080: 8073: 8066: 8059: 8052: 8040: 8033: 8026: 8019: 8012: 8000: 7992: 7985: 7978: 7975:Czechoslovakia 7971: 7964: 7957: 7950: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7917: 7909: 7907: 7898: 7892: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7875: 7872:Rape of Manila 7868: 7861: 7854: 7843: 7828: 7821: 7809: 7802: 7801: 7800: 7793: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7749: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7733: 7732: 7731: 7724: 7710: 7703: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7680: 7673: 7658: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7643:United Nations 7639: 7632: 7625: 7624: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7588: 7579: 7570: 7563: 7556: 7549: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7502:Decolonization 7498: 7491: 7483: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7448: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7432: 7425: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7402: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7379: 7372: 7365: 7358: 7351: 7336: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7324: 7317: 7310: 7303: 7296: 7289: 7282: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7266: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7194: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7178: 7175:United Kingdom 7171: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7098: 7096: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7056: 7049: 7037: 7036: 7035: 7021: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7002: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6979: 6972: 6971: 6962: 6949: 6944: 6931: 6926: 6920:, John Wiley, 6906: 6901: 6885: 6876: 6871: 6858: 6853: 6840: 6835: 6815: 6810: 6794: 6785: 6776: 6768:De Jong, Louis 6764: 6758: 6753: 6740: 6735: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6693: 6684: 6675: 6666: 6657: 6648: 6639: 6630: 6621: 6612: 6603: 6594: 6585: 6576: 6567: 6555: 6546: 6537: 6528: 6519: 6510: 6501: 6492: 6483: 6474: 6465: 6453: 6444: 6435: 6426: 6417: 6408: 6399: 6390: 6381: 6372: 6360: 6351: 6342: 6333: 6324: 6315: 6306: 6297: 6288: 6279: 6270: 6261: 6252: 6243: 6234: 6225: 6216: 6207: 6198: 6189: 6180: 6171: 6162: 6153: 6144: 6135: 6126: 6117: 6105: 6096: 6087: 6078: 6069: 6060: 6051: 6042: 6030: 6021: 5989: 5980: 5971: 5962: 5953: 5944: 5935: 5926: 5917: 5905: 5896: 5884: 5872: 5863: 5854: 5842: 5833: 5821: 5812: 5803: 5794: 5785: 5773: 5764: 5755: 5746: 5734: 5725: 5716: 5707: 5698: 5689: 5680: 5671: 5662: 5653: 5644: 5635: 5623: 5614: 5605: 5596: 5587: 5578: 5569: 5560: 5551: 5542: 5533: 5524: 5515: 5506: 5497: 5488: 5479: 5470: 5461: 5452: 5443: 5434: 5425: 5416: 5407: 5395: 5386: 5377: 5368: 5359: 5350: 5334: 5325: 5313: 5304: 5295: 5286: 5277: 5268: 5259: 5250: 5241: 5232: 5223: 5214: 5205: 5196: 5187: 5178: 5169: 5157: 5143: 5131: 5122: 5113: 5099: 5087: 5078: 5069: 5060: 5048: 5039: 5030: 5021: 5012: 5003: 4994: 4985: 4976: 4967: 4958: 4949: 4940: 4931: 4922: 4913: 4904: 4895: 4886: 4877: 4868: 4856: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4808: 4796: 4787: 4778: 4769: 4760: 4751: 4742: 4733: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4680: 4671: 4662: 4653: 4641: 4632: 4623: 4614: 4605: 4596: 4587: 4578: 4566: 4557: 4548: 4539: 4530: 4521: 4512: 4503: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4467: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4422: 4413: 4404: 4395: 4383: 4374: 4365: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4329: 4320: 4311: 4302: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4258: 4238: 4229: 4220: 4213: 4193: 4157: 4148: 4139: 4120: 4101: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4046: 4043: 4030:Main article: 4027: 4024: 4016:North-Beveland 4003:and Flushing. 