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992:("conde de Gálvez") and Viscount of Gálvez-Town ("vizconde de Gálvez-Town") by Carlos III on May 20, 1783. He returned to the Indies in October of the following year to assume his new office. Shortly after he arrived in Havana, his father, Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo (then the viceroy of New Spain), died in November, and Bernardo de Gálvez was appointed to fill the position. He arrived in
1064:(Instructions for Governing the Interior Provinces of New Spain, 1786), the latter of which remained in effect until the colonial period ended. In his "Instructions", Gálvez advocated a policy of selling the Indians rifles and trade goods to make them dependent on the Spanish government, and sanctioned war against the Apache if these inducements failed to pacify them.
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Gálvez received many honors from Spain for his military victories against the
British, including promotion to lieutenant general and field marshal, governor and captain general of Louisiana and Florida (now separated from Cuba), and the command of the Spanish expeditionary army in America, and titles
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Los
Virreyes de nueva España en el reinado de Carlos III.: Martín de Mayorga (1779–1783), por J. J. Real Díaz y A. M. Heredia Herrera. Matías de Gálvez (1783–1784), por M. Rodríguez del Valle y A. Conejo Díez de la Cortina. Bernardo de Gálvez (1785–1786), por Ma. del Carmen Galbis Díez. Alonso Núnez
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on Gálvez, citing him as a "hero of the
Revolutionary War who risked his life for the freedom of the United States people and provided supplies, intelligence, and strong military support to the war effort." In 2019, the Spanish Government placed a 32-inch-tall (80 cm) statue of Galvez in front
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After the typhus epidemic of 1786 had abated in early autumn, Bernardo de Gálvez apparently became one of its last victims, and was confined to his bed. On 8 November 1786, he turned over all his governmental duties except the captain generalship to the
Audiencia. On 30 November 1786, Galvez died at
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During his administration two great calamities occurred: the freeze of
September 1785, which led to famine in 1786, and a typhus epidemic that killed 300,000 people the same year. During the famine, Gálvez donated 12,000 pesos of his inheritance and 100,000 pesos he raised from other sources to buy
940:
The
American Revolutionary War ended while de Gálvez was preparing a new campaign to take Jamaica. From the American perspective, Gálvez's campaign denied the British the opportunity of encircling the American rebels from the south and kept open a vital conduit for supplies. He also assisted the
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the year of hunger (Florescano and Swan, 1995; Therrell, 2005). Two to three years of drought and an early fall frost in 1785 again appear to have led to crop failure and famine in 1786 (Therrell, 2005; Therrell et al., 2006). An estimated 300,000 people died during El Ano de Hambre due to both
812:
to pay expenses. As an unfortunate twist of fate for
Campbell, upon which his whole career was decided, the secret communication fell into the hands of Gálvez. After reading the communication from King George III and Germain, Gálvez, as Governor of Louisiana, swiftly and secretly mobilized the
1195:—the replica of which was painted by Spanish artist Carlos Monserrate—was unveiled December 9, 2014, in Senate Foreign Relations Committee room (S-116 of the United States Capitol Building). This act fulfilled the May 9, 1783, resolution to display such a portrait of de Gálvez in Congress.
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famine and an outbreak of epidemic typhus in 1785–1787 (Cooper, 1965; Burns et al., 2014). The MXDA indicates that drought conditions were most serious during the two-year period from 1785 to 1786 when drought extended over most of Mexico, most severely over central and northeastern Mexico
1164:(present-day state capital), Galvez Plaza is laid out next to City Hall and used frequently as a site for municipal events. Also, the 13-story Galvez Building is part of the state government's administrative office-building complex in the Capitol Park section of downtown Baton Rouge.
800:. Campbell was instructed that it was the object of greatest importance to organize an attack upon New Orleans. If Campbell thought it was possible to reduce the Spanish fort at New Orleans, he was ordered to make preparations immediately. These included securing from
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with instructions to secure the friendship of the United States. On 20 February 1777, the
Spanish king's ministers in Madrid secretly instructed Gálvez to sell the Americans desperately needed supplies. The British had blockaded the colonial ports of the
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While somewhat forgotten in the United States, Gálvez remains in high esteem among many
Americans, particularly in the southern and western states that once formed part of Spain's North American territory. Gálvez Day is celebrated as a local holiday in
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Again, in
November 1780, Germain informed Campbell that it was "the King's Wish" that Governor Dalling, Vice-Admiral Parker and he collaborate in an attack on New Orleans. General Campbell was to do all in his power to render the attack
3101:
David W. Stahle; Edward R. Cook; Dorian J. Burnette; Jose Villanueva; Julian Cerano; Jordan N. Burns; Daniel Griffin; Benjamin I. Cook; Rodolfo Acuna; Max C.A. Torbenson; Paul Sjezner; Ian M. Howard (1 October 2016).
1336:
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Estableció el libre tráfico de Nueva Orleáns con Cuba y Yucatán y fomentó la colonización de Nueva Iberia." (English): "He established New Orleans' free trade with Cuba and Yucatán and promoted the colonization of
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showed up in New Orleans with booty and several captured British ships taken as prizes, Gálvez refused to turn the Americans over to the British. In 1779, Spanish forces commanded by Gálvez seized the province of
1468:. Andalucia y America en el siglo XVIII: actas de las IV Jornadas de Andalucia y America (Universidad de Santa María de la Rábida, marzo, 1984) (in Spanish). Seville: Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press. p. 122.
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As governor, Gálvez enacted an anti-British policy, taking measures against British smuggling and promoting trade with France. He damaged British interests in the region and kept it open for supplies to reach
937:. However, his insignia was different from the Knight's Cross Order of Charles III; on his, the medallion was connected to the ribbon by a crown device, whereas the Knight's Cross was connected via a wreath.
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decided that covert assistance to the United States would be strategically useful, but Spain did not enter into a formal alliance with the U.S. In 1777, José de Gálvez, newly appointed as minister of the
446:, finally doing so in 2014. He was granted many titles and honors by the Spanish government, which in 1783 appointed him viceroy of one of its most valuable territories, New Spain, succeeding his father
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could spare, gathering all forces in the province that could be assembled, recruiting as many loyal Indians as the Superintendent could provide, and drawing on His Majesty's Treasury through the
427:
since the age of 16, Gálvez was a veteran of several wars across Europe, the Americas, and North Africa. While governor of Louisiana, he supported the colonists and their French allies in the
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1011:. He also ordered the construction of the towers of the cathedral and paving of the streets, as well as the installation of streetlights in Mexico City. He continued work on the highway to
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In 1783, Bernardo de Gálvez was ennobled to the rank of count, promoted to lieutenant-general of the army, and appointed governor and captain-general of Cuba. He was given the titles
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Gálvez's actions aided the American war effort and made him a hero to both Spain and the newly independent United States. The U.S. Congress endeavored to hang his portrait in the
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Journals of the Continental Congress 1774–1789, Edited from the original records in the Library of Congress by Gaillard Hunt, Volume XIV, 1778, September 2 - December 31
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Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789, Edited from the original records in the Library of Congress by Gaillard Hunt, Volume XXIV, 1783, January 1 - August 29
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1778:
765:, from the British. Spain's motive was the chance both to recover territories lost to the British, particularly Florida, and to remove the ongoing British threat.
