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20:
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membrane. Charged nylon membrane is suitable for microbial immobilization, due to the specific binding between negatively charged bacterial cell and positively charged nylon membrane. So the advantages of the nylon membrane over the other membranes are : The dual binding, i.e. Adsorption as well as entrapment, thus resulting in a more stable immobilized membrane. Such specific
Microbial consortium based BOD analytical devices, may find great application in monitoring of the degree of pollutant strength, in a wide variety of industrial waste water within a very short time.
825:
high maintenance costs, limited run lengths due to the need for reactivation, and the inability to respond to changing quality characteristics as would normally occur in wastewater treatment streams; e.g. diffusion processes of the biodegradable organic matter into the membrane and different responses by different microbial species which lead to problems with the reproducibility of result (Praet et al., 1995). Another important limitation is the uncertainty associated with the calibration function for translating the BOD substitute into the real BOD (Rustum
1198:, will already contain a large population of microorganisms acclimated to the water being tested. An appreciable portion of the waste may be utilized during the holding period prior to commencement of the test procedure. On the other hand, organic wastes from industrial sources may require specialized enzymes. Microbial populations from standard seed sources may take some time to produce those enzymes. A specialized seed culture may be appropriate to reflect conditions of an evolved ecosystem in the receiving waters.
150:(c) An effluent in order to comply with the general standard must not contain as discharged more than 3 parts per 100,000 of suspended matter, and with its suspended matters included must not take up at 65 °F (18.3 °C) more than 2.0 parts per 100,000 of dissolved oxygen in 5 days. This general standard should be prescribed either by Statute or by order of the Central Authority, and should be subject to modifications by that Authority after an interval of not less than ten years.
1132:
335:
2607:
780:) is added in the container above the sample level. The sample is stored in conditions identical to the dilution method. Oxygen is consumed and, as ammonia oxidation is inhibited, carbon dioxide is released. The total amount of gas, and thus the pressure, decreases because carbon dioxide is absorbed. From the drop of pressure, the sensor electronics computes and displays the consumed quantity of oxygen.
343:
246:
the volume of river water would exceed 8 times the volume of effluent, and that the figure of 2–0 parts dissolved oxygen per 100,000, which had been shown to be practicable, would be a safe figure to adopt for the purposes of a general standard, taken in conjunction with the condition that the effluent should not contain more than 3–0 parts per 100,000 of suspended solids.
371:(GGA) controls, and seed controls. The dilution water blank is used to confirm the quality of the dilution water that is used to dilute the other samples. This is necessary because impurities in the dilution water may cause significant alterations in the results. The GGA control is a standardized solution to determine the quality of the seed, where its recommended BOD
1544:
1115:(E. Coli). TLF based monitoring is applicable across a wide range of environments, including but by no means limited to sewage treatment works and freshwaters. Therefore, there has been a significant movement towards combined sensor systems that can monitor parameters and use them, in real-time, to provide a reading of BOD that is of laboratory quality.
1124:
diffusion of the gas into an electrochemical cell and its concentration determined by polarographic or galvanic electrodes. This analytical method is sensitive and accurate to down to levels of ± 0.1 mg/L dissolved oxygen. Calibration of the redox electrode of this membrane electrode still requires the use of the Henry's law table or the
53:(DO) consumed by aerobic bacteria growing on the organic material present in a water sample at a specific temperature over a specific time period. The BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per liter of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20 °C and is often used as a surrogate of the degree of
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monitored in real-time through a combination of traditional methods (electrical conductivity via electrodes) and newer methods such as fluorescence. The monitoring of tryptophan-like fluorescence (TLF) has been successfully utilised as a proxy for biological activity and enumeration, particularly with a focus on
1085:
electrochemical cell and its concentration determined by polarographic or galvanic electrodes. This analytical method is sensitive and accurate down to levels of ± 0.1 mg/L dissolved oxygen. Calibration of the redox electrode of this membrane electrode still requires the use of the Henry's law table or the
1123:
The development of an analytical instrument that utilizes the reduction-oxidation (redox) chemistry of oxygen in the presence of dissimilar metal electrodes was introduced during the 1950s. This redox electrode (also known as dissolved oxygen sensor) utilized an oxygen-permeable membrane to allow the
824:
