25:
1234:
132:
Many Low German and German words found their way to
Norwegian through the Bergen dialect, which makes up almost 35% of the basic Norwegian vocabulary. The long history of multi-lingual coexistence in Bergen has made the dialect more susceptible to simplifications, in order to ease communication, and
199:
in other
Norwegian urban areas). The feminine gender disappeared in the 16th century. One theory is that this was partly fueled by an influence from Danish, which became the written language and already had abolished the distinction between masculine and feminine forms, and as a simplification to
401:, Norway's other written language, was considered rural and thus lacking prestige, and has not had a strong influence on the dialect. Subsequently, large parts of the German-inspired vocabulary unique for Bergen disappeared. Plural endings are used less frequently, for example
457:. While the vocabulary shows traits of both Bokmål and Nynorsk, it has characteristics that are not covered by any of these written standards. Also, Bokmål is often associated with Eastern Norwegian
339:
in the time span of about 2-3 generations. Until recent decades' developments in neighboring rural dialects, this was an easy way of distinguishing them from the Bergen dialect. Nowadays, the uvular
295:
becomes Kåre
Willochen. Not all Bergensk speakers will use this form and the usage depends on the social situation. Similar construction of personal names can be found in east Norwegian dialects.
467:"is" partly Bokmål ambiguities. Although Nynorsk (Neo-Norwegian) has its stronghold in western Norway and the areas surrounding Bergen, the inhabitants of Bergen itself write Bokmål.
239:, another theory is that the retention of -n, combined with an earlier reduction of unstressed vowels, caused the masculine and feminine genders to merge. In other dialects,
745:
Kerswill, Paul (2002). "A dialect with 'great inner strength'? The perception of nativeness in the Bergen speech community". In Daniel Long and Dennis
Preston (ed.).
1207:
1855:
1012:
2230:
1308:
1070:
819:
2028:
144:
merchants in the period from about 1350 to 1750, had a profound effect on the Bergen dialect. The
Hanseatic merchants spoke varieties of
521:
691:
1845:
2757:
727:
709:
68:
46:
39:
1301:
812:
614:
3124:
839:
343:
is a feature of a much larger area of the southwestern Norway than Bergen. Broader speakers may realize the
152:
union from 1536 to 1814, and the Bergen dialect absorbed more of language trends from abroad, such as from
3154:
2324:
2286:
2271:
200:
ease communication between
Norwegians and Germans or between people from Bergen and other parts of Norway.
1598:
373:
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304:
3258:
3134:
2994:
2344:
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2293:
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876:
805:
1032:
148:, and perhaps a pidgin in dealings with the locals. Bergen was the only major Norwegian city during the
3253:
1510:
1260:
409:, which is correct Bokmål. Also, pronunciations have shifted slightly towards standard East Norwegian (
662:
3263:
2851:
351:
332:
316:
308:
3129:
3083:
3078:
3002:
2612:
2596:
2475:
2334:
2225:
2220:
475:
When
English verbs are used as substitute for Norwegian verbs, in the past tense they are given an
33:
3068:
3012:
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2600:
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1850:
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1424:
1352:
1340:
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2308:
3073:
2555:
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2139:
1955:
1815:
1655:
1550:
1244:
589:
100:. It is easy for Norwegians to recognise, as it is more distinguishable from other dialects in
50:
3231:
3195:
2463:
2456:
2408:
2178:
2149:
2118:
2081:
2006:
1763:
1676:
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1499:
844:
334:
2696:
1571:
1022:
3200:
3180:
3149:
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2628:
2446:
2038:
1865:
1827:
1822:
1696:
1643:
1401:
1217:
1113:
1039:
864:
768:
2856:
459:
411:
287:
that can use the definite for given names. In Bergen personal names can be inflected like
8:
3139:
2375:
2329:
2263:
2016:
1663:
1576:
1374:
1233:
1222:
1082:
871:
679:
328:
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192:
188:
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2531:
1778:
1017:
986:
3185:
3109:
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2413:
2388:
2383:
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2104:
1989:
1810:
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1523:
1327:
1317:
1147:
1027:
954:
828:
284:
89:
2339:
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463:
pronunciation—although no official affiliation exists. This gives the claim that oral
3159:
2958:
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2867:
2822:
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2516:
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1960:
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1901:
1739:
1631:
1613:
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1270:
1212:
723:
705:
687:
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1075:
156:, than other Norwegian dialects. The written standard of the time, was based on the
3114:
2905:
2839:
2795:
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2739:
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2062:
2001:
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1773:
1608:
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1361:
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141:
133:
the influence of Danish and Low German are apparent in the modern Bergen dialect's
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1265:
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2812:
2807:
2800:
2509:
2418:
2403:
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2210:
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1860:
1837:
1768:
1758:
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324:
153:
292:
3225:
3119:
3099:
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2943:
2817:
2487:
2254:
2193:
1972:
1929:
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1803:
1798:
1687:
1637:
1488:
1439:
1394:
1387:
1238:
1178:
1163:
1087:
368:
As in
Stavanger and Oslo, younger speakers of the Bergen dialect tend to merge
149:
981:
792:
172:, is still spoken, although in recent decades has become much more similar to
3247:
3175:
3017:
2773:
2724:
2541:
2480:
2393:
2298:
2236:
2183:
2067:
1994:
1168:
386:
487:. This is different from the other Norwegian dialects, most of which use an
3044:
2468:
2432:
2365:
2188:
2011:
1984:
1967:
1911:
1870:
1452:
1431:
1049:
615:"Felleskjønnet i bergensk Resultat av mellomnedertysk kvantitetspåverknad?"
