339:. Foucault's term refers to the intersection between power (political, economic, judicial etc.) and the individual's bodily autonomy. According to postcolonial theorists, present within the colonial setting are various mechanisms of power that consolidate the political authority of the colonizer; Biopolitics is thus the means by which a colonising force utilises political power to regulate and control the bodily autonomy of the colonized subject, who are oppressed and
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221:, primarily the study of the relationship between biology and political behavior. Most of these works agree on three fundamental aspects. First, the object of investigation is primarily political behavior, which—and this is the underlying assumption—is caused in a substantial way by objectively demonstrable biological factors. For example, the relationship of
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optimizing their health, productivity, and reproductive capacities in manners conducive to broader political and economic objectives. In its essence, biopolitics investigates how political power intersects with biological life, shaping the bodies, behaviors, and well-being of populations through diverse strategies and controls.
426:
Italian philosopher and legal theorist
Giorgio Agamben's theory of biopolitics critiques that of Foucault, citing his predecessor's supposition as overly simplistic and lacking legal framework. Agamben's biopolitics is based on a distinction between three types of life: natural life, political life,
394:
Foucault gave numerous examples of biopolitical control when he first mentioned the concept in 1976. These examples include "ratio of births to deaths, the rate of reproduction, the fertility of a population, and so on." He contrasted this method of social control with political power in the Middle
355:
applied a psychoanalytic frame to his theories of subjectivity, arguing that the subjectivity of the colonized is in constant dialogue with the oppressive political power of the colonizer, a mirroring of the
Oedipal father-son dynamic. While not using the term himself, Fanon's work has been cited as
39:
Foucault's thesis claims that contemporary power structures are increasingly preoccupied with the administration of life itself, rather than solely focusing on individual behaviors or actions. Accordingly, biopolitics entails the governance of populations as biological entities, with an emphasis on
390:
Foucault described biopolitics as "a new technology of power... exists at a different level, on a different scale, and has a different bearing area, and makes use of very different instruments." More than a disciplinary mechanism, Foucault's biopolitics acts as a control apparatus exerted over a
35:
This interdisciplinary field scrutinizes the mechanisms through which political authorities and institutions exercise control over populations which goes beyond conventional forms of governance. This encompasses areas such as the regulation of health, reproduction, sexuality, and other aspects of
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where certain groups within society - such as inmates -, are precluded from basic human rights (no trial, no political life- they are bare life). This darker side of biopolitics mediates the often violent exclusion of some forms of life from the more general population: rendering them less than
411:
of the population was coming to the fore through the concept of work, where
Foucault then argues power starts to become a target for this milieu by the 17th century. The development of vaccines and medicines dealing with public hygiene allowed death to be held (and/or withheld) from certain
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209:(Greek for "life") as the central theme in every human endeavor, be it policy, education, art, government, science or technology. This concept uses bios as a term referring to all forms of life on our planet, including their genetic and geographic variation.
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over both the physical and political bodies of a population. While only mentioned briefly in his "Society Must Be
Defended" lectures, the conceptualisation of biopolitics developed by Foucault has become prominent in social science and the humanities.
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biological existence. The governmental power of biopolitics is exerted through practices such as surveillance, healthcare policies, population control measures, gender-based laws, and the implementation of biometric identification systems.
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351:, analysed the means by which colonial powers rationalised their relationship with the colonized societies they inhabited through discursive means, and how these discourses continue to influence modern-day depictions of the Orient.
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population as a whole or, as
Foucault stated, "a global mass." In the years that followed, Foucault continued to develop his notions of the biopolitical in his "The Birth of Biopolitics" and "The Courage of Truth" lectures.
735:
John L. Pellam
Bibliotheque: Worldwide International Publishers (2011) "The Preeminent 500: 500 Exceptional Individuals of Achievement in Commerce Science & Technology, Medicine and the Arts & Letters" pg. 53.
82:. Kjellén used the term in the context of his aim to study "the civil war between social groups" (comprising the state) from a biological perspective, and thus named his putative discipline "biopolitics". In Kjellén's
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Liesen, Laurette T. and Walsh, Mary
Barbara, The Competing Meanings of 'Biopolitics' in Political Science: Biological and Post-Modern Approaches to Politics (2011). APSA 2011 Annual Meeting Paper
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Ages. Whereas in the Middle Ages pandemics made death a permanent and perpetual part of life, this was then shifted around the end of the 18th century with the introduction of
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John L. Pellam
Bibliotheque: Worldwide International Publishers "Encyclopedia Intelligentsia A Compendium of Great Thinkers and Bright Minds of the 21st Century", pg. 43.
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in the mid-20th century. At its core, biopolitics explores how governmental power operates through the management and regulation of a population's bodies and lives.
