35:
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implies, however, that when he sought to order lenses of this type the London opticians were already familiar with them. Other members of
Franklin's circle of British friends may have worn them even earlier, from the 1760s, but it is at best uncertain (and arguably improbable?) that split bifocal lenses had a famous gentleman inventor. Since many inventions are developed independently by more than one person, it is possible that the invention of bifocals may have been such a case.
27:
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effects and no image jump between distance and close viewing. This was first introduced in mass production by the Univis Lens Co. of Dayton, OH. in 1926. In 1935, Courmettes went on to patent the Tilted
Bifocal Lens, in 1936, a method of grinding two prescriptions simultaneously on that Tilted Bifocal Lens, and in 1951, the Cataract Bifocal Lens.
157:
at the end of the 19th century and patented by John Louis Borsch Jr. (1873–1929) in 1908. In 1915, Henri (Henry) A. Courmettes (1884-1969), a French immigrant to the US, patented the “Flat Top” (or “D Segment”) reading portion of the bifocal. The advantages were wide reading area, less prismatic
113:
Unless further evidence emerges all we can say for certain is that
Franklin was one of the first people to wear split bifocals and this act of wearing them caused his name to be associated with the type from an early date. This no doubt contributed greatly to their popularisation. The evidence
152:
Original bifocals were designed with the most convex lenses (for close viewing) in the lower half of the frame and the least convex lenses on the upper. Up until the beginning of the 20th century two separate lenses were cut in half and combined in the rim of the frame. The mounting of two
235:
Bifocals can cause headaches and even dizziness for some wearers. Adaptation to the small field of view offered by the reading segment of bifocals can take some time, as the user learns to move either the head or the reading material rather than the eyes.
249:
Research continues in an attempt to eliminate the limited field of vision in current bifocals. New materials and technologies may provide a method which can selectively adjust the optical power of a lens. Researchers have constructed such a lens using a
240:
are generally placed directly in front of users and can lead to muscle fatigue due to the unusual straight and constant movement of the head. This trouble is mitigated by the use of monofocal lenses for computer use.
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275:
and two distinct focal planes that are substantially separated (in the manner of bifocals) to switch their vision from up-close to distance, for easy and efficient capture of their prey, mostly
153:
half-lenses into a single frame led to a number of early complications and rendered such spectacles quite fragile. A method for fusing the sections of the lenses together was developed by
95:
at court, the only way he could understand them. Historians have produced some evidence to suggest that others may have come before him in the invention; however, a correspondence between
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109:, suggested that Franklin had indeed invented bifocals, and perhaps 50 years earlier than had been originally thought. On the contrary, the College of Optometrists concluded:
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Today most bifocals are created by molding a reading segment into a primary lens and are available with the reading segments in a variety of shapes and sizes.
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is generally credited with the invention of bifocals. He decided to saw his lenses in half so he could read the lips of speakers of
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144:'s 1946 work in "blended lenses", O'Conner's "Ultex" lens in 1910, and Isaac Schnaitmann's single-piece bifocal lens in 1837.
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631:"Switchable electro-optic diffractive lens with high efficiency for ophthalmic applications"
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Letocha, Charles E. (November 1990). "The invention and early manufacture of bifocals".
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Observations
Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.
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16:
Eyeglass lens with two distinct optical powers invented by
Benjamin Franklin
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Bifocals with separate lenses. In this case, the
Swedish ethnologist
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created the first seamless or "invisible" bifocal, a precursor to
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Memorial to the 56 Signers of the
Declaration of Independence
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Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be
Reduced to a Small One
689:
Franklin's letters to
Whatley concerning double spectacles.
1364:
A Dissertation on
Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain
377:
1492:
A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks
567:"Method and means for surfacing solid bifocal lenses"
447:, p 1109, by William J. Benjamin; published 2006 by
30:
A bifocal lens with areas of differing magnification
463:, p 1108 by William J. Benjamin; published 2006 by
1615:Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky
1402:"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745)
408:
371:
64:. Bifocals are commonly prescribed to people with
432:, p. 123, by Peter Eisenstadt, published 2005 by
2037:
1471:Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America
423:
257:
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525:"Bifocal lens and method for making the same"
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1704:Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin
254:layer applied between two glass substrates.
1421:Experiments and Observations on Electricity
593:
203:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1457:Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775)
1223:Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart
1033:
1019:
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398:"Hall of Fame Honors 12 Industry Veterans"
1551:Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology
1322:President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society
664:
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479:"The multifaceted career of Louis Borsch"
312:
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
1170:Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention
129:in 1824 and credited Benjamin Franklin.
