26:
168:. The direct-injection systems differed from a pressure carburetor in that the fuel is introduced just up stream from the intake valve in the inlet port in each individual cylinder head in the direct fuel injection system, as opposed to the pressure carburetor where the fuel is introduced at the carburetor. These fuel control devices were individually sized and calibrated to fit almost all piston
472:
436:
596:). Adding the ADI fluid raises the mean octane level of the charge preventing pre-ignition and also lowers the cylinder temperatures to a more acceptable level. As this operation takes the engine well beyond its normal design limits, this power setting is not suitable for prolonged use. Once the ADI fluid is exhausted or if the mixture control valve is moved out of the
287:
would when there is not enough fuel in the fuel bowl. With the fuel inlet valve open, the fuel pump continues pumping fuel into the fuel bowl, where the resulting excess fuel causes the fuel-air ratio to become lower than nine to one, which is then too rich for combustion to take place, stopping the engine.
547:
The fuel mixture is automatically altitude-controlled by the automatic mixture control. It operates by bleeding higher pressure air from chamber B into chamber A as it flows through a tapered needle valve. The needle valve is controlled by an aneroid bellows that senses barometric pressure, causing a
543:
The discharge valve is spring-loaded to a preset pressure discharge pressure, acting as a variable size restriction to hold a constant pressure in chamber D, despite varying fuel flow rates. The valve is opened as the discharge fuel pressure increases above the force from the spring, thereby lowering
286:
is also true when the aircraft is in inverted flight. The float becomes submerged as the fuel is pulled downward by gravity to the top of the fuel bowl. The float lifts upward toward the bottom of the inverted fuel bowl. With the float at the bottom of the fuel bowl, the fuel inlet valve opens, as it
727:
Each carburetor model number includes the style, size and a specific model letter, which may be followed by a revision number. Each application (the specific engine and airframe combination) then receives a "list number" that contains a list of the specific parts and flow sheet for that application.
228:
Once these three things are delivered to the carburetor, a well designed carburetor will provide the engine with the exact, correct, fuel flow at all times. Any well-designed carburetor does this routinely, no matter what type or size engine is used. Aircraft carburetors on the other hand, operate
382:
sandwiched between metal plates, with the center of the roughly circular diaphragms connected to a common rod, forming four pressure chambers when assembled. The outer end of the rod connects to the fuel metering servo valve that moves away from the throttle body to open, allowing more fuel flow or
454:
The velocity of the air flow entering the carburetor is measured by placing one or more venturi directly in the airflow. The venturi creates a low pressure that changes with the velocity of the air. As the air pressure in chamber A is decreased with greater airflow, the diaphragm is pulled toward
418:
is either remotely mounted or mounted on the carburetor body. The accelerator pump is either mechanically connected to the throttle, or it is operated by sensing the manifold pressure change when the throttle is opened. Either way, it injects a measured amount of extra fuel into the air stream to
149:
After 1938, high performance aircraft engines were equipped with floatless pressure carburetors, especially those used in combat aircraft. The floatless pressure carburetor was the progenitor of today's single-port fuel injection, and was a big step forward in fuel delivery technology. It could be
335:
which are used by the pilot to control the air flow into the engine. A venturi is also installed in each bore. The impact tubes are mounted in each venturi, placing them directly in the path of the incoming air. All of the remaining main components are attached to the body, and are interconnected
278:
conditions, such as a rapid nose down attitude, the float lifts toward the top of the fuel bowl as the float becomes weightless when the aircraft descends faster than the float and the fuel. The float is lifted upward by inertia, closing the fuel inlet valve as if the fuel bowl was full of fuel.
460:
The mass of the air entering the carburetor is measured by placing a number of impact tubes directly in the airflow, generating a pressure that represents the air density. The impact tube pressure is connected to "Chamber B" on the side of the air metering diaphragm farthest from the carburetor
443:
There are four chambers in the fuel regulator portion of the carburetor. They are referred to by letters A, B, C, and D, with the A chamber closest to the throttle body. The fuel metering servo valve responds to pressure differentials across the diaphragms separating the chambers. The resulting
243:
as the fuel absorbs heat when it changes state from a liquid to a gas. This may result in the air dropping below freezing, causing water vapor contained in the air to first change state from a gas to a liquid, which then becomes ice. This ice forms on the throttle plate, which is located "down
122:
suction to draw fuel into the engine, a pressure carburetor only uses the venturi to measure the mass airflow into the engine and manages the flow of fuel that is continuously under pressure from the fuel pump to the spray nozzle. In 1936, the first Bendix-Stromberg pressure carburetor (a model
295:
Bendix-Stromberg engineers overcame the problems found with float-type carburetors by moving the fuel discharge nozzle to the carburetor adapter or in some cases at the "eye" of the supercharger, both below the throttle plates and by eliminating the float from the fuel metering system. The new
399:, and air flow into the carburetor. It is mounted directly in the air flow at the inlet to the throat. The automatic mixture control, if equipped, is mounted either on the boost portion for throttle bodies with two or more throats, or on the throttle body itself for the single throat models.