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and bare life- tracing the birth of biopolitics back to
Ancient Greece, opposing Foucault's focus on modernity. Ancient Greek philosophy details a separation of
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populations. This was the introduction of "more subtle, more rational mechanisms: insurance, individual and collective savings, safety measures, and so on."
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448:) in order to reproduce itself- applying biopolitics as a tool to maintain control. Agamben's idea of biopolitics ultimately culminates into a theory of
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group using the meaning assigned by
Foucault (denoting social and political power over life) and another group that uses it to denote studies relating
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UNESCO Eolss Publishers Co. Ltd, (2001) Our Fragile World: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Development Vol. 1, Pg. 1027.
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Schirato, T., Danaher, G., & Jen, W. E. B. B. (2012). Understanding Foucault: A critical introduction. Allen & Unwin. p. 90
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insurrection using life and the body as weapons; examples include flight from power and, "in its most tragic and revolting form",
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used the term to refer to his particular brand of "scientific racism," as he called it, which he worked out with noted antisemite
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Global Marshall Plan Foundation "Towards a World in Balance: A Virtual Congress for a Better Balanced World", pg. 169.
198:, conceptualized as the opposite of biopower, which is seen as the practice of sovereignty in biopolitical conditions.
167:, a behavioral geneticist. Most of his opponents label his model as antisemitic. Kuttner and Mullins were inspired by
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Contesting a biopolitics of information and communications: The importance of truth and sousveillance after Snowden
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Nayar, P. K. (2019). Fanon and Biopolitics. In Frantz Fanon and Emancipatory Social Theory (pp. 217-230). Brill.
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435:- a divine, spiritual life that is eternal and immortal. This distinction parallels the Ancient Roman law of
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first discussed his thoughts on biopolitics in his lecture series "Society Must Be Defended" given at the
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Lemke, T., Casper, M. J., & Moore, L. J. (2011). Biopolitics: an advanced introduction. NYU Press.
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Michel Foucault (2007) Security, Territory, Population 1977-1978 pp. 311-332 pp. 333-361 pp. 378-380
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using it in a 1934 speech to refer to their concept of nation and state based on racial supremacy.
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Evolutionary Approaches In The Behavioral Sciences: Toward A Better Understanding of Human Nature
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from 1975 to 1976. Foucault's concept of biopolitics is largely derived from his own notion of
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Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future
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Agamben theorises that sovereign power (the state) needs to perpetually produce bare life (
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Political administration and regulation of the life of species and a locality's populations
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205:, biopolitics is a conceptual and operative framework for societal development, promoting
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a major development in the conceptualisation of biopolitics in the colonial setting.
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Science for Segregation: Race, Law, and the Case against Brown v. Board of Education
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On the Greek Origins of Biopolitics: A Reinterpretation of the History of Biopower.
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Biology and Political Behavior: The Brain, Genes and Politics - the Cutting Edge
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Biology and Political Behavior: The Brain, Genes and Politics - The Cutting Edge
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Biopolitics and the Mainstream: Contributions of Biology to Political Science
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I, Pierre Riviere, Having Slaughtered My Mother, My Sister and My Brother
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One usage concerns the interplay and interdisciplinary studies relating
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Giorgio Agamben § Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (1998)
303: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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that reflects and or advocates various positions towards regarding the
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Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-1976
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Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-1976
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Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-1976
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1023:(1918) The New Freedom pp.45-48 Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall
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in: Surveillance & Society (volume 13, number 2; pages 153–167).
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was a quasi-biological organism, a "super-individual creature." The
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1161:(1998 ed.). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
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Security, Territory, Population Lectures At The College de France
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Biopolitics is a concept popularized by the French philosopher
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261:
A less common one sometimes surfaces in the green politics of
117:. In the work of Foucault, biopolitics refers to the style of
596:"Rudolf Kjellén: Nordic biopolitics before the welfare state"
1548:
Aesthetics, Method, Epistemology (Essential Works Volume 2)
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91:
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Previous notions of the concept can be traced back to the
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Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth (Essential Works Volume 1)
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Meloni, Maurizio (2010). "Biopolitics for Philosophers".
335:, has proven to be a substantive concept in the field of
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is "a loose association of cell and protozoa colonies".
94:
also subsequently used the term in the context of their
1107:
Snoek, Anke (2010). "Agamben's Foucault: An overview".
1071:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 55–86, 20, 27 (Note 37).
978:
Fanon, F. (2008). Black skin, white masks. Grove press.
109:
studies, usage of the term is mostly divided between a
1283:
Apparatus, Capture, Trace: Photography and Biopolitics
1086:. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. pp. 243–244.
431:- meaning physical life, or the life of the body, and
403:. Foucault then gives different contrasts to the then
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dedicated to Roberts and reprinted some of his works.
523:
Foucault, Michel (1999). Carrette, Jeremy R. (ed.).
