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46:
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898:. On 14 May, Charles issued a proclamation that the Scottish army would be destroyed if it moved to within ten miles of the border. Thus, on 3 June, when he received word that the Scots had advanced to Kelso, well within the limit, he sent a small force to investigate. Encountering Scottish units there, the English suspected they were outnumbered and retreated back across the border without a shot being fired. The Scots now felt confident to ignore the 10 mile declaration and on 5 June advanced as far as to
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Charles decided to re-assert his authority by force, using his own financial resources and thus avoiding the need to recall
Parliament to obtain tax funding. An English army of 20,000 would advance on Edinburgh from the south, while an amphibious force of 5,000 under the Marquis of Hamilton landed on
834:
in particular would be the heartland of
Royalist and Episcopalian resistance for the next 60 years. Recognising this, the Covenanter government ordered Montrose to occupy Aberdeen which fell bloodlessly on 30 March. In the following weeks, the town changed hands several times, and on 13 May, the
551:
The vast majority of Scots, whether
Covenanter or Royalist believed a "well-ordered" monarchy was divinely mandated; they disagreed on what "well-ordered" meant, and who held ultimate authority in clerical affairs. In general, Royalists viewed the monarch as head of both church and state, while
976:
before they would approve subsidies. After three weeks of stalemate, Charles dissolved
Parliament; he would have to rely on his own resources to fund the war. Meanwhile, in January 1640 the Covenanter leaders mustered their regiments, and to secure their rear, occupied Aberdeen, centre of the
855:
The First
Bishops' War was unpopular in England, and labelled "King Charles's northern follies" by many within the English media and political class. Since only Parliament could approve taxes, Charles tried to fund the war using forced "loans", impressments, and billeting. This resulted in
872:, exposing him to accusations of using foreign Catholics against his own subjects. Though both sides included large numbers of professional soldiers who had served in the European wars, the senior English commands went to Charles' favourites, who were largely inexperienced.
941:, tried to suspend it, his action was declared illegal and Parliament continued to sit. A series of acts were passed which amounted to a constitutional revolution, including Tri-annual Parliaments, and making the Covenant compulsory for all holders of public office.
856:
widespread anti-war sentiment among the civilian population from which his army was recruited, with several instances of men attacking their own officers. Internal conflict was enhanced by
Covenanter propaganda, and meant many English politicians opposed the war.
1201:
was driven by concern over the implications for
Scotland if Parliament were defeated; like Charles, the Covenanters sought political power through the creation of a unified church of Scotland and England, only one that was Presbyterian, rather than Episcopalian.
661:
backed the
Covenant. Charles agreed to defer discussion of the new canons to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, but at the same time told his supporters that he had no intention of making concessions. As a consequence, when the Assembly gathered in
646:
now argue her action was not spontaneous, but one in a series of planned and co-ordinated opposition to the Prayer book, the origin of which was as much political as religious. These culminated in
February 1638, when delegates from across Scotland agreed a
1088:, poorly-equipped, unpaid, and unenthusiastic about the war. On the march north, lack of supplies meant they looted the areas they passed through, creating widespread disorder; several units murdered officers suspected of being Catholics, then deserted.
1188:
was arguably more significant in the struggle that led to war in August 1642. Both he and
Parliament agreed on the need to suppress the revolt but neither trusted the other with control of the army raised to do so, and it was this tension that was the
552:
Covenanters held this applied only to secular matters, and "Chryst Jesus ... was King of the Kirk". However, there were many other factors, including nationalist allegiance to the Kirk, and individual motives were very complex;
539:
now imply differences in both structure and doctrine, this was not the case in the 17th century. Despite shared Protestant beliefs, Episcopalian churches were governed by bishops, usually appointed by the monarch, Presbyterian by
868:. The vast majority were untrained conscripts from the northern trained bands or militia, many armed only with bows and arrows. Charles unsuccessfully tried to compensate for this by recruiting foreign mercenaries from the
960:
for funds; in March, they approved an army of 9,000 to suppress the Covenanters, despite violent opposition from their co-religionists in Ulster. This is an example of how the Bishops Wars destabilised all three kingdoms.
1125:. One suggestion is he did not trust his ill-disciplined and mutinous troops, but morale in the rest of the army now collapsed, forcing Charles to make peace. The only other significant action of the war was the siege of
1205:
However, success in the Bishops Wars meant they overestimated their military capacity and ability to enforce this objective. Unlike Scotland, Presbyterians were a minority within the Church of England, while religious
1153:
until peace terms had been finalised. Many believed this arrangement was secretly agreed between the Parliamentary opposition and the Scots, since it allowed them to maintain pressure on London by controlling the
1083:
The Scottish army was again led by Leslie and consisted of around 20,000 well-equipped men, and possessed vastly superior artillery compared to its opponents. The English troops consisted largely of militia from
435:
from the church, turning a religious dispute into a struggle for political supremacy. The new Covenanter government raised an army to prevent Charles using force to restore his authority.
