3923:
1263:
undermined its credibility and legitimacy. For the first years of the war, the King was viewed as an alternative source of "government" by many, including figures in the Free
Belgian military, which served to further undermine the official government in London. Later in the war, the government changed its position to be less belligerent towards the king. Belgian propaganda of the time instead emphasized the King's position as "martyr" and prisoner-of-war and presented him as sharing the same sufferings as the occupied country. In a radio speech on 10 May 1941 (the first anniversary of the German invasion), Pierlot called for Belgians to "rally around the prisoner-King. He personifies our murdered country. Be as loyal to him as we are here."
1050:
990:
236:
1270:, the Belgian government was allowed to override the wishes of the King if he had been declared incompetent to reign. On 28 May 1940, under pressure from the French government, the Pierlot government in France declared the King to be under the power of the invaders and unfit to reign according to article 82, providing strong legal foundations and making itself the only official source of government. The government, however, refused to declare a republic. Although the King technically remained the only person able to receive diplomatic legations and conclude treaties, the government in exile was able to do both during the war independently.
507:
1365:
3832:
3784:
3599:
1246:
3637:
583:
3568:
3542:
775:
750:
731:
698:
667:
646:
626:
3714:
556:
40:
1131:
3684:
3935:
483:
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3899:
1502:
3754:
448:
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531:
1435:"Nobody had been warned of our arrival. The cars, which took us into town, were preceded by a jeep. One of our colleagues stood in it, shouting to the few citizens we passed: 'Here is your Government'. I must confess that this produced no reaction at all, neither hostility nor enthusiasm, just total indifference"
1121:
For the first years of the war, a degree of tension existed between the government and the army, which divided its allegiance between government and King. The Free
Belgian forces, particular the infantry who had been training since 1940, held the government responsible for not being allowed to fight.
371:
from France, to join them. Pierlot and Spaak reached London on 22 October 1940, marking the start of the period of the "Government of Four", providing the "official" government with the legitimacy of
Belgium's last elected Prime Minister. The British were distrustful of many of the Belgian ministers,
275:
The
Belgian government, whose activity in France has been, for some time now, purely theoretical, will decide to dissolve itself. Some of its members will remain in France as private individuals, while others will go abroad. This decision is part of the suppression of diplomatic missions of countries
1262:
Despite being a constitutional monarch, the King of the
Belgians had occupied an important political role within Belgium before the war. The decision of Leopold III to surrender to the Germans – without consulting his own ministers – outraged the Belgian cabinet. The King's apparent opposition to it
438:
Initially numbering just four ministers, the government was soon joined by numerous others. The government in exile comprised both politicians and civil servants in a number of government departments. Most were focused in the
Ministries of the Colonies, Finance, Foreign Affairs and Defence, but with
1202:
Unlike many other governments in exile, which were forced to rely exclusively on financial support from the Allies, the
Belgian government in exile could fund itself independently. In large part, this was due to the fact that the government in exile retained control of most of the Belgian national
1069:
With the same youthful courage that responded to the government's call, reunited with the elements of the
Belgian military in France and Great Britain, a new army will be levied and organized. It will go into the line alongside those of our allies ... all the forces we have will be put at the
1001:
One of the most pressing concerns facing the government in exile in 1940 was the situation of
Belgian refugees in the United Kingdom. By 1940, at least 15,000 Belgian civilians had arrived in the United Kingdom, many of them without their possessions. The refugees had originally been dealt with by
221:
though this was never realized. He remained a prisoner of the
Germans, under house arrest, for the rest of the war. Although the government briefly attempted to negotiate with the German authorities from exile in France, the German authorities passed a decree forbidding members of the Belgian
1376:
The apparent isolation of the government in exile from events in Belgium meant that many resistance groups, particularly those whose politics differed from the established government, viewed it with suspicion. The government, for its part, was afraid that resistance groups would turn into
1352:
group dispatched a member to try to establish contact but it took a full year for him to reach London. Radio contact was briefly established in late 1941 but was extremely intermittent between 1942 and 1943. A permanent radio connection (codenamed "Stanley") with the largest group, the
359:
who arrived soon after, on his own initiative, was able to form a temporary "Government of Two" with British approval in London. Gutt politically marginalised De Vleeschauwer, and thereafter he acted as only a minor figure in the government. The two waited for
1297:"We trust fully in the power of Britain to deliver us from German bondage ... We claim the right to share in the burden and honour of this fight in the measure of our modest, but not altogether negligible, resources. We are not defeatists ..."
202:, the Belgian military surrendered on 28 May and the country was placed under the control of a German military government. Between 600,000 and 650,000 Belgian men (nearly 20% of the country's male population) had been mobilized to fight.
311:
radio, in which he stated that he was personally forming an alternative government to continue the fight. His stance was condemned by the Pierlot government in Bordeaux, and he was received coldly by the Belgian ambassador in London,
2271:
1381:
after liberation, challenging the government's position and threatening political stability. Despite this, the resistance was frequently reliant on finance, equipment and supplies which only the government in exile and the British
190:
with 11% of the vote. From the early 1930s, Belgian foreign and domestic policy had been dominated by the policy of neutrality; leaving international treaties and alliances and attempting to maintain good diplomatic relations with
835:(POB-BWP) resigns as Undersecretary for Defence, in the aftermath of a minor mutiny in the Free Belgian forces. His role is assumed by Hubert Pierlot, who becomes Minister for National Defence in addition to his existing titles.
355:, Pierlot's Minister of the Colonies, arrived in London on the same day as the Jaspar-Huysmans government was formed. As the only Belgian minister with legal power outside Belgium itself, De Vleeschauwer, together with
1166:
of currency controls. During the negotiations, Gutt served as an important intermediary between the delegates of the major Allied powers. Through the agreements, the Belgian Franc's exchange rate would be tied to the
1101:, Wales. By July 1940, the camp numbered 462 Belgians, rising to nearly 700 by August 1940. These soldiers were organized into the 1st Fusilier Battalion in August, and the government appointed Lieutenant-Generals
1109:
as inspector-general of the new force. Belgian airmen participated in the Battle of Britain and the Belgian government was later able to successfully lobby for the creation of two all-Belgian squadrons within the
1157:
From 1944, the Allies became increasingly concerned with laying the framework of post-war Europe. These were formalized through numerous treaties and agreements from 1944. In July 1944, Camille Gutt attended the
1070:
service of the cause which has become ours ... It is important to assure immediately and in a tangible way, the solidarity which continues to unite the powers which have given us their support ...
1122:
In November 1942, 12 Belgian soldiers mutinied, complaining about their inactivity. By 1943, the army's royalist stance had been moderated, allowing the government to re-gain the support of the military.