427:(ADI) system. This consists of a "derichment valve" in the fuel control component, a storage tank for the ADI fluid, a pump, a regulator that provides a specific amount of ADI fluid based on the fuel flow, and a spray nozzle that is mounted in the air stream entering the supercharger.
479:
The second diaphragm is the fuel metering portion of the regulator, and is located farthest from the carburetor body. It measures the difference in fuel pressure taken from two locations within the regulator itself. Chambers C and D are on opposite sides of the fuel metering diaphragm.
143:
The first type was manufactured for low performance aircraft engines and virtually all aircraft engines produced before 1938. These were typically conventional float-type carburetor that were not much different than those found on automobiles or farm tractors of that time, except for
520:
At the same time, air entering the carburetor compresses the air in the impact tubes, generating a positive pressure in chamber B that is proportional to the density and speed of the air entering the engine. The difference in pressure between chamber A and chamber B creates the
500:
The air metering force from chambers A and B is opposed by the fuel metering force from chambers C and D. These two forces combine into movement of the servo valve to adjust the fuel flow to the precise amount required for the needs of the engine, and the needs of the pilot.
163:
and later with direct injection, which became the fuel system of choice. Using the same principles as the pressure carburetor to measure air flow into the engine, the distributed fuel injection system used individual fuel lines to each cylinder, injecting the fuel at the
341:
528:
The pressure of fuel from the fuel pump pushes against the diaphragm in chamber C, moving the servo valve toward the closed position. The fuel also flows to the mixture control valve, which is closed when in the idle-cutoff position and open in all other positions.
736:
Generally, the PS style carburetors are used on opposed piston engines found on light aircraft and helicopters. The engine can be mounted in the nose, tail, wing or mounted internally on the airframe. The engine can be mounted vertically as well as horizontally.
408:
or at the base of the carburetor body. The fuel is sprayed into the air stream as it enters the engine through one or more spring-controlled spray valves. The spray valves open or close as the fuel flow changes, holding a constant fuel delivery
640:
Each of these styles is available in a number of sizes, using measurements of the area of the bore on a rectangular bore, or a special system for circular bores, and the actual square inches of the throat area for the rectangular style.
448:
The diaphragm located closest the carburetor body is the air metering diaphragm. It measures the difference in air pressure taken from two locations within the carburetor. Chambers A and B are on opposite sides of the air metering
251:
aircraft operate in a range of conditions not much different from that of an automobile, so a float type carburetor may be all that is needed. Large or fast aircraft are a different matter, especially when considering that
271:, resulting in inaccurate fuel metering and a reduction in engine performance as the air-fuel ratio changes, becoming either too lean or too rich for maximum engine performance, and in some cases, stopping the engine.
189:, no matter what type of fuel system is used on a given engine, the carburetor's sole job is to provide exactly the correct amount of fuel into a given amount of air that is entering the engine. To be burnable, the
688:
Bendix used a special method to identify round carburetor bores. The first inch of bore diameter is used as the base number one, then each quarter of an inch increase in diameter adds one to the base number.
204:
position set by the pilot. In summary, it can be said that the ideal carburetor provides the correct air-fuel mixture ratio, as required by the engine, under all of its operating conditions.
717:
The first inch is represented by the base number one, and we subtract that one from the size number, 18. This leaves 17 one-quarter inch units, or 17/4, which reduces to 4-1/4 inches.
103:). Both of these types of carburetors had a relatively large number of internal parts, and in the case of the Holley Carburetor, there were complications in its "variable venturi" design.
274:
Float type carburetors are able to compensate for these unstable conditions through various design features, but only within reason. For example, once the float type carburetor is under
567:. The resulting reduction of flow unbalances the fuel metering diaphragm, causing the fuel metering valve to change position, thereby reducing fuel flow to the auto lean flow setting.