1072:
in the Scottish Highlands. A force of 5,000 conducted this campaign with great brutality, burning and looting across a large area, one of the most infamous acts being the destruction of
574:
succeeded as king of England in 1603, he viewed a unified Church of Scotland and England as the first step in creating a centralised, Unionist state. This policy was adopted by his son,
937:
The Kirk's General Assembly met again in August 1639 and confirmed the decisions taken at Glasgow, which were then ratified by the Scottish Parliament. When Charles' representative,
312:
630:
A general perception Protestant Europe was under attack meant increased sensitivity to changes in church practice; in 1636, a new Book of Canons replaced John Knox's
801:
818:, preventing any prospect of an Irish landing. Likewise, Hamilton's amphibious force was unable to disembark after finding the Forth estuary stoutly defended.
2504:
305:
469:, the Covenanters continued the occupation pending a final settlement, during which Charles agreed to pay their expenses. This required him to recall the
442:
began in early 1639, when minor skirmishing between the two sides took place in north-east Scotland. In June, English and Scottish armies assembled near
3646:
1222:, belonged to Independent congregations; by 1646, the Scots and their English allies viewed them as a greater threat than Charles. Defeat in the 1648
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in December it rejected the changes, expelled bishops from the Kirk, and affirmed its right to meet annually, not just when granted permission. The
988:
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2697:
298:
1051:
545:
1133:, who had previously served with Leslie in the Swedish army. Blockaded since the end of May, starvation forced him to surrender in September.
2986:
2769:
1197:. Victory confirmed Covenanter control of government and the Kirk, and Scottish policy now focused on securing these achievements. The 1643
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In June, the Scottish Parliament met in Edinburgh, and granted Argyll a commission of 'fire and sword' against the Royalist areas of
242:
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By the end of March, this complex plan had begun to unravel: the Covenanters had secured likely west coast landing places, notably
2624:
1929:
949:
930:
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212:
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where one Royalist soldier became the first casualty of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Buoyed by this victory, Royalists under
681:
3115:
2752:
1080:, preventing Strafford's Irish army from landing in Scotland and so enabling them to focus on the threatened English invasion.
553:
254:
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2722:
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2434:
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and Hamilton promoted to a Duke after hostilities had ended. Strafford was made an Earl between the 1st and 2nd Bishops' Wars
797:
786:
188:
2330:
The church of Christ : a treatise on the nature, powers, ordinances, discipline, and government of the Christian church
667:
164:
3676:
3253:
2789:
2774:
2706:
2690:
2614:
2490:
887:
879:
230:
45:
2094:
3340:
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2583:
2453:
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The church of Christ: a treatise on the nature, powers, ordinances, discipline, and government of the Christian church
1121:; they still had to take Newcastle, but to Leslie's surprise, when they arrived on 30 August, Conway had withdrawn to
926:
3026:
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176:
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was a Covenanter in 1639 and 1640 before becoming a Royalist, and switching sides was common throughout the period.
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1214:, who claimed he would fight rather than agree to such an outcome. Many of the political radicals known as the
1155:
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to Covenanters under Montrose on 19 June. This was the only significant engagement of the First Bishops' War.
3335:
3046:
1158:
from Newcastle, while only Parliament could levy the taxes needed to pay the occupation costs. The so-called
918:. However, both sides viewed this as a truce, and continued preparations for another military confrontation.
454:, which Charles hoped would reverse their earlier decisions. Instead, they were re-confirmed, leading to the
634:
and excommunicated anyone who denied the King's supremacy in church matters. When followed in 1637 by a new
595:
remained widespread, despite the fact it was restricted to parts of the Scottish aristocracy and the remote
3541:
3310:
3297:
3110:
3011:
2972:
2727:
2324:
1853:
548:. This meant arguments over bishops were as much about politics and royal authority as religious practice.
811:
On 21 March 1639, the Covenanters occupied Edinburgh Castle, marking the start of the First Bishops' War.