Biosensors can be used to indirectly measure BOD via a fast (usually <30 min) to be determined BOD substitute and a corresponding calibration curve method (pioneered by Karube et al., 1977). Consequently, biosensors are now commercially available, but they do have several limitations such as their
820:
A defined microbial consortium can be formed by conducting a systematic study, i.e. pre-testing of selected micro-organisms for use as a seeding material in BOD analysis of a wide variety of industrial effluents. Such a formulated consortium can be immobilized on suitable membrane, i.e. charged nylon
811:
Many micro organisms useful for BOD assessment are relatively easy to maintain in pure cultures, grow and harvest at low cost. Moreover, the use of microbes in the field of biosensors has opened up new possibilities and advantages such as ease of handling, preparation and low cost of device. A number
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Until recently, real-time monitoring of BOD was unattainable owing to its complex nature. Recent research by a leading UK university has discovered the link between multiple water quality parameters including electrical conductivity, turbidity, TLF and CDOM. These parameters are all capable of being
269:
regulations. Secondary sewage treatment is generally expected to remove 85 percent of the BOD measured in sewage and produce effluent BOD concentrations with a 30-day average of less than 30 mg/L and a 7-day average of less than 45 mg/L. The regulations also describe "treatment equivalent
245:
An effluent taking up 2–0 parts dissolved oxygen per 100,000 would be found by a simple calculation to require dilution with at least 8 volumes of river water taking up 0.2 part if the resulting mixture was not to take up more than 0.4 part. Our experience indicated that in a large majority of cases
2056:
Rustum, R., Adeloye, A. and Simala, A., 2007. Kohonen self-organising map (KSOM) extracted features for enhancing MLP-ANN prediction models of BOD5. In
International Symposium: Quantification and Reduction of Predictive Uncertainty for Sustainable Water Resources Management-24th General Assembly of
816:
etc. individually, have been used by many workers for the construction of BOD biosensor. On the other hand, many workers have immobilized activated sludge, or a mixture of two or three bacterial species and on various membranes for the construction of BOD biosensor. The most commonly used membranes
318:
Winkler published the methodology of a simple, accurate and direct dissolved oxygen analytical procedure in 1888. Since that time, the analysis of dissolved oxygen levels for water has been key to the determination of surface water. The
Winkler method is still one of only two analytical techniques
1101:
method to make rapid inferences about BOD using easy to measure water quality parameters. Ones such as flow rate, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, nitrogen, pH and suspended solids can be obtained directly and reliably using on-line hardware sensors. In a test of this idea, measurements of these
165:
rivers. Incubation periods of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 days were being used into the mid-20th century. Keeping dissolved oxygen available at their chosen temperature, investigators found up to 99 percent of total BOD was exerted within 20 days, 90 percent within 10 days, and approximately 68 percent
110:
creates an oxygen demand proportional to the amount of organic compounds useful as food. Under some circumstances, microbial metabolism can consume dissolved oxygen faster than atmospheric oxygen can dissolve into the water or the autotrophic community (algae, cyanobacteria and macrophytes) can
807:
An alternative to measure BOD is the development of biosensors, which are devices for the detection of an analyte that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector component. Enzymes are the most widely used biological sensing elements in the fabrication of biosensors. Their
135:. Dissolved oxygen depletion is most likely to become evident during the initial aquatic microbial population explosion in response to a large amount of organic material. If the microbial population deoxygenates the water, however, that lack of oxygen imposes a limit on population growth of
1137:
1084:
The development of an analytical instrument that utilizes the reduction-oxidation (redox) chemistry of oxygen in the presence of dissimilar metal electrodes was introduced during the 1950s. This redox electrode utilized an oxygen-permeable membrane to allow the diffusion of the gas into an
178:(EPA). This 5-day BOD test result may be described as the amount of oxygen required for aquatic microorganisms to stabilize decomposable organic matter under aerobic conditions. Stabilization, in this context, may be perceived in general terms as the conversion of food to living aquatic
1330:
Report of the
Commissioners appointed in 1898 to inquire and report what methods of treating and disposing of sewage (including any liquid from any factory or manufacturing process) may properly be adopted. Standards and Tests for Sewage and Sewage Effluents Discharging into Rivers and
362:
is dosed with seed microorganisms and stored for 5 days in the dark room at 20 °C to prevent DO production via photosynthesis. The bottles have traditionally been made of glass, which required cleaning and rinsing between samples. A SM 5210B approved, disposable, plastic
387:
test, it is conventional practice to measure only cBOD because nitrogenous demand does not reflect the oxygen demand from organic matter. This is because nBOD is generated by the breakdown of proteins, whereas cBOD is produced by the breakdown of organic molecules.