288:
2691:
1062:
121:
2861:
2834:
2652:
2560:
2242:
2203:
1786:
1481:
1445:
1380:
1092:
991:
2706:
1044:
1004:
935:
763:
Acoustical
Analysis and Perception of Tonemes in Some Norwegian Dialects
344:
2701:
2681:
2046:
1716:
1417:
1183:
1132:
963:
544:
255:
in a majority of the modern
Norwegian dialects (other variants include
157:
145:
940:
390:
169:
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2635:
2198:
1979:
1934:
1906:
1732:
1286:
1105:
971:
797:
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134:
117:
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906:
626:
567:
450:
394:
173:
2024:
916:
113:
101:
165:
2717:
2313:
2215:
911:
631:
454:
436:
398:
2020:
1142:
331:) some time in the 18th century, overtaking the alveolar trill
97:
93:
203:
The Old Norse -n ending was retained in the Bergen (Old Norse
1938:
127:
421:
416:
160:
dialect of the Danish language, and it continued to affect
859:
854:
849:
643:
702:
Slik ble vi bergensere - Hanseatene og bergensdialekten
749:. Vol. 2. Amsterdam: Benjamins. pp. 155–175.
415:), probably as a result of the shift of power towards
227:
everywhere. Since the feminine definite articles were
793:
Sound sample of (Toten) and Bergen dialect (Youtube)
1208:Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish
327:pronunciation. It probably spread to Bergen (and
3245:
307:phoneme is realized uvularly, either as a trill
291:, so Kari becomes Karien, Pere becomes Peren or
278:
187:is one of two dialects in Norway with only two
565:
542:
519:
1302:
813:
678:
649:
389:improved, which gave a strong influence from
235:in Old Norse, while the masculine ending was
164:well into the 20th century. A Dano-Norwegian
251:, underwent nasalization and developed into
140:Bergen's strong foreign influence, such as
1309:
1295:
820:
806:
128:Early influence from Low German and Danish
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
744:
191:, the other being the dialect spoken in
32:This article includes a list of general
16:Dialect of Norwegian from Bergen, Norway
609:
607:
3246:
1316:
827:
717:
637:
380:
2980:
2594:
1338:
1290:
801:
780:An Introduction to Norwegian Dialects
747:A handbook of perceptual dialectology
699:
773:Norwegian dialect studies since 1930
604:
445:Like almost all Norwegian dialects,
425:), which was formerly pronounced as
385:In the 19th and 20th centuries, the
18:
1871:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
195:. All others have three (excepting
13:
3230:Languages between parentheses are
2595:
755:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3275:
786:
1232:
737:
470:
23:
671:
3234:of the language on their left.
722:, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo,
655:
620:
582:
559:
536:
513:
441:compared to Bokmål and Nynorsk
168:, resembling the non-standard
1:
3125:Germanic substrate hypothesis
2981:
663:"Spørsmål til Per Egil Hegge"
506:
3155:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
1846:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
640:, pp. 30–31, 34 and 36.
449:cannot be said to be either
298:
279:Definite form of given names
7:
3135:High German consonant shift
877:Norwegian language conflict
686:, Oxford University Press,
494:
358:, but that is stigmatized.