3957:Bergen-op-Zoom 3871: 3868: 3864:francs-tireurs 3808:fate of Warsaw 3787: 3784: 3761:carpet bombing 3664: 3658: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3628: 3608: 3605: 3393: 3390: 3374:Rudolf Schmidt 3240:Tilburg, near 3199: 3196: 3173:Jacob Harberts 3106:6e Cuirassiers 3078:Oud-Beijerland 3060: 3057: 3006:Alblasserwaard 2955:armoured train 2951:Brandenburgers 2939:Brandenburgers 2888:sailed up the 2878:and later the 2805:Junkers Ju 52s 2749:Junkers Ju 88s 2745:Heinkel He 111 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2598: 2595: 2368:Hermann Göring 2346: 2343: 2289: 2286: 2282:hospital ships 2203: 2200: 2146: 2143: 2009:Dutch Republic 1988: 1985: 1956: 1953: 1900: 1897: 1768:Kornwerderzand 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1697:Central Powers 1642:battlecruisers 1606:Sudeten crisis 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1403: 1402: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1306: 1299: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1273: 1266: 1259: 1252: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1197: 1192: 1190:Hürtgen Forest 1187: 1180: 1175: 1173:Siegfried Line 1170: 1163: 1156: 1149: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1123:Commando Raids 1120: 1118:Baedeker Blitz 1115: 1108: 1095: 1094: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1046: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 977: 976: 971: 966: 961: 954: 949: 936: 935: 930: 925: 923:The Grebbeberg 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 887: 886: 873: 872: 865: 860: 855: 844: 841: 840: 829: 828: 821: 814: 806: 797: 796: 794: 793: 787: 786: 780: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 752: 745: 740: 734: 733: 727: 726: 721: 716: 714:The Grebbeberg 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 685: 684: 678: 677: 670: 663: 658: 653: 646: 645: 644: 634: 627: 620: 615: 610: 609: 608: 603: 591: 586: 581: 576: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 541: 540: 534: 531: 530: 519: 518: 511: 504: 496: 487: 486: 484: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 442: 439: 438: 427: 426: 419: 412: 404: 396: 395: 391: 390: 376: 357: 356: 352: 351: 335:(22 divisions) 330: 299: 298: 294: 293: 291: 290: 276: 274:Fedor von Bock 263: 261: 259: 258: 246: 232: 213: 210: 209: 205: 204: 187: 185: 184: 182:United Kingdom 171: 156: 140: 137: 136: 132: 131: 128: 127: 126: 125: 122: 115: 109: 103: 93: 89: 88: 85: 83: 79: 78: 75:10–17 May 1940 73: 65: 64: 56:The centre of 47: 46: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10441: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10371: 10369: 10357: 10356: 10344: 10343: 10340: 10334: 10326: 10316: 10314: 10304: 10302: 10292: 10290: 10280: 10279: 10276: 10262: 10258: 10255: 10251: 10248: 10247: 10242: 10235: 10234: 10231: 10218: 10214: 10211: 10207: 10204: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10193: 10188: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10180:Kuril Islands 10177: 10174: 10170: 10165: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10154: 10151: 10147: 10144: 10140: 10137: 10133: 10130: 10126: 10121: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10110: 10107: 10103: 10100: 10096: 10093: 10089: 10086: 10082: 10079: 10075: 10072: 10068: 10065: 10061: 10058: 10054: 10051: 10047: 10044: 10040: 10037: 10033: 10030: 10026: 10023: 10019: 10016: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10007: 10003: 9996: 9992: 9987: 9986: 9981: 9980: 9978: 9974: 9971: 9967: 9962: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9951: 9948: 9947:Syrmian Front 9944: 9941: 9937: 9934: 9930: 9927: 9923: 9920: 9919: 9914: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9902: 9898: 9895: 9894: 9893:Market Garden 9889: 9886: 9882: 9879: 9875: 9872: 9868: 9865: 9864: 9859: 9856: 9852: 9849: 9845: 9842: 9838: 9835: 9831: 9828: 9824: 9821: 9817: 9814: 9813: 9808: 9805: 9801: 9798: 9797: 9792: 9789: 9788: 9783: 9780: 9779: 