456:
1482:
The government in exile was one of the last governments in which the traditional parties which had dominated Belgium since its creation were still present. In 1945, the POB-BWP changed its name to the
217:
surrendered to the Germans alongside his army – contrary to the advice of his government. In the days before his surrender, he allegedly attempted to form a new government under the pro-Nazi socialist
1475:. In December 1944, a new triparate government was formed, with Pierlot still as Prime Minister. In 1945, having been Prime Minister since 1939, Pierlot was finally replaced by the Socialist,
1403:
The government in exile attempted to rebuild its relationship with the resistance in May 1944 by establishing a "Coordination Committee" of representatives of the major groups, including the
2275:
1002:
the British government, however in September 1940, the government established a Central Service of Refugees to provide material assistance and employment for Belgians in Britain.
590:
1012:
The government was also involved in the provision of social, educational and cultural institutions to Belgian refugees. In 1942, the government sponsored the creation of the
1317:
The official government, after arriving in London, managed to obtain control over the French and Dutch language radio broadcasts to occupied Belgium, broadcast by the BBC's
329:, along with other so-called "London Rebels" formed their own government on 5 July 1940. The British, however, were reluctant to recognize the Jaspar-Huysmans Government.
303:, arrived in London on 21 June. Jaspar believed that the Pierlot government intended to surrender to the Germans, and was determined to prevent it. Jaspar held talks with
3927:
136:
and held negotiations with other Allied powers about post-war reconstruction. Agreements made by the government in exile during the war included the foundation of the
1146:
in London alongside other governments in exile, presenting the common goals which the Allies sought to achieve after the war. A year later, the government signed the
2667:
425:
do regard the four Belgian ministers composing the Belgian Government in London as the legitimate and constitutional Government of Belgium and competent to exercise
418:
By December 1940, the British recognized the "government of four" as the legal representation of Belgium, with the same status as the other governments in exile:
2967:
1471:(Pierlot V) in Brussels. The new government included many of the ministers (including all of the "four") from London, but for the first time also including the
2501:
1214:, and provided an important asset. The Belgian government was also in control of the Belgian Congo, which exported large amounts of raw materials (including
1016:
in London to entertain the Belgian refugee community in London. By 1943, there were also four Belgian schools in Britain with 330 pupils between them, in
942:
The government in exile was expected to fulfill the functions of a national government, but also represent Belgian interest to the Allied powers, leading
1005:
The British public was exceptionally hostile to Belgian refugees in 1940, because of the belief that Belgium had betrayed the Allies in 1940. A British
2107:
880:
869:
826:
815:
383:
area of London, which before the war had been the location of the Belgian Embassy. Other government departments were installed in nearby Hobart Place,
4491:
736:
3531:
2322:
1530:
1344:
During the early years of the war, the government found it difficult to get into contact with the resistance in occupied Belgium. In May 1941, the
923:
908:
267:, the Pierlot government remained in France. On 16 September 1940, Vichy demanded the disbandment of the Belgian government, still at that time in
1273:
On the return to Belgium, the issue of the monarch remained contentious and on 20 September 1944, shortly after the liberation, Leopold's brother
3133:
897:
891:
2627:
1046:
In a broadcast on French Radio, shortly after the Belgian surrender, Pierlot called for the creation of an army-in-exile to continue the fight:
3522:
3392:
1725:
455:
in Barcelona. Pierlot and Spaak escaped from the Spanish police in the hotel to come to Britain in the autumn of 1940. This is commemorated by
3155:
4476:
3972:
1178:
In September 1944, the Belgian, the Netherlands and Luxembourgish governments in exile began formulating an agreement over the creation of a
3494:
2497:
1626:
1325:. The radio station was essential for keeping the resistance and public alike informed, and was placed under the control of the journalist
372:
as well as the size and legitimacy of the government itself. However, with the arrival of the Prime Minister, it was reluctantly accepted.
259:
where, under pressure from the French government, they denounced Leopold's surrender. However, when Reynaud was replaced by the pro-German
3303:
17:
1009:
report noted a "growing feeling against Belgian refugees" in the United Kingdom, closely linked to Leopold III's decision to surrender.
4466:
4461:
4416:
4406:
4401:
439:
skeleton staff in a number of others. By May 1941, there were nearly 750 people working in the government in London in all capacities.
1456:. The government in exile returned to Brussels on 8 September 1944. "Operation Gutt", a plan devised by Camille Gutt to avoid rampant
4456:
3325:
1935:
1487:
3053:
2705:
1883:
A Small Nation in the Turmoil of the Second World War: Money, Finance and Occupation (Belgium, Its Enemies, Its Friends, 1939–1945)
1310:
The government of Jaspar-Huysmans called for the creation of organized resistance in occupied Belgium from London, even before the
4486:
4451:
4446:
3621:
3696:
3276:
846:(Liberal), who had refused to follow the government to London, is apprehended by the Germans in France. He would later die in
3459:
2943:
2850:
2611:
2481:
2453:
2395:
2306:
2040:
1918:
1589:
1564:
1191:
3254:
Laureys, Veronique (2007). "The Belgian Government in Exile in London and the Jewish Question during the Second World War".
4481:
4095:
4090:
3351:
31:
2680:
3106:
334:"The present Belgian government is a rump, but it is, as I understand it, a rump of unquestioned lineage, so to speak."
3863:
3515:
1338:
946:
to comment that "all that remains of legal and free Belgium, all that is entitled to speak in her name, is in London".
2978:
4421:
4411:
4010:
3965:
3440:
3421:
3244:
3037:
3012:
2918:
2536:
2370:
2345:
2254:
2229:
2145:
2070:
1891:
1274:
954:
392:
861:(Catholic) becomes Minister for Interior Affairs and Agriculture, after having served as Minister without Portfolio.
3572:
1102:
847:
308:
3922:
1386:(SOE) were able to provide. During the course of the war, the government in exile delivered 124–245 million
1767:
Geller, Jay Howard (January 1999). "The Role of Military Administration in German-occupied Belgium, 1940–1944".
3981:
3688:
1962:
1106:
1053:
313:
255:, an aristocrat and career soldier, as military governor of Belgium. The government was briefly established in
187:
3079:
969:, which had broken off diplomatic relations with Belgium in May 1941 (heavily influenced by the then-in force
3726:
3508:
2772:
2553:"Inter-Allied Council Statement on the Principles of the Atlantic Charter: September 24, 1941 [Text]"
1811:
1515:
1252:, photographed in 1934, chose to remain in Belgium as a prisoner rather than follow his government into exile
1147:
1135:
651:
2745:
1421:
4471:
3958:
3836:
1988:
1383:
1356:
1091:, as well as Belgian émigrés already living in England, the government in exile approved the creation of a
1347:
1769:
1194:
between Belgium and Luxembourg, and would later form the basis of the Benelux Economic Union after 1958.
