Constitution of Belgium

1068:—except in the remoter backwoods of Latin Europe and Latin America—as the beacon-light for liberals and radicals who did not stand so far to the left that they wanted to overthrow all monarchies and replace them by republics. Wherever a strictly limited constitutional monarchy was the ideal – there stood the Belgium of King Leopold as a shining example. Hers was the constitution that 'had everything' – the sovereignty of the people clearly recognised, a monarch and a dynasty owing their position to having taken an oath to honour the constitution, a bicameral legislature, both houses of which were completely elected fay the people, an independent judiciary, a clergy paid by the state but independent of it, and a declaration of the rights of the citizen firmly based on the 42: 905: 2112: 1154: 265: 1899: 2185:. Article 75 stipulates that each branch of the federal legislative power has the right of initiative. This means that both the members of the Chamber of Representatives or of the Senate and the King, in practice the Federal Government, have the right to propose bills. Article 77 determines the matters with respect to which the Chamber of Representatives and the Senate have equal competence. Articles 78 to 83 further outline parliamentary procedure and the relations between both parts of the Federal Parliament. 2194: 2516:. It stipulates that the Parliament of the German-speaking Community is responsible for cultural matters, the matters related to the individual, education, within the same limits as the other community parliaments, the cooperation between the communities and international cooperation, including the power to make treaties with regard to its competences, and the use of languages in education. Unlike for the other communities, the laws regarding the competences of the 1674: 785: 236: 2529: 1863:. Article 11 determines that all rights and freedoms must be guaranteed without discrimination. Article 12 guarantees the liberty of the person and stipulates that no one can be prosecuted except in the cases determined by the law and in accordance with the procedures established by law. Article 13 determines that everyone has the right to go to court. Article 14 guarantees the application of the principle of 1975:, and that this neutrality includes, among others, the respect for the philosophical, ideological and religious views of parents and pupils. The third paragraph of this article determines that everyone has the right to education, with respect for the fundamental rights and freedoms, and that education shall be free in its compulsory stages. (In Belgium, education is compulsory until the age of 18.) 2273:, then the King can name a successor with the consent of both Chambers of the Federal Parliament. This consent cannot be given unless a quorum of at least two-thirds of its members is present and at least two-thirds of the votes cast are in the affirmative. In case no successor has been appointed in this manner, the throne is vacant. Article 95 stipulates that, if the throne is vacant, then the 2013:, which is known now as the Constitutional Court, can examine whether laws, decrees or ordinances are in compliance with Title II and with Articles 170, 172 and 191 (on the equality of Belgians and foreigners and the prohibition of tax discrimination) of the Constitution. When interpreting the rights enumerated in Title II of the Constitution, the Constitutional Court also applies the 2688:

agreement with the terminology used in new provisions and to harmonise the Dutch, French and German texts of the Constitution, in accordance with Article 198. Neither Chamber can debate on such modifications unless at least two-thirds of its members are present and the Constitution can only be modified in this manner if at least two-thirds of the votes cast are in the affirmative.

2297:. Article 94 stipulates that the regency can only be conferred on one person and that the Regent can only enter into office after taking the same constitutional oath that the King must take before he can accede to the throne. Article 93 also stipulates that the ministers must establish the inability to reign and subsequently convene the Chambers of the Federal Parliament. 2301:

the tenth day following the monarch's demise, then the old Chambers enter into function again until the new Chambers convene. It also provides that, between the monarch's demise and the taking of the oath of his successor or the Regent, the constitutional powers of the King are exercised by the Council of Ministers, in the name of the Belgian people.

2450:. Article 116 stipulates that the community and regional parliaments are composed of elected members. The members of a community parliament must be directly elected to that community parliament or to a regional parliament, which is the case for the Parliament of the French Community, and the same applies to the regional parliaments. 2696:. A coordinated version was proposed to the Federal Parliament by the Federal Government on 25 June 1993, it was adopted by the Chamber of Representatives on 20 January 1994, and by the Senate on 3 February 1994. This coordinated text of the Belgian Constitution was published in the Belgian Official Journal on 17 February 1994. 2501:

Parliament and the Parliament of the French Community are responsible for the matters related to the individual. In addition, the Flemish Parliament and the Parliament of the French Community are also responsible for the cooperation between the communities and have the power to make treaties with regard to their competences.

1052:, a British legal theorist, concluded that the Belgian document codified a number of conventions long established in the United Kingdom, saying that it "indeed comes very near to a written reproduction of the English constitution". It also inspired contemporary liberal movements in other European countries, including 1811:. In this title a number of rights and freedoms are enumerated. Although the Constitution speaks of the rights of the Belgians, in principle they apply to all persons on Belgian soil. In addition to the rights enumerated in Title II of the Constitution, the Belgians also enjoy the rights enshrined in the 2504:

In accordance with Article 129, the Flemish Parliament and the Parliament of the French Community are also responsible for legislation regarding the use of languages in administration and the conduct of official business, in education and in the relations between employers and their personnel, within

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Article 106 stipulates that the King's acts are not valid unless countersigned by a minister. This means while the King is vested with executive power, he is not politically responsible for exercising it. Rather, he must exercise it through the ministers; the countersigning minister assumes political

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Article 85 further provides that a descendant of Leopold I who marries without the King's consent, or the consent of those exercising the King's powers in the cases provided by the Constitution, is deprived of his rights to the crown. It also stipulates that those who lose their right to the crown in

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Article 30 stipulates that the use of the languages spoken in Belgium is free. It further stipulates that the use of a specific language can only be imposed by law and only for the proceedings and acts of the public authorities and for legal proceedings. Article 31 of the Constitution determines that

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The original constitutional document is currently in possession of the archives of the Belgian Federal Parliament. In 2020, two researchers claimed the document was being stored in subpar conditions in "a cupboard" in the Parliamentary Secretariat. However, this was disputed by the secretarial staff.