307:
There are however, either one or two small floats in the fuel regulator air bleed system. These floats have nothing to do with the air-fuel ratio, as their only purpose is to allow any
582:(ADI) system is activated, injecting the ADI fluid into the engine intake system. The pressure in the ADI system moves the derichment diaphragm in the fuel control to close off the
96:
207:
Lastly, the exact amount of fuel needed changes between the overly-lean lower limit of 16:1 and the overly-rich upper limit of 9:1 as the engine operating condition changes.
1046:
279:
Cutting off the fuel supply causes the fuel-air ratio to become greater than sixteen to one, which is then too lean for combustion to take place, stopping the engine.
387:
The smaller components of the carburetor are either attached to, are a part of the major portions, or are remotely mounted, depending on the engine application.
197:
of between 9 and 16 pounds (4 and 7 kg) of air to 1 pound (0.5 kg) of fuel (for gasoline engines). Above or below this ratio, the fuel will not burn.
200:
Next, it is also a given that within that range of acceptable mixtures, there is only one ratio that is the ideal air-fuel ratio at that time, given the
150:
looked upon as the mechanical counterpart of today's electronic fuel control system. These floatless pressure carburetors are the topic of this article.
244:
stream" of the fuel nozzle. The ice also forms on the inner walls of the carburetor, sometimes to such a degree that it blocks airflow to the engine.
378:
The fuel regulator component takes input signals from various sources to automatically control fuel flow into the engine. It consists of a number of
383:
toward the throttle body to close, reducing the amount of fuel to flow. The rod is moved by the forces measured within the four pressure chambers.
1039:
608:
Bendix-Stromberg produced a number of pressure carburetor styles and sizes, each of which could be calibrated to a specific engine and airframe.
118:
and inverted flight by eliminating the customary float-controlled fuel inlet valve. Unlike the float-type carburetor fuel system that relies on
210:
To summarize, for a carburetor to deliver the exact amount of fuel required, it is necessary to provide the carburetor with three things:
592:. This causes the cylinder head temperature to increase to a very high level, which dramatically increases the risk of detonation (see:
1468:
1032:
110:
is a type of aircraft fuel control that provides very accurate fuel delivery, prevents ice from forming in the carburetor and prevents
172:
used by both civil and allied military aircraft made in the post war era. These fuel injection systems are found on high performance
600:
position, the fuel control derichment diaphragm pressure is lost, and the derichment jet is opened once again for normal fuel flow.
1639:
489:
Chamber D contains "metered fuel", that is fuel that has already passed through the jets, but not yet injected into the air stream.
260:, or through a series of high g turns, climbs and dives, all at a wide range of speeds and altitudes, and in a very short time.
1634:
1438:
100:
311:
air that may have become trapped in the fuel regulator to return to the fuel tank where it will be vented to the atmosphere.
1134:
353:
that control fuel pressures within the fuel control. It has a rotating plate-type valve with either three or four positions:
723:
Last, we add the 3/16 for a grand total of 5-7/16 inch diameter for each of the two bores in the PD-18 carburetor body.
699:
a 1-1/2 inch bore would be coded as a size number 3 (Base number 1 + 2 for the two 1/4 inches over 1 inch),
1463:
1644:
455:
the carburetor body. Chamber A also contains a spring that opens the fuel metering valve when the air flow is absent.
704:
and so on up to a size 18 (Base number 1 + 17 for the seventeen 1/4 inch increments over the 1 inch base).
696:
a 1-1/4 inch bore would be coded as a size number 2 (Base number 1 + 1 for the 1/4 inch over 1 inch)
229:
under extraordinary conditions, including violent maneuvers in three dimensions, sometimes all at the same time.
517:. This causes the air pressure in chamber A to drop in proportion with the partial vacuum in the boost venturi.
1382:
349:
The fuel control component is used by the pilot to adjust fuel flow into the engine. It contains a number of
1024:
509:
When the engine started, air began flowing through the boost venturi, causing the pressure (referred to as a
379:
1603:
91:
was the one most commonly found. The other two carburetor types were manufactured by
Chandler Groves (later
1192:
540:
position, fuel starts to flow through the metering jets and into chamber D where it becomes metered fuel.
1649:
1423:
1418:
1298:
461:
body. As the air pressure in chamber B is increased, the diaphragm is moved toward the carburetor body.