1172:
1049:
989:
970:
912:
235:
4315:
3809:
3797:
3788:
1472:
958:
452:
408:
252:
4310:
3903:
3758:
3718:
3641:
2712:
2638:
1468:
1409:
1183:
962:
506:
400:
391:. The offices of the Belgian government were situated close to other governments-in-exile, including
1364:
4305:
3738:
3159:
2634:
1449:
1391:
1226:
1159:
764:
656:
569:
496:
167:
94:
3277:"Les relations diplomatiques entre le gouvernement Belge de Londres et les Etats-Unis (1940–1944)"
2843:
Recognition of Governments in International Law, with particular reference to Governments in Exile
2033:
Recognition of Governments in International Law, with particular reference to Governments in Exile
343:
3802:
1520:
1483:
1267:
953:, was attached to the government in exile. In March 1941, the Americans also sent an Ambassador,
720:
689:
276:
occupied by Germany, the necessity of which has been pointed out to the French government by the
175:
98:
4355:
2505:
198:
Despite this policy, Belgium was invaded without warning by German forces on 10 May 1940. After
4179:
3915:
3844:
1257:
1249:
564:
422:
352:
214:
4350:
2445:
1657:
1611:
1150:
in January 1942, with 26 other nations, which would set a precedent for the foundation of the
4330:
4325:
3831:
1311:
126:
118:
3950:
3856:
2437:
2299:
Listening to Britain: Home Intelligence Reports on Britain's Finest Hour, May–September 1940
883:(technical expert) resigns as Undersecretary for Aid to Refugees, Labour and Social Welfare.
4345:
4320:
4256:
3766:
3500:
2166:
1910:
Exile in London: The Experience of Czechoslovakia and the Other Occupied Nations, 1939–1945
1168:
1163:
1025:
974:
843:
785:
741:
703:
586:
520:
171:
102:
27:
Government in exile of Belgium between October 1940 and September 1944 during World War II.
3877:
957:, to represent the United States to the governments in exile of Belgium, the Netherlands,
672:
8:
4340:
3668:
3654:
3649:
1535:
1041:
818:(technical expert) becomes Undersecretary for Aid to Refugees, Labour and Social Welfare.
300:
251:
to France's overseas empire to continue the fight. Meanwhile, Germany appointed General
243:
in London where the government was established in 1940 and remained until September 1944.
145:
78:
3203:
3181:
2716:
299:
While the government under Pierlot was still in France, the Belgian Minister of Health,
4360:
4335:
3939:
3870:
3849:
3816:
3771:
3661:
3409:
3386:
3267:
2891:
2883:
2797:
2789:
2577:
2316:
1877:
1836:
1828:
1786:
1719:
1599:
1525:
1330:
1290:
1134:
Poster depicting the flags of the "United Nations", including Belgium, that signed the
1013:
858:
755:
247:
The Belgian government in France had been intending to follow the French government of
149:
132:
Despite no longer having authority in its own country, the government administered the
1326:
593:
in France, June 1940. He would spend the war away from the rest of the government, in
260:
125:, where it established itself as the only legitimate representation of Belgium to the
3636:
3611:
3455:
3436:
3417:
3307:
3240:
3033:
3008:
2939:
2914:
2895:
2846:
2820:
2801:
2675:
2607:
2532:
2477:
2449:
2438:
2391:
2366:
2341:
2302:
2250:
2225:
2199:
2141:
2066:
2036:
1914:
1887:
1859:
1840:
1749:
1585:
1560:
1476:
1245:
950:
803:
339:
304:
199:
161:
1368:
Supplies for the Resistance dropped by British aircraft in the countryside north of
582:
39:
3731:
3363:
3288:
3263:
2875:
2781:
1820:
1778:
1440:
1302:
1143:
1088:
1061:
1017:
1006:
943:
707:
676:
515:
361:
326:
3376:
1709:
973:), re-established its legation to the government in exile in the aftermath of the
780:
3586:
2581:
2556:
2010:
1908:
1881:
1208:
1111:
396:
384:
365:
58:
3581:
1557:
Confronting the Nazi war on Christianity: the Kulturkampf Newsletters, 1936–1939
1425:. However, the committee was rendered redundant by the liberation in September.
894:(POB-BWP) becomes Undersecretary for Aid to Refugees, Labour and Social Welfare.
774:
749:
730:
697:
666:
645:
625:
90:
3567:
3555:
2879:
2552:
2414:
1507:
1334:
1320:
1215:
1151:
1075:
491:
192:
166:
Politically, Belgian politics had been dominated in the interwar period by the
141:
110:
66:
43:
555:
4440:
3701:
3347:
2824:
2469:
2203:
2161:
1863:
1753:
1387:
1278:
927:
829:(Catholic) becomes Minister for Justice, National Information and Propaganda.
594:
412:
388:
133:
2388:
Scripta Politica: Politieke Geschiedenis van België in Documenten, 1918–2008
351:
The challenge to the Pierlot government's authority spurred it into action.
3616:
3469:
3367:
1162:
in the United States on behalf of the Belgian government, establishing the
966:
539:
376:
356:
279:
264:
248:
240:
218:
106:
86:
3452:
Les Méconnus de Londres: Journal de Guerre d'une Belge, 1940–1945 (vol. 2)
3433:
Les Méconnus de Londres: Journal de Guerre d'une Belge, 1940–1945 (vol. 1)
3293:
1207:
reserves. These had been moved secretly to Britain in May 1940 aboard the
1130:
3713:
3603:
3598:
3083:
1190:
after the liberation. The Benelux Customs Union was a major extension of
1186:
on 5 September 1944, just days before the Belgian government returned to
832:
809:
631:
318:
206:
1627:"Forces et faiblesses de l'armée belge en 1940 à la veille de la guerre"
3683:
2968:"Belgium: A Small but Significant Resistance Force during World War II"
2887:
2845:(Reprinted ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 150–1.
2793:
2385:
1886:(revised ed.). Leuven: Leuven University Press. pp. 237–238.
1832:
1461:
1448:
Allied troops entered Belgium on 2 September 1944. On 3 September, the
1115:
404:
210:
1790:
482:
411:
succeeded in escaping Belgium and took up residence in London and the
1457:
380:
447:
3934:
3375:
Yapou, Eliezer (2006). "Belgium: Disintegration and Resurrection".