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In 2007, a Title 1bis was inserted in the Belgian Constitution, titled "General policy objectives of the federal Belgium, the communities and the regions", which to date comprises only one article: Article 7bis. This article states the following: "In the exercise of their respective competences, the

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to the King for appointment, or presents a successor to the Prime Minister to the King for appointment within three days following the rejection of a motion of confidence. The King then appoints the proposed successor to Prime Minister. In this case, the new Prime Minister enters into office on the

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The Belgian Constitution has been amended 29 times since the coordinated text of 17 February 1994 was published in the Belgian Official Journal: once in 1996, three times in 1997, four times in 1998, twice in 1999 and in 2000, once in 2001, twice in 2002 and in 2004, and three times in 2005 and in

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Article 90 provides that, upon the death of the monarch, the Federal Parliament must convene without convocation no later than ten days following the monarch's death. If the Chambers had been dissolved and the act of dissolution provided for the convocation of the new Chambers at a date later than

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There are further restrictions on the power of the Federal Parliament to amend the Constitution. Article 196 of the Constitution provides that the process to amend the Constitution cannot be initiated or continued in times of war or when the Federal Parliament is unable to freely meet in Belgium.

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Section III deals with the competences and the powers of the King, which are, in practice, exercised by the Federal Government. Article 105 expressly determines that the King has no powers other than those expressly attributed to him by the Constitution and the laws adopted pursuant thereof. This

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The federal legislative power also has the power to modify the numbers and the subdivisions of the articles of the Constitution, the subdivision of the Constitution into titles, chapters and sections, and the terminology of articles that have not been declared revisable, in order to bring it in

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Article 5 divides the Flemish Region and the Walloon Region into five provinces each and foresees possible future provincial redivisions of the Belgian territory. Article 6 determines that the provinces can be subdivided only by Law. The borders of the State, provinces and municipalities can be

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The 1831 constitution was a compromise between the landowners and clergy on the one hand and the liberal middle class on the other. The conservative forces were willing to adapt to the inevitable changes in society but this willingness was aimed at retaining the organic link with the past and

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can be ministers and Article 98 provides that no member of the Belgian royal family can be a minister. Article 99 provides that the Council of Ministers cannot have more than 15 members and that the Council of Ministers must comprise as many Dutch-speaking as French-speaking members, with the

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are responsible for cultural matters and education, however, the Communities are, with regard to education, not responsible for determining the age at which compulsory education begins and ends, the minimum conditions for awarding degrees and pensions. Article 128 stipulates that the Flemish

2094:. Article 38 provides that each Community has the competencies that are granted to it by the Constitution or by the laws adopted pursuant to the Constitution. Article 39 provides that a law adopted with a qualified majority can assign competencies to the regional organs which it establishes. 1930:

Article 22 determines that everyone has the right to respect for his or her private life and for his or her family life. Exceptions can only be instituted by law. Article 22bis stipulates that every child has the right to respect for his or her "moral, physical, mental and sexual integrity".

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of Belgium. It contains the Articles 162 to 166. Article 162 establishes the principles of the organisation of the provincial and municipal institutions, such as the direct election of the members of the provincial and the municipal councils. Article 163 stipulates that the functions of the

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and the Government of the German-speaking Community and provides that each region shall also have a government. The Flemish Government is the government of both the Flemish Community and the Flemish Region. The members of each community or regional government are elected by their respective

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can amend those articles that have been declared revisable. Neither Chamber can consider amendments to the Constitution unless at least two-thirds of its members are present and the Constitution can only be amended if at least two-thirds of the votes cast are in favour of the amendment.

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and further defines the competences and responsibilities of the Communities and the Regions. It is subdivided into three subsections on, respectively, the competences of the Communities, the competences of the Regions and one containing special provisions relative to these competences.

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The procedure to change and consolidate the structure of the Belgian Constitution and its subdivisions and articles is called coordination. It has only been used once in Belgian history, in 1993, when it was decided to publish a consolidated version of the entire Constitution in the

2562:. Article 150 establishes the jury for all felonies and for political offences and press-related offences. In 1999, this article was amended to include a provision that "press-related offences inspired by racism or xenophobia" are not tried by a jury. Article 151 establishes the 2343:

The second section of Chapter III deals with the composition and the functioning of the Federal Government. Article 96 provides that the King appoints and dismisses his ministers. It further provides that the Federal Government must tender its resignation to the King when the

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and the Region. Article 165 provides that the law can create agglomerations and federations of municipalities. It also describes the functioning of these agglomerations and federations. Article 166 describes how the preceding article applies to the municipalities of the

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The Belgian Constitution can be amended by the federal legislative power, which consists of the King (in practice, the Federal Government) and the Federal Parliament. The amendment process is governed by the provisions of Title VIII of the Constitution, which is titled

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the right to work and free choice of employment, within the framework of an employment policy aimed at ensuring a stable and high level of employment, to just conditions of work and fair remuneration, as well as the right to information, consultation and collective

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and the German language area. Each municipality of the Kingdom is part of one of these four language areas only. The borders of the language areas can be changed or corrected only by a law supported by specific majorities of each language group of each Chamber.

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Article 34 of the Constitution expressly stipulates that the exercise of certain powers or responsibilities can be attributed to international public institutions by treaty or by law. This refers, among others, to Belgium's membership in the European Union.

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of the Senate are elected by all Belgian citizens who are not less than 18 years old and who do not fall into any of the categories of exclusion determined by law. Article 61 further stipulates that each voter has only one vote. In principle, there is a

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also have to provide for the regency in two other cases, in accordance with Articles 92 and 93: if the successor to the throne is a minor or if the King is unable to reign. In both cases, the United Chambers also have to make provisions regarding the

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and establishes the organs of the Communities and the Regions and their functioning. It is subdivided into two subsections on, respectively, the Community and Regional Parliaments and the Community and Regional Governments. Section II is titled

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is only possible with the approval of two-thirds of the votes cast in both Chambers, and a quorum of two-thirds of the members of the Chamber must be present in order for the approval to be valid. This article was used only once, in 1885, when

2391:, which is established by Article 101. For example, when a new government takes office, the outgoing Prime Minister countersigns the Act of Appointment of the new Prime Minister, who then countersigns his predecessor's Act of Resignation. 2266:, is deemed to have received such consent. This provision was inserted because, as their marriage took place in 1984, before women were included in the line of succession, their marriage did not require the King's consent at the time. 1876:. It determines that the domicile is inviolable and that searches can only take place in the cases and the manner the law prescribes. Article 16 stipulates that no one can be deprived of his or her property except when it's in the 2664:. In order to amend the Constitution, the federal legislative power must declare that there are reasons to revise the Constitution, in accordance with Article 195 of the Constitution. This is done by means of two so-called 2242:, by order of primogeniture. However, in Title IX, which contains certain transitional provisions, there is a clause that stipulates that Article 85 in its current shall be applicable for the first time on the descent of 1918:

by stipulating that everyone has the right to express his or her opinion freely. However, Article 19 also determines that abuses of these freedoms can be punished, a principle which is controversially applied in the

2045:. It consists of Articles 33 to 166 and is subdivided into eight chapters, four of which are further subdivided into several sections. It is by far the largest title of the Constitution. In this title, the Belgian 2852: 2258:

this manner, can be restored to the line of succession with the consent of both Chambers of the Federal Parliament. Again, a transitional provision was inserted in Title IX stipulating that the marriage of

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subsequently declared him unable to reign on 4 April 1990 and the ministers signed and promulgated the bill instead. The following day, King Baudouin I was restored to royal power by the United Chambers.