9774: 9771: 9767: 9764: 9760: 9757: 9753: 9752:Monte Cassino 9749: 9746: 9745: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9735: 9731: 9724: 9720: 9715: 9711: 9708: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9697: 9694: 9690: 9687: 9683: 9680: 9676: 9673: 9669: 9664: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9653: 9650: 9646: 9643: 9642: 9637: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9623: 9620: 9616: 9613: 9609: 9606: 9602: 9599: 9595: 9592: 9588: 9585: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9572: 9565: 9561: 9558: 9557: 9552: 9549: 9545: 9542: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9529: 9526: 9522: 9519: 9515: 9512: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9490: 9487: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9476: 9473: 9469: 9466: 9462: 9459: 9455: 9452: 9448: 9445: 9441: 9438: 9434: 9431: 9427: 9424: 9420: 9417: 9413: 9410: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9397: 9390: 9386: 9383: 9379: 9376: 9372: 9369: 9365: 9362: 9358: 9355: 9351: 9348: 9344: 9341: 9337: 9334: 9330: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9285: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9271: 9267: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9255: 9250: 9246: 9241: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9230: 9227: 9223: 9220: 9216: 9213: 9209: 9206: 9202: 9197: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9186: 9183: 9179: 9176: 9172: 9169: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9149: 9148: 9143: 9140: 9136: 9133: 9129: 9126: 9122: 9119: 9118:Baltic states 9115: 9112: 9108: 9105: 9101: 9098: 9094: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9080: 9077: 9073: 9070: 9066: 9063: 9059: 9056: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9042: 9038: 9035: 9031: 9028: 9024: 9021: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9012: 9008: 9001: 8997: 8994: 8990: 8987: 8983: 8980: 8976: 8973: 8969: 8966: 8962: 8959: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8946: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8926: 8923: 8919: 8916: 8912: 8909: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8893: 8889: 8886: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8875: 8870: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8841: 8830: 8826: 8823: 8819: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8803: 8802: 8798: 8793: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8782: 8779: 8775: 8770: 8766: 8763: 8762:United States 8759: 8754: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8743: 8742: 8738: 8735: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8726: 8722: 8715: 8711: 8706: 8702: 8699: 8698:Quốc dân Đảng 8695: 8694: 8690: 8687: 8683: 8680: 8676: 8673: 8669: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8648: 8645: 8641: 8638: 8634: 8631: 8627: 8624: 8620: 8617: 8613: 8610: 8606: 8603: 8599: 8596: 8592: 8587: 8583: 8580: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8569: 8566: 8562: 8559: 8555: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8541: 8538: 8534: 8531: 8527: 8524: 8520: 8517: 8513: 8510: 8506: 8503: 8499: 8496: 8492: 8489: 8485: 8482: 8478: 8475: 8471: 8468: 8464: 8461: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8452: 8448: 8441: 8437: 8434: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8420: 8416: 8413: 8409: 8406: 8402: 8399: 8398:Liechtenstein 8395: 8392: 8388: 8385: 8381: 8378: 8374: 8371: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8362: 8358: 8351: 8350:Collaboration 8347: 8344: 8340: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8315: 8311: 8308: 8304: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8288: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8273: 8270: 8266: 8263: 8259: 8256: 8252: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8234: 