849:
An electrode has been developed based on the luminescence emission of a photo-active chemical compound and the quenching of that emission by oxygen. This quenching photophysics mechanism is described by the Stern–Volmer equation for dissolved oxygen in a solution:
1102:
values along with BOD which had been made over three years was used to train and test a model for prediction. The technique could allow for some missing data. It indicated that this approach was possible but needed sufficient historic data to be available.
845:
derivative which reveals the extent of oxygen uptake by micro-organisms for organic matter mineralization. A cross-validation performed on 109 samples in Europe and the United-States showed a strict statistical equivalence between results from both methods.
1185:
disinfection used following conventional sewage treatment, and odor-control formulations used in sanitary waste holding tanks in passenger vehicles or portable toilets. Suppression of the microbial community oxidizing the waste will lower the test result.
358:, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in a sample must be measured before and after the incubation period, and appropriately adjusted by the sample corresponding dilution factor. This analysis is performed using 300 mL incubation bottles in which
278:
Most pristine rivers will have a 5-day carbonaceous BOD below 1 mg/L. Moderately polluted rivers may have a BOD value in the range of 2 to 8 mg/L. Rivers may be considered severely polluted when BOD values exceed 8 mg/L. Municipal
122:
available to indigenous microbial populations. The amount of oxygen required to completely oxidize the organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water through generations of microbial growth, death, decay, and cannibalism is
586:
1136:
240:
In its sixth report the Royal
Commission recommended that the standard set should be 15 parts by weight per million of water. However, in the Ninth report the commission had revised the recommended standard:
1558:
Muller, Mathieu; Bouguelia, Sihem; Goy, Romy-Alice; Yoris, Alison; Berlin, Jeanne; Meche, Perrine; Rocher, Vincent; Mertens, Sharon; Dudal, Yves (2014). "International cross-validation of a BOD5 surrogate".
473:
1542:, Nathalie Pautremat; Romy-Alice Goy & Zaynab El Amraoui et al., "Process for directly measuring multiple biodegradabilities", published 2013-05-23, assigned to Envolure
114:
Biochemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen required for microbial metabolism of organic compounds in water. This demand occurs over some variable period of time depending on temperature,
1618:
Titze, J., H. Walter, et al. (2008). "Evaluation of a new optical sensor for measuring dissolved oxygen by comparison with standard analytical methods." Monatsschr. Brauwiss.(Mar./Apr.): 66-80.
1609:
Garcia-Fresnadillo, D., M. D. Marazuela, et al. (1999). "Luminescent Nafion
Membranes Dyed with Ruthenium(II) Complexes as Sensing Materials for Dissolved Oxygen." Langmuir 15(19): 6451-6459.
270:
to secondary treatment" as removing 65 percent of the BOD and producing effluent BOD concentrations with a 30-day average less than 45 mg/L and a 7-day average less than 65 mg/L.
808:
application in biosensor construction is limited by the tedious, time-consuming and costly enzyme purification methods. Microorganisms provide an ideal alternative to these bottlenecks.
154:
This was later standardised at 68 °F and then 20 °C. This temperature may be significantly different from the temperature of the natural environment of the water being tested.
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The determination of oxygen concentration by luminescence quenching has a linear response over a broad range of oxygen concentrations and has excellent accuracy and reproducibility.
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78:
in water. However, COD analysis is less specific, since it measures everything that can be chemically oxidized, rather than just levels of biologically oxidized organic matter.
1097:
There have been proposals for automation to make rapid prediction of BOD so it could be used for on-line process monitoring and control. For example, the use of a computerised
326:
There are two recognized methods for the measurement of dissolved oxygen for BOD and a number of other methods not currently internationally recognised as standard methods
1194:
The test relies upon a microbial ecosystem with enzymes capable of oxidizing the available organic material. Some waste waters, such as those from biological secondary
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The test method involves variables limiting reproducibility. Tests normally show observations varying plus or minus ten to twenty percent around the mean.
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of rivers. Five days was chosen as an appropriate test period because this is supposedly the longest time that river water takes to travel from source to
2046:
Rustum R., A. J. Adeloye, and M. Scholz (2008). "Applying
Kohonen Self-organizing Map as a Software Sensor to Predict the Biochemical Oxygen Demand."