2785:
2578:"Declaration by the United Nations, January 1, 1942 [Text]"
2035:(Reprint. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 130.
1966:
1824:
1782:
1708:
Yapou, Eliezer (2006). "Belgium: Disintegration and Resurrection".
1453:
1415:
1369:
1187:
268:
114:
4378:
2866:
Wauters, Arthur (September 1946). "The Return of the Government".
1390:, either dropped by parachute or transferred via bank accounts in
222:
government returning to the country and the talks were abandoned.
3910:
3898:
3541:
3330:
3111:
1940:
1631:
1378:
1219:
1179:
1084:
1021:
978:
323:
256:
179:
137:
82:
2770:
Knight, Thomas J. (March 1969). "Belgium Leaves the War, 1940".
1809:
Knight, Thomas J. (March 1969). "Belgium Leaves the War, 1940".
3783:
3753:
3489:
1225:
The Belgian government published its own official journal, the
1029:
994:
530:
183:
122:
30:
For the Belgian government in Le Havre during World War I, see
3237:
Europe in Exile: European Exile Communities in Britain 1940–45
2868:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
2529:
Europe in Exile: European Exile Communities in Britain 1940–45
2363:
Europe in Exile: European Exile Communities in Britain 1940–45
2338:
Europe in Exile: European Exile Communities in Britain 1940–45
2247:
Europe in Exile: European Exile Communities in Britain 1940–45
2222:
Europe in Exile: European Exile Communities in Britain 1940–45
2162:"Why Belgium Fights On: Civilisation will Perish if Nazis Win"
2138:
Europe in Exile: European Exile Communities in Britain 1940–45
2063:
Europe in Exile: European Exile Communities in Britain 1940–45
3980:
1913:. Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press. p. 25.
1400:
alone. Smaller sums were distributed to other organisations.
1098:
1057:
213:, whose monarchies went into exile alongside the government,
3530:
2819:. Vol. II: 1940–1945. Éd. Berger-Levrault. p. 43.
2198:. Vol. II: 1940–1945. Éd. Berger-Levrault. p. 40.
1858:. Vol. II: 1940–1945. Éd. Berger-Levrault. p. 37.
1748:. Vol. II: 1940–1945. Éd. Berger-Levrault. p. 36.
949:
The British diplomatic mission to Belgium, under Ambassador
1204:
289:
Letter from the Vichy French government, 16 September 1940.
2668:"Benelux Economic Union – A New Role for the 21st Century"
1662:. London: Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. p. 99.
872:(POB-BWP) becomes Minister for Public Works and Transport.
263:, this plan was abandoned. Despite hostility from the new
109:
in May 1940, the Belgian government, under Prime Minister
3054:"La Glanerie commémore la libération du 2 septembre 1944"
1171:
after the war, while the conference also established the
2386:
Gerard, Emmanuel; Van Nieuwenhuyse, Karel, eds. (2010).
1114:
as well as the creation of a Belgian section within the
49:, Prime Minister of the government in exile, April 1944.
2706:"Treaty Establishing the Benelux Economic Union (1958)"
1659:
Belgium: The Official Account of What Happened, 1939–40
1175:(IMF) of which Gutt would serve as the first director.
900:(technical expert) becomes Undersecretary for Supplies.
2936:
Dictionnaire de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale en Belgique
806:(Liberal) becomes Undersecretary for Public Education.
3326:"Quatre ans Ă Londres: Eaton Square, Petite Belgique"
3304:"Ici Londres, capitale de la Belgique libre ..."
1936:"Quatre ans Ă Londres: Eaton Square, Petite Belgique"
1142:
In September 1941, the Belgian government signed the
144:. The government also exercised influence within the
1497:
1467:
On 26 September, Pierlot formed a new government of
375:
The bulk of the Belgian government was installed in
2249:(1st ed.). New York: Berghahn. pp. 57–8.
2189:
2187:
2185:
2065:(1st ed.). New York: Berghahn. pp. 55–6.
1876:
2977:. Hawaii Pacific University: 89–90. Archived from
1739:
1737:
1735:
1579:
1097:(CMBR; "Belgian Military Camp for Regrouping") in
3352:"Sur l'histoire du gouvernement belge de Londres"
1965:. Embassy of Luxembourg in London. Archived from
1580:Amersfoort, Herman; Klinkert, Wim (eds.) (2011).
1222:) which the Allies relied on for the war effort.
442:
4438:
2938:. Brussels: André Versaille éd. pp. 372–3.
2746:"Camille Gutt and Postwar International Finance"
2531:(1st ed.). New York: Berghahn. p. 94.
2440:Foreign Volunteers of the Allied Forces, 1939–45
2365:(1st ed.). New York: Berghahn. p. 60.
2340:(1st ed.). New York: Berghahn. p. 54.
2296:
2224:(1st ed.). New York: Berghahn. p. 61.
2182:
2140:(1st ed.). New York: Berghahn. p. 92.
1531:German occupation of Belgium during World War II
1284:
3234:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2606:. London: Pickering & Chatto. p. 107.
2526:
2415:"La Brigade Piron: Création en Grande-Bretagne"
2360:
2335:
2244:
2219:
2135:
2060:
1847:
1732:
1655:
1582:Small Powers in the Age of Total War, 1900–1940
1333:, a former government minister who worked as a
178:. The 1930s also saw the rise in popularity of
85:between October 1940 and September 1944 during
3235:Conway, Martin; Gotovitch, José, eds. (2001).
2836:
2834:
2814:
2604:Camille Gutt and Postwar International Finance
2527:Conway, Martin; Gotovitch, José, eds. (2001).
2390:(2nd ed.). Leuven: Acco. pp. 164–5.
2361:Conway, Martin; Gotovitch, José, eds. (2001).
2336:Conway, Martin; Gotovitch, José, eds. (2001).
2245:Conway, Martin; Gotovitch, José, eds. (2001).
2220:Conway, Martin; Gotovitch, José, eds. (2001).
2193:
2136:Conway, Martin; Gotovitch, José, eds. (2001).
2061:Conway, Martin; Gotovitch, José, eds. (2001).
1853:
1743:
577:
488:Prime Minister – Public Education and Defence
429:in the name of the Sovereign State of Belgium.
3966:
3516:
2933:
2056:
2054:
2052:
1906:
1240:
1056:in London, 1943. Van Strydonck had been made
812:(POB-BWP) becomes Undersecretary for Defence.
3449:
3430:
2952:
2817:La Belgique et la Crise Européene, 1914–1945
2474:Les Aviateurs Belges dans la Royal Air Force
2321:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2272:"Feeding the Crocodile: Was Leopold Guilty?"