8230: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8192: 8188: 8183: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8175:United States 8172: 8167: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8156: 8153: 8149: 8146: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8095: 8092: 8088: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8074: 8071: 8067: 8064: 8060: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8038: 8034: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7979: 7976: 7972: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7958: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7936: 7932: 7929: 7925: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7869: 7866: 7865:Comfort women 7862: 7859: 7855: 7852: 7849: / 7848: 7844: 7841: 7838: / 7837: 7834: / 7833: 7829: 7826: 7825:Camp brothels 7822: 7819: 7815: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7791: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7780: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7764: 7761: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7750: 7747: 7743: 7738: 7734: 7729: 7725: 7722: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7714:The Holocaust 7711: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7700:forced labour 7697: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7685: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7651: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7568: 7564: 7561: 7557: 7554: 7553:Marshall Plan 7550: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7469: 7465: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7442: 7437: 7433: 7430: 7426: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7407: 7406:Eastern Front 7403: 7400: 7399:Western Front 7396: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7373: 7370: 7366: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7311: 7308: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7293:Puppet states 7290: 7287: 7283: 7280: 7276: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7235:Naval history 7232: 7229: 7225: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7206: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7192: 7188: 7183: 7182:United States 7179: 7176: 7172: 7169: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7155: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7120: 7116: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7084: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7066: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7050: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7033: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7000: 6995: 6993: 6988: 6986: 6981: 6980: 6977: 6968: 6963: 6961: 6957: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6945:9780785820970 6941: 6937: 6932: 6929: 6927:9780471394310 6923: 6918: 6917: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6902:0-671-62420-2 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6877: 6874: 6872:3-7909-0623-9 6868: 6864: 6859: 6856: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6838: 6836:1-86019-964-X 6832: 6827: 6826: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6798:Hoebeke, R.e. 6795: 6791: 6786: 6782: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6754:90-269-4555-8 6750: 6746: 6741: 6738: 6736:90-12-08959-X 6732: 6728: 6723: 6722: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6697: 6688: 6679: 6670: 6661: 6652: 6643: 6634: 6625: 6616: 6607: 6598: 6589: 6580: 6571: 6562: 6560: 6550: 6541: 6532: 6523: 6514: 6505: 6496: 6487: 6478: 6469: 6460: 6458: 6448: 6439: 6430: 6421: 6412: 6403: 6394: 6385: 6376: 6367: 6365: 6355: 6346: 6337: 6328: 6319: 6310: 6301: 6292: 6283: 6274: 6265: 6256: 6247: 6238: 6229: 6220: 6211: 6202: 6193: 6184: 6175: 6166: 6157: 6148: 6139: 6130: 6121: 6112: 6110: 6100: 6091: 6082: 6073: 6064: 6055: 6046: 6037: 6035: 6025: 6006: 5999: 5993: 