323:. The latter is the normal
283:Bergensk is one of the few
10:
3280:
1673:Westlauwers–Terschellings
1326:According to contemporary
1261:Language Council of Norway
684:The Phonology of Norwegian
3217:
3168:
3092:
3061:
2993:
2989:
2976:
2925:
2898:
2852:Southern Schleswig Danish
2783:
2664:
2620:
2611:
2607:
2590:
2431:
2374:
2262:
2253:
2158:
2130:
2089:
2080:
2055:
2037:
1948:
1920:
1894:
1885:
1836:
1749:
1724:
1715:
1654:
1549:
1498:
1473:
1464:
1360:
1351:
1347:
1334:
1324:
1253:
1200:
1156:
1125:
1104:
1061:
1003:
962:
953:
928:
899:
892:
885:
835:
223:ending was simplified to
179:
3130:West Germanic gemination
3084:Ancient Belgian language
3079:Germanic parent language
3023:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
2145:Austrian Standard German
1339:
775:(University of Illinois)
617:(Universitetet i Bergen)
761:Fintoft, Knut (1970),
570:. Store norske leksikon
547:. Store norske leksikon
545:"dialekter i Hordaland"
522:"Ordskatten i bergensk"
419:. For example, "pære" (
211:), but lost elsewhere (
112:) from the dialects of
104:than, for example, the
53:more precise citations.
3191:Preterite-present verb
3074:Proto-Germanic grammar
3028:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
2140:German Standard German
1816:East Frisian Low Saxon
782:(Tapir Academic Press)
700:Nesse, Agnete (2003),
3196:Grammatischer Wechsel
2179:Namibian Black German
2150:Swiss Standard German
2119:Early New High German
1677:Mainland West Frisian
1538:Harlingerland Frisian
778:Husby, Olaf (2008),
769:Haugen, Einar Ingvald
718:Vanvik, Arne (1979),
3201:Indo-European ablaut
3181:Germanic strong verb
3150:Germanic spirant law
2287:Southeast Limburgish
1783:Gelders-Overijssels
1412:Irish Middle English
1402:Early Modern English
1040:Urban East Norwegian
865:Scandinavian Braille
680:Kristoffersen, Gjert
650:Kristoffersen (2000)
568:"dialekter i Bergen"
566:Martin Skjekkeland.
543:Martin Skjekkeland.
520:Martin Skjekkeland.
429:, is now pronounced
405:(houses) has become
3169:Synchronic features
3140:Germanic a-mutation
3093:Diachronic features
2443:in the broad sense
2376:East Central German
2330:Lorraine Franconian
2304:Transylvanian Saxon
2264:West Central German
2039:East Low Franconian
1949:West Low Franconian
592:. norwegianlearning
381:Recent developments
350:as a central vowel
193:Lyngen Municipality
189:grammatical genders
3259:Norwegian dialects
3186:Germanic weak verb
2995:Language subgroups
2345:Pennsylvania Dutch
2294:Moselle Franconian
2272:Central Franconian
2105:Middle High German
1856:Central Pomeranian
1811:Northern Low Saxon
1524:Wangerooge Frisian
1318:Germanic languages
1148:American Norwegian
1023:Hallingmål-Valdris
829:Norwegian language
765:(Universitetsforl)
627:dialekter i Bergen
590:"Bergen in Norway"
285:Norwegian dialects
3254:Culture in Bergen
3241:
3240:
3226:extinct languages
3213:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3160:Great Vowel Shift
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2921:
2920:
2767:Greenlandic Norse
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2517:Southern Bavarian
2500:Northern Bavarian
2476:Highest Alemannic
2427:
2426:
2161:standard variants
2076:
2075:
1922:Standard variants
1881:
1880:
1740:Middle Low German
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1511:Saterland Frisian
1284:
1283:
1271:Norwegian Academy
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
949:
948:
693:978-0-19-823765-5
460:Standard Østnorsk
412:Standard Østnorsk
106:Stavanger dialect
79:
78:
71:
3271:
3264:City colloquials
3018:Elbe (Irminonic)
2991:
2990:
2978:
2977:
2906:Mainland Gutnish
2796:Swedish dialects
2758:Middle Icelandic
2732:Middle Norwegian
2621:Historical forms
2618:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2592:
2591:
2551:South Franconian
2537:Hutterite German
2505:Central Bavarian
2325:Rhine Franconian
2260:
2259:
2090:Historical forms
2087:
2086:
2002:Surinamese Dutch
1895:Historical forms
1892:
1891:
1725:Historical forms
1722:
1721:
1474:Historical forms
1471:
1470:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1336:
1335:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1236:
1174:Middle Norwegian
1138:Modern Norwegian
1079:
1036:
1018:Gudbrandsdalsmål
960:
959:
921:
897:
896:
890:
889:
822:
815:
808:
799:
798:
750:
732:
714:
704:, Sigma Forlag,
696:
665:
659:
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629:
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533:
531:
529:
517:
375:
371:
364:
357:
349:
342:
338:
322:
314:
306:
142:Hanseatic League
88:is a dialect of
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3205:
3164:
3145:Germanic umlaut
3110:Holtzmann's law
3088:
3057:
2985:
2964:
2917:
2894:
2828:South Jutlandic
2813:Danish dialects
2779:
2660:
2603:
2574:
2556:East Franconian
2510:Viennese German
2423:
2404:Silesian German
2370:
2359:Central Hessian
2249:
2174:Namibian German
2163:
2154:
2132:Standard German
2126:
2112:New High German
2098:Old High German
2072:
2051:
2033:
1944:
1916:
1877:
1861:East Pomeranian
1851:Brandenburgisch
1838:East Low German
1832:
1759:Dutch Low Saxon
1751:West Low German
1745:
1703:
1669:Schiermonnikoog
1650:
1545:
1531:Wursten Frisian
1494:
1460:
1343:
1330:
1320:
1315:
1285:
1280:
1276:Riksmål Society
1249:
1188:
1152:
1126:Non-dialectical
1121:
1100:
1073:
1057:
1030:
999:
945:
924:
919:
881:
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826:
789:
758:
756:Related reading
753:
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661:Per Egil Hegge
660:
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541:
537:
527:
525:
524:. sprakradet.no
518:
514:
509:
501:Danish dialects
497:
473:
443:
383:
315:or a fricative
301:
281:
271:developed into
247:lost the final
182:
130:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3277:
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3261:
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3239:
3238:
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3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3069:Proto-Germanic
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2987:
2986:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2944:Crimean Gothic
2933:
2931:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2818:Insular Danish
2815:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2801:Rinkebysvenska
2798:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2742:
2737:
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2715:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2647:Old East Norse
2644:
2642:Old West Norse
2632:
2624:
2622:
2615:
2605:
2604:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2522:South Tyrolean
2514:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2464:High Alemannic
2461:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
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2350:
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2348:
2347:
2342:
2332:
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2318:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2301:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2268:
2266:
2257:
2255:Central German
2251:
2250:
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2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2194:Barossa German
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2091:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1973:French Flemish
1965:
1964:
1963:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1889:
1887:Low Franconian
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1688:Westereendersk
1682:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1566:
1555:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1489:Middle Frisian
1485:
1477:
1475:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1395:Modern English
1391:
1388:Middle English
1384:
1377:
1366:
1364:
1355:
1345:
1344:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1179:Dano-Norwegian
1176:
1171:
1166:
1164:Old West Norse
1160:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1067:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
968:
966:
964:West and south
957:
951:
950:
947:
946:
944:
943:
938:
932:
930:
926:
925:
923:
922:
920:(discontinued)
914:
909:
903:
901:
894:
887:
883:
882:
880:
879:
874:
869:
868:
867:
862:
857:
852:
842:
836:
833:
832:
825:
824:
817:
810:
802:
796:
795:
788:
787:External links
785:
784:
783:
776:
766:
757:
754:
752:
751:
741:
739:
736:
734:
733:
728:
720:Norsk fonetikk
715:
710:
697:
692:
675:
673:
670:
667:
666:
654:
642:
630:
619:
603:
581:
558:
535:
511:
510:
508:
505:
504:
503:
496:
493:
472:
469:
442:
435:
382:
379:
378:
377:
366:
365:are alveolar .