2196:La Belgique et la Crise Européene, 1914–1945
2026:
2024:
2017:. Vol. IV, no. 39. 7 October 1944.
1856:La Belgique et la Crise Européene, 1914–1945
1746:La Belgique et la Crise Européene, 1914–1945
1486:(PSB-BSP) and the Catholic Party became the
1395:
1354:
1345:
1318:
1125:
1092:
512:Foreign Affairs, Information and Propaganda
277:
3408:
3281:Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains
2831:
2215:
2213:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
926:(Catholic) becomes Head of the Mission for
3973:
3959:
3523:
3509:
3391:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3105:Marc, Metdepenningen (10 September 1994).
3032:(1st ed.). Oxford: Berg. p. 53.
3007:(1st ed.). Oxford: Berg. p. 54.
2934:Gotovitch, José; Aron, Paul, eds. (2008).
2429:
2238:
2049:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1724:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1464:, was put into action with great success.
977:and eventually expanded it to the rank of
225:
3982:Belgian government cabinets, 1830–present
3292:
3072:
2661:
2659:
2021:
1989:"Plaque: Netherlands Government in exile"
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1651:
1649:
1329:. Amongst those working in the radio was
4492:Governments in exile during World War II
3532:Governments in exile during World War II
3346:
3274:
2965:
2908:
2739:
2737:
2601:
2520:
2354:
2297:Crang, Jeremy A., Addison, Paul (2011).
2210:
2122:
2108:"Le gouvernement Pierlot IV (1940–1944)"
2102:
1927:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1443:, on the government's return to Brussels
1363:
1244:
1129:
1048:
988:
581:
446:
234:
38:
3622:French Committee of National Liberation
3356:Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire
3324:Laporte, Christian (1 September 1994).
3323:
3301:
3253:
2865:
2815:Wullus-Rudiger, Jacques-Armand (1945).
2263:
2194:Wullus-Rudiger, Jacques-Armand (1945).
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
1934:Laporte, Christian (1 September 1994).
1933:
1907:Smetana, VĂt; Geaney, Kathleen (2017).
1854:Wullus-Rudiger, Jacques-Armand (1945).
1797:
1744:Wullus-Rudiger, Jacques-Armand (1945).
14:
4439:
3204:"PSC: Sigle de Parti Sociale Chrétien"
3182:"PSB: Sigle de Parti Socialiste Belge"
3107:"L'Opération Gutt était prête en 1943"
2840:
2769:
2656:
2468:
2435:
2409:
2407:
2030:
1808:
1766:
1646:
1624:
1559:. Oxford: Peter Lang. pp. 175–6.
1554:
1083:With some Belgian troops rescued from
1035:
364:and Pierlot, who had been detained in
4390:
4096:de Broqueville II (in Sainte-Adresse)
3992:
3954:
3890:Unrecognised or non-autonomous bodies
3504:
3374:
3027:
3002:
2743:
2734:
2269:
1707:
1666:
1337:, who is credited for inventing the "
1305:in a radio broadcast of 23 June 1940.
1078:, Speech on French Radio, 28 May 1940
182:parties within Belgium; most notably
148:and attempted to maintain links with
3468:
3239:(1st ed.). New York: Berghahn.
3104:
2913:. Brussels: Racine. pp. 184–7.
2476:. Brussels: Racine. pp. 104–5.
2301:. London: Vintage. pp. 71, 56.
2079:
1428:
1094:Camp Militaire Belge de Regroupement
611:
603:
465:
32:Belgian government at Sainte-Adresse
3474:La Belgique au Carrefour, 1940–1944
2404:
984:
230:
105:. After the invasion of Belgium by
24:
3401:
3302:Laporte, Christian (31 May 2008).
3268:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1994.tb01826.x
3222:
3134:"Le gouvernement Pierlot V (1944)"
3080:"1944: the Liberation of Brussels"
2274:. Churchill Centre. Archived from
1625:Bailly, Michel (2 February 1990).
1618:
1182:. The agreement was signed in the
407:. Approximately 30 members of the
316:. Jaspar, joined by the Socialist
307:, and on 23 June gave a speech on
25:
4503:
4467:1944 disestablishments in England
4462:1944 disestablishments in Belgium
3482:
2665:
1584:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 243–4.
294:
140:and Belgium's admission into the
4477:Belgium–United Kingdom relations
4457:1940s in the City of Westminster
4377:
3933:
3921:
3909:
3897:
3830:
3782:
3752:
3712:
3682:
3635:
3597:
3566:
3540:
3488:
2628:"The Bretton Woods Institutions"
1500:
1361:, was only established in 1944.
1103:Raoul Daufresne de la Chevalerie
848:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
773:
748:
729:
696:
665:
644:
624:
554:
529:
505:
481:
170:, usually in coalition with the
3454:(in French). Brussels: Racine.
3435:(in French). Brussels: Racine.
3378:Governments in Exile, 1939–1945
3196:
3174:
3148:
3126:
3098:
3046:
3021:
2996:
2927:
2902:
2859:
2808:
2763:
2698:
2620:
2595:
2570:
2545:
2490:
2462:
2379:
2329:
2290:
2154:
2003:
1981:
1955:
1900:
1870:
1711:Governments in Exile, 1939–1945
536:Financial and Economic Affairs
93:, involving ministers from the
4487:United Kingdom in World War II
4452:1940 establishments in England
4447:1940 establishments in Belgium
4391:
1760:
1573:
1548:
1107:Victor van Strydonck de Burkel
1054:Victor van Strydonck de Burkel
725:
620:
525:
477:
433:
314:Emile de Cartier de Marchienne
13:
1:
3082:. Brussels.be. Archived from
2773:The Journal of Modern History
2744:Buyst, Erik (November 2011).
1812:The Journal of Modern History
1541:
1516:Belgian Congo in World War II
1285:Relations with the Resistance
1148:Declaration by United Nations
155:
3993:
3450:Dutry-Soinne, Tinou (2008).
3431:Dutry-Soinne, Tinou (2006).
3227:
3030:Resistance in Western Europe
3005:Resistance in Western Europe
1880:; Verbreyt, Monique (2009).
1384:Special Operations Executive
1197:
993:Belgian refugee children in
71:Belgische regering in Londen
63:Gouvernement belge Ă Londres
55:Belgian Government in London
7:
4482:Belgian government in exile
3495:Belgian government in exile
3416:(in Dutch). Tielt: Lannoo.
3414:Oorlogsdagboeken, 1940–1942
3158:. DiRupo.be. Archived from
2444:. London: Osprey. pp.