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431:, helping facilitate vital supply lines and frustrate British operations in the Gulf Coast. Gálvez achieved several victories on the battlefield, most notably
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1015:, and took measures to reduce the abuse of Indian labor on the project. He dedicated 16% of the income from the lottery and other games of chance to charity.
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concerning the British in West Florida. For France and Spain, Gálvez's military success in the American war effort led to the inclusion of provisions in the
643:. This marriage to the daughter of a Frenchman won Gálvez the favor of the local Creole population. They had three children, Miguel, Matilde, and Guadalupe.
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without a shot being fired. However, Gálvez's was angry that the operation had proceeded against his orders and ordered the arrest and imprisonment of
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On October 31, 1778, the Continental Congress issued a resolution thanking de Gálvez for his "spirited and disinterested conduct towards these states".
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Naval Documents of the American Revolution Volume 12, American Theater, April 1, 1778 – May 31, 1778; European Theater, April 1, 1778 – May 31, 1778
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961:, to Spain. The treaty recognized the political independence of the former British colonies to the north, and its signing ended their war with the
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On 21 June 1779, Spain formally declared war on Great Britain. On 25 June, a letter from London, marked secret and confidential, went to General
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3722:"H.J.Res.105 - Conferring honorary citizenship of the United States on Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Viscount of Galveston and Count of Gálvez"
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in 1779. The Battle of Baton Rouge, on 21 September 1779, freed the lower Mississippi Valley of British forces and relieved the threat to the
17:
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2007:
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Ritter, Luke. "The American Revolution on the Periphery of Empires: Don Bernardo de Gálvez & the Spanish-American Alliance, 1763–1783."
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Urbanismo hispanoamericano en el sudeste de los EE.UU. (Luisiana y Florida). La obra del malagueño Bernardo de Gálvez y Gallardo (1746–1789)
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3104:"The Mexican Drought Atlas: Tree-ring reconstructions of the soil moisture balance during the late pre-Hispanic, colonial, and modern eras"
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568:, France, where he served with the Royal Cantabria regiment, an elite Franco-Spanish unit, for three years. There, he learned to speak
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1026:. This expedition of botanists and naturalists resulted in a comprehensive catalog, a collaborative work published in Spain as the
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Gálvez's most important military victory over the British forces occurred 8 May 1781, when he attacked and took by land and by sea
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On May 9, 1783, the Congressional Congress issued a resolution to display a portrait painting of de Gálvez which was obtained by
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and eliminating the British naval presence in the Gulf. This campaign led to the formal return of all of Florida to Spain in the
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John Kelly (July 17, 2019), "The Spaniard Who Helped Win the Revolutionary War Has a New Statue in D.C.," The Washington Post.
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933:. As evidenced by the insignia that he wore in most every official portrait painting of him, de Gálvez was also awarded the
898:, the commander of the expedition. Miranda later explained Gálvez's actions as stemming from jealousy of Cajigal's success.
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736:, an American patriot, to ship gunpowder, muskets, uniforms, medicine, and other supplies to the American colonial rebels.
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1944:. Louisiana Historical Association and Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Louisiana at Lafayette. p. 119.
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1462:"I. Antecedentes, causas y modalidades de la nueva expansión colonial española hacia norteamérica en el siglo xviii"
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In November 1777, Gálvez married Marie Félicité de Saint-Maxent d'Estrehan, the Creole daughter of the French-born
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Indian allies. He received many wounds, several of them serious. In 1770, he was promoted to commandant of arms of
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218:
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1119:(originally a single parish) were said to have been named for his wife Marie Felicite de Saint-Maxent d'Estrehan.
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of the Spanish Embassy in Washington, D.C. Also, on December 9, 2014, a replica of a 1784 portrait of Gálvez by
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St. Mary Parish, Louisiana, Heirship Series Vol. II: Selected Annotated Abstracts of Marriage Book 1, 1811–1829
565:
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Spain's Final Triumph Over Great Britain in the Gulf of Mexico: The Battle of Pensacola March 9 to May 8, 1781
1854:
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The Historical Magazine, and Notes and Queries Concerning the Antiquities, History, and Biography of America
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maize and beans for the populace. He also implemented policies to increase future agricultural production.
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Avenue P, where the hotel is located, is known as Bernardo de Galvez Avenue. The hotel was added to the
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of Gálvez adjacent to the New Orleans World Trade Center. There is also a Galvez Street in New Orleans.
746:
Resolution to Gov. Bernardo de Galvez Expressing Thanks for Efforts that Supported Independence Movement
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1939:
1563:
Kieran McCarty (1994). "Bernardo de Galvez on the Apache Frontier: The Education of a Future Viceroy".
1049:(now part of Mexico City). Gálvez was buried next to his father at San Fernando Church in Mexico City.
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428:
340:
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The Yaquis and the Empire: Violence, Spanish Imperial Power, and Native Resilience in Colonial Mexico
1718:
1034:
860:
789:
393:
2202:. Library of Congress Manuscript Division, United States. p. 1034-1035, October 31, 1778 entry.
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and the Creole Elizabeth La Roche, and young widow of Jean Baptiste Honoré d'Estrehan, the son of a
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1037:(according to his own report), he encountered a party of soldiers escorting three criminals to the
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625:
538:
360:
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French and Spanish Records of Louisiana: A Bibliographical Guide to Archive and Manuscript Sources
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Minorca, the Illusory Prize: A History of the British Occupations of Minorca Between 1708 and 1802
4152:
1624:"The Gálvez Family and Spanish Participation In the Independence of the United States of America"
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1100:
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Although Spain had not yet joined the American cause, when an American raiding expedition led by
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2026:
Adventurism and Empire: The Struggle for Mastery in the Louisiana-Florida Borderlands, 1762–1803
1446:
Don José de Gálvez y la Comandancia General de las Provincias Internas del norte de Nueva España
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Stumbling Towards the Constitution: The Economic Consequences of Freedom in the Atlantic World
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Gálvez carried out a masterful military campaign and defeated the British colonial forces at
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572:, which would serve him well when he became governor of Louisiana. Gálvez was transferred to
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and his wife María Josefa de Madrid, who died when Bernardo was only 2 years old. He studied
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1779:"Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase – Louisiana under Spanish Rule"
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Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present
920:
Detail from portrait of Bernardo de Galvez by José Germán de Alfaro, 1785, that shows the
8:
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3423:. Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 2006. p. 192.