1843:
Okache, J.; Haggett, B.; Maytum, R.; Mead, A.; Rawson, D.; Ajmal, T. (November 2015). "Sensing fresh water contamination using fluorescence methods".
174:
for periods greater than 5 days. The 5-day test protocol with acceptably reproducible results emphasizing carbonaceous BOD has been endorsed by the
2190:
480:
1442:
Winkler, L. W. (1888). "Die zur
Bestimmung des in Wasser gelösten Sauerstoffes " Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 21(2): 2843-2854.
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is available which eliminates this step. In addition to the various dilutions of BOD samples, this procedure requires dilution water blanks,
175:
2130:
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The BOD is used in measuring waste loadings to treatment plants and in evaluating the BOD-removal efficiency of such treatment systems.
182:. Although these fauna will continue to exert biochemical oxygen demand as they die, that tends to occur within a more stable evolved
1800:
Reynolds, D. M.; Ahmad, S. R. (1997-08-01). "Rapid and direct determination of wastewater BOD values using a fluorescence technique".
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Some wastes contain chemicals capable of suppressing microbiological growth or activity. Potential sources include industrial wastes,
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302:. The generally lower values in the U.S. derive from the much greater water use per capita than in other parts of the world.
379:(cBOD), a nitrification inhibitor is added after the dilution water has been added to the sample. The inhibitor hinders the
2102:
1709:"Understanding dissolved organic matter dynamics in urban catchments: insights from in situ fluorescence sensor technology"
67:
plants. BOD of wastewater effluents is used to indicate the short-term impact on the oxygen levels of the receiving water.
1493:
94:. Microorganisms living in oxygenated waters use dissolved oxygen to oxidatively degrade the organic compounds, releasing
1387:
Final Report of the
Commissioners Appointed to Inquire and Report What Methods of Treating and Disposing of Sewage. 1912
220:
143:
2491:
1950:
Kemula, W. and S. Siekierski (1950). "Polarometric determination of oxygen." Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 15: 1069–75.
1627:
Kemula, W. and S. Siekierski (1950). "Polarometric determination of oxygen." Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 15: 1069-75.
1528:. New Delhi, India: CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (IGIB). United Kingdom; GB2360788;(3-11-2004).
193:
106:. Populations of these microorganisms tend to increase in proportion to the amount of food available. This microbial
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2361:
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1125:
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1420:
The United
Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs, chapter 2: The Global Perspective on Water
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used to calibrate oxygen electrode meters; the other procedure is based on oxygen solubility at saturation as per
2451:
2421:
2391:
1452:
Eaton, Andrew D.; Greenberg, Arnold E.; Rice, Eugene W.; Clesceri, Lenore S.; Franson, Mary Ann H., eds. (2005).
2165:
1960:
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would have a value of about 20 mg/L or less. Untreated sewage varies, but averages around 600 mg/L in
2637:
1761:"In situ tryptophan-like fluorometers: assessing turbidity and temperature effects for freshwater applications"
157:
Although the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal proposed 5 days as an adequate test period for rivers of the
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19:
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50:
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This method is limited to the measurement of the oxygen consumption due only to carbonaceous oxidation.
2506:
2273:
1920:
1886:"The in situ bacterial production of fluorescent organic matter; an investigation at a species level"
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2095:
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2406:
2333:
2175:
1759:
Khamis, K.; R. Sorensen, J. P.; Bradley, C.; M. Hannah, D.; J. Lapworth, D.; Stevens, R. (2015).
1639:"Applying Kohonen Self-Organizing Map as a Software Sensor to Predict Biochemical Oxygen Demand"
2323:
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1221:
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71:
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Washington, DC. "Secondary Treatment Regulation."
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1987:
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A standard temperature at which BOD testing should be carried out was first proposed by the
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produce. Fish and aquatic insects may die when oxygen is depleted by microbial metabolism.
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8:
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aquatic microbial organisms resulting in a longer term food surplus and oxygen deficit.
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of ammonia nitrogen, which supplies the nitrogenous BOD (nBOD). When performing the BOD
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) reduction is used as a gauge of the effectiveness of
1870:
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standard which was used as a yardstick in the U.K. up to the 1970s for sewage works
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1905:
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is the ratio of seed volume in dilution solution to seed volume in BOD test on seed
284:
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99:
75:
64:
54:
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2150:
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1910:
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This standard method is recognized by EPA, which is labeled Method 5210B in the
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2522:
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1522:"Immobilized Microbial Consortium Useful for Rapid and Reliable BOD Estimation"
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773:
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87:
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1829:
1742:
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is the dissolved oxygen (DO) of the diluted solution after preparation (mg/L)
296:
262:
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187:
162:
132:
2057:
the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) (pp. 181–187).