3651:
3370:
3365:
3265:
3213:
3083:
1210:
opposed any state church, let alone one dictated by the Scots. One of their most prominent opponents was
910:
Neither side was anxious to fight and opened negotiations on 11 June, concluding with the signing of the
638:, the result was anger and widespread rioting, said to have been set off with the throwing of a stool by
477:
ended the Bishops' Wars, political differences between Charles and Parliament led to the outbreak of the
1098:, the usual starting point for invading England. On 17 August, cavalry units under Montrose crossed the
3661:
3656:
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3360:
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2513:
2390:
A Relation of Proceedings Concerning the Affairs of the Kirk of Scotland: From August 1637 to July 1638
1299:
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385:
322:
37:
20:
1320:
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that assembled in November 1640 asserted its power by executing Strafford in May 1641. By August, the
3641:
3636:
3240:
3223:
2953:
2640:
844:
658:
578:, but the two were very different in doctrine; many in both Scotland and England considered Charles'
2408:
Diary of Sir Archibald Johnston, Lord Wariston; The Preservation of the Honours of Scotland, 1651–52
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3438:
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2551:
2535:
1235:
1194:
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826:
Support for the Covenant was widespread in Scottish society, but less so in north-east Scotland.
501:
478:
474:
389:
344:
3571:
3559:
3511:
3448:
3208:
3180:
3095:
2948:
2875:
2543:
2220:"Covenanter Propaganda and Conceptualizations of the Public during the Bishops Wars, 1638–1640"
1207:
953:
915:
899:
670:, Charles' chief advisor on Scottish affairs, now advised him there was no alternative to war.
451:
397:
340:
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3521:
3516:
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2938:
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resulted in Charles I's execution, while a failed invasion of England intended to restore
8:
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in Angus. As they had done in the First Bishops' War, the Covenanter forces also seized
3603:
3463:
3443:
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3132:
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2005:
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1920:
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207:
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147:
111:
106:
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His advisors convinced Charles the only way to finance a second war was to recall the
3566:
3276:
2779:
2468:
2449:
2430:
2411:
2371:
2352:
2340:
Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Charles I : 1625–1626
2310:
2283:
2264:
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2204:
2185:
2172:
2137:
2118:
2079:
2060:
2041:
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1945:
1905:
1888:
1662:
1118:
1102:, followed by the rest of Leslie's army. The Scots bypassed the town, and headed for
648:
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420:
51:
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on 19 June. This referred all disputed questions either to the General Assembly, or
3549:
3501:
3453:
3325:
3320:
3165:
3155:
2943:
2912:
2845:
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2057:
The Autobiography and Diary of Mr. James Melville, with a Continuation of the Diary
1997:
1968:
1880:
1145:
negotiated in October 1640, the Scots were paid £850 per day and allowed to occupy
1126:
1085:
1077:
965:
815:
608:
1176:, leader of the English Parliamentary opposition; defeat forced Charles to recall
3413:
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3175:
3160:
2890:
2850:
1211:
1177:
1159:
1142:
1122:
843:
were able to retake Aberdeen then lead a force south where they lost the ensuing
643:
466:
473:
to raise money for this purpose and ratify the treaty. Although the August 1641
3403:
3305:
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891:
612:
604:
571:
412:
2235:
1184:
While defeat forced Charles to call a Parliament he could not get rid of, the
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1892:
1150:
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The English faced a Scottish force of 16,500 led by the experienced veteran
290:
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2835:
2001:
808:, where he would join forces with the MacDonalds and other Royalist clans.
639:
535:
518:
494:
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3287:
3100:
1099:
864:
In May, an English army of around 15,000 assembled at the border town of
559:
424:
123:
2251:
2219:
599:. Scots volunteers and mercenaries fought on the Protestant side in the
3593:
3170:
2928:
2009:
1980:
1166:
was signed and the Scottish army finally evacuated Northern England.
1114:
973:
948:, and in December 1639, he issued writs for the first time since 1629.
831:
796:
the east coast, where it would link up with Royalist troops led by the
620:
579:
541:
2964:
1868:
19:
For the religious conflict in the Holy Roman Empire in 1592–1604, see
2151:
Stephen, Jeffrey (2010). "Scottish Nationalism and Stuart Unionism".
1458:
1215:
522:
2349:
An Uncounselled King: Charles I and the Scottish Troubles, 1637–1641
1972:
1902:
The Bishops' Wars: Charles I's Campaigns against Scotland, 1638–1640
3282:
2164:
1988:
Kishlansky, Mark (2005). "Charles I: A Case of Mistaken Identity".
1173:
1065:
1061:
969:
616:
583:
526:
381:
75:
3598:
3142:
1446:
1422:
1069:
663:
79:
603:, while Scotland had close economic and cultural links with the
2427:
Charles I and the Making of the Covenanting Movement, 1625–1641
1107:
591:
432:
2038:
The Jacobean Kirk, 1567–1625: Sovereignty, Polity and Liturgy
1094:, the English commander in the north, focused on reinforcing
875:
1959:
Kaplan, Lawrence (1979). "Charles I's Flight to the Scots".