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2270:
Pistols and Politics: The Dilemma of Democracy in Louisiana's Florida Parishes, 1810–1899
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1137:, has a portrait of General Gálvez accompanied by a display of biographical information.
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2762:. Library of Congress Manuscript Division, United States. p. 33, May 9, 1783 entry.
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The worst famine of the colonial era in Mexico occurred in 1786, and is referred to as
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Brothers at Arms: American Independence and the Men of France and Spain Who Saved It
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The Louisiana Purchase and Its Peoples: Perspectives from the New Orleans Conference
1883:
Brothers at Arms: American Independence and the Men of France and Spain Who Saved It
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Publications of the University of California at Los Angeles in Social Sciences
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1337:"A picture of persistence in honoring a Spanish hero of the Revolutionary War"
604:
On 1 January 1777, Bernardo de Gálvez became the new governor of the formerly
4794:
3834:"America's Spanish Savior: Bernardo de Gálvez marches to rescue the colonies"
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1348:
1096:
781:
776:'s borders after Bernardo Gálvez's military actions, which appear to include
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56:
3326:
Collecting Mexico: Museums, Monuments, and the Creation of National Identity
2550:
Report on American Manuscripts in the Royal Institution of Great Britain ...
1637:. Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid: 187.
863:. The loss of Mobile and Pensacola left the British with no bases along the
68:
3769:
https://www.herenciahispanaoculta.com/77-when-galvez-came-to-congress.html/
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2012:. Conseil pour le développement du français en Louisiane. 1975. p. 68.
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On one occasion, when the viceroy was riding on horseback to meet with the
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Indian Revolts in Northern New Spain: A Synthesis of Resistance, 1680–1786
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American revolutionaries with supplies and soldiers, much of it through
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1111:, were, among other places, named after him. The Louisiana parishes of
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470:. In 2014, Gálvez became one of only eight people to have been awarded
3755:"Happy Birthday Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid–An Honorary U.S. Citizen",
2216:
The Struggle for Sea Power: A Naval History of the American Revolution
1916:
666:
4079:
715:, sent his nephew, Bernardo de Gálvez, to New Orleans as governor of
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242:
3454:
Instructions for Governing the Interior Provinces of New Spain, 1786
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1046:
1012:
397:
234:
3819:
Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift
2547:
Great Britain. Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts (1906).
2496:
Siege! Spain and Britain: Battle of Pensacola, March 9-May 8, 1781
2088:
Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift
1856:
Siege! Spain and Britain: Battle of Pensacola, March 9-May 8, 1781
953:
that officially returned Florida, now divided into two provinces,
3472:
Bárbaros: Spaniards and Their Savages in the Age of Enlightenment
1906:
1810:
La vida en Mexico durante una residencia de dos afios en ese pais
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805:
573:
322:
35:
3781:"SECNAV Names Future Guided Missile Frigate USS Galvez (FFG 67)"
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Spain, Britain and the American Revolution in Florida, 1763–1783
905:
Resolution to display portrait of Bernardo de Gálvez in Congress
3639:
Hope & New Orleans: A History of Crescent City Street Names
2922:
Independence Lost: Lives on the Edge of the American Revolution
2735:
Francisco de Miranda and the Revolutionizing of Spanish America
1449:. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. p. 143.
1041:. He suspended the hanging, and later had the criminals freed.
608:, the vast territory that would later become the object of the
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530:
451:
3826:
Instructions for Governing the Interior Provinces of New Spain
1088:
Statue of Bernardo de Galvez in Spanish Plaza, Mobile, Alabama
1018:
Gálvez helped advance science in the colony by sponsoring the
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Virginia Parks; Pensacola Historical Society (1 April 1981).
1807:
Madame Calderón de la Barca (Frances Erskine Inglis) (1959).
1693:
El que tenga valor que me siga: En vida de Bernardo de Gálvez
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491:
285:
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Spanish military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
3285:. Vol. VIII. C. Benjamin Richardson. 1864. p. 141.
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Naval History & Heritage Command (U.S.) (14 July 2014).
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3888:. Baton Rouge : Historic New Orleans Collection, 1979.
3846:
Bernardo de Gálvez: Spanish Hero of the American Revolution
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2975:
Bernardo de Gálvez: Spanish Hero of the American Revolution
662:
651:'s army during the American Revolutionary War. He founded
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1266:(1780); replica built in Spain more than 200 years later.
2731:
1262:– captured British ship renamed and participated in the
390:
Bernardo Vicente de Gálvez y Madrid, 1st Count of Gálvez
3531:
Apaches at War and Peace: The Janos Presidio, 1750–1858
3500:
3398:. Frente Nacional de Artes Plásticas. 1960. p. 90.
1823:
3411:
2866:
American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750–1804
1621:
4075:
3757:
https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2018/07/bernardo-de-galvez/
2889:
2460:"Major-General John Campbell in British West Florida"
2293:
1743:
517:. Following the conflict he was promoted to infantry
3554:
3382:. University of California Press. 1934. p. 256.
2757:
2738:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 240–242.
2653:
2197:
1696:(in Spanish). La Esfera de los Libros. p. 301.
620:
in 1762, ostensibly as compensation for the loss of
4590:
3322:
3243:
2925:. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 229–230.
2776:
Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo
2520:Robert Marshall Utley; Wilcomb E. Washburn (1985).
2140:
2002:
2000:
1518:
1442:
3581:
3527:
3469:
3440:. Vol. IV. Tipografía económica. p. 351.
3433:
3349:
3245:
2799:
2657:The Louisiana Governors: From Iberville to Edwards
2572:
2313:
2266:
2170:
1915:. Louisiana Historical Association. Archived from
1879:
1745:
1716:
1488:
673:is named for him. In 1779, Gálvez was promoted to
560:In 1772, Gálvez returned to Spain with his uncle,
3864:The Texas Connection With The American Revolution
2513:
2177:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 134.
2114:"The Revolutionary War and Europe's Great Powers"
1967:
1886:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 133.