5984: 5975: 5966: 5957: 5948: 5939: 5930: 5921: 5912: 5910: 5900: 5891: 5889: 5879: 5877: 5867: 5858: 5849: 5847: 5837: 5828: 5826: 5816: 5807: 5798: 5789: 5780: 5778: 5768: 5759: 5750: 5741: 5739: 5729: 5720: 5711: 5702: 5693: 5684: 5675: 5666: 5657: 5648: 5639: 5630: 5628: 5618: 5609: 5600: 5591: 5582: 5573: 5564: 5555: 5546: 5537: 5528: 5519: 5510: 5501: 5492: 5483: 5474: 5465: 5456: 5447: 5438: 5429: 5420: 5411: 5402: 5400: 5390: 5381: 5372: 5363: 5354: 5347: 5344: 5338: 5329: 5320: 5318: 5308: 5299: 5290: 5281: 5272: 5263: 5254: 5245: 5236: 5227: 5218: 5209: 5200: 5191: 5182: 5173: 5164: 5162: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5126: 5117: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5082: 5073: 5064: 5055: 5053: 5043: 5034: 5025: 5016: 5007: 4998: 4989: 4980: 4971: 4962: 4953: 4944: 4935: 4926: 4917: 4908: 4899: 4890: 4881: 4872: 4863: 4861: 4851: 4842: 4833: 4824: 4815: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4764: 4755: 4746: 4737: 4728: 4719: 4710: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4648: 4646: 4636: 4627: 4618: 4609: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4573: 4571: 4561: 4552: 4543: 4534: 4525: 4516: 4507: 4498: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4453: 4444: 4435: 4426: 4417: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4388: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4324: 4315: 4306: 4297: 4295: 4285: 4276: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4254: 4253: 4252:Inside Europe 4248: 4247:Gunther, John 4242: 4233: 4224: 4216: 4214:9780306816918 4210: 4206: 4205: 4197: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4152: 4143: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4114: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4095: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3894: 3893:Zuid-Beveland 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3867: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3792: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3768: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3757:Radikallösung 3754: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3691:North-Holland 3688: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3650: 3641: 3627: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3604: 3600: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3562: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3513:Dutch marines 3504: 3500: 3497: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3458: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3412: 3403: 3398: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3065: 3056: 3053: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2995: 2986: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2968: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2930: 2926: 2924: 2923:Hollands Diep 2920: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2874:attacked the 2873: 2869: 2866: 2865:torpedo boats 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2838:Heinkel He 59 2835: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2756: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2721:Martin Fiebig 2718: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2701: 2699: 2696:, France and 2695: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2634:Pope Pius XII 2630: 2629:North Brabant 2626: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2556:X. Armeekorps 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2435:SS-Standarten 2432: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2380:Sedan, France 2377: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2241: 2240:Major-General 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2199: 2197: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2151: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1970: 