1770:Journal of Military History
1493:
1173:International Monetary Fund
1152:United Nations Organisation
578:Ministers without Portfolio
18:Belgian Government in Exile
10:
4508:
4060:de Theux de Meylandt-Malou
3275:Grosbois, Thierry (2002).
3060:(in French). 16 March 2020
2909:Grosbois, Thierry (1998).
2880:10.1177/000271624624700102
2602:Crombois, Jean F. (2011).
2498:"Royal Navy Section Belge"
1288:
1255:
1241:Relations with Leopold III
1235:
1039:
793:
652:Charles d'Aspremont Lynden
253:Alexander von Falkenhausen
159:
150:the underground resistance
29:
4397:
4386:
4375:
4295:
4107:
4003:
3999:
3988:
3889:
3828:
3780:
3750:
3710:
3680:
3633:
3595:
3564:
3538:
2713:United Nations University
1462:limiting the money supply
1275:Charles, Duke of Flanders
1184:London Customs Convention
1126:Treaties and negotiations
4063:Frère-Orban-Van Humbeeck
3739:Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
3136:. Histoire-des-belges.be
3028:Moore, Bob, ed. (2000).
3003:Moore, Bob, ed. (2000).
2635:National Bank of Belgium
2110:. Histoire-des-belges.be
1656:Various authors (1941).
1555:Bonney, Richard (2009).
1460:in liberated Belgium by
1450:Guards Armoured Division
1410:Mouvement National Belge
1160:Bretton Woods Conference
591:President of the Chamber
423:His Majesty's Government
4039:de Theux de Meylandt II
3697:Grand Duchess Charlotte
2841:Talmon, Stefan (2001).
2031:Talmon, Stefan (2001).
1521:Belgium in World War II
1484:Belgian Socialist Party
1452:liberated the capital,
1422:Front de l'Indépendance
1377:ungovernable political
937:
226:Establishment in London
4169:Pierlot IV (in London)
4027:de Theux de Meylandt I
4011:Provisional Government
3368:10.3406/rbph.2000.4476
2966:De Vidts, Kim (2004).
2436:Thomas, Nigel (1991).
2270:Langworth, Richard M.
1488:Christian Social Party
1437:
1396:
1373:
1355:
1346:
1319:
1299:
1258:Leopold III of Belgium
1253:
1139:
1093:
1081:
1065:
998:
598:
565:Albert de Vleeschauwer
460:
431:
353:Albert de Vleeschauwer
336:
292:
278:
244:
195:, France and Germany.
70:
62:
50:
3810:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
3798:Władysław Raczkiewicz
3294:10.3917/gmcc.202.0167
1433:
1367:
1295:
1248:
1230:(Official Government)
1180:Benelux Customs Union
1133:
1067:
1052:
992:
585:
561:Colonies and Justice
450:
420:
332:
273:
238:
146:Belgian army-in-exile
138:Benelux Customs Union
89:. The government was
75:Pierlot IV Government
73:), also known as the
42:
4081:de Smet de Naeyer II
3497:at Wikimedia Commons
3476:(in French). Fayard.
2722:on 26 September 2011
1268:Constitution of 1831
1164:Bretton Woods System
844:Arthur Vanderpoorten
716:(until January 1943)
704:Arthur Vanderpoorten
587:Frans Van Cauwelaert
443:"Government of Four"
186:which peaked at the
172:Belgian Labour Party
4472:Belgian governments
4253:Vanden Boeynants II
4075:de Smet de Naeyer I
4066:Malou-Jacobs-Woeste
3669:Georgios Papandreou
3655:Emmanouil Tsouderos
3410:De Schryver, August
3256:Historical Research
3162:on 24 December 2013
3156:"Achille Van Acker"
2644:on 24 December 2013
1878:Van der Wee, Herman
1536:Politics of Belgium
1136:Declaration of 1942
1042:Free Belgian forces
1036:Free Belgian forces
911:(Catholic) becomes
301:Marcel-Henri Jaspar
200:18 days of fighting
79:government in exile
4232:Vanden Boeynants I
4141:de Broqueville III
3857:Slobodan Jovanović
3817:Tomasz Arciszewski
3803:Władysław Sikorski
3772:Johan Nygaardsvold
3662:Sofoklis Venizelos
3362:(3–4): 1009–1022.
2911:Pierlot, 1930–1950
2417:. Brigade-piron.be
1991:. London Remembers
1610:has generic name (
1526:Free French Forces
1374:
1331:Victor de Laveleye
1291:Belgian Resistance
1254:
1140:
1105:as commander, and
1066:
999:
955:Anthony Biddle Jr.
859:August de Schryver
760:(until 3 May 1943)
756:August de Schryver
638:(technical expert)
599:
546:(technical expert)
461:
409:Belgian Parliament
245:
239:The north side of
51:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4368:
3948:
3947:
3612:Charles de Gaulle
3493:Media related to
3461:978-2-87386-504-7
3308:La Libre Belgique
3287:(202–3): 167–87.
3206:. Larousse Online
3184:. Larousse Online
2945:978-2-87495-001-8
2852:978-0-19-924839-1
2676:Lehigh University
2613:978-1-84893-058-2
2508:on 2 October 2013
2483:978-2-87386-472-9
2455:978-1-85532-136-6
2397:978-90-334-8039-3
2308:978-0-09-954874-4
2042:978-0-19-924839-1
2015:News From Belgium
1969:on 27 August 2019
1920:978-80-246-3701-3
1591:978-90-04-20321-1
1566:978-3-03911-904-2
1477:Achille Van Acker
1429:Return to Belgium
1266:According to the
1014:Belgian Institute
951:Lancelot Oliphant
913:Minister of State
888:3 September 1943
800:19 February 1942
791:
790:
761:
717:
686:
673:Paul-Émile Janson
639:
575:
574:
547:
340:Alexander Cadogan
305:Charles De Gaulle
174:(POB-BWP) or the
162:Battle of Belgium
16:(Redirected from
4499:
4388:
4387:
4381:
4091:de Broqueville I
4001:
4000:
3990:
3989:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3952:
3951:
3938:
3937:
3926:
3925:
3914:
3913:
3902:
3901:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3864:Miloš Trifunović
3861:
3854:
3848:Prime Minister:
3835:
3834:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3801:Prime Minister:
3787:
3786:
3770:Prime Minister:
3757:
3756:
3743:
3736:
3732:Dirk Jan de Geer
3730:Prime Minister:
3727:Queen Wilhelmina
3717:
3716:
3700:Prime Minister:
3687:
3686:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3653:Prime Minister:
3640:
3639:
3626:
3602:
3601:
3585:Prime Minister:
3571:
3570:
3554:Prime Minister:
3545:
3544:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3502:
3501:
3492:
3477:
3465:
3446:
3427:
3396:
3390:
3382:
3371:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3298:
3296:
3271:
3250:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2972:
2963:
2950:
2949:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2838:
2829:
2828:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2715:. Archived from
2710:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2679:. Archived from
2672:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2637:. Archived from
2632:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2504:. Archived from
2494:
2488:
2487:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2443:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2191:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2133:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2104:
2077:
2076:
2058:
2047:
2046:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2011:"Back To Normal"
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1806:
1795:
1794:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1741:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1715:
1705:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1595:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1552:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1444:
1441:Paul-Henri Spaak
1399:
1392:neutral Portugal
1360:
1351:
1324:
1312:French surrender
1306:
1303:Camille Huysmans
1250:King Leopold III
1144:Atlantic Charter
1096:
1089:Operation Dynamo
1079:
1062:a cavalry charge
1007:Mass Observation
985:Belgian refugees
971:Nazi-Soviet Pact
944:Paul-Henri Spaak
881:Gustave Joassart
870:August Balthazar
827:Antoine Delfosse
816:Gustave Joassart
777:
759:
752:
733:
715:
712:
700:
684:
681:
669:
648:
637:
628:
601:
600:
558:
545:
533:
516:Paul-Henri Spaak
509:
485:
463:
462:
459:on the building.