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of 2003, to include Title II (Articles 8 to 32), and the Articles 170, 172 and 191 of the Constitution. The Court developed into a constitutional court; in May 2007 it was formally redesignated as the

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preventing radical change. The liberal middle class, in spite of their desire for systematic, radical reform with a view to its expansion, showed restraint, a typical reaction of early liberalism.

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The members of the community and regional parliaments are elected for a term of office of 5 years and, in accordance with Article 117 of the Constitution, these elections must coincide with the

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In accordance with Article 87 of the Constitution, the King cannot simultaneously be the head of state of another country without the consent of both Chambers of the Federal Parliament. A

2543:, contains the Articles 141 to 143. It is divided into three sections, each of which contains only one article: Section I on the prevention of competency conflicts, Section II on the 1869:(Latin: "no penalty without a law"). There is also an Article 14bis, which was inserted in the Belgian Constitution in 2005, that states as follows: "The death penalty is abolished". 1274: 385: 2162:

every 4 years, but it is possible that the Federal Parliament is dissolved early and that thus early elections are held. In order to be eligible for election one must have the

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was only adopted in 1967. Up to then, the Dutch text was only a translation without legal value. Since 1991 there is also an official German version of the Constitution.

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in its social, economic and environmental dimensions, taking into account the solidarity between the generations." The act inserting this article was published in the

3009: 2250:, whereas the female offspring of all previous Belgian kings are excluded from the throne. This transitional clause was inserted to regulate the transition from the 1822:

who do not have the Belgian nationality, in accordance with Belgium's international and supranational obligations, and to non-EU citizens. Article 9 stipulates that

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article establishes the principle that the federal executive power has no powers or competences other than those attributed to it by the federal legislative power.

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The result was a "carefully balanced compromise" that mixed some radical liberal aspects with a firmly conservative ethos. It was inspired by the precedents of the

2259: 2166:, have the full enjoyment of civil and political rights, be at least 21 years old and be resident in Belgium. No other condition of eligibility can be imposed. 2547:

and Section III on the prevention and resolution of conflicts of interest. Article 143 determines that the federal State, the Communities, the Regions and the

2076:, which consists of the Chamber of Representatives and the Senate, exercises the federal legislative power. However, laws still require the King's signature. 3576: 3404: 3394: 3209: 2304:

Article 90 and Article 93, regarding the inability to reign, were controversially applied in 1990 during the so-called Abortion Question, which arose when

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Articles 8 and 9 determine how the Belgian nationality can be obtained. Article 8 also stipulates that the law can grant the right to vote in elections to

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responsibility for the act. This is the direct result of the inviolability of the King's person, which is established by Article 88, and the principle of

3349: 2461:, except when provided otherwise by special law. Article 119 provides that a member of the parliament of a community or region cannot be a member of the 2142:. It is divided into three parts: the first part contains the provisions that are common to both Chambers whereas the two other parts, Section I, titled 3799: 2400: 2263: 1770: 1597: 1590: 708: 701: 4211: 3328: 3735: 2097:

Article 40 vests the judicial power in the courts and tribunals and provides that their rulings and decisions are carried out in the King's name.

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2007, once in 2008 and five times in 2012. The most recent change to the Constitution took place by revision of article 12 of 24 October 2017.

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certain limits. They can not pass legislation regarding the use of languages with regard to cases where the Federal Parliament is responsible,

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represent the four basic freedoms enshrined in the Belgian Constitution of 1831: the freedom of religion, association, education and the press.

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Section II determines the competences and the responsibilities of the Communities and Regions. Article 127 of subsection I provides that the

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no prior authorisation is required to prosecute civil servants for acts of their administration. Article 32 stipulates that everyone has the

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must take place. This makes it impossible to amend the Constitution unless an election has intervened. Following the election, the new

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for the new state. The members of the National Congress reflected a variety of political ideals, but the vast majority supported the "

2506: 1036:, the Church was given a favoured position while maintaining its independence. The draft document was completed on 7 February 1831. 3619: 3202: 2247: 891:. This court has the authority to examine whether a law or a decree is in compliance with Title II and Articles 170, 172 and 191. 4138: 3586: 2238:

Article 85 provides that the King's constitutional powers are hereditary through the direct, natural and legitimate descent from

2904: 2072:. Although it states that the federal legislative power must be exercised jointly by its three components, in practice only the 4273: 3920: 3789: 3688: 2684:

Article 197 also provides that the provisions relating to the King's constitutional powers cannot be amended during a regency.

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In the 19th century, a "constitutional cult" emerged in Belgium which extolled it as a popular symbol of national identity.

2558:, describes the organisation of the Belgian court system. It contains the Articles 144 to 159. Article 147 establishes the 2517: 1754: 1380: 1269: 491: 380: 183: 162: 17: 2348:, by an absolute majority of its members, adopts a constructive motion of no confidence which presents a successor to the 3698: 3195: 2356:

Articles 97 to 99 contain provisions regarding the membership of the Federal Government. Article 97 stipulates that only

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can only be granted by the federal legislative power, however, Article 74 of the Constitution stipulates that only the

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must take place and the newly elected Federal Parliament must meet within two months to permanently fill the vacancy.