1961: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1917:Fokker D.XVII 1914: 1910: 1906: 1896: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1858: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1748:armoured cars 1745: 1742: 1741:Junkers Ju 87 1739:(such as the 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1715: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1678:Tadashi Maeda 1675: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1658: 1656: 1651: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1598:in 1936; the 1597: 1588: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1549:Allied forces 1546: 1541: 1537: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1457:Low Countries 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1229:Colmar Pocket 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1185: 1184:Market Garden 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1055: 1054:Haddock Force 1052: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 985: 984: 983: 982: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 959: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 944: 943: 942: 941: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 895: 894: 893: 892: 885: 884:Schuster Line 882: 881: 880: 879: 878: 871: 870: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 850: 849: 848: 842: 837: 827: 822: 820: 815: 813: 808: 807: 804: 792: 791:Schuster Line 789: 788: 785: 782: 781: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 757: 753: 751: 750: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 735: 732: 729: 728: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 686: 683: 680: 679: 676: 675: 671: 669: 668: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 651: 647: 643: 642:Haddock Force 640: 639: 638: 635: 633: 632: 628: 626: 625: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 607: 604: 602: 601: 597: 596: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 574: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 547: 543: 542: 539: 536: 535: 532: 527: 517: 512: 510: 505: 503: 498: 497: 494: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 440: 435: 425: 420: 418: 413: 411: 406: 405: 402: 392: 377: 365:7,000 wounded 362:(Netherlands) 360:2,332 killed 359: 358: 353: 350: 345: 331: 327: 326:armoured cars 322: 317: 309:(9 divisions) 305: 301: 300: 295: 288: 283: 277: 275: 270: 265: 264: 262: 257: 252: 247: 244: 239: 233: 230: 225: 220: 215: 214: 212: 211: 206: 203: 201: 188: 183: 172: 169: 157: 155: 154: 142: 141: 139: 138: 133: 123: 120: 116: 114: 110: 108: 104: 102: 99: 98: 97: 94: 91: 90: 84: 81: 80: 77:(1 week) 74: 71: 70: 66: 63: 59: 53: 48: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 10358:from Commons 10353: 10332: 10254:Bibliography 10237: 10050:Project Hula 10015:Vistula–Oder 9984: 9917: 9908: 9892: 9862: 9811: 9795: 9786: 9777: 9743: 9640: 9555: 9531: 9501: 9252: 9145: 9090:North Africa 9047: 8792:Soviet Union 8746:Soviet Union 8672:Soviet Union 8440:Vatican City 8343:Vichy France 8248:German Reich 8145:Soviet Union 8131:South Africa 8124:Sierra Leone 8077:Newfoundland 7896:Participants 7879:Marocchinate 7583: 7574: 7544: 7422:North Africa 7383:Indian Ocean 7242:Nazi plunder 7133:Cryptography 7006:World War II 6966: 6935: 6915: 6892: 6880: 6862: 6844: 6824: 6819:Hooton, E.R. 6811:90-9015327-6 6801: 6789: 6780: 6771: 6761: 6744: 6726: 6696: 6687: 6678: 6669: 6660: 6651: 6642: 6633: 6624: 6615: 6606: 6597: 6588: 6579: 6570: 6549: 6540: 6531: 6522: 6513: 6504: 6495: 6486: 6477: 6468: 6447: 6438: 6429: 6420: 6411: 6402: 6393: 6384: 6375: 6354: 6345: 6336: 6327: 6318: 6309: 6300: 6291: 6282: 6273: 6264: 6255: 6246: 6237: 6228: 6219: 6210: 6201: 6192: 6183: 6174: 6165: 6156: 6147: 6138: 6129: 6120: 6099: 6090: 6081: 6072: 6063: 6054: 6045: 6024: 6012:. 