581:{\displaystyle \mathrm {BOD} _{5}={\frac {(D_{0}-D_{5})-(B_{0}-B_{5})f}{P}}}
2592:
2476:
2426:
2298:
2255:
1937:
1786:
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Trichosporon cutaneum, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas sp.
103:
86:
Most natural waters contain small quantities of organic compounds. Aquatic
1884:
Fox, B. G.; Thorn, R. M. S.; Anesio, A. M.; Reynolds, D. M. (2017-11-15).
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simplicity: no dilution of sample required, no seeding, no blank sample.
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The main advantages of this method compared to the dilution method are:
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107:
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concentration is 198 mg/L ± 30.5 mg/L. For measurement of
2308:
2200:
2135:
1181:, sanitizers in food processing or commercial cleaning facilities,
1153:
255:
128:
115:
1467:
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and as low as 200 mg/L in the U.S., or where there is severe
2235:
1758:
762:
233:
2250:
2240:
793:
continuous display of BOD value at the current incubation time.
650:
is the DO of the diluted solution after 5 day incubation (mg/L)
288:
280:
119:
95:
730:
is the DO of diluted seed sample after 5 day incubation (mg/L)
2155:
2080:
468:{\displaystyle \mathrm {BOD} _{5}={\frac {(D_{0}-D_{5})}{P}}}
352:
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.
342:
250:
This was the cornerstone 20:30 (BOD:Suspended Solids) + full
179:
1454:
Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater
1637:
Rustum, Rabee; Adeloye, Adebayo J.; Scholz, Miklas (2008).
1492:. Analytica Chimica Acta 568 (2006) 200–210. Archived from
237:
91:
1451:
1244:
Clair N. Sawyer; Perry L. McCarty; Gene F. Parkin (2003).
817:
were polyvinyl alcohol, porous hydrophilic membranes etc.
1054:
929:
701:
is the DO of diluted seed sample after preparation (mg/L)
1346:
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Sewage
166:
within 5 days. Variable microbial population shifts to
2303:
1842:
1557:
1348:
9th Ed. (1946) American Public Health Association p.139
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The sample is kept in a sealed container fitted with a
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1334:. His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1912. p. 17.
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1456:(21 ed.). American Public Health Association.
1246:
Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science
1189:
74:(COD) analysis, in that both measure the amount of
2077:- a troubleshooting wiki for this problematic test
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1119:Dissolved oxygen probes: Membrane and luminescence
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127:(total BOD). Total BOD is of more significance to
1269:Goldman, Charles R.; Horne, Alexander J. (1983).
2624:
1961:"Technically Speaking: dissolved oxygen control"
218:, established in 1865, and the formation of the
205:plant in Haran-Al-Awamied near Damascus in Syria
2017:
1707:Khamis, K.; Bradley, C.; Hannah, D. M. (2018).
1630:
90:have evolved to use some of these compounds as
1765:Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts
1515:
1513:
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176:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1561:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
1268:
1030:: Stern-Volmer constant for oxygen quenching
1510:
1374:2nd Ed. (1967) McGraw-Hill pp. 394–399
1105:
224:in 1898 led to the selection in 1908 of BOD
159:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
16:Oxygen needed to remove organics from water
2103:
2089:
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2013:
2011:
2009:
1921:1983/a6b8b5fc-6ced-4901-9bb8-75ab3c05dd02
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1909:
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1370:Sawyer, Clair N. & McCarty, Perry L.
265:includes BOD effluent limitations in its
1239:
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1130:
969:: Luminescence in the presence of oxygen
341:
333:
192:
23:BOD test bottles at the laboratory of a
18:
1382:
1380:
1361:4th Ed. (1959) McGraw-Hill p. 9–40
1248:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
1148:used as a feedback loop to control the
998:: Luminescence in the absence of oxygen
161:, longer periods were investigated for
70:BOD analysis is similar in function to
2625:
2006:
1713:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water
1417:
1309:Ecology of Inland Waters and Estuaries
1300:
1298:
1208:Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand
1079:
797:
2084:
1754:
1752:
1519:
1234:
939:{\displaystyle I_{0}/I~=~1~+~K_{SV}~}
197:Taking samples from the influent raw
1377:
1304:
1224:as indicators of wastewater quality.