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Reconsidering Constitutional Formation II Decisive Constitutional Normativity: From Old Liberties to New Precedence

1923:, which made it an offence to publicly "deny, minimise, justify or approve of the genocide committed by the German 1652: 1642: 763: 753: 4561: 4513: 4405: 4400: 3952: 3530: 3187: 3010:"Unshakeable Foundations. An Iconological Study of the Belgian Constitutional Cult following the 1848 Revolution" 2719: 2544: 2454: 2010: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1179: 973: 888: 880: 647: 642: 637: 632: 290: 239: 4648: 4587: 3835: 3297: 2979: 2177:. Article 74 determines the cases in which the federal legislative power is exercised only by the King and the 2130:, establishes the composition, manner of election, qualifications of members and organisation of the bicameral 1660: 1428: 1233: 1033: 771: 539: 344: 2235:, defines the constitutional powers of the King, which are, in practice, exercised by the Federal Government. 4518: 4365: 3937: 3499: 1647: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 758: 616: 611: 606: 601: 1914:. Article 19 protects the freedom of religion and the right to exercise it publicly. It also guarantees the 4523: 3889: 3840: 3612: 3494: 3274: 2734: 2559: 1986:

by determining that everyone has the right to gather peaceably and without arms. Article 27 guarantees the

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is abolished, and that it cannot be brought back into force. Civil death was a penalty in Belgium in the

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Since 1993, the first article of the Constitution stipulates that Belgium is a federal state composed of

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refused to sign a bill liberalising Belgium's abortion laws into law, citing religious convictions. The

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The Constitution of 1831 originally established Belgium as a unitary state organised at three levels:

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Article 85 of the Belgian Constitution vests the King's constitutional powers in the offspring of

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Article 37 vests the federal executive power in the King, but in practice it is exercised by the

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any administrative document and to obtain a copy thereof, except as provided by law or decree.

1987: 1399: 1025: 993: 510: 1773:: The Dutch language area, the French language area, the bilingual (French and Dutch) area of 4455: 4380: 4350: 4133: 4018: 4008: 3504: 2879: 2434:. It further provides that there shall be a parliament for each Region, this resulted in the 2322: 2305: 1865: 1005: 948: 3466: 2625:. As its title suggests, this chapter describes the organisation of the institutions of the 4633: 4023: 4003: 3957: 3874: 3869: 3830: 3762: 3673: 3663: 3581: 3445: 3399: 3389: 3311: 3307: 3253: 2970:

Hawgood, J.A. (1971). "Liberalism and Constitutional Developments". In Bury, J.P.T. (ed.).

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Article 115 of section I establishes the Parliament of the Flemish Community, known as the

2282: 2270: 2243: 2239: 2215:, consists of the Articles 85 to 114. It is divided into three sections. Section I, titled 2198: 2159: 2050: 1979: 1964: 1602: 1444: 1324: 1116: 1093: 1017: 1009: 989: 713: 555: 435: 170: 8: 4048: 3988: 3879: 3813: 3668: 3435: 3369: 3073:"Republican Monarchy in the 1830 Revolutions: From Lafayette to the Belgian Constitution" 2613:. It also provides that no administrative jurisdiction can be established except by law. 2458: 2439: 2254:, which barred women and their descendants from the throne and was in effect until 1991. 2224: 2220: 2206: 2061: 1983: 1911: 1262: 1209: 1199: 1192: 1174: 1144: 1069: 1045: 1013: 373: 320: 310: 303: 285: 255: 149: 2671:

Following this declaration, the Federal Parliament is automatically dissolved and a new

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of (all) assets cannot be instituted. Article 18 further stipulates that the penalty of

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in 1849 explicitly based on the Belgian precedent. The historian J.A. Hawgood wrote:

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federal State, the communities and the regions shall strive for the objectives of a

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The Belgian Constitution of 1831 was created in the aftermath of the secession of

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and stipulates that censorship can never be established. Article 26 protects the

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The most recent major change to the constitution was the introduction of the

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Ethnic structure, inequality and governance of the public sector in Belgium

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Chapter VIII, the last chapter of Title III of the Constitution, is titled

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and the manner in which judges are appointed. Article 156 establishes five

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English translation, recently updated but without official recognition:

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Article 38 and 39 define the competencies and responsibilities of the

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in order to prevent different interpretations of the same principles.

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All Belgians are equal before the law; they alone are admissible to

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and contains provisions regarding the regency. Section II, titled

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who represent the parliament of their Community or Region in the

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They are exercised in the manner established by the Constitution.

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The Constitution of 1831 was a highly visible national symbol of

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has been a parliamentary monarchy that applies the principles of

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Article 23 protects the right to lead a life in conformity with

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Belgium is a federal State composed of Communities and Regions.

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The official version of the Constitution of 1831 was written in

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which entailed significant amendments to the original document.

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civil and military offices, save for the exceptions that can be

2905:"La Constitution belge prend la poussière au fond d'un casier" 1967:

and the parents' right to choose. It also stipulates that the

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Article 17 of the Constitution stipulates that the penalty of

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can be created in wartime. It also stipulates that there are

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do not require a special majority in the Federal Parliament.

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The Constitutional Court, conflict prevention and resolution

1938:. This right specifically encompasses the following rights: 1757:, whereas Article 3 divides Belgium into three regions: the 1872:

Articles 15 of the Constitution guard against unreasonable

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attributed to him by the Constitution and by specific laws

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The three official versions of the Belgian Constitution:

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The Council of State and the administrative jurisdictions

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Article 86 provides that, if there are no descendants of

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The right to the protection of a healthy environment; and

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Fundamental law of Belgium, most recently revised in 1993

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Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution

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provincial organs are exercised in the extraprovincial

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moment that the new Federal Government takes the oath.