1689:
1052:Bernardo de Gálvez left some writings, including
996:, on 21 May 1785, and made his formal entry into
855:, the British (and formerly, Spanish) capital of
732:was an effective alternative. Gálvez worked with
27:Spanish general and colonial governor (1746–1786)
4792:
3700:. Louisiana State University Press. p. 35.
3693:
3608:
3153:
3149:
3147:
2972:
2839:Louisiana and the Gulf South Frontier, 1500–1821
2708:Pre-removal Choctaw History: Exploring New Paths
2704:
2457:
2407:Historical Dictionary of the American Revolution
2084:
2049:
1997:
1846:
1666:The Presidio: Bastion of the Spanish Borderlands
1589:
599:
3615:. Pelican Publishing Company, Inc. p. 23.
3444:
3073:
2698:
2540:
2340:
2166:
2164:
1937:
1873:
1788:. United States Library of Congress. p. 40
1662:
1054:Ordenanzas para el Teatro de Comedias de México
870:In 1782, forces under Gálvez's overall command
521:. He arrived in Mexico, which was then part of
42: and the second or maternal family name is
3838:MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History
3821:, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
3662:
3467:
3295:
3220:Personajes Notables de la Historia de México 2
3184:Propriety and Permissiveness in Bourbon Mexico
3019:
2918:
2806:. Harvard University Press. pp. 185–186.
2626:
2492:
2347:. Associated University Presses. p. 208.
2320:. University of Texas at El Paso. p. 53.
2118:The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution
1617:
1615:
1613:
1583:
1562:
1535:
1415:
1373:"Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid's Very Good Year"
1370:
1311:"Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid's Very Good Year"
477:
462:, and several places bear his name, including
4576:
4061:
3602:
3575:
3144:
3067:
3046:
2835:
2772:
2725:
2711:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 124.
2680:
2599:
2430:
2403:
2022:
1963:
1961:
1683:
1529:
1525:. University of California Press. p. 62.
1514:
1512:
680:
3714:
3561:. University Press of America. p. 117.
3534:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 53.
3427:
3343:
3316:
3289:
3013:
2751:
2526:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 109–.
2499:. Pensacola Historical Society. p. 34.
2367:
2191:
2161:
2144:The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad
2134:
2111:
1859:. Pensacola Historical Society. p. 24.
1669:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 99.
1656:
1366:
1364:
1334:
3687:
3635:
3521:
3217:Eduardo Philibert Mendoza (15 April 2011).
3210:
3053:. University of Chicago Press. p. 10.
3040:
2883:
2862:
2685:. Florida State University. pp. 82–83.
2424:
2334:
2307:
2246:. Government Printing Office. p. 252.
2219:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 172.
2116:. In Edward G. Gray; Jane Kamensky (eds.).
2043:
2016:
1931:
1737:
1710:
1610:
1556:
4583:
4569:
4068:
4054:
3548:
3494:
3420:Revista complutense de historia de América
3275:
3273:
3005:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2977:. Chapel Hill. pp. 242, 472-473n153.
2898:. Diane Publishing Company. pp. 5–6.
2856:
2793:
2647:
2451:
2361:
2287:
2233:
2212:
2206:
2078:
2056:(in Spanish). Ediciones Era. p. 566.
1971:The Frontier War for American Independence
1958:
1907:Dictionary of Louisiana Biography (2008).
1631:Revista Complutense de Historia de América
1522:Bernardo de Gálvez in Louisiana, 1776–1783
1509:
1453:
1391:
1007:In 1785, Gálvez initiated construction of
913:"...in the room in which Congress meet."
67:
4772:Second French Louisiana (1802–1804)
4690:Coat of Arms of the Province of Louisiana
3812:Bernardo de Gálvez in Louisiana 1776–1783
3629:
3588:. Harvard University Press. p. 180.
3461:
3237:
3174:
3127:
2912:
2829:
2766:
2566:
2486:
1817:
1800:
1776:
1770:
1436:
1405:. Escuela Gráfica Salesiana. p. 327.
1361:
509:and at the age of 16 participated in the
370:
4600:First French Louisiana (1682–1762)
4545:Francisco Novella Azabal Pérez y Sicardo
3861:
3831:
3656:
3356:. Publicaciones Españolas. p. 130.
3329:. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 71–72.
3187:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 20.
2779:. Oxford University Press. p. 188.
2674:
2654:Joseph G. Dawson III (1 February 1990).
2630:The Louisiana Purchase: A Global Context
2620:
2593:
2397:
2303:. University of Miami Press. p. 11.
2260:
2120:. Oxford University Press. p. 318.
2105:
2029:. UNC Press Books. pp. 78–82, 101.
1909:"ST. MAXENT, Marie Félicité (Felicítas)"
1748:The Spanish in New Orleans and Louisiana
1482:
1409:
1270:Spain and the American Revolutionary War
1083:
1071:
1058:Instrución para el Buen Gobierno de las
972:
915:
900:
767:
741:
690:
547:
392:(23 July 1746 – 30 November 1786) was a
97:18 June 1785 – 30 November 1786
3974:Spain's Role in the American Revolution
3528:William B. Griffen (1 September 1998).
3270:
3248:Dictionary of Mexican Rulers, 1325-1997
3094:
2939:
2171:Larrie D. Ferreiro (15 November 2016).
2147:. The Minerva Group, Inc. p. 167.
1900:
1723:. Publicaciones Españolas. p. 46.
1539:American War of Independence Commanders
1495:. Publicaciones Españolas. p. 42.
1292:, American frigate named after Bernardo
1020:Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain
968:
804:as many fighting ships as the fleet at
73:Portrait by José Germán de Alfaro, 1785
14:
4793:
3814:, Gretna: Pelican Publishing Company.
3507:. Yale University Press. p. 251.
3451:New Spain; Bernardo de Gálvez (1951).
3299:Ciencia y tecnología en el Nuevo Mundo
3252:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
3026:. Yale University Press. p. 169.
2945:
2267:Samuel C. Hyde Jr. (1 February 1998).
1596:. Yale University Press. p. 124.
1422:. Yale University Press. p. 443.
1398:José Antonio Calderón Quijano (1968).
655:in 1779, promoted the colonization of
513:, which stalled after the Spanish had
439:, which he played a role in drafting.
4564:
4525:Francisco Javier de Lizana y Beaumont
4369:Juan Antonio de Vizarrón y Eguiarreta
4049:
3302:. El Colegio de México. p. 145.
2973:Quintero Saravia, Gonzalo M. (2018).
2890:Department of Defense (August 1997).