870:"Ernst Haeckel: the art of evolution – in pictures"
677:
548:
546:
544:
1205:Ancient eugenics, the Arnold prize essay for 1913
1176:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.
1046:. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. p. 243.
835:
707:Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire
557:. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. p. 242.
74:, a political scientist who also coined the term
1920:
541:
489:
969:Said, E. W. (1979). Orientalism. Vintage. p.113
331:Biopolitics, read as a variation of Foucault's
1264:Editors Steven A. Peterson Albert Somit (2001)
1257:Editors Albert Somit Steven A. Peterson (1999)
1250:Editors Albert Somit Steven A. Peterson (1998)
1243:Editors Albert Somit Steven A. Peterson (1997)
1236:Editors Albert Somit Steven A. Peterson (1996)
1229:Editors Steven A. Peterson Albert Somit (1995)
1215:Glendon A Schubert. Editor Albert Somit (1991)
485:
483:
441:- he who could be killed but not sacrificed.
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1255:Ethnic Conflicts Explained By Ethnic Nepotism
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1439:Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France
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1241:Recent Explorations in Biology and Politics
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1159:Homo Sacer. Sovereign Power and Bare Life
848:. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 232.
842:Albert Somit; Steven A. Peterson (2011).
778:
319:Learn how and when to remove this message
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704:Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri (2005).
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370:French philosopher and social theorist
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1213:Sexual Politics and Political Feminism
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1944:Power (social and political) concepts
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818:Biopolitics: An Advanced Introduction
678:John P. Jackson Jr. (1 August 2005).
650:
633:Biopolitics: An Advanced Introduction
525:Religion and culture: Michel Foucault
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1288:Verde Garrido, Miguelángel. (2015).
576:
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499:. U of Minnesota Press. p. 16.
467:
465:
301:adding citations to reliable sources
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225:, but also biological correlates of
190:, biopolitics is framed in terms of
1425:Introduction to Kant's Anthropology
1325:
1267:Research In Biopolitics: Volume 9:
1260:Research In Biopolitics: Volume 8:
1253:Research In Biopolitics: Volume 7:
1246:Research In Biopolitics: Volume 6:
1239:Research in Biopolitics: Volume 5:
1232:Research in Biopolitics: Volume 4:
1225:Research in Biopolitics: Volume 3:
1218:Research in Biopolitics: Volume 2:
1211:Research in Biopolitics: Volume 1:
159:, with whom Kuttner co-founded the
13:
1453:Language, Counter-Memory, Practice
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415:
359:
177:Biopolitics of Organic Materialism
14:
1955:
1803:Cogito and the History of Madness
1620:The Government of Self and Others
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571:
513:
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223:biology and political orientation
163:in the late 1950s, and also with
129:" (the application and impact of
1564:Power (Essential Works Volume 3)
496:Bios: Biopolitics and Philosophy
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147:argued that a correct model for
1644:On the Government of the Living
1604:Security, Territory, Population
1580:The Hermeneutics of the Subject
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582:Security, Territory, Population
288:needs additional citations for
1823:The Passion of Michel Foucault
1809:Foucauldian discourse analysis
587:
250:Another common usage is per a
171:, who was in turn inspired by
78:, in his 1905 two-volume work
66:was coined and used. The term
1:
1508:Politics, Philosophy, Culture
1342:Mental Illness and Psychology
821:. NYU Press. pp. 16–17.
788:Biology and Political Science
684:. NYU Press. pp. 63–64.
219:biology and political science
115:biology and political science
1776:Power (social and political)
1636:Lectures on the Will to Know
1386:The Archaeology of Knowledge
1271:; Editor Albert Somit (2011)
1144:10.1080/03085147.2010.510684
1001:. Picador. pp. 242–243.
636:. NYU Press. pp. 9–10.
241:'s famous proposition that "
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10:
1960:
1660:Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling
1222:Editor Albert Somit (1994)
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244:olitics is applied biology
20:
1875:
1794:
1678:
1412:
1333:
1281:Steinmann, Kate. (2011).
1248:Sociobiology and Politics
1227:Human Nature and Politics
1172:Agamben, Giorgio (2004).
1157:Agamben, Giorgio (1942).
1082:Foucault, Michel (1997).
1067:Michel, Foucault (2007).
1042:Foucault, Michel (1997).
997:Michel, Foucault (2003).
594:Gunneflo, Markus (2015).
553:Foucault, Michel (1997).
472:Michel, Foucault (1975).
161:Institute for Biopolitics
1888:Foucault–Habermas debate
1716:Disciplinary institution
1612:The Birth of Biopolitics
1532:Society Must Be Defended
1485:Le DĂ©sordre des familles
1402:The History of Sexuality
1350:Madness and Civilization
999:Society Must Be Defended
527:. Taylor & Francis.