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Article 36 grants the federal legislative power to the

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the public authorities. Article 29 determines that the

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The members of the Chamber of Representatives and the

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Article 2 divides Belgium into three communities: the

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The Belgian constitution of 1831 rapidly replaced the

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is outlined, in accordance with the principle of the

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reconfigured the Belgian political system into on a

2989:Witte, Els; Craeybeckx, Jan; Meynen, Alain (2009). 935:was convened in November 1830 to create a devise a 2807: 2638:by the institutions of the Flemish Community, the 2401:Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium 876:for the government policy and the Trias Politica. 2367:The King has no powers other than those expressly 4600: 3173:. Belgian House of Representatives. January 2009 2041:Title III of the Belgian Constitution is titled 1902:The four sitting statues on the pedestal of the 1840:There is no distinction of classes in the State. 1802: 1032:in a privileged position. Despite mandating the 2512:Article 130 establishes the competences of the 1807:Title II of the Belgian Constitution is titled 3562:Monument to the Martyrs of the 1830 Revolution 2991:Political History of Belgium from 1830 Onwards 1978:Article 25 of the Constitution guarantees the 1782:changed or corrected only by Law (article 7). 1136:Federal Belgium, its composition and territory 4205: 3613: 3203: 2602:and so-called Penalty Application Tribunals. 2465:at the same time, the only exception are the 1959:The right to cultural and social development. 1848:Equality between men and women is guaranteed. 1705: 816: 2666:Declarations of Revision of the Constitution 2654: 2371:adopted pursuant to the Constitution itself. 1859:Article 10 determines that all Belgians are 1785: 144:Three (executive, legislature and judiciary) 60: 4219: 2514:Parliament of the German-speaking Community 2432:Parliament of the German-speaking Community 4212: 4198: 3620: 3606: 3210: 3196: 3007: 2837: 2394: 2361:possible exception of the Prime Minister. 1712: 1698: 823: 809: 40: 2965:(3rd ed.). London: Macmillan and Co. 2623:The provincial and municipal institutions 2507:municipalities with linguistic facilities 2377:– Article 105 of the Belgian Constitution 1083: 1039: 3350:List of members of the National Congress 3149:(in German). Belgian Senate. 15 May 2007 3133:(in French). Belgian Senate. 15 May 2007 2527: 2248:line of succession to the Belgian throne 2192: 2110: 2036:– Article 33 of the Belgian Constitution 1897: 1854:– Article 10 of the Belgian Constitution 903: 883:, whose competencies were expanded by a 3117:(in Dutch). Belgian Senate. 15 May 2007 3070: 3031: 2969: 2869:"Factsheet on the Belgian Constitution" 2825: 2325:also became the sovereign ruler of the 1733:– Article 1 of the Belgian Constitution 951:. As three modern historians describe: 899: 14: 4601: 3531:Treaty of the Eighteen Articles (1831) 2477:as members of the Federal Parliament. 2277:meet to provisionally provide for the 1769:. Article 4 divides Belgium into four 4193: 3601: 3191: 2958: 2813: 2100: 1927:regime during the Second World War". 1846:established by law for special cases. 894: 3627: 3587:1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross 3410:Emmanuel Van der Linden d'Hooghvorst 2802:Witte, Craeybeckx & Meynen 2009 2790:Witte, Craeybeckx & Meynen 2009 2778:Witte, Craeybeckx & Meynen 2009 2766:Witte, Craeybeckx & Meynen 2009 2754:Witte, Craeybeckx & Meynen 2009 2616: 2332: 2213:The King and the Federal Government 2028:All powers emanate from the Nation. 2015:European Convention on Human Rights 1813:European Convention on Human Rights 24: 3025: 2876:Belgian Chamber of Representatives 2523: 2498:Parliament of the French Community 2486:Government of the French Community 2428:Parliament of the French Community 1004:. The Constitution guaranteed the 912:on a Belgian coin, guarded by the 35:Constitution of Kingdom of Belgium 25: 4660: 3684:United Kingdom of the Netherlands 3487:United Kingdom of the Netherlands 3269:Provisional Government of Belgium 3104: 978:English constitutional principles 908:The Constitution depicted as the 868:) dates back to 1831. Since then 3921:2008–2009 financial crisis 3505:Ten Days' Campaign (August 1831) 3271:(September 1830 – February 1831) 2972:The New Cambridge Modern History 2662:The revision of the Constitution 1910:Articles 19 to 21 guarantee the 1672: 1643:Belgium-United Kingdom relations 1152: 1130: 783: 754:Belgium-United Kingdom relations 263: 234: 3298:Érasme, Baron Surlet de Chokier 2993:(New ed.). Brussels: ASP. 2952: 2923: 2897: 2861: 2720:Constitutional Court of Belgium 2407:The Communities and the Regions 2264:Archduke Lorenz of Austria-Este 1117:part of the national population 1115:and was only comprehensible to 980:. Belgium was established as a 3426:Étienne Constantin de Gerlache 2843: 2590:. Article 157 stipulates that 2188: 2173:, describes the powers of the 2144:The Chamber of Representatives 1820:citizens of the European Union 1661:Politics of the European Union 1034:separation of Church and State 772:Politics of the European Union 67:Constitution du 7 février 1831 46:Constitution of Belgium (1931) 13: 1: 3314:; July 1831 – December 1865) 3089:10.1080/01916599.2019.1628085 2740: 2605:Chapter VII, which is titled 2211:Chapter III, which is titled 2171:The federal legislative power 2020: 1809:The Belgians and their rights 1803:The Belgians and their rights 1648:Belgium-Netherlands relations 1394:Sentence enforcement tribunal 1331:Administrative jurisdictions 1048:throughout the 19th century. 