2553:H. M. Stationery Office. p. 162.
1690:Eduardo Garrigues (9 February 2016).
1542:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 53.
1460:José Miguel Morales Folguera (1985).
1419:The Spanish Frontier in North America
641:high ranking French colonial official
628:, after Spain was urged to enter the
494:, on 23 July 1746. He was the son of
3908:, v. 1. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrua.
3848:(2018). 616 pp Scholarly biography;
3582:Lawrence N. Powell (13 April 2012).
2800:Lawrence N. Powell (13 April 2012).
2437:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 266.
1177:National Register of Historic Places
977:Portrait of Gálvez displayed at the
4871:Infectious disease deaths in Mexico
4699:Spanish Louisiana (1762–1802)
3960:United States National Park Service
3936:. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial,
3918:. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial,
3773:
3671:. Auburn University. Archived from
3154:Steven Otfinoski (September 2008).
2573:Henry Putney Beers (1 March 2002).
2300:Zéspedes in East Florida, 1784–1790
2050:Fernando Benítez (7 October 2014).
1832:. Pelican Publishing. p. 122.
1371:Bridget Bowman (29 December 2014).
1335:Roig-Franzia, Manuel (2014-10-30).
840:. In March 1780, Gálvez recaptured
24:
4831:People from the Province of Málaga
4685:
4676:
3803:
3642:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 31.
3609:Robert Jeanfreau (14 March 2012).
3223:. Panorama Editorial. p. 66.
3181:Juan Pedro Viqueira Albán (1999).
3160:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 17.
3074:Carol Helstosky (3 October 2014).
2836:F. Todd Smith (17 November 2014).
2627:Robert D. Bush (15 October 2013).
2404:Terry M. Mays (18 November 2009).
2085:Thomas E. Chávez (11 April 2002).
2053:De la Conquista a la Independencia
1938:Paul E. Hoffman (1 January 2004).
772:Norteamerica, 1792, Jaillot-Elwe,
724:, and consequently the route from
661:, and established free trade with
576:in 1775, and then participated in
25:
4887:
4540:Juan José Ruiz de Apodaca y Eliza
4437:Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa
3949:
3932:Orozco Linares, Fernando (1985).
3886:Tribute to Don Bernardo de Gálvez
3856:Journal of Early American History
3832:Mitchell, Barbara (Autumn 2010).
3697:Baton Rouge: Photographs and Text
3663:Robert B. Kane (August 2, 2016).
3476:. Yale University Press. p.
3023:Spanish Frontier in North America
2892:"American Revolution (1775–1783)"
2732:William Spence Robertson (1909).
2600:James W. Raab (5 November 2007).
450:. He served until his death from
4811:Colonial United States (Spanish)
4271:Diego Osorio de Escobar y Llamas
4118:
4111:
3761:
3501:Raphael Brewster Folsom (2014).
2863:Alan Taylor (6 September 2016).
1974:. Stackpole Books. p. 182.
1824:Sanders, Mary Elizabeth (2002).
1536:René Chartrand (20 March 2013).
1250:, the 1976 equestrian statue in
1223:
545:, northern provinces of Mexico.
284:
266:
4836:Spanish colonial period of Cuba
4592:Colonial Governors of Louisiana
4462:Manuel Antonio Flores Maldonado
4349:Francisco Fernández de la Cueva
4261:Francisco Fernández de la Cueva
3767:"When Gálvez Came to Congress",
3749:
3740:
3402:
3386:
3370:
3296:Elías Trabulse (January 1994).
3201:
3129:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.06.018
2966:
2820:
2742:
2689:
2557:
2493:Virginia Parks (1 April 1981).
2458:George C. Osborn (April 1949).
2410:. Scarecrow Press. p. 79.
2388:
2213:Sam Willis (15 February 2016).
1988:
1622:Light Townsend Cummins (2006).
1402:de Haro, 1787, por A. Rubio Gil
1076:Equestrian statue of Gálvez in
929:of Viscount of Gálvez-Town and
872:captured the British naval base
637:Gilbert Antoine de Saint-Maxent
612:. The colony had been ceded by
596:; he was made colonel in 1776.
482:Bernardo de Gálvez was born in
4821:Governors of Spanish Louisiana
4457:Alonso Núñez de Haro y Peralta
4008:Alonso Núñez de Haro y Peralta
3020:David J. Weber (14 May 2014).
2896:Hispanics in America's Defense
2434:The War for America: 1775–1783
2317:El Paso: A Borderlands History
2023:David Narrett (5 March 2015).
1752:. Pelican Publishing. p.
1744:José Montero de Pedro (2000).
1328:
1303:
1219:Heraldry of Bernardo de Gálvez
130:Alonso Núñez de Haro y Peralta
13:
1:
4403:Agustín de Ahumada y Villalón
4246:García Sarmiento de Sotomayor
3904:García Puron, Manuel (1984).
3844:Quintero Saravia, Gonzalo M.
3828:, 1786. New York: Arno Press.
3824:Gálvez, Bernardo de (1967) .
3810:Caughey, John Walton (1998).
3636:Sally Asher (18 March 2014).
3555:Roberto Mario Salmón (1991).
3077:The Routledge History of Food
2919:Kathleen DuVal (April 2016).
2869:. W. W. Norton. p. 148.
2758:Continental Congress (1922).
2198:Continental Congress (1908).
1109:St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
802:Vice-Admiral Sir Peter Parker
600:Spanish governor of Louisiana
138:Spanish Governor of Louisiana
4422:Francisco Cajigal de la Vega
3914:Orozco L., Fernando (1988).
3862:Thonhoff, Robert H. (2000).
3323:Shelley E. Garrigan (2012).
3244:Juana Vázquez Gómez (1997).
2705:Greg O'Brien (20 May 2015).
2464:Florida Historical Quarterly
2141:Library of Congress (2002).
1519:John Walton Caughey (1934).
1443:Luis Navarro García (1964).
606:French province of Louisiana
511:Spanish invasion of Portugal
486:, a mountain village in the
336:Spanish Invasion of Portugal
34:, the first or paternal
7:
4535:Félix María Calleja del Rey
4496:Félix Berenguer de Marquina
4486:Miguel de la Grúa Talamanca
4452:Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid
4447:Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo
4325:José Sarmiento y Valladares
4276:Antonio Sebastián de Toledo
3991:Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo
3916:Fechas Históricas de México
3434:Francisco Pimentel (1904).
3350:José Rodulfo Boeta (1977).
3050:The Papers of James Madison
2314:Wilbert H. Timmons (1990).