300:
297:
280:
277:
181:
178:
150:Dano-Norwegian
129:
126:
86:Bergen dialect
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3276:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3176:Germanic verb
3174:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:Sievers's law
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:Reconstructed
3060:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2949:
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2945:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2875:Middle Danish
2872:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2751:Old Icelandic
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2725:Old Norwegian
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2542:Gottscheerish
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2481:Walser German
2479:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2447:Low Alemannic
2445:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:High Prussian
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:Erzgebirgisch
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Luxembourgish
2297:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2237:Klezmer-loshn
2234:
2232:
2231:Scots Yiddish
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2068:Meuse-Rhenish
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:Kleverlandish
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:Central Dutch
1954:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:Stellingwarfs
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:Wood Frisian
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1551:North Frisian
1548:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1353:Anglo-Frisian
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:Noregs Mållag
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1228:Sign language
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1169:Old Norwegian
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1028:Särna-Idremål
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
967:
965:
961:
958:
956:
952:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
931:
927:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
902:
898:
895:
891:
888:
884:
878:
875:
873:
870:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
834:
830:
823:
818:
816:
811:
809:
804:
803:
800:
794:
791:
790:
781:
777:
774:
770:
767:
764:
760:
759:
748:
743:
742:
738:Other sources
731:
729:82-990584-0-6
725:
721:
716:
713:
711:82-7916-028-0
707:
703:
698:
695:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:
664:
658:
652:, p. 23.
651:
646:
639:
638:Vanvik (1979)
634:
628:
623:
616:
613:Eldar Heide:
610:
608:
591:
585:
569:
562:
546:
539:
523:
516:
512:
502:
499:
498:
492:
490:
486:
482:
479:ending, like
478:
471:English verbs
468:
466:
462:
461:
456:
452:
448:
440:
434:
432:
428:
424:
423:
418:
414:
413:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:literacy rate
367:
361:
360:
359:
355:
346:
336:
330:
326:
320:
312:
296:
294:
290:
286:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
198:
194:
190:
186:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
125:
123:
120:dialect from
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3221:
3105:Verner's law
3050:
3045:Gotho-Nordic
3043:
3036:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2936:
2926:
2911:Fårö Gutnish
2873:
2866:
2772:
2765:
2756:
2749:
2730:
2723:
2676:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2567:
2469:Swiss German
2433:Upper German
2366:Amana German
2340:Volga German
2309:Hunsrückisch
2235:
2189:Unserdeutsch
2184:Berlinerisch
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2056:Cover groups
2012:Mohawk Dutch
2007:Jersey Dutch
1985:East Flemish
1968:West Flemish
1912:Middle Dutch
1866:Low Prussian
1738:
1731:
1697:Terschelling
1681:Clay Frisian
1656:West Frisian
1644:Wiedingharde
1636:
1624:
1584:Heligolandic
1561:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1500:East Frisian
1487:
1480:
1453:Middle Scots
1451:
1444:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1411:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1254:Institutions
1201:Other topics
1050:Oslo dialect
976:
779:
772:
762:
746:
719:
701:
683:
672:Bibliography
657:
645:
633:
622:
594:. Retrieved
584:
572:. Retrieved
561:
549:. Retrieved
538:
526:. Retrieved
515:
488:
484:
480:
476:
474:
464:
458:
446:
444:
438:
430:
426:
420:
410:
406:
402:
393:, and later
384:
329:Kristiansand
302:
293:Kåre Willoch
289:common nouns
282:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
202:
184:
183:
161:
139:
131:
109:
85:
81:
80:
65:
56:
37:
3120:Kluge's law
3100:Grimm's law
2883:Dalecarlian
2862:Perkerdansk
2835:East Danish
2653:Old Gutnish
2629:Proto-Norse
2569:Langobardic
2561:Vogtlandian
2389:Upper Saxon
2243:Lachoudisch
2204:Lotegorisch
2082:High German
1828:Westphalian
1823:Eastphalian
1787:Achterhooks
1664:Hindeloopen
1599:Bökingharde
1568:Föhr–Amrum
1482:Old Frisian
1446:Early Scots
1381:Old English
1093:Trondheimsk
1074: [
1031: [
992:Stavangersk
845:Orthography
596:February 1,
574:February 1,
551:February 1,
528:February 1,
110:Stavangersk
51:introducing
3248:Categories
2952:Burgundian
2868:Old Danish
2857:Gøtudanskt
2840:Bornholmsk
2702:Vestlandsk
2682:Kebabnorsk
2419:Halcnovian
2384:Thuringian
2047:Limburgish
2017:Stadsfries
1990:Brabantian
1717:Low German
1563:Eiderstedt
1418:Fingallian
1218:Literature
1184:Russenorsk
1133:Kebabnorsk
1114:Brønnøymål
1071:Herjedalsk
982:Sandnesmål
929:Unofficial
507:References
267:) whereas
197:sociolects
158:Copenhagen
146:Low German
124:dialects.