372:
were two separate conflicts fought in 1639 and 1640 between
1543:
1541:
1539:
1434:
1169:
509:
1961:
Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies
1614:
1410:
1386:
2368:
The road to revolution: Scotland under Charles I, 1625–37
1783:
1747:
1675:
1577:
1398:
642:
during a service in St. Giles Cathedral. Historians like
2182:
Scottish Revolution, 1637–44: Triumph of the Covenanters
1831:
1771:
1699:
1626:
1536:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1374:
465:, occupied parts of northern England. Under the interim
2705:
1819:
1362:
933:, and organiser of the King's forces for the Second War
619:
universities, the majority of which were suppressed by
419:. Strongly opposed by many Scots, this led to the 1638
1565:
1524:
1350:
1338:
1326:
615:. In addition, many Scots had been educated in French
16:
British wars 1639–1640 concerning religion in Scotland
1807:
1795:
1687:
1482:
1470:
2017:
Mackie, JD; Lenman, Bruce; Parker, Geoffrey (1986).
1928:(PhD). U.S. Army Command and General Staff College.
1759:
1735:
1723:
1711:
964:
Charles hoped this would provide an example for the
651:, pledging resistance to liturgical "innovations".
2134:
Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660
1638:
1512:
2016:
1942:Rebellion: Britain's First Stuart Kings, 1567–1642
1464:
1452:
1428:
1234:was followed by Scotland's incorporation into the
1113:On 28 August, the Scots forced a passage over the
2342:. Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts.
2055:Melville, James (2015) . Pitcairn, Robert (ed.).
972:, Parliament demanded he address grievances like
3628:
1661:(Reprint ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
450:. Its terms included a new General Assembly and
2446:Robert Baillie and the Second Scots Reformation
1597:"127 Cooper v Billops | British History Online"
835:Royalists won a small victory at the so-called
446:, but withdrew without fighting, following the
415:, imposed changes in religious practice on the
2512:
821:
2980:
2691:
2498:
1553:
790:Key locations of The First Bishops' War, 1639
320:
306:
2465:The Fall of the British Monarchies 1637–1642
968:, which assembled in April; however, led by
461:The Scots invaded, and after victory at the
2399:History of Scots Affairs, from 1637 to 1641
1300:"Cogadh Sìobhalta Shasainn - Ath-shealladh"
384:. They were the first of the 1639 to 1653
2987:
2973:
2698:
2684:
2505:
2491:
2323:
2307:The Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie
1987:
1852:
1440:
1316:
429:General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
353:Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
313:
299:
3647:17th-century military history of Scotland
2217:
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1620:
1416:
905:
859:
2424:
2405:
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2054:
2035:
1656:
1380:
1344:
1168:
925:
874:
582:to the Church of England as essentially
558:
488:
2994:
2462:
2309:(2019 ed.). Hardpress Publishing.
2198:
2150:
1918:
1632:
1547:
1507:Edinburgh Castle Under Siege, 1639–1745
1368:
950:Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford
931:Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford
850:
493:Riots over the Prayer book, set off by
3629:
2396:
2384:
2346:
2333:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: T. T. Clark.
2304:
2261:The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy
2258:
2073:
1958:
1939:
1899:
1866:
1862:. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: T. T. Clark.
1813:
1801:
1789:
1753:
1693:
1681:
1583:
1493:
1476:
1404:
1392:
1356:
1332:
980:
2968:
2679:
2486:
2443:
2337:
2131:
1837:
1777:
1765:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1644:
1571:
1530:
1518:
1255:
1253:
1251:
744:
673:
294:
2112:
1825:
2708:Scotland in the early modern period
2365:
1110:, and a valuable bargaining point.
804:would invade western Scotland from
423:, whose supporters became known as
13:
2448:. University of California Press.
1935:from the original on 9 March 2014.
1248:
800:. Lastly, an Irish army under the
14:
3688:
2092:
1559:
1238:, a union made on English terms.
1129:, held by the Royalist commander
1037:
730:
716:
563:Covenanter political leader, the
413:king of both Scotland and England
54:in Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh
2370:. University of Illinois Press.