1880:Larrie D. Ferreiro (2016).
1717:José Rodulfo Boeta (1977).
1489:José Rodulfo Boeta (1977).
1275:Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo
1239:
1213:
1208:Constellation-class frigate
588:at the military academy of
478:Origins and military career
448:Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo
202:Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid
118:Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo
18:Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid
10:
4892:
4681:Coat of Arms of New France
4202:Diego Fernández de Córdoba
4143:Martín Enríquez de Almanza
4109:
3969:Texas A & M University
3898:, v. 6. Mexico City: 1987.
3817:Chávez, Thomas E. (2002).
3612:The Story Behind the Stone
3108:Quaternary Science Reviews
2842:. LSU Press. p. 160.
2695:"Ferreiro 2016", p.253–254
2606:. McFarland. p. 135.
2091:. UNM Press. p. 153.
1968:William R. Nester (2004).
1182:On December 16, 2014, the
695:Painting of Gálvez at the
684:
681:American Revolutionary War
429:American Revolutionary War
346:American Revolutionary War
29:
4770:
4697:
4674:
4598:
4514:
4470:
4432:Carlos Francisco de Croix
4411:
4387:
4333:
4284:
4266:Juan de Leyva de la Cerda
4241:Juan de Palafox y Mendoza
4221:Diego Carrillo de Mendoza
4210:
4176:
4158:Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga
4148:Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza
4127:
4087:
4036:
4027:
4021:
4014:
4004:
3995:
3987:
3982:
3976:at AmericanRevolution.org
3694:David K. Gleason (1991).
3080:. Routledge. p. 81.
2748:"Chávez 2002" pp. 208–209
2660:. LSU Press. p. 57.
2633:. Routledge. p. 19.
2579:. LSU Press. p. 90.
2374:. ABC-CLIO. p. 321.
2273:. LSU Press. p. 19.
1590:Pekka Hämäläinen (2008).
1157:with a statue of Gálvez.
1143:Central Business District
1067:
861:John Campbell of Strachur
472:honorary U.S. citizenship
383:
328:
314:
306:
296:
279:
274:
262:
252:
224:
197:
192:
188:
176:
164:
154:
143:
135:
123:
111:
101:
90:
82:
78:
66:
51:
4826:Governors of the Bahamas
4530:Francisco Javier Venegas
4442:Martín de Mayorga Ferrer
4398:Juan Francisco de Güemes
4251:Marcos de Torres y Rueda
3906:México y sus gobernantes
3884:Woodward, Ralph Lee Jr.
2952:. Springer. p. 10.
2946:J. Chu (14 April 2012).
2341:Desmond Gregory (1990).
1663:Max L. Moorhead (1991).
1565:Journal of the Southwest
1296:
945:, from whom he received
846:Battle of Fort Charlotte
844:from the British at the
564:. Later, he was sent to
361:Battle of Fort Charlotte
4379:Pedro Cebrián y Agustín
4300:Payo Enríquez de Rivera
4256:Luis Enríquez de Guzmán
4231:Lope Díez de Armendáriz
4153:Pedro Moya de Contreras
3894:"Gálvez, Bernardo de,"
3669:Encyclopedia of Alabama
3468:David J. Weber (2005).
1416:David J. Weber (1992).
1210:, was named after him.
1193:Mariano Salvador Maella
983:Mariano Salvador Maella
706:In December 1776, King
433:conquering West Florida
394:Spanish military leader
4691:
4682:
4550:Juan O'Donojú y O'Ryan
4481:Juan Vicente de Güemes
4354:Fernando de Alencastre
4344:Juan Ortega y Montañés
4320:Juan Ortega y Montañés
4187:Juan de Mendoza y Luna
3896:Enciclopedia de México
3047:James Madison (1962).
2773:Paul K. Davis (2003).
2681:N. Orwin Rush (1966).
2431:Piers Mackesy (1964).
1994:"Caughey 1934, p. 250"
1184:United States Congress
1162:Baton Rouge, Louisiana
1127:Louisiana State Museum
1089:
1081:
1024:Martín Sessé y Lacasta
985:
925:
906:
785:
747:
703:
557:
183:Esteban Rodríguez Miró
4856:Viceroys of New Spain
4689:
4680:
4491:Miguel José de Azanza
4427:Joaquín de Montserrat
3934:Gobernantes de México
3408:"Chávez 2002", p. 219
2368:David Marley (1998).
2295:Helen Hornbeck Tanner
2112:Paul W. Mapp (2015).
1813:. Porrúa. p. 44.
1379:. The Economist Group
1087:
1075:
979:United States Capitol
976:
951:Peace of Paris (1783)
947:military intelligence
919:
904:
771:
761:, later known as the
745:
713:Council of the Indies
701:Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau
694:
582:expedition to Algiers
551:
356:Battle of Baton Rouge
307:Years of service
4310:Melchor Portocarrero
3998:Viceroy of New Spain
3665:"Bernardo de Gálvez"
3207:"Chávez 2002", p. 12
2826:"Chávez 2002" p. 108
2394:"Chávez 2002" p. 135
1188:honorary citizenship
1145:of the city, has an
969:Viceroy of New Spain
935:Order of Charles III
922:Order of Charles III
888:Francisco de Miranda
708:Charles III of Spain
632:on the French side.
554:viceroy of New Spain
351:Capture of Fort Bute
257:Order of Charles III
85:Viceroy of New Spain
4851:Spanish West Indies
4501:José de Iturrigaray
4236:Diego López Pacheco
3983:Government offices
3858:(2017) 7#2:177-201.
3585:The Accidental City
3120:2016QSRv..149...34S
2803:The Accidental City
2563:"Osborn1949" p. 326
1786:loc.gov/collections
1593:The Comanche Empire
1277:, Bernardo's father
1060:Provincias Internas
896:Juan Manuel Cajigal
813:territory for war.
810:Lords Commissioners
687:Gulf Coast campaign
669:. Galvez Street in
398:government official
341:Invasion of Algiers
61:The Count of Gálvez
4866:Deaths from typhus
4861:Viscounts of Spain
4692:
4683:
4359:Baltasar de Zúñiga
4315:Gaspar de la Cerda
4098:Antonio de Mendoza
3965:Bernardo de Gálvez
3785:United States Navy
3457:. Quivira Society.