756:
1985:
1953:
1295:
1160:
228:as the definitive test for organic
221:Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal
216:Royal Commission on River Pollution
144:Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal
13:
2492:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
2039:
1749:
1313:. Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp.
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492:
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14:
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2362:Agricultural wastewater treatment
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1126:Winkler test for dissolved oxygen
1087:Winkler test for dissolved oxygen
283:that is efficiently treated by a
273:
201:stream for BOD measurements at a
2606:
2605:
2020:Water and Waste-Water Technology
1372:Chemistry for Sanitary Engineers
1190:Appropriate microbial population
1072:: Dissolved oxygen concentration
2422:Industrial wastewater treatment
2392:Decentralized wastewater system
1979:
1944:
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1474:
1466:. Also available on CD-ROM and
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125:total biochemical oxygen demand
2110:
1965:Water and Wastewater Treatment
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672:is the decimal dilution factor
566:
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508:
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146:in its eighth report in 1912:
1:
2442:Rotating biological contactor
1822:10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00015-8
1422:. Paris: UNESCO. p. 26.
1228:
1218:Wastewater quality indicators
1144:Dissolved oxygen sensor in a
81:
1911:10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.040
1399:Code of Federal Regulations,
802:
790:direct reading of BOD value.
7:
2048:Water Environment Research,
1853:10.1109/ICSENS.2015.7370462
1201:
1168:
841:has been developed using a
772:. A substance that absorbs
49:representing the amount of
10:
2659:
2507:Wastewater treatment plant
2274:Adsorbable organic halides
1643:Water Environment Research
1359:Civil Engineering Handbook
313:
209:
2601:
2515:
2342:
2279:Biochemical oxygen demand
2264:
2118:
2022:. John Wiley & Sons.
1581:10.1007/s11356-014-3202-3
1357:Urquhart, Leonard Church
1213:Theoretical oxygen demand
32:Biochemical oxygen demand
2643:Water quality indicators
2018:Hammer, Mark J. (1975).
1992:Treatment Plant Operator
1663:10.2175/106143007X184500
1418:Connor, Richard (2016).
1305:Reid, George K. (1961).
1277:. McGraw-Hill. pp.
1106:Real-time BOD monitoring
1065:{\displaystyle {\ce {}}}
765:oxidation is inhibited.
118:concentrations, and the
40:biological oxygen demand
2467:Sewage sludge treatment
2407:Fecal sludge management
2367:API oil–water separator
2334:Wastewater surveillance
1220:discusses both BOD and
812:of pure cultures, e.g.
360:buffered dilution water
306:Use in sewage treatment
2324:Total suspended solids
2319:Total dissolved solids
2284:Chemical oxygen demand
1483:"Microbial biosensors"
1157:
1146:sewage treatment plant
1066:
1024:
1023:{\displaystyle K_{SV}}
992:
963:
940:
746:
724:
695:
666:
644:
615:
582:
469:
354:In order to obtain BOD
347:
339:
248:
206:
152:
72:chemical oxygen demand
28:
2638:Environmental science
2191:Industrial wastewater
1994:. No. April 2012
1177:in pharmaceutical or
1143:
1067:
1025:
993:
991:{\displaystyle I_{0}}
964:
941:
747:
725:
723:{\displaystyle B_{5}}
696:
694:{\displaystyle B_{0}}
667:
645:
643:{\displaystyle D_{5}}
616:
614:{\displaystyle D_{0}}
583:
470:
369:glucose glutamic acid
345:
338:Disposable BOD bottle
337:
243:
196:
148:
22:
2533:Groundwater recharge
1988:"Repair or Rethink?"
1520:Kumar, Rita (2004).
1036:
1004:
975:
953:
857:
736:
707:
678:
656:
627:
598:
481:
403:
203:wastewater treatment
65:wastewater treatment
25:wastewater treatment
2633:Anaerobic digestion
2447:Secondary treatment
2432:Membrane bioreactor
2387:Constructed wetland
2186:Infiltration/Inflow
1902:2017WatRe.125..350F
1814:1997WatRe..31.2012R
1725:2018WIRWa...5E1259K
1655:2008WaEnR..80...32R
1573:2014ESPR...2113642M
1567:(23): 13642–13645.