33:
25:
1063:Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)
342:
2038:
1500:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
1384:Early American publishers and printers
596:"Bug With Bifocals Baffles Biologists"
1053:President of Pennsylvania (1785–1788)
1040:
1014:
697:
628:
476:
723:
594:Dawn Fuller, Dawn (24 August 2010).
201:adding citations to reliable sources
168:
21:Fundamental matrix (computer vision)
1561:Benjamin Franklin National Memorial
1275:Academy and College of Philadelphia
606:from the original on 25 August 2010
13:
2007:Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law)
1407:"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747)
1106:Committee of Secret Correspondence
322:. London: BBC Books. p. 271.
68:who also require a correction for
14:
2077:
1992:Mary Morrell Folger (grandmother)
1642:University of Pennsylvania statue
682:
629:G. Li; et al. (April 2006).
477:Ravin, James G. (November 2009).
2020:
2019:
1972:Alexander Bache (great-grandson)
1729:Sons of Ben (Philadelphia Union)
1302:Continental Currency dollar coin
1203:Franklin's electrostatic machine
1175:Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly
1058:Ambassador to France (1779–1785)
271:has, in its principal eyes, two
262:The aquatic larval stage of the
173:
2056:Inventions by Benjamin Franklin
1967:Andrew Harwood (great-grandson)
1942:Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter)
1397:The Drinker's Dictionary (1737)
1348:The Papers of Benjamin Franklin
1265:Library Company of Philadelphia
587:
573:
559:
545:
539:"Prescribing Multifocal Lenses"
531:
517:
495:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.264
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1260:American Philosophical Society
1155:1776 Pennsylvania Constitution
1150:Staten Island Peace Conference
470:
430:Encyclopedia of New York State
390:
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1:
1358:Silence Dogood letters (1722)
1287:Philadelphia Contributionship
380:"The 'Inventor' of Bifocals?"
378:The College of Optometrists.
299:
1962:Richard Bache Jr. (grandson)
1952:Benjamin F. Bache (grandson)
1595:The Apotheosis of Washington
1520:Franklin's phonetic alphabet
1478:"The Morals of Chess" (1786)
1371:The Busy-Body columns (1729)
1312:United States Postal Service
1138:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
461:Borish's Clinical Refraction
445:Borish's Clinical Refraction
357:10.1016/0039-6257(90)90092-A
258:Bifocals in the animal world
106:Gazette of the United States
19:For the bifocal tensor, see
7:
1947:William Franklin (grandson)
1667:Jefferson Memorial pediment
1588:Royal Society of Arts medal
1463:A Letter to a Royal Academy
1123:Declaration of Independence
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164:
10:
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2002:Richard Bache (son-in-law)
1997:Peter Folger (grandfather)
1692:Washington–Franklin stamps
1657:Stanford University statue
1280:University of Pennsylvania
635:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
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1957:Louis F. Bache (grandson)
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1826:(2002 documentary series)
1810:(1997 documentary series)
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1556:Benjamin Franklin Parkway
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1101:Hutchinson letters affair
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483:Archives of Ophthalmology
434:Syracuse University Press
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1982:James Franklin (brother)
1977:Josiah Franklin (father)
1647:Portland, Oregon, statue
1515:Franklin as a journalist
1484:An Address to the Public
1377:The Pennsylvania Gazette
1133:Franco-American alliance
1084:(1754 political cartoon)
132:In 1955, Irving Rips of
2066:18th-century inventions
1885:The New-England Courant
1682:One-hundred-dollar bill
1583:Benjamin Franklin Medal
1546:Benjamin Franklin House
1390:Poor Richard's Almanack
1297:Early American currency
1248:111th Infantry Regiment
1116:"...to be self-evident"
656:10.1073/pnas.0600850103
581:"Cataract bifocal lens"
345:Survey of Ophthalmology
268:Thermonectus marmoratus
1937:Francis Franklin (son)
1932:William Franklin (son)
1879:American Enlightenment
1818:(2002 animated series)
1687:Franklin silver dollar
1662:Washington D.C. statue
1637:Columbus, Ohio, statue
1622:Revolutionary War Door
1508:Bagatelles and Satires
1502:(1771–1790, pub. 1791)
1442:Pennsylvania Chronicle
1327:Master, Les Neuf SĹ“urs
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1769:Ben Franklin in Paris
1672:Refunding Certificate
1270:Pennsylvania Hospital
1165:Treaty of Paris, 1783
419:Butterworth–Heinemann
37:
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1874:Age of Enlightenment
1800:A More Perfect Union
1677:Franklin half dollar
1652:San Francisco statue
1428:Birch letters (1755)
1089:Albany Plan of Union
602:. ScienceDaily LLC.