1263:
513:
as it is lower than atmospheric pressure, but not a full vacuum) in the venturi to drop according to
424:
308:
34:
239:
1498:
1413:
1248:
514:
1362:
1293:
1187:
588:
1598:
1433:
1333:
713:
Using the size number 18 bore as an example, we can calculate the actual bore size as follows:
586:, reducing the fuel flow to a leaner mixture which produces higher engine power by raising the
1608:
1387:
1348:
1313:
1154:
328:
25:
1593:
1521:
1473:
1067:
1058:
8:
1562:
1268:
728:
Needless to say, there are hundreds of parts list and flow sheets in the master catalog.
681:
Two or four rectangular throats, can be mounted updraft and downdraft with slight changes
648:
Single round throat, can be mounted updraft, downdraft and horizontal with slight changes
570:
In the event of a combat or emergency situation, the mixture control may be moved to the
396:
63:
709:
Lastly, 3/16 inch is added to the coded size for the actual finished bore diameter.
415:
1577:
1428:
1377:
1273:
1207:
194:
136:
740:
PD style carburetors are for inline and radial engines from 900 to 1900 cubic inches.
1458:
1338:
1308:
1303:
1258:
1243:
1104:
190:
92:
404:
The fuel delivery component is either remotely mounted at the "eye" of the engine's
391:
The boost component is mounted on the inlet side of the throttle body. It measures
1227:
1217:
1119:
444:
diaphragm movement controls fuel flow into the engine under all flight conditions.
331:
through which all of the air flows into the engine. Each bore contains a number of
253:
248:
173:
169:
76:
484:
Chamber C contains "unmetered fuel", that is the fuel as it enters the carburetor.
365:
which is used for takeoff, climb and landing operations, and on some carburetors,
1506:
1328:
1288:
1283:
1212:
1055:
593:
552:
465:
The difference in pressure between chambers A and B creates what is known as the
296:"pressure carburetor" design replaced the float-operated fuel inlet valve with a
283:
111:
1552:
1542:
1202:
1129:
1089:
510:
297:
263:
Once the carburetor leaves a stable condition, the float is influenced by both
160:
139:
marketed three types of aircraft fuel systems under the Bendix-Stromberg name:
124:
119:
1054:
578:
position, if the aircraft is so equipped. When in the military position, the
1628:
1478:
1323:
1318:
1253:
1197:
1109:
670:
Triple round throat, can be mounted updraft and downdraft with slight changes
659:
Double round throat, can be mounted updraft and downdraft with slight changes
324:
156:
80:
684:
PR-38, PR-48, PR-52, PR-53, PR-58, PR-62, PR-64, PR-74, PR-78, PR-88, PR-100
574:
position, providing extra fuel to the engine, or in military aircraft, into
1613:
1572:
1567:
1343:
1164:
1149:
1124:
532:
Chamber C and chamber D are connected by a fuel passage which contains the
405:
301:
219:
Second, what air-fuel ratio is needed for the engine's operating condition,
165:
84:
743:
PT style carburetors are usually found on 1700 to 2600 cubic inch engines
290:
115:
1557:
1483:
1408:
1403:
1144:
1114:
544:
the fuel pressure to maintain a balanced position with the spring force.
392:
1547:
1537:
1488:
1278:
1222:
1159:
1099:
525:
which opens the servo valve allowing the fuel into the fuel regulator.
257:
247:
Float type carburetors work best when in a stable operating condition.
186:
107:
72:
493:
The difference in pressure between the two fuel chambers creates the
720:
Adding the one inch base number, we now have a 5-1/4 inch bore.
155:
In the last years of World War II, aircraft engines that exceeded a
1511:
1094:
1084:
332:
201:
1005:
Stromberg
Aircraft Carburation, Bendix Corp undated, but pre 1940
975:
Stromberg carburetor application list, Bendix-Stromberg, undated.
785:
Stromberg carburetor application spreadsheet, author's collection
746:
PR style carburetors are used on 2600 to 4360 cubic inch engines
327:
is the main component of the carburetor. It contains one or more
275:
268:
264:
563:. This reduces fuel flow by closing the passageway through the
237:
When fuel is vaporized, it cools the surrounding air due to the
1169:
1139:
1000:
533:
370:
350:
222:
Third, what engine operation is sought by the aircraft's pilot.
1532:
917:
Pressure
Injection, by Charles A. Fisher, AMIMech.E, MIAE in
471:
435:
319:
The pressure carburetor consists of three major components.
340:
176:
piston engines that continue flying into the 21st century.