362:Paul-Henri Spaak
347:
346:, December 1940.
327:Camille Huysmans
290:
283:
231:Refuge in France
215:King Leopold III
113:, fled first to
21:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4426:
4393:
4382:
4365:
4316:Verhofstadt III
4291:
4120:Carton de Wiart
4103:
4078:Vandenpeereboom
3995:
3984:
3979:
3949:
3944:
3932:
3920:
3908:
3896:
3885:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3847:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3800:
3781:
3776:
3769:
3767:King Haakon VII
3751:
3746:
3741:
3734:
3729:
3711:
3706:
3699:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3596:
3591:
3584:
3565:
3560:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3485:
3480:
3462:
3443:
3424:
3404:
3402:Primary sources
3399:
3384:
3383:
3337:
3335:
3314:
3312:
3262:(132): 212–23.
3247:
3230:
3225:
3223:Further reading
3220:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3086:on 7 March 2015
3078:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2985:
2981:
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2719:
2708:
2704:
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2699:
2689:
2687:
2686:on 3 March 2016
2683:
2670:
2666:Walsh, Jeremy.
2664:
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2641:
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2600:
2596:
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2582:Yale University
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2557:Yale University
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2170:. 13 March 1941
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1301:
1293:
1287:
1260:
1243:
1238:
1232:, from London.
1200:
1192:a pre-war union
1169:American Dollar
1128:
1112:Royal Air Force
1080:
1074:
1044:
1038:
987:
975:German invasion
940:
935:
823:2 October 1942
796:
758:
714:
708:
683:
677:
580:
445:
436:
401:the Netherlands
397:Wilton Crescent
385:Belgrave Square
366:Francoist Spain
349:
342:of the British
338:
297:
291:
288:
261:Philippe PĂ©tain
233:
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4311:Verhofstadt II
4308:
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4227:
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4220:G. Eyskens III
4218:
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4209:
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4200:
4197:
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4185:
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4150:Van Zeeland II
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3650:King George II
3646:
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3628:
3627:
3619:
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3608:
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3593:
3592:
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3573:Czechoslovakia
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3556:Hubert Pierlot
3551:
3549:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3527:
3520:
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3498:
3484:
3483:External links
3481:
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3405:
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2995:
2984:on 21 May 2012
2951:
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2807:
2786:10.1086/240347
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2482:
2470:Donnet, Michel
2461:
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2328:
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2289:
2278:on 21 May 2013
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1825:10.1086/240347
1796:
1783:10.2307/120335
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1508:Belgium portal
1495:
1492:
1469:national unity
1432:
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1427:
1321:Radio Belgique
1294:
1286:
1283:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1228:Moniteur Belge
1209:naval trawler
1199:
1196:
1127:
1124:
1076:Hubert Pierlot
1072:
1040:Main article:
1037:
1034:
986:
983:
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936:
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933:
932:
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924:Paul Tschoffen
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909:Paul Tschoffen
905:30 March 1943
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492:Hubert Pierlot
489:
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453:Hotel Majestic
444:
441:
435:
432:
427:full authority
344:Foreign Office
331:
296:
295:Move to London
293:
286:
232:
229:
227:
224:
168:Catholic Party
160:Main article:
157:
154:
142:United Nations
111:Hubert Pierlot
103:Labour Parties
44:Hubert Pierlot
26:
9:
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4:
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2:
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4306:Verhofstadt I
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4269:
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4238:G. Eyskens VI
4237:
4234:
4231:
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4225:
4223:G. Eyskens IV
4222:
4219:
4217:G. Eyskens II
4216:
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4198:
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4190:Van Acker III
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4147:Van Zeeland I
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4126:Van de Vyvere
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4021:de Muelenaere
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1777:(1): 99–125.
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1397:Armée Secrète
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1357:Armée Secrète
1350:
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1339:V for Victory
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1277:was declared
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928:Civil Affairs
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898:Raoul Richard
896:
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892:Joseph Bondas
890:
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877:16 July 1943
876:
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866:6 April 1943
865:
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840:January 1943
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4282:Martens VIII
4270:M. Eyskens I
4250:Tindemans II
4235:G. Eyskens V
4214:Van Acker IV
4211:Van Houtte I
4205:Duvieusart I
4202:G. Eyskens I
4184:Van Acker II
4168:
4117:Delacroix II
4045:de Brouckère
4036:Van de Weyer
3878:Ivan Šubašić
3617:Henri Giraud
3582:Edvard Beneš
3546:
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3381:. Jerusalem.
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1967:the original
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1405:LĂ©gion Belge
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1348:LĂ©gion Belge
1343:
1341:" campaign.