116:, and the
34:references
3232:varieties
3224:indicate
3038:Northwest
2983:Philology
2888:Elfdalian
2823:Jutlandic
2745:Icelandic
2720:(written)
2714:(written)
2692:Trøndersk
2672:Norwegian
2636:Old Norse
2457:Coloniero
2441:Alemannic
2414:Wymysorys
2282:Colognian
2277:Ripuarian
2199:Rotwelsch
2029:Midslands
1980:Zeelandic
1961:Hollandic
1935:Afrikaans
1907:Old Dutch
1733:Old Saxon
1632:Karrharde
1614:Goesharde
1595:Mainland
1328:philology
1223:Profanity
1083:Jemtlansk
1063:Trøndersk
972:Arendalsk
886:Varieties
872:Phonology
363:/n,t,d,l/
299:Phonology
135:phonetics
122:Trøndelag
118:Trondheim
90:Norwegian
59:July 2015
2959:Vandalic
2902:Gutnish
2707:Vikværsk
2687:Sognamål
2677:Bergensk
2527:Cimbrian
2495:Bavarian
2452:Alsatian
2399:Lusatian
2335:Palatine
2025:Amelands
1902:Frankish
1792:Sallaans
1774:Gronings
1625:Southern
1618:Northern
1609:Halligen
1558:Insular
1375:dialects
1245:Norvegia
1045:Vikværsk
1013:Bohusmål
987:Sognamål
977:Bergensk
936:Høgnorsk
917:Samnorsk
900:Official
840:Alphabet
771:(1948),
682:(2000),
495:See also
491:ending.
465:Bergensk
447:Bergensk
439:Bergensk
185:Bergensk
162:Bergensk
114:Rogaland
102:Vestland
92:used in
82:Bergensk
3222:Italics
2845:Scanian
2791:Swedish
2740:Faroese
2718:Nynorsk
2697:Valdris
2532:Mòcheno
2488:Swabian
2354:Hessian
2314:Hunsrik
2226:Western
2221:Eastern
2216:Yiddish
2166:creoles
2063:Bergish
1779:Drèents
1769:Tweants
1621:Central
1603:Mooring
1466:Frisian
1425:Kildare
1370:English
1213:Exonyms
1157:Extinct
1088:Medalsk
941:Riksmål
912:Nynorsk
893:Written
455:Nynorsk
437:Modern
399:Nynorsk
391:Riksmål
219:). The
170:Riksmål
47:improve
2938:Gothic
2808:Danish
2712:Bokmål
2211:Yenish
2021:Bildts
1804:Veluws
1799:Urkers
1638:Strand
1362:Anglic
1143:Svorsk
955:Spoken
907:Bokmål
726:
708:
690:
485:drivet
481:walket
451:Bokmål
395:Bokmål
325:French
180:Gender
174:Bokmål
154:Danish
98:Norway
94:Bergen
36:, but
3052:South
3003:North
2613:North
2597:North
1939:Kaaps
1930:Dutch
1577:Amrum
1518:Weser
1440:Scots
1239:Kjell
1106:North
1078:]
1035:]
403:huser
372:with
356:]
352:[
337:]
333:[
321:]
317:[
313:]
309:[
215:>
207:>
166:koiné
3013:West
3008:East
2928:East
2784:East
2774:Norn
2665:West
2601:East
2599:and
2164:and
2159:Non-
1589:Sylt
1572:Föhr
1507:Ems
1432:Yola
1341:West
1118:etc.
1097:etc.
1054:etc.
1005:East
996:etc.
724:ISBN
706:ISBN
688:ISBN
598:2017
576:2017
553:2017
530:2017
483:and
431:pæræ
427:péræ
422:pear
417:Oslo
345:coda
303:The
269:-inn
263:and
243:and
237:-inn
231:and
477:-et
453:or
407:hus
374:/ʃ/
370:/ç/
348:/r/
341:/r/
305:/r/
273:-en
245:-an
241:-in
233:-an
229:-in
221:-nn
213:hon
209:hon
205:hon
84:or
3250::
1076:sv
1033:sv
606:^
489:-a
433:.
397:.
275:.
265:-o
261:-i
259:,
257:-e
253:-a
249:-n
225:-n
217:ho
176:.
137:.
96:,
2947:)
2941:(
2027:/
2023:/
2019:/
1941:)
1937:(
1310:e
1303:t
1296:v
1241:"
1237:"
860:Å
855:Ø
850:Æ
821:e
814:t
807:v
600:.
578:.
555:.
532:.
376:.
354:ɐ
335:r
319:ʁ
311:ʀ
108:(
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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