197:improve this section
2061:American inventions
1987:Jane Mecom (sister)
1927:Deborah Read (wife)
1899:American Revolution
1892:The American Museum
1771:(1964 musical play)
1742:Ben Franklin effect
647:2006PNAS..103.6100L
404:. 12 November 2008.
1850:(2022 documentary)
1752:In popular culture
1566:Franklin Institute
1292:Union Fire Company
1180:Postmaster General
1160:Libertas Americana
1143:Treaty of Alliance
138:progressive lenses
125:, coined the term
121:, the inventor of
119:John Isaac Hawkins
60:with two distinct
51:
32:
2046:Corrective lenses
2033:
2032:
1858:(2024 miniseries)
1848:Benjamin Franklin
1842:(2015 miniseries)
1834:(2008 miniseries)
1824:Benjamin Franklin
1791:Benjamin Franklin
1724:State of Franklin
1434:The Way to Wealth
1111:Committee of Five
1042:Benjamin Franklin
1008:
1007:
641:(16): 6100–6104.
489:(11): 1534–1537.
467:Health Publishing
451:Health Publishing
329:978-0-563-20900-3
319:The Ascent of Man
294:Binocular rivalry
238:Computer monitors
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1607:Treaty of Paris
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1353:Founders Online
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1233:Kite experiment
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351:(3): 226–35.
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264:diving beetle
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182:This section
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1793:(miniseries)
1790:
1776:
1768:
1763:(1953 short)
1760:
1735:
1697:other stamps
1613:
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1594:
1593:Depicted in
1536:Bibliography
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1196:other events
1128:Model Treaty
1081:
932:Night-vision
922:Fatal Vision
912:Dark adaptor
879:Solar viewer
748:
737:/ spectacles
638:
634:
608:. Retrieved
600:ScienceDaily
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384:the original
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195:Please help
183:
160:
151:
148:Construction
131:
126:
117:
104:
87:
53:
52:
1802:(1989 film)
1510:(pub. 1845)
1392:(1732–1758)
1379:(1729–1790)
1243:Associators
1194:Inventions,
947:Upside down
784:Horn-rimmed
78:astigmatism
43: [
2040:Categories
1832:John Adams
1761:Ben and Me
1307:Fugio cent
1255:Junto club
1000:VR headset
861:Sunglasses
300:References
101:John Fenno
66:presbyopia
58:eyeglasses
1784:1972 film
1332:Gravesite
968:Blindfold
907:Ballistic
841:Trifocals
811:Pince-nez
794:Lorgnette
724:Types of
610:25 August
503:1538-3601
316:(1990) .
184:does not
76:, and/or
74:hyperopia
2025:Category
1904:patriots
1894:magazine
1856:Franklin
1808:Liberty!
1736:Franklin
1341:Writings
1208:Bifocals
990:Eyepatch
889:Wayfarer
874:Mirrored
831:Shooting
826:Scissors
789:Lensless
754:Browline
749:Bifocals
675:16597675
604:Archived
511:19901225
465:Elsevier
449:Elsevier
283:See also
279:larvae.
277:mosquito
165:Problems
127:bifocals
54:Bifocals
2051:Glasses
1867:Related
985:Contact
978:Blinker
973:Blinder
952:Welding
942:Swedish
927:Foggles
917:Doggles
899:Goggles
884:Shutter
869:Aviator
846:Windsor
821:Rimless
816:Pinhole
806:Monocle
779:Groucho
769:Chicken
764:Cat eye
759:Bug-eye
735:glasses
726:eyewear
666:1458838
643:Bibcode
623:Sources
365:2274850
273:retinas
205:removed
190:sources
84:History
1920:Family
1795:(1972)
1571:awards
1529:Legacy
1494:(1789)
1486:(1789)
1473:(1784)
1465:(1781)
1452:(1773)
1444:(1767)
1436:(1758)
1423:(1751)
1415:(1751)
1366:(1725)
673:
663:
509:
501:
363:
326:
245:Future
93:French
70:myopia
1576:medal
961:Other
851:X-ray
836:Smart
799:Opera
744:Belay
733:(Eye)
47:]
1777:1776
937:Snow
671:PMID
612:2010
507:PMID
499:ISSN
361:PMID
324:ISBN
188:any
186:cite
99:and
56:are
661:PMC
651:doi
639:103
491:doi
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353:doi
199:by
2042::
774:GI
669:.
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45:sv
1786:)
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211:(
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193:.
49:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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