3353:Bernardo de Gálvez
1720:Bernardo de Gálvez
1492:Bernardo de Gálvez
1283:, Bernardo's uncle
1247:Bernardo de Gálvez
1198:In June 2024, the
1125:, a branch of the
1090:
1082:
1062:de la Nueva España
1009:Chapultepec Castle
986:
926:
907:
792:at Pensacola from
786:
748:
704:
697:siege of Pensacola
610:Louisiana Purchase
594:lieutenant colonel
578:Alejandro O'Reilly
558:
488:province of Málaga
366:Siege of Pensacola
54:The Most Excellent
4876:Spanish Catholics
4788:
4787:
4558:
4557:
4305:Tomás de la Cerda
4138:Gastón de Peralta
4044:
4043:
4037:Succeeded by
4005:Succeeded by
3707:978-0-8071-1715-6
3649:978-1-62584-509-2
3622:978-1-4556-1519-3
3595:978-0-674-06544-4
3568:978-0-8191-7983-8
3541:978-0-8061-3084-2
3514:978-0-300-19689-4
3487:978-0-300-10501-8
3336:978-0-8166-7092-5
3309:978-968-16-4390-4
3263:978-0-313-30049-3
3230:978-607-452-266-2
3194:978-0-8420-2467-9
3167:978-0-7614-2938-8
3087:978-1-317-62113-3
3060:978-0-226-36300-4
3033:978-0-300-15621-8
2984:978-1-4696-4080-8
2959:978-1-137-01080-3
2932:978-0-8129-8120-9
2905:978-0-7881-4722-7
2876:978-0-393-25387-0
2849:978-0-8071-5711-4
2813:978-0-674-06544-4
2786:978-0-19-521930-2
2718:978-0-8061-4988-2
2667:978-0-8071-1527-5
2640:978-1-135-07772-3
2613:978-0-7864-3213-4
2586:978-0-8071-2793-3
2417:978-0-8108-7503-6
2381:978-0-87436-837-6
2354:978-0-8386-3389-2
2327:978-0-87404-207-8
2280:978-0-8071-2270-9
2253:978-0-945274-72-8
2226:978-0-393-24883-8
2184:978-1-101-87525-4
2154:978-0-89875-978-5
2127:978-0-19-025776-7
2098:978-0-8263-2795-6
2063:978-607-445-280-8
2036:978-1-4696-1834-0
1981:978-0-8117-0077-1
1951:978-1-887366-51-9
1913:www.lahistory.org
1893:978-1-101-87524-7
1839:978-1-4556-1234-5
1763:978-1-4556-1227-7
1703:978-84-9060-614-8
1676:978-0-8061-2317-2
1603:978-0-300-15117-6
1549:978-1-4728-0300-9
1429:978-0-300-05917-5
1264:capture of Mobile
1179:on 4 April 1979.
1147:equestrian statue
1105:Galvez, Louisiana
1080:, Washington D.C.
1045:the age of 40 in
778:Spanish Louisiana
730:Mississippi River
722:Thirteen Colonies
649:George Washington
500:military sciences
468:Galvez, Louisiana
406:Spanish Louisiana
402:colonial governor
387:
386:
235:Tacubaya District
16:(Redirected from
4883:
4841:Spanish generals
4585:
4578:
4571:
4562:
4561:
4506:Pedro de Garibay
4295:Pedro Nuño Colón
4168:Gaspar de Zúñiga
4122:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4047:
4046:
4039:Miguel de Gálvez
4022:Preceded by
4016:Spanish nobility
3988:Preceded by
3980:
3979:
3931:
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3893:
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3680:
3675:on June 25, 2017
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3157:The New Republic
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3136:El Ano de Hambre
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2009:Louisiana Review
2004:
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1919:on July 16, 2016
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1252:Washington, D.C.
1230:Coat of Arms as
1227:
1101:Galveston County
1093:Galveston, Texas
763:Florida Parishes
630:Seven Years' War
592:and promoted to
529:, he fought the
525:, in 1769. As a
515:captured Almeida
496:Matías de Gálvez
464:Galveston, Texas
372:
289:
288:
275:Military service
270:
231:
228:30 November 1786
211:
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193:Personal details
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71:
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21:
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4103:Luís de Velasco
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3956:De Gálvez entry
3952:
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3870:: Eakin Press.
3806:
3804:Further reading
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1232:Count of Gálvez
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1151:Mobile, Alabama
1078:Virginia Avenue
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990:Count of Gálvez
971:
931:Count of Gálvez
794:King George III
774:Spanish Florida
689:
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437:Treaty of Paris
412:, and later as
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3950:External links
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3787:. 21 June 2024
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1117:West Feliciana
1113:East Feliciana
1069:
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1028:Flora Mexicana
970:
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943:Oliver Pollock
911:Oliver Pollock
882:Island in the
880:New Providence
798:George Germain
734:Oliver Pollock
685:Main article:
682:
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580:'s disastrous
562:José de Gálvez
479:
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425:career soldier
400:who served as
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2019:
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1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1171:was built in
1170:
1167:In 1911, the
1165:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1155:Spanish Plaza
1153:, also has a
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:Spanish Plaza
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:Galveston Bay
1094:
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868:
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859:from General
858:
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835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
811:
807:
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799:
795:
791:
790:John Campbell
783:
782:Spanish Texas
779:
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770:
766:
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754:James Willing
750:
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555:
552:Portrayed as
550:
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539:Nueva Vizcaya
536:
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70:
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58:
57:Field Marshal
55:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4726:
4451:
4389:Ferdinand VI
4028:
4024:New creation
3996:
3933:
3930:(in Spanish)
3915:
3912:(in Spanish)
3905:
3902:(in Spanish)
3895:
3892:(in Spanish)
3885:
3863:
3855:
3845:
3837:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3789:. Retrieved
3784:
3775:
3763:
3751:
3742:
3730:. Retrieved
3728:. 2014-12-16
3726:Congress.gov
3725:
3716:
3696:
3689:
3677:. Retrieved
3673:the original
3668:
3658:
3638:
3631:
3611:
3604:
3584:
3577:
3557:
3550:
3530:
3523:
3503:
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3471:
3463:
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3203:
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3176:
3156:
3135:
3133:
3111:
3107:
3096:
3076:
3069:
3049:
3042:
3022:
3015:
2974:
2968:
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2895:
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2831:
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2795:
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2700:
2691:
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2676:
2656:
2649:
2629:
2622:
2602:
2595:
2575:
2568:
2559:
2549:
2542:
2522:
2515:
2495:
2488:
2479:
2472:. Retrieved
2467:
2463:
2453:
2433:
2426:
2406:
2399:
2390:
2370:
2363:
2343:
2336:
2316:
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2199:
2193:
2173:
2143:
2136:
2117:
2107:
2087:
2080:
2067:
2052:
2045:
2025:
2018:
2008:
1990:
1970:
1940:
1933:
1921:. Retrieved
1917:the original
1912:
1902:
1882:
1875:
1855:
1848:
1829:
1819:
1809:
1802:
1790:. Retrieved
1785:
1772:
1747:
1739:
1719:
1712:
1692:
1685:
1665:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1634:
1630:
1592:
1585:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1538:
1531:
1521:
1491:
1484:
1465:
1455:
1445:
1438:
1418:
1411:
1400:
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1376:
1352:. Retrieved
1340:
1330:
1319:. Retrieved
1317:. 2014-12-29
1314:
1305:
1288:
1260:(brig sloop)
1257:
1245:
1201:
1197:
1181:
1169:Hotel Galvez
1166:
1159:
1154:
1138:
1121:
1091:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1043:
1032:
1027:
1017:
1006:
1002:
987:
959:West Florida
939:
927:
908:
892:aide-de-camp
869:
857:West Florida
850:
815:
787:
759:West Florida
751:
749:
738:
716:
705:
658:Nueva Iberia
656:
645:
634:
603:
559:
504:Academia de
503:
484:Macharaviaya
481:
456:
441:
422:
389:
388:
329:Battles/wars
301:Spanish Army
230:(1786-11-30)
215:Macharaviaya
212:23 July 1746
178:Succeeded by
145:
125:Succeeded by
92:
43:
39:
32:Spanish name
4806:1786 deaths
4801:1746 births
4518:(1809–1821)
4474:(1789–1809)
4415:(1760–1789)
4413:Charles III
4391:(1746–1760)
4337:(1701–1746)
4288:(1665–1701)
4214:(1621–1665)
4180:(1603–1621)
4131:(1566–1603)
4091:(1535–1564)
4082:(1535–1821)
4077:Viceroys of
3732:20 December
2523:Indian Wars
2481:successful.