159:
of greater than 1.0, were equipped first with distributed
344:
Boost bar with AMC showing impact tubes and boost venturi
232:
475:
Fuel regulator fuel diaphragm dividing chambers C and D
291:
The solution: move the fuel nozzle and remove the float
439:
Fuel regulator air diaphragm dividing chambers A and B
361:
which is used for normal flight or cruise conditions,
216:
First, the exact weight of the air flowing through it,
982:, John Wiley & Sons, New York & London, 1946
555:altitude, the pilot moves the mixture control from
536:. When the mixture control lever is moved from the
336:with internal passages or external tubes or hoses.
1021:Bendix PS Series Carburetor Manual, April 1, 1976
1626:
962:CarbApps05.xls spreadsheet, author's collection
548:leaning of the mixture as altitude increases.
1040:
850:
848:
662:PD-7, PD-9, PD-12, PD-14, PD-16, PD-17, PD-18
999:Law, Peter, ADI presentation to AEHS, from
958:
956:
875:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
827:
820:
818:
806:
797:
1047:
1033:
1016:Training manual, RSA Fuel Injection System
913:
911:
909:
907:
845:
33:Cut-away Bendix-Stromberg PD12-F13 from a
1018:, Precision Airmotive Corp. January, 1990
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
836:
761:
180:
933:
815:
470:
434:
339:
314:
842:Stromberg Aircraft carburetors pp 16-17
1627:
884:
430:
233:The problems: ice, gravity and inertia
123:PD12-B) was installed and flown on an
1028:
551:Once airborne and having reached the
373:life shortening, engine performance.
19:Bendix-Stromberg Pressure Carburetor
776:Schlaifer, Chapter XVIII, pp 509-546
89:Bendix-Stromberg pressure carburetor
1061:components, systems and terminology
854:Stromberg Aircraft carburetors p 18
770:
767:Stromberg Aircraft carburetors p 16
13:
996:, Harvard University, Boston, 1950
779:
423:Military carburetors may have an
14:
1661:
419:allow smooth engine acceleration.
185:Starting with the basics of fuel
75:used on large, high-performance
45:Bendix-Stromberg model PD12-F13
24:
1640:Aircraft fuel system components
994:Development of Aircraft Engines
969:
924:
921:, September 11, 1941 pp 149-152
866:
857:
731:
1383:Propeller speed reduction unit
788:
97:Chandler Evans Control Systems
1:
1635:Engine fuel system technology
749:
357:, which stops all fuel flow,
130:
1193:Capacitor discharge ignition
504:
304:-style fuel metering valve.
7:
636:rectangular bore carburetor
603:
369:which is used for maximum,
10:
1666:
930:Pete Law, ADI presentation
35:Pratt & Whitney R-2000
1586:
1520:
1497:
1451:
1396:
1370:
1361:
1236:
1203:Electronic fuel injection
1178:
1075:
1066:
624:double barrel carburetor
580:Anti-Detonation Injection
425:anti-detonation injection
32:
23:
18:
1645:Carburetor manufacturers
1249:Aircraft engine starting
754:
630:triple barrel carburetor
618:single barrel carburetor
1294:Mean effective pressure
611:There are four styles:
589:mean effective pressure
1334:Time between overhauls
476:
440:
345:
181:Design and development
71:Of the three types of
1609:Ice protection system
1349:Volumetric efficiency
1314:Overhead valve engine
515:Bernoulli's principle
474:
438:
343:
315:Carburetor components
106:A floatless pressure
1594:Auxiliary power unit
1474:Flight data recorder
1008:Bendix Carburetors,
989:, September 11, 1941
985:Pressure Injection,
980:Aircraft Carburetion
978:Thorner, Robert H.,
467:air metering force'.