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920:6 June 1944
804:Julius Hoste
737:LĂ©on Matagne
709:
685:(until 1943)
678:
540:Camille Gutt
437:
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377:Eaton Square
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357:Camille Gutt
350:
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265:Vichy regime
249:Paul Reynaud
246:
241:Eaton Square
219:Henri de Man
204:
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131:
121:and then to
107:Nazi Germany
87:World War II
74:
54:
52:
46:
36:
4279:Martens VII
4264:Martens III
4247:Tindemans I
4244:Leburton II
4180:Van Acker I
4165:Pierlot III
4114:Delacroix I
4054:Frère-Orban
4015:de Gerlache
3928:Philippines
3881:(1944–1945)
3874:(1943–1944)
3860:(1942–1943)
3853:(1941–1942)
3820:(1944–1945)
3813:(1943–1944)
3806:(1939–1943)
3796:President:
3742:(1940–1945)
3719:Netherlands
3672:(1944–1945)
3658:(1941–1944)
3625:(1943–1945)
3580:President:
3334:(in French)
3311:(in French)
2167:The Mercury
1490:(PSC-CVP).
1218:, gold and
855:3 May 1943
833:Henri Rolin
810:Henri Rolin
632:Henri Denis
434:Composition
319:burgomaster
207:Netherlands
205:Unlike the
4441:Categories
4392:Formations
4331:Leterme II
4326:Van Rompuy
4302:Dehaene II
4285:Martens IX
4276:Martens VI
4267:Martens IV
4261:Martens II
4241:Leburton I
4193:Huysmans I
4176:Pierlot VI
4162:Pierlot II
4144:Theunis II
4087:Schollaert
4051:Rogier III
3837:Yugoslavia
3689:Luxembourg
3587:Jan Šrámek
2282:17 January
1638:17 January
1542:References
1473:Communists
1335:newsreader
1289:See also:
1256:See also:
1116:Royal Navy
468:Portfolio
405:Piccadilly
393:Luxembourg
211:Luxembourg
156:Background
91:tripartite
77:, was the
4417:2019–2020
4407:2010–2011
4402:2007–2008
4356:Wilmès II
4346:Michel II
4321:Leterme I
4288:Dehaene I
4273:Martens V
4257:Martens I
4226:Lefèvre I
4208:Pholien I
4196:Spaak III
4173:Pierlot V
4159:Pierlot I
4135:Jaspar II
4123:Theunis I
4108:1918–1995
4072:de Burlet
4069:Beernaert
4057:d'Anethan
4048:de Decker
4042:Rogier II
4030:Lebeau II
4004:1830–1918
3387:cite book
3228:Overviews
2975:MA Thesis
2896:143710727
2825:004156520
2802:144164673
2780:(1): 53.
2317:cite book
2204:004156520
1963:"Welcome"
1864:004156520
1841:144164673
1819:(1): 52.
1754:004156520
1720:cite book
1600:cite book
1458:inflation
1394:, to the
1327:Paul LĂ©vy
1314:in 1940.
1198:Authority
1154:in 1945.
981:in 1943.
381:Belgravia
4351:Wilmès I
4341:Michel I
4229:Harmel I
4199:Spaak IV
4187:Spaak II
4132:Jaspar I
4100:Cooreman
4084:de Trooz
4024:Rogier I
4018:Lebeau I
3994:Cabinets
3940:Thailand
3472:(1971).
3412:(1998).
3350:(2000).
2472:(2006).
1494:See also
1454:Brussels
1419:and the
1416:Groupe G
1379:militias
1370:Brussels
1188:Brussels
1073:—
1064:in 1918.
1026:Kingston
765:Catholic
657:Catholic
570:Catholic
497:Catholic
457:a plaque
369:en route
287:—
269:Bordeaux
115:Bordeaux
95:Catholic
4361:De Croo
4336:Di Rupo
4156:Spaak I
4129:Poullet
4033:Nothomb
3916:Denmark
3904:Austria
3547:Belgium
3331:Le Soir
3210:20 July
3188:20 July
3166:20 July
3140:14 July
3118:14 July
3112:Le Soir
3090:13 July
2988:14 July
2888:1025662
2874:: 1–4.
2794:1876204
2755:13 July
2726:13 July
2690:13 July
2648:13 July
2587:13 July
2562:13 July
2512:24 July
2502:KLM-MRA
2114:14 July
1941:Le Soir
1833:1876204
1632:Le Soir
1236:Stances
1220:uranium
1087:during
1085:Dunkirk
1022:Braemar
1018:Penrith
997:in 1940
979:Embassy
794:Changes
786:POB-BWP
742:POB-BWP
721:Liberal
710:†
690:Liberal
679:†
521:POB-BWP
379:in the
324:Antwerp
257:Limoges
193:Britain
180:Fascist
99:Liberal
83:Belgium
4153:Janson
4138:Renkin
3867:(1943)
3789:Poland
3759:Norway
3735:(1940)
3665:(1944)
3642:Greece
3604:France
3458:
3439:
3420:
3338:7 July
3315:7 July
3243:
3036:
3011:
2942:
2917:
2894:
2886:
2849:
2823:
2800:
2792:
2750:EH.Net
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2535:
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2452:
2421:1 July
2394:
2369:
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2202:
2144:
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1973:11 May
1947:7 July
1917:
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1862:
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1791:120335
1789:
1752:
1588:
1563:
1388:francs
1216:rubber
1030:Buxton
995:London
965:. The
963:Norway
959:Poland
706:
675:
617:Party
609:Party
474:Party
399:, and
127:Allies
123:London
119:France
59:French
47:(left)
2982:(PDF)
2971:(PDF)
2892:S2CID
2884:JSTOR
2798:S2CID
2790:JSTOR
2720:(PDF)
2709:(PDF)
2684:(PDF)
2671:(PDF)
2642:(PDF)
2631:(PDF)
2174:7 May
1995:6 May
1837:S2CID
1829:JSTOR
1787:JSTOR
1099:Tenby
1058:Baron
636:None
614:Name
606:Name
544:None
471:Name
395:, in
280:Reich
67:Dutch
4422:2024
4412:2014
3456:ISBN
3437:ISBN
3418:ISBN
3393:link
3340:2013
3317:2013
3241:ISBN
3212:2013
3190:2013
3168:2013
3142:2013
3120:2013
3092:2013
3066:2023
3034:ISBN
3009:ISBN
2990:2013
2940:ISBN
2915:ISBN
2847:ISBN
2821:OCLC
2757:2013
2728:2013
2692:2013
2650:2013
2608:ISBN
2589:2013
2564:2013
2533:ISBN
2514:2013
2478:ISBN
2450:ISBN
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2423:2013
2392:ISBN
2367:ISBN
2342:ISBN
2323:link
2303:ISBN
2284:2013
2251:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2200:OCLC
2176:2013
2142:ISBN
2116:2013
2067:ISBN
2037:ISBN
1997:2013
1975:2013
1949:2013
1915:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1860:OCLC
1750:OCLC
1726:link
1640:2013
1612:help
1586:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1205:gold
1028:and
961:and
938:Role
451:The
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101:and
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