1234:(1783–1786)
1135:New Orleans
1129:located on
1123:The Cabildo
998:Mexico City
838:New Orleans
822:Baton Rouge
726:New Orleans
671:New Orleans
653:Galvez Town
533:, with his
239:Mexico City
166:Preceded by
159:Charles III
113:Preceded by
106:Charles III
4795:Categories
4737:Carondelet
4638:Boisbriand
4472:Charles IV
4286:Charles II
4178:Philip III
4034:1783–1786
4002:1785–1786
3868:Austin, TX
2993:1029828120
2071:New Iberia
1571:(2): 127.
1354:2022-01-31
1321:2022-01-31
1258:Gálveztown
1186:conferred
865:Gulf coast
519:lieutenant
280:Allegiance
208:1746-07-23
4663:d'Abbadie
4658:Billouart
4653:Vaudreuil
4648:Bienville
4633:Bienville
4623:Bienville
4613:Bienville
4212:Philip IV
4129:Philip II
4089:Charles V
4080:New Spain
3840:: 98–104.
3001:cite book
1643:1132-8312
1377:Roll Call
1349:0190-8286
1315:Roll Call
1173:Galveston
1141:, in the
1035:Audiencia
1022:, led by
1000:in June.
994:Vera Cruz
853:Pensacola
834:Louisiana
818:Fort Bute
796:and Lord
784:, as well
675:brigadier
586:professor
556:, c. 1785
523:New Spain
460:Pensacola
418:New Spain
310:1762–1786
263:Signature
243:New Spain
150:1777–1783
146:In office
93:In office
83:49th
4747:Bouligny
4717:O'Reilly
4618:Cadillac
4608:Sauvolle
4335:Philip V
2470:(4): 335
2297:(1963).
1577:40169957
1240:See also
1214:Heraldry
1204:(FFG-67)
1047:Tacubaya
1013:Acapulco
924:insignia
717:Luisiana
136:5th
30:In this
4780:Laussat
4762:Salcedo
4628:Lepinay
3791:22 June
3679:25 June
3116:Bibcode
2474:11 June
1039:gallows
963:British
884:Bahamas
830:capital
826:Natchez
806:Jamaica
728:up the
667:Yucatán
626:Britain
622:Florida
574:Seville
531:Apaches
527:captain
502:at the
444:Capitol
414:Viceroy
368: (
323:Marshal
155:Monarch
102:Monarch
36:surname
4742:Gayoso
4727:Gálvez
4722:Unzaga
4643:Perier
3940:
3922:
3874:
3704:
3646:
3619:
3592:
3565:
3538:
3511:
3484:
3360:
3333:
3306:
3260:
3227:
3191:
3164:
3114:: 43.
3084:
3057:
3030:
2991:
2981:
2956:
2929:
2902:
2873:
2846:
2810:
2783:
2715:
2664:
2637:
2610:
2583:
2530:
2503:
2441:
2414:
2378:
2351:
2324:
2277:
2250:
2223:
2181:
2151:
2124:
2095:
2060:
2033:
1978:
1948:
1923:8 June
1890:
1863:
1836:
1792:9 June
1760:
1727:
1700:
1673:
1648:8 June
1641:
1600:
1575:
1546:
1499:
1472:
1426:
1383:8 June
1347:
1289:Galvez
1202:Galvez
1107:, and
1068:Legacy
876:Nassau
842:Mobile
824:, and
614:France
570:French
543:Sonora
452:typhus
253:Awards
44:Madrid
40:Gálvez
4757:Vidal
4752:Calvo
4712:Aubry
4707:Ulloa
4668:Aubry
2468:XXVII
1782:(PDF)
1627:(pdf)
1573:JSTOR
1297:Notes
981:, by
618:Spain
590:Ávila
535:Opata
506:Ávila
492:Spain
291:Spain
219:Spain
4732:Miró
3938:ISBN
3920:ISBN
3872:ISBN
3793:2024
3734:2014
3702:ISBN
3681:2017
3644:ISBN
3617:ISBN
3590:ISBN
3563:ISBN
3536:ISBN
3509:ISBN
3482:ISBN
3358:ISBN
3331:ISBN
3304:ISBN
3258:ISBN
3225:ISBN
3189:ISBN
3162:ISBN
3082:ISBN
3055:ISBN
3028:ISBN
3007:link
2989:OCLC
2979:ISBN
2954:ISBN
2927:ISBN
2900:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2844:ISBN
2808:ISBN
2781:ISBN
2713:ISBN
2662:ISBN
2635:ISBN
2608:ISBN
2581:ISBN
2528:ISBN
2501:ISBN
2476:2017
2439:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2376:ISBN
2349:ISBN
2322:ISBN
2275:ISBN
2248:ISBN
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