240:refrigeration effect
79:manufactured in the
1563:Pressure carburetor
1299:Naturally aspirated
1269:Engine displacement
992:Schlaifer, Robert,
495:fuel metering force
431:Theory of operation
397:barometric pressure
195:flammability limits
193:must be within the
157:specific horsepower
1650:Bendix Corporation
1578:Updraft carburetor
1452:Engine instruments
1378:Propeller governor
1274:Four-stroke engine
833:Thorner pp 129-130
534:fuel metering jets
523:air metering force
477:
441:
346:
137:Bendix Corporation
1622:
1621:
1459:Annunciator panel
1447:
1446:
1357:
1356:
1339:Two-stroke engine
1309:Overhead camshaft
1289:Manifold pressure
1259:Compression ratio
191:air to fuel ratio
93:Holley Carburetor
69:
68:
1657:
1604:Hydraulic system
1424:Counter-rotating
1368:
1367:
1120:Hydraulic tappet
1073:
1072:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1026:
1025:
963:
960:
931:
928:
922:
915:
882:
881:Thorner pp 70-71
879:
873:
872:Schlaifer p. 522
870:
864:
863:Schlaifer, p 514
861:
855:
852:
843:
840:
834:
831:
825:
824:Schlaifer, p 515
822:
813:
810:
804:
803:Thorner pp 46-47
801:
795:
794:Schlaifer, p 509
792:
786:
783:
777:
774:
768:
765:
651:PS-5, PS-7, PS-9
416:accelerator pump
254:fighter aircraft
249:General aviation
174:general aviation
170:aircraft engines
77:aircraft engines
52:
28:
16:
15:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1599:Coffman starter
1582:
1525:
1516:
1507:Carburetor heat
1499:Engine controls
1493:
1443:
1419:Contra-rotating
1392:
1353:
1284:Ignition timing
1232:
1213:Ignition system
1180:
1174:
1077:
1062:
1053:
972:
967:
966:
961:
934:
929:
925:
916:
885:
880:
876:
871:
867:
862:
858:
853:
846:
841:
837:
832:
828:
823:
816:
811:
807:
802:
798:
793:
789:
784:
780:
775:
771:
766:
762:
757:
752:
734:
606:
594:engine knocking
507:
433:
333:throttle plates
317:
293:
235:
183:
133:
112:fuel starvation
51:National origin
50:
12:
11:
5:
1663:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1553:Inlet manifold
1550:
1545:
1543:Fuel injection
1540:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1439:Variable-pitch
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1414:Constant-speed
1411:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
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1090:Connecting rod
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55:United States
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95:Company) and
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81:United States
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60:Manufacturer
59:
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36:
31:
27:
22:
17:
1614:Recoil start
1573:Turbocharger
1568:Supercharger
1434:Single-blade
1344:Valve timing
1165:Sleeve valve
1150:Poppet valve
1125:Main bearing
1015:
1009:
993:
986:
979:
970:Bibliography
926:
918:
877:
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829:
812:Thorner p 47
808:
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732:Applications
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184:
134:
116:negative "G"
105:
88:
85:World War II
70:
1558:Intercooler
1484:Hobbs meter
1409:Blade pitch
1404:Autofeather
1397:Terminology
1304:Monosoupape
1264:Dead centre
1237:Terminology
1145:Piston ring
1115:Gudgeon pin
538:idle-cutoff
393:air density
355:idle-cutoff
166:intake port
73:carburetors
1629:Categories
1548:Gascolator
1538:Carburetor
1489:Tachometer
1371:Components
1363:Propellers
1279:Horsepower
1244:Air-cooled
1223:Spark plug
1188:Alternator
1181:components
1179:Electrical
1160:Rocker arm
1100:Crankshaft
1078:components
1076:Mechanical
750:References
692:Examples:
449:diaphragm.
380:diaphragms
300:-operated
276:negative g
187:combustion
131:Background
108:carburetor
1208:Generator
572:auto rich
561:auto lean
557:auto rich
505:Operation
409:pressure.
363:auto rich
359:auto lean
309:entrained
1512:Throttle
1429:Scimitar
1135:Oil pump
1105:Cylinder
1095:Crankpin
1085:Camshaft
1056:Aircraft
678:PR style
667:PT style
656:PD style
645:PS style
604:Variants
598:military
576:military
565:rich jet
553:cruising
367:military
258:inverted
256:may fly
202:throttle
1388:Spinner
1228:Starter
1218:Magneto
1155:Pushrod
284:inverse
269:inertia
265:gravity
120:venturi
114:during
83:during
1526:system
1329:Stroke
1170:Tappet
1140:Piston
1010:Flight
987:Flight
919:Flight
371:albeit
302:poppet
87:, the
64:Bendix
1533:Avgas
1469:EICAS
755:Notes
673:PT-13
329:bores
298:servo
144:size.
42:Type
1522:Fuel
1464:EFIS
1254:Bore
351:jets
323:The
282:The
267:and
135:The
127:-7.
101:CECO
559:to
414:An
1631::
935:^
886:^
847:^
817:^
634:PR
628:PT
622:PD
616:PS
497:.
395:,
1048:e
1041:t
1034:v
1012:,
99:(
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