759:Belgium-Netherlands relations 505:Sentence enforcement tribunal 442:Administrative jurisdictions 3304:; February 1831 – July 1831) 3275:National Congress of Belgium 2735:Rule according to higher law 2554:Chapter VI, which is titled 2480:Article 121 establishes the 2405:Chapter IV, which is titled 2169:Chapter II, which is titled 2115:The Palace of the Nation in 1953:The right to decent housing; 1921:Belgian Holocaust denial law 1834:, can grant naturalisation. 1653:Belgium–Luxembourg relations 1391:Family and juvenile tribunal 1066:Spanish constitution of 1812 962:French constitutions of 1791 764:Belgium–Luxembourg relations 502:Family and juvenile tribunal 109:Before 21 February 1831 7: 3541:Treaty of Maastricht (1843) 3334:Alexandre Dechet (Jenneval) 3046:10.1007/978-3-319-73037-0_5 3008:Huygebaert, Stefan (2015). 2911:(in French). 26 August 2020 2703: 2644:Common Community Commission 2549:Common Community Commission 2539:Chapter V, which is titled 2126:Chapter I, which is titled 215:3 regions and 3 communities 10: 4665: 3168:"The Belgian Constitution" 3014:Journal of Belgian History 2931:"Belgium 1831 (rev. 2012)" 2446:and the Parliament of the 2398: 2389:ministerial responsibility 2346:Chamber of Representatives 2339:Belgian federal government 2336: 2323:King Leopold II of Belgium 2260:Princess Astrid of Belgium 2204: 2179:Chamber of Representatives 2136:Chamber of Representatives 2121:Belgian Federal Parliament 2107:Belgian Federal Parliament 2104: 2066:Chamber of Representatives 1996:confidentiality of letters 1828:Chamber of Representatives 1381:Tribunal of first instance 1270:Chamber of Representatives 1026:property tax qualification 1024:was severely limited by a 974:Dutch constitution of 1814 874:ministerial responsibility 492:Tribunal of first instance 381:Chamber of Representatives 184:Chamber of Representatives 163:Chamber of Representatives 4580: 4532: 4494: 4231: 4151: 4057: 3984: 3975: 3916: 3907: 3821: 3812: 3770: 3761: 3654:Prince-Bishopric of Liège 3639: 3554: 3526:London Conference of 1830 3518: 3485: 3454: 3418: 3360: 3321: 3290: 3230: 3147:"Die Verfassung Belgiens" 3077:History of European Ideas 2655:Constitutional amendments 2518:German-speaking Community 2146:, and Section II, titled 1990:. Article 28 ensures the 1786:General policy objectives 1755:German-speaking Community 1638:Belgium-Germany relations 1119:. An official version in 749:Belgium-Germany relations 233: 228: 220: 207: 195: 169: 148: 138: 133: 123: 103: 83: 73: 56: 51: 39: 34: 3546:Iron Rhine Treaty (1873) 3441:Albert Goblet d'Alviella 3221:and the independence of 3071:Deseure, Brecht (2019). 3032:Deseure, Brecht (2018). 2725:Constitutional economics 2694:Belgian Official Journal 2155:directly elected members 2134:, which consists of the 2009:Since 2003, the Belgian 1963:Article 24 protects the 1797:Belgian Official Journal 1633:France-Belgium relations 947:with liberally inclined 744:France-Belgium relations 4609:Constitution of Belgium 3689:Long nineteenth century 3572:Civic Guard Merit Medal 3536:Treaty of London (1839) 3510:Siege of Antwerp (1832) 3281:Constitution of Belgium 3131:"La Constitution Belge" 3115:"De Belgische Grondwet" 2636:Brussels-Capital Region 2564:High Council of Justice 2395:Communities and Regions 1793:sustainable development 1740:Communities and Regions 1598:Communities and regions 1102:State reform in Belgium 982:constitutional monarchy 837:Constitution of Belgium 709:Communities and regions 240:Constitution of Belgium 111:; 193 years ago 91:; 193 years ago 4274:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3963:Science and technology 3659:Burgundian Netherlands 3419:de Gerlache Government 3362:Provisional Government 3291:First Belgian monarchs 2536: 2534:Law Courts of Brussels 2475:parliamentary immunity 2374: 2229:The Federal Government 2202: 2123: 2033: 1988:freedom of association 1907: 1851: 1730: 1084:Subsequent development 1078: 1058:its first constitution 1040:Political significance 1006:freedoms of expression 958: 916: 865: 852: 844: 129:Parliamentary Monarchy 61: 4649:Federalism in Belgium 3555:Monuments and honours 2531: 2364: 2196: 2114: 2025: 1901: 1866:nulla poena sine lege 1837: 1724: 1388:Correctional tribunal 1062: 986:bicameral legislature 953: 907: 499:Correctional tribunal 191:as head of government 4139:World Heritage Sites 3674:Austrian Netherlands 3664:Southern Netherlands 3472:Charles de Brouckère 3446:Sylvain Van de Weyer 3431:Charles de Brouckère 3390:Sylvain Van de Weyer 3312:King of the Belgians 3254:La muette de Portici 2959:Dicey, A.V. (1889). 2855:14 June 2007 at the 2710:Joyous Entry of 1356 2545:Constitutional Court 2128:The federal Chambers 2051:separation of powers 2047:system of government 2011:Court of Arbitration 1980:freedom of the press 1965:freedom of education 1861:equal before the law 1429:Justice of the peace 1222:Elisabeth of Belgium 1180:Constitutional Court 941:Union of Oppositions 900:Origins and adoption 889:Constitutional Court 881:Court of Arbitration 540:Justice of the peace 333:Elisabeth of Belgium 291:Constitutional Court 134:Government structure 89:7 February 1831 18:Belgian constitution 4495:States with limited 3669:Spanish Netherlands 3577:1830 Star of Honour 3455:Lebeau I Government 3436:Alexandre Gendebien 3405:Joseph Vanderlinden 3395:Feuillien de Coppin 3370:Alexandre Gendebien 2459:European Parliament 2440:Brussels Parliament 2207:Monarchy of Belgium 2164:Belgian nationality 1984:freedom of assembly 1912:freedom of religion 1405:Enterprise tribunal 1145:Politics of Belgium 1046:Belgian nationalism 866:Verfassung Belgiens 516:Enterprise tribunal 256:Politics of Belgium 182:responsible to the 105:Date effective 4619:Belgian Revolution 3694:Belgian Revolution 3679:Brabant Revolution 3467:Étienne de Sauvage 3339:Frédéric de Mérode 3238:Belgian Revolution 3231:Belgian Revolution 3219:Belgian Revolution 2885:on 3 December 2007 2715:Constitutional law 2677:Federal Parliament 2560:Court of Cassation 2556:The judicial power 2537: 2494:Flemish Parliament 2482:Flemish Government 2467:Community Senators 2463:Federal Parliament 2436:Walloon Parliament 2424:Flemish Parliament 2310:Belgian Government 2281:. Subsequently, a 2219:, establishes the 2203: 2175:legislative branch 2132:Federal Parliament 2124: 2101:Legislative branch 2081:Federal Government 2074:Federal Parliament 1925:National Socialist 1908: 1799:on 26 April 2007. 