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German: 1941:Fokker G.I 1929:Fokker C.V 1925:Fokker C.X 1923:, fifteen 1921:Fokker T.V 1915:and seven 1909:Fokker G.1 1847:8 cm staal 1823:field guns 1791:Renault FT 1764:Eben Emael 1667:Wilhelmina 1540:Phoney War 1525:Background 1467:, and the 1465:Luxembourg 1277:Lumberjack 1147:Baby Blitz 1112:Donnerkeil 1070:Kanalkampf 993:Montcornet 898:Maastricht 877:Luxembourg 847:Phoney War 784:Luxembourg 689:Maastricht 674:Fall Braun 562:Montcornet 471:Grebbeberg 446:Maastricht 372:43 killed 338:1,378 guns 10150:Manchuria 10036:Indochina 9812:Bagration 9263:Lithuania 8908:Anschluss 8705:Viet Minh 8602:Lithuania 8544:Hong Kong 8307:Manchukuo 8262:Azad Hind 7921:Australia 7721:Aftermath 7584:Paperclip 7479:Aftermath 7279:Total war 7147:Diplomacy 7110:In Europe 4026:Aftermath 3885:Walcheren 3823:Winkelman 3748:Luftwaffe 3422:sea mines 3317:Shell Oil 3184:Friesland 3074:Oude Maas 3045:Groningen 2967:chocolate 2894:Van Galen 2885:Van Galen 2880:destroyer 2851:over the 2841:seaplanes 2822:Ockenburg 2776:Luftwaffe 2711:North Sea 2625:Fall Gelb 2591:Fall Gelb 2577:Fall Gelb 2572:advance. 2560:Luftwaffe 2536:Dordrecht 2532:Rotterdam 2421:Enkhuizen 2376:Fall Gelb 2358:. In the 2354:south of 2351:Fall Gelb 2278:Waalhaven 2270:The Hague 2072:) in the 2070:Case Blue 2029:pillboxes 1949:Koolhoven 1886:firepower 1819:howitzers 1796:Landsverk 1752:tankettes 1750:and five 1724:Wehrmacht 1634:Indonesia 1601:Anschluss 1553:Ruhr Area 1521:in 1945. 1504:The Hague 1500:Rotterdam 1496:Luftwaffe 1492:paratroop 1485:Wehrmacht 1449:Fall Gelb 1441:‹See Tfd› 1377:The Blitz 1360:Nuremberg 1355:Heilbronn 1340:Frankfurt 1325:Paderborn 1303:Undertone 1256:Veritable 1249:Blackcock 1141:1944–1945 1098:1941–1943 1032:Abbeville 913:Rotterdam 908:The Hague 749:Dyle Plan 704:Rotterdam 699:The Hague 613:Abbeville 606:Wormhoudt 461:Rotterdam 456:The Hague 340:759 tanks 321:tankettes 58:Rotterdam 10261:Category 10210:document 10120:document 9977:Ardennes 9961:Budapest 9909:Crossbow 9787:Overlord 9626:Smolensk 8844:Timeline 8679:Slovakia 8665:Thailand 8516:Ethiopia 8481:Bulgaria 8405:Portugal 8336:Thailand 8218:Bulgaria 7996:Eswatini 7989:Ethiopia 7942:Bulgaria 7767:Unit 731 7728:Response 7545:Keelhaul 7495:Cold War 7468:Americas 7459:timeline 7452:Atlantic 7332:Theaters 6956:Archived 6912:(2003), 6891:(1960), 6821:(1994), 6800:(2002), 6770:(1969), 6705:Archived 6014:11 March 6005:Archived 4699:25 March 4249:(1940). 4186:Archived 4132:Archived 4113:Archived 4094:Archived 4045:See also 3881:Flushing 3859:Rijsoord 3583:Stukas. 3440:IJmuiden 3417:Hereward 3145:Berlicum 3137:Heeswijk 2898:gunboats 2817:Ypenburg 2729:Schiphol 2540:Moerdijk 2505:Flanders 2472:Panzer I 2446:Germania 2425:Stavoren 2405:Landwehr 2337:and the 2305:Antwerp- 2274:Ypenburg 2248:Westwall 2213:Turnhout 2133:and the 2036:(Dutch: 1851:invasion 1806:of five 1756:biplanes 1626:guilders 1612:and the 1345:Würzburg 1224:2nd Alps 1218:Nordwind 1160:Chastity 1153:Overlord 1105:Cerberus 1091:Sea Lion 1075:Adlertag 1049:1st Alps 1008:Boulogne 964:Gembloux 869:Wikinger 767:Gembloux 743:K-W Line 631:Fall Rot 584:Boulogne 552:Ardennes 369:(France) 344:aircraft 312:700 guns 302:280,000 297:Strength 82:Location 10325:Germany 10275:Portals 10187:Shumshu 9954:Hungary 9901:Estonia 9885:Lapland 9863:Dragoon 9796:Neptune 9778:Ichi-Go 9744:Tempest 9686:Changde 9641:Cottage 9533:Jubilee 9249:Finland 9147:Compass 8853:Prelude 8806:Finland 8692:Vietnam 8658:Romania 8530:Germany 8509:Estonia 8495:Denmark 8474:Belgium 8467:Austria 8460:Albania 8391:Ireland 8377:Andorra 8361:Neutral 8321:Romania 8255:Hungary 8240:Finland 8112:Romania 8004:Finland 7982:Denmark 7928:Belgium 7914:Algeria 7620:Romania 7606:Hungary 7362:Pacific 7086:General 7040:Leaders 7025:Battles 7018:Outline 3985:Sloedam 3725:. Then 3649:Zeeland 3626:Legend: 3466:bullion 3457:Windsor 3451:Harwich 3332:up the 2994:8 Staal 2694:Belgium 2509:Scheldt 2484:Germany 2480:Munster 2459:⁄ 2302:Zealand 2228:Limburg 2209:Tilburg 2119:moraine 2116:Ice Age 