1080:Polargraphic method
1056:
931:
798:Alternative methods
300:infiltration/inflow
285:three-stage process
267:secondary treatment
168:nitrifying bacteria
2612:Category: Sewerage
2573:Septic drain field
2538:Infiltration basin
2482:Stabilization pond
2402:Facultative lagoon
2266:Quality indicators
2146:Blackwater (waste)
2126:Acid mine drainage
2073:2007-08-21 at the
1967:. 10 February 2015
1778:10.1039/C5EM00030K
1158:
1062:
1044:
1020:
988:
959:
936:
919:
837:A surrogate to BOD
742:
720:
691:
662:
640:
611:
578:
465:
395:is calculated by:
348:
340:
207:
98:which is used for
29:
2620:
2619:
2397:Extended aeration
2344:Treatment options
2294:Oxygen saturation
2141:Blackwater (coal)
2119:Sources and types
2029:978-0-471-34726-2
1986:Wallace, Calvin.
1862:978-1-4799-8203-5
1845:2015 IEEE Sensors
1734:10.1002/wat2.1259
1540:A US 2013130308 A
1463:978-0-87553-047-5
1429:978-92-3-100155-0
1255:978-0-07-248066-5
1141:
1047:
962:{\displaystyle I}
922:
914:
898:
892:
886:
880:
778:lithium hydroxide
757:Manometric method
745:{\displaystyle f}
665:{\displaystyle P}
576:
463:
186:including higher
76:organic compounds
2650:
2609:
2608:
2528:Evaporation pond
2516:Disposal options
2487:Trickling filter
2472:Sewage treatment
2372:Carbon filtering
2352:Activated sludge
2105:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2034:
2033:
2015:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1923:
1913:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1847:. pp. 1–4.
1840:
1834:
1833:
1808:(8): 2012–2018.
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1471:
1470:by subscription.
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1355:
1349:
1344:Norton, John F.
1342:
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1319:
1318:
1312:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1276:
1266:
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1196:sewage treatment
1161:Test limitations
1142:
1113:Escherichia coli
1099:machine learning
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377:carbonaceous BOD
346:Glass BOD bottle
51:dissolved oxygen
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2649:
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2623:
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2563:Reclaimed water
2511:
2437:Reverse osmosis
2338:
2260:
2226:Reverse osmosis
2151:Boiler blowdown
2114:
2109:
2075:Wayback Machine
2064:
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2042:
2040:Further reading
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2016:
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1093:Software sensor
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399:Unseeded :
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332:
330:Dilution method
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172:reproducibility
84:
58:water pollution
34:(also known as
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2588:Surface runoff
2585:
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2570:
2568:Sanitary sewer
2565:
2560:
2558:Marine outfall
2555:
2553:Marine dumping
2550:
2545:
2543:Injection well
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2523:Combined sewer
2519:
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2513:
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2510:
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2504:
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2462:Settling basin
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2357:Aerated lagoon
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2289:Coliform index
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2238:
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2216:Produced water
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2208:
2203:
2198:
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2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2161:Combined sewer
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2138:
2133:
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2100:
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2062:External links
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2050:80 (1), 32–40.
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2005:
1978:
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1890:Water Research
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1802:Water Research
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274:Typical values
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188:trophic levels
163:North American
88:microorganisms
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2593:Vacuum sewer
2477:Sewer mining
2427:Ion exchange
2377:Chlorination
2299:Heavy metals
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2256:Urban runoff
2196:Ion exchange
2176:Fecal sludge
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2457:Septic tank
2417:Imhoff tank
2314:Temperature
2221:Return flow
2211:Papermaking
1896:: 350–359.
1692:3 September
1403:40 CFR
1175:antibiotics
833:Fluorescent
776:(typically
321:Henry's law
293:groundwater
170:limit test
2627:Categories
2548:Irrigation
2412:Filtration
2112:Wastewater
2068:BOD Doctor
1503:2014-09-16
1229:References
365:BOD bottle
199:wastewater
108:metabolism
82:Background
44:analytical
2382:Clarifier
2329:Turbidity
2181:Greywater
1930:0043-1354
1830:0043-1354
1743:2049-1948
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1273:Limnology
843:resazurin
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230:pollution
184:ecosystem
129:food webs
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1569:Bibcode
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120:enzymes
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