1679:Belgium portal 1347:Court of Cassation 1301:De Croo Government 1247:Federal Parliament 1217:Duchess of Brabant 1070:principles of 1776 929:Belgian Revolution 925:United Netherlands 917: 895:Historical aspects 853:Constitution belge 845:Belgische Grondwet 790:Belgium portal 458:Court of Cassation 412:De Croo Government 358:Federal Parliament 328:Duchess of Brabant 202:Court of Cassation 4596: 4595: 4187: 4186: 4147: 4146: 3971: 3970: 3903: 3902: 3890:Political parties 3841:Foreign relations 3808: 3807: 3595: 3594: 3353: 3322:Important figures 3055:978-3-319-73037-0 3000:978-90-5487-517-8 2730:Constitutionalism 2596:Commercial Courts 2444:Flemish Community 2358:Belgian nationals 2181:, and not by the 1992:right to petition 1973:neutral education 1916:freedom of speech 1747:Flemish Community 1722: 1721: 1626:Foreign relations 1578:Political parties 1310:Alexander De Croo 933:National Congress 833: 832: 737:Foreign relations 689:Political parties 421:Alexander De Croo 249: 248: 16:(Redirected from 4656: 4639:July 1831 events 4629:1831 in politics 4533:Dependencies and 4232:Sovereign states 4214: 4207: 4200: 4191: 4190: 4167: 4160: 3982: 3981: 3914: 3913: 3819: 3818: 3768: 3767: 3622: 3615: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3347: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3172: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3100: 3067: 3021: 3004: 2985: 2966: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2884: 2878:. 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Powers were 901: 898: 896: 893: 831: 830: 828: 827: 820: 813: 805: 802: 801: 799: 798: 792: 779: 778: 775: 774: 767: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 740: 735: 734: 731: 730: 727: 726: 724:Municipalities 721: 716: 711: 705: 700: 699: 696: 695: 692: 691: 686: 685: 684: 682: 681: 676: 671: 666: 660: 655: 654: 653: 651: 650: 645: 640: 635: 629: 624: 623: 622: 620: 619: 614: 609: 604: 598: 593: 592: 591: 589: 588: 581: 576: 571: 565: 559: 553: 552: 549: 548: 545: 544: 543: 542: 537: 530: 529: 526: 522: 520: 519: 518: 513: 508: 507: 506: 503: 500: 497: 496:Civil tribunal 489: 479: 478: 477: 472: 462: 461: 460: 450: 449: 448: 439: 434: 433: 430: 429: 426: 425: 424: 423: 417:Prime Minister 408: 403: 402: 399: 398: 395: 394: 393: 392: 378: 377: 376: 361: 356: 355: 352: 351: 348: 347: 342: 337: 336: 335: 325: 324: 323: 307: 302: 301: 298: 297: 294: 293: 288: 282: 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 260: 259: 254: 247: 246: 231: 230: 226: 225: 222: 218: 217: 213:Federal, with 211: 205: 204: 199: 193: 192: 189:Prime minister 173: 167: 166: 152: 146: 145: 142: 136: 135: 131: 130: 127: 121: 120: 107: 101: 100: 87: 81: 80: 75: 71: 70: 58: 57:Original title 54: 53: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4661: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4547:Faroe Islands 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4519:South Ossetia 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4366:Liechtenstein 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4221:Constitutions 4215: 4210: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3859: 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2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2701: 2697: 2695: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2652: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2600:Labour Courts 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2530: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2384: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2362: 2359: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2200: 2195: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2005: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1971:must provide 1970: 1966: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946:The right to 1945: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1936:human dignity 1932: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1893:Ancien Régime 1890: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1680: 1670: 1669: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1587: 1586: 1579: 1576: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1547: 1545: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1517: 1516: 1514: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 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1023: 1020:, though the 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 957: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 915: 911: 906: 892: 890: 886: 882: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 826: 821: 819: 814: 812: 807: 806: 804: 803: 797: 794: 793: 791: 781: 780: 773: 770: 769: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 741: 738: 733: 732: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 706: 703: 698: 697: 690: 687: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 661: 659: 658: 656: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 630: 628: 627: 625: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 599: 597: 596: 594: 587: 586: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 566: 564: 563: 561: 560: 557: 551: 550: 541: 538: 536: 533: 532: 527: 524: 523: 521: 517: 514: 512: 509: 504: 501: 498: 495: 494: 493: 490: 488: 485: 484: 483: 480: 476: 473: 471: 468: 467: 466: 463: 459: 456: 455: 454: 453:Highest court 451: 447: 444: 443: 441: 440: 437: 432: 431: 422: 418: 415: 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Retrieved 3151:. Retrieved 3135:. Retrieved 3119:. Retrieved 3080: 3076: 3037: 3017: 3013: 2990: 2971: 2961: 2953:Bibliography 2938:. Retrieved 2934: 2925: 2913:. Retrieved 2908: 2899: 2887:. Retrieved 2880:the original 2863: 2845: 2833: 2826:Hawgood 1971 2821: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2670: 2661: 2658: 2622: 2620: 2606: 2604: 2555: 2553: 2540: 2538: 2511: 2503: 2491: 2489:parliament. 