476:. pp. 241–244, 252.
474:Society Must Be Defended
456:
450:'The State of Exception'
203:Agni Vlavianos Arvanitis
133:on all aspects of human
21:Not to be confused with
1893:Chomsky–Foucault debate
1668:On the Punitive Society
1365:Death and the Labyrinth
1358:The Birth of the Clinic
1234:Research in Biopolitics
382:, and the extension of
269:In the colonial setting
201:According to Professor
1652:Subjectivity and Truth
1588:The Essential Foucault
1501:What Is Enlightenment?
1285:in: Fillip. Fall 2011.
1117:10.22439/fs.v0i10.3123
902:Hughes, James (2004).
44:Notions of biopolitics
1524:The Politics of Truth
1394:Discipline and Punish
785:Robert Blank (2001).
1711:Cultural imperialism
1706:Carceral archipelago
1628:The Courage of Truth
932:"Fusion Biopolitics"
791:. Psychology Press.
337:postcolonial studies
297:improve this article
62:, in which the term
1493:The Foucault Reader
1372:The Order of Things
1132:Economy and Society
930:(31 January 2002).
876:. 1 November 2017.
401:biological sciences
143:, in his 1938 book
105:In contemporary US
1736:Ecogovernmentality
1726:Discourse analysis
1433:What Is an Author?
1379:This Is Not a Pipe
1174:State of Exception
906:. Westview Press.
710:. Hamish Hamilton.
252:political spectrum
213:Alternative usages
70:was first used by
1916:
1915:
1596:Psychiatric Power
1413:Essays, lectures,
1208:Oxford: Blackwell
855:978-0-85724-580-9
828:978-0-8147-5241-8
798:978-0-415-20436-1
758:978-1-882292-39-4
691:978-0-8147-4382-9
643:978-0-8147-5241-8
580:Michel Foucault:
506:978-0-8166-4989-1
409:industrialisation
405:physical sciences
376:Collège de France
329:
328:
321:
196:suicide terrorism
153:Robert E. Kuttner
111:poststructuralist
107:political science
54:John of Salisbury
1951:
1876:Related articles
1866:Foucault in Iran
1855:Claude Raffestin
1766:Limit-experience
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1751:Governmentality
1691:Author function
1686:Anti-psychiatry
1674:
1572:Fearless Speech
1477:Remarks on Marx
1469:Power/Knowledge
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1327:Michel Foucault
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1190:Ojakangas, Mika
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1184:Further reading
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231:voting behavior
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192:anti-capitalist
182:In the work of
157:Eustace Mullins
131:political power
121:that regulates
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30:Michel Foucault
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239:Ernst Haeckel
237:.) Note here
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1845:James Miller
1840:Thomas Lemke
1835:Gary Gutting
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940:the original
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874:the Guardian
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295:Please help
290:verification
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258:revolution.
249:
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235:sociobiology
233:. (See also
227:partisanship
216:
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173:Arthur Keith
145:Bio-politics
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64:body politic
59:Policraticus
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1929:Biopolitics
1805:" (Derrida)
1786:Sapere aude
1756:Heterotopia
1696:Biopolitics
1417:anthologies
1405:(1976–2018)
384:state power
353:Franz Fanon
349:Orientalism
345:Edward Said
123:populations
100:Hans Reiter
76:geopolitics
68:biopolitics
50:Middle Ages
1923:Categories
1731:Dispositif
1093:0312422660
1053:0312422660
936:The Nation
564:0312422660
446:homo sacer
438:homo sacer
364:See also:
119:government
86:view, the
84:organicist
23:Biocontrol
1934:Bioethics
1818:(Deleuze)
1795:Influence
1771:Parrhesia
1746:Genealogy
1196:Routledge
1111:: 44-67.
882:0261-3077
742:779830043
614:0105-1121
399:into the
341:subaltern
309:June 2023
125:through "
1826:(Miller)
1815:Foucault
1741:Episteme
1701:Biopower
1679:Concepts
1556:Abnormal
1503:" (1984)
1435:" (1969)
1202:(1913).
1192:(2016).
946:16 March
815:(2011).
630:(2011).
493:(2008).
380:biopower
366:Biopower
333:Biopower
127:biopower
56:'s work
667:1902949
601:Retfærd
453:human.
256:biotech
98:, with
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1334:Books
887:8 May
608:(3).
457:Notes
92:Nazis
88:state
1088:ISBN
1048:ISBN
948:2008
908:ISBN
889:2024
878:ISSN
850:ISBN
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738:OCLC
721:ISBN
686:ISBN
663:SSRN
638:ISBN
610:ISSN
559:ISBN
529:ISBN
501:ISBN
429:bios
229:and
207:bios
186:and
135:life
1140:doi
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433:zoe
299:by
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52:in
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