2021:Utrecht 1981:Holland 1927:and 35 1893:Philips 1882:mortars 1835:Vickers 1804:platoon 1800:DAF M39 1693:Entente 1530:Prelude 1481:Zealand 1475:during 1461:Belgium 1451:), the 1365:Hamburg 1335:TF Baum 1317:Varsity 1310:Plunder 1288:Cologne 1283:Remagen 1263:Grenade 1241:Germany 1207:Scheldt 1167:Dragoon 1063:Britain 1018:Dunkirk 940:Belgium 918:Zeeland 731:Belgium 709:Zeeland 656:Lagarde 594:Dunkirk 466:Zeeland 200:Germany 10289:France 10164:Debate 10136:Taipei 10129:Borneo 9707:Tarawa 8901:Europe 8862:Africa 8651:Poland 8637:Norway 8616:Malaya 8595:Latvia 8537:Greece 8523:France 8419:Sweden 8384:Bhutan 8105:Poland 8091:Norway 8063:Mexico 8030:Greece 8016:France 7954:Canada 7935:Brazil 7905:Allies 7851:Serbia 7840:Poland 7613:Poland 7599:Baltic 7392:Europe 7094:Topics 7046:Allied 6942: 6924: 6899: 6869: 6851: 6833: 6808: 6751: 6733: 6702:cbs.nl 4211: 4020:Ostend 4014:After 3995:fell. 3989:Tholen 3666: 3660: 3654: 3645: 3636: 3630: 3607:14 May 3537:, the 3392:13 May 3384:, and 3342:Pernis 3329:Bremen 3306:Makkum 3289:Rhenen 3198:12 May 3059:11 May 3041:Meppel 2908:HNLMS 2903:Flores 2901:HNLMS 2883:HNLMS 2849:bridge 2716:Oberst 2656:10 May 2651:Battle 2616:Abwehr 2486:(2005) 2448:) and 2311:Thames 2179:Gennep 2175:Arnhem 2171:Betuwe 2163:IJssel 2087:nds-nl 1977:Hitler 1945:Fokker 1843:6 Veld 1839:Böhler 1831:Bofors 1825:: 310 1787:armour 1638:a plan 1473:France 1471:) and 1445:German 1350:Kassel 1296:Gisela 1195:Aachen 1024:Dynamo 1013:Calais 998:Saumur 981:France 969:La Lys 952:Hannut 762:Hannut 667:Aerial 661:Saumur 600:Dynamo 589:Calais 538:France 226: 197: 179: 168:France 165: 150: 92:Result 10355:Media 9940:Leyte 9770:Narva 9756:Anzio 9714:Makin 9672:Burma 9556:Torch 9525:Rzhev 9486:Kiska 8572:Korea 8558:Japan 8551:Italy 8433:Tibet 8412:Spain 8283:Italy 8044:Italy 8037:India 7961:China 7836:Japan 7436:Italy 7348:China 7300:Women 6008:(PDF) 6001:(PDF) 4077:Notes 3812:Telex 3711:berms 3192:Sneek 3010:Noord 3002:Vught 2872:TM 51 2787:Ju 52 2613:, an 2513:Ghent 2511:near 2498:22nd 2400:208th 2392:207th 2356:Venlo 2307:Namur 2258:Linge 2254:Breda 2114:, an 2097:] 2062:Rhine 2054:Meuse 1827:Krupp 1744:Stuka 1733:tanks 1632:(now 1428:Dutch 1416:Dutch 1212:Bulge 1201:Queen 1043:Paula 1037:Lille 1003:Arras 988:Sedan 958:David 756:David 650:Cycle 624:Paula 618:Lille 579:Arras 557:Sedan 10006:1945 9734:1944 9575:1943 9503:Blue 9493:Attu 9400:1942 9159:1941 9011:1940 8949:1939 8878:Asia 8725:POWs 8565:Jews 8276:Iraq 8202:Axis 8152:Tuva 7968:Cuba 7053:Axis 6940:ISBN 6922:ISBN 6897:ISBN 6867:ISBN 6849:ISBN 6831:ISBN 6806:ISBN 6749:ISBN 6731:ISBN 6016:2013 4701:2010 4209:ISBN 3941:Sloe 3933:224e 3921:271e 3715:peat 3709:and 3455:HMS 3449:for 3444:HMS 3415:HMS 3400:HMS 3259:The 3233:Mark 3080:and 2959:Mill 2906:and 2870:and 2847:, a 2832:The 2811:The 2538:and 2444:and 2414:1st 2177:and 2167:Maas 2058:Maas 1995:The 1947:and 1903:The 1821:and 1735:and 1695:and 1604:and 1566:The 1502:and 1410:The 1330:Ruhr 903:Mill 858:Saar 694:Mill 637:Alps 451:Mill 342:830 316:tank 72:Date 5346:161 3935:of 3923:of 3442:on 3340:at 3141:Erp 2767:'s 2384:6th 2095:zea 772:Lys 324:32 304:men 10370:: 9754:/ 6558:^ 6456:^ 6363:^ 6108:^ 6033:^ 6003:. 5908:^ 5887:^ 5875:^ 5845:^ 5824:^ 5776:^ 5737:^ 5626:^ 5398:^ 5316:^ 5160:^ 5146:^ 5134:^ 5102:^ 5090:^ 5051:^ 4859:^ 4811:^ 4799:^ 4692:. 4644:^ 4569:^ 4386:^ 4293:^ 4261:^ 4160:^ 3971:. 3557:. 3388:. 2981:. 2969:. 2868:Z5 2676:; 2534:, 2527:. 2482:, 2478:, 2440:, 2366:. 2341:. 2219:. 2093:; 2091:nl 2089:; 2085:; 2083:li 2081:; 2079:fy 1814:. 1657:. 1644:. 1579:, 1463:, 1447:: 1430:: 1418:: 347:6 319:5 314:1 10341:: 10277:: 9257:) 9251:( 8118:) 8114:( 8050:) 8046:( 8010:) 8006:( 7948:) 7944:( 6998:e 6991:t 6984:v 6018:. 4703:. 4217:. 3043:– 2678:h 2674:7 2670:9 2666:n 2461:3 2457:1 2106:( 2056:( 1459:( 1438:( 1426:( 1414:( 825:e 818:t 811:v 515:e 508:t 501:v 423:e 416:t 409:v 20:)

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