2479: 2452: 2421: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2404: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2366: 2365: 2355: 2342: 2315: 2303: 2299: 2295:guardianship 2287: 2268: 2256: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2216: 2212: 2210: 2170: 2168: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2127: 2125: 2096: 2085: 2078: 2059: 2055: 2042: 2040: 2034: 2027: 2026: 2008: 2000: 1977: 1962: 1933: 1929: 1909: 1882: 1871: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1839: 1838: 1817: 1808: 1806: 1789: 1780: 1744: 1737: 1731: 1726: 1725: 1591:Subdivisions 1473: 1417:Minor claims 1414:Minor crimes 1371:Trial courts 1234:Royal Family 1168:Constitution 1167: 1125: 1110: 1087: 1079: 1063: 1043: 1018:of the press 992:between the 959: 954: 918: 914:Belgian lion 878: 836: 834: 702:Subdivisions 584: 528:Minor claims 525:Minor crimes 482:Trial courts 345:Royal Family 279:Constitution 278: 221:Last amended 74:Jurisdiction 29: 4634:1831 in law 4562:Isle of Man 4497:recognition 4466:Switzerland 4401:Netherlands 3863:enforcement 3709:World War I 3477:Paul Devaux 3375:André Jolly 3225:(1830–1839) 2915:5 September 2889:12 November 2189:The Monarch 2119:houses the 2088:Communities 1943:bargaining; 1889:civil death 998:legislative 885:special law 64:(in French) 4603:Categories 4436:San Marino 4396:Montenegro 4376:Luxembourg 4356:Kazakhstan 4259:Azerbaijan 4134:Television 4114:Literature 4019:Irreligion 4009:Healthcare 3885:Parliament 3736:occupation 3719:occupation 3582:Iron Cross 3348:(see also 3243:Rattachism 3020:(4): 8–39. 2981:0521045487 2935:Constitute 2814:Dicey 1889 2741:References 2411:The organs 2399:See also: 2337:See also: 2225:succession 2205:See also: 2148:The Senate 2105:See also: 2043:The Powers 2021:The Powers 1885:forfeiture 1050:A.V. Dicey 244:Wikisource 209:Federalism 180:Government 178:and their 116:1831-02-21 96:1831-02-07 4552:Gibraltar 4371:Lithuania 4024:Languages 4004:Education 3958:Transport 3870:Judiciary 3836:Executive 3831:Elections 3790:Mountains 3763:Geography 3308:Leopold I 3153:21 August 3137:21 August 3121:21 August 3097:197722410 3064:158925617 2627:provinces 2570:: one in 2455:elections 2252:Salic law 2199:Leopold I 1969:community 1603:Provinces 1515:Regional 1451:European 1445:elections 1325:Judiciary 1275:President 1259:President 1094:provinces 1022:franchise 1010:education 1002:judiciary 994:executive 990:separated 949:Catholics 923:from the 858:‹See Tfd› 714:Provinces 626:Regional 562:European 556:elections 436:Judiciary 386:President 370:President 229:Full text 197:Judiciary 171:Executive 4572:Svalbard 4557:Guernsey 4504:Abkhazia 4451:Slovenia 4446:Slovakia 4421:Portugal 4279:Bulgaria 4174:Category 4049:Religion 3989:Abortion 3880:Monarchy 3875:Military 3814:Politics 3731:invasion 3714:invasion 3633:articles 3519:Treaties 3248:Orangism 2940:30 March 2853:Archived 2704:See also 2629:and the 2572:Brussels 2496:and the 2438:and the 2430:and the 2221:monarchy 2217:The King 2138:and the 2117:Brussels 2090:and the 2068:and the 1874:searches 1765:and the 1753:and the 1484:Federal 1210:Philippe 1193:Monarchy 1175:Taxation 1014:religion 945:liberals 595:Federal 321:Philippe 304:Monarchy 286:Taxation 150:Chambers 140:Branches 85:Ratified 52:Overview 4476:Ukraine 4426:Romania 4386:Moldova 4344:Ireland 4339:Iceland 4334:Hungary 4324:Germany 4319:Georgia 4309:Finland 4304:Estonia 4299:Denmark 4284:Croatia 4269:Belgium 4264:Belarus 4254:Austria 4249:Armenia 4244:Andorra 4239:Albania 4158:Outline 4087:Cuisine 4059:Culture 4014:Honours 3977:Society 3948:Tourism 3926:Banking 3909:Economy 3775:Climate 3641:History 3629:Belgium 3223:Belgium 3177:30 July 2580:Antwerp 2457:to the 2279:regency 2092:Regions 1443:Recent 1200:Monarch 1054:Denmark 984:with a 927:in the 921:Belgium 870:Belgium 554:Recent 311:Monarch 114: ( 94: ( 78:Belgium 4567:Jersey 4509:Kosovo 4471:Turkey 4461:Sweden 4441:Serbia 4431:Russia 4416:Poland 4411:Norway 4391:Monaco 4361:Latvia 4329:Greece 4314:France 4289:Cyprus 4225:Europe 4179:Portal 4102:waffle 4082:Comics 4077:Cinema 4039:People 3943:Energy 3795:Rivers 3704:Empire 3631: 3302:Regent 3095: 3062: 3052: 2997: 2978: 2874:. The 2642:, the 2484:, the 2471:Senate 2426:, the 2183:Senate 2140:Senate 2070:Senate 2064:, the 1832:Senate 1761:, the 1749:, the 1546:Local 1254:Senate 1113:French 1000:, and 972:, the 862:German 849:French 657:Local 365:Senate 159:Senate 125:System 4542:Åland 4456:Spain 4381:Malta 4351:Italy 4165:Index 4129:Sport 4119:Music 4034:Media 3994:Crime 3785:Lakes 3171:(PDF) 3093:S2CID 3060:S2CID 2909:Metro 2883:(PDF) 2872:(PDF) 2584:Liège 2576:Ghent 1121:Dutch 841:Dutch 4109:Flag 4097:wine 4092:Beer 3851:LGBT 3179:2016 3155:2007 3139:2007 3123:2007 3050:ISBN 2995:ISBN 2976:ISBN 2942:2015 2917:2021 2891:2007 2588:Mons 2586:and 2532:The 2288:The 2262:and 2062:King 1568:2024 1563:2018 1558:2012 1553:2006 1537:2024 1532:2019 1527:2014 1522:2009 1506:2024 1501:2019 1496:2014 1491:2010 1474:2024 1468:2019 1463:2014 1458:2009 1204:list 1096:and 1074:1789 1072:and 1016:and 976:and 970:1830 968:and 966:1814 835:The 679:2024 674:2018 669:2012 664:2006 648:2024 643:2019 638:2014 633:2009 617:2024 612:2019 607:2014 602:2010 585:2024 579:2019 574:2014 569:2009 315:list 224:2017 176:King 161:and 4223:of 4072:Art 3858:Law 3085:doi 3042:doi 242:at 155:Two 4605:: 3091:. 3081:45 3079:. 3075:. 3058:. 3048:. 3036:. 3018:45 3016:. 3012:. 2933:. 2907:. 2651:. 2598:, 2582:, 2578:, 2574:, 2329:. 2083:. 2053:. 1895:. 1815:. 1308:: 1277:: 1261:: 1206:) 1100:. 1092:, 1012:, 1008:, 996:, 964:, 864:: 855:, 851:: 847:, 843:: 419:: 388:: 372:: 317:) 186:; 4213:e 4206:t 4199:v 3621:e 3614:t 3607:v 3352:) 3310:( 3300:( 3211:e 3204:t 3197:v 3181:. 3157:. 3141:. 3125:. 3099:. 3087:: 3066:. 3044:: 3003:. 2984:. 2944:. 2919:. 2893:. 2201:. 1713:e 1706:t 1699:v 1202:( 839:( 824:e 817:t 810:v 313:( 165:) 157:( 118:) 98:) 20:)

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