2280:Britain in revolution: 1625–1660
1922:Civil Wars in Britain; 1640–1646
1659:Britain in revolution: 1625–1660
1509:. National Museums of Scotland
1465:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1986
1453:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1986
1429:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1986
1106:, centre of the coal trade with
1036:
1022:
1008:
994:
987:
771:
757:
743:
729:
715:
701:
688:
687:
680:
248:
236:
224:
206:
194:
182:
170:
158:
146:
139:
117:
105:
44:
2297:
1650:
1589:
1499:
1009:
995:
952:, his most capable advisor and
882:; Covenanter military commander
772:
702:
357:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
2584:Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)
2351:. Cambridge University Press.
1904:. Cambridge University Press.
1292:
1266:
1232:Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)
1023:
589:This mattered because fear of
1:
2663:Franco-Spanish War, 1635–1659
2410:(2017 ed.). Hansebooks.
1286:
657:and six other members of the
484:
3121:Colonization of the Americas
2856:Seventeenth-century religion
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2406:Johnston, Archibald (1841).
2401:(2012 ed.). Ulan Press.
2203:. Amberley. pp. 74–79.
2095:"Scottish National Covenant"
1873:Huntington Library Quarterly
1869:"The Blindness of Charles I"
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758:
508:, informally referred to as
66:21 March 1639–September 1640
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2908:Union with England Act 1707
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2425:Macinnes, Allan I. (2003).
1919:Gericke, Bradley T (2001).
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3677:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
3116:Economy in the Middle Ages
3077:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
2866:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
2514:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
2180:Stevenson, David (2003) .
2153:Journal of British Studies
1846:
1199:Solemn League and Covenant
1055:The Newburn campaign, 1640
890:, who had served with the
386:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
38:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
18:
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3429:
3394:
3351:
3296:
3219:Convention of the Estates
3189:
3141:
3002:
2921:
2823:
2715:
2641:European Wars of Religion
2633:
2592:
2520:
2338:Bruce, John, ed. (1858).
2278:Woolrych, Austin (2009).
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2218:Waureghen, Sarah (2009).
1657:Woolrych, Austin (2009).
1601:www.british-history.ac.uk
1277:Cogaidhean nan Easbaigean
845:Battle of the Brig of Dee
609:fighting for independence
394:Second English Civil Wars
388:, which also include the
332:
276:
263:
129:
98:
58:
43:
35:
30:
2568:Second English Civil War
2536:Irish Catholic Rebellion
2463:Russell, Conrad (1995).
2199:Thomson, Oliver (2018).
2074:Pearce, Dominic (2015).
1224:Second English Civil War
448:Treaty of Berwick (1639)
380:, supported by Scottish
349:Second English Civil War
3672:Wars involving Scotland
2552:First English Civil War
2305:Ballie, Robert (1841).
2259:Wilson, Peter (2012) .
2184:. David & Charles.
2159:(1, Scottish Special).
2132:Royle, Trevor (2006) .
2115:The Leveller Revolution
2036:McDonald, Alan (1998).
1259:Leslie was ennobled as
1195:First English Civil War
1186:Irish Rebellion of 1641
912:Pacification of Berwick
502:Reformation in Scotland
479:First English Civil War
400:, and the 1650 to 1652
345:First English Civil War
21:Strasbourg Bishops' War
3667:Wars involving England
3572:Court of the Lord Lyon
2544:Irish Confederate Wars
2397:Gordon, James (1841).
2347:Donald, Peter (2004).
2282:. Oxford Univ. Press.
2224:The Historical Journal
1867:Cressy, David (2015).
1276:
1181:
954:Lord Deputy of Ireland
934:
916:Parliament of Scotland
906:Negotiations and truce
883:
860:Standoff at the border
659:Scottish Privy Council
655:The Marquess of Argyll
567:
497:
398:Irish Confederate Wars
341:Irish Confederate Wars
130:Commanders and leaders
3209:Estates of Parliament
2576:Irish Cromwellian War
2528:Scottish Bishops' War
2366:Lee, Maurice (1985).
2019:A History of Scotland
1900:Fissel, Mark (1994).
1885:10.1353/hlq.2015.0031
1172:
977:Royalist north-east.
958:Parliament of Ireland
929:
878:
636:Book of Common Prayer
562:
492:
471:Parliament of England
277:Casualties and losses
3316:Early modern warfare
3047:Wars of Independence
2021:. Hippocrene Books.
2002:10.1093/pastj/gti027
1940:Harris, Tim (2014).
1395:, pp. 269, 278.
1052:class=notpageimage|
851:Reception of the war
787:class=notpageimage|
546:ministers and elders
255:Marquess of Montrose
165:Marquess of Hamilton
124:Scottish Covenanters
3106:Glorious Revolution
3067:Union of the Crowns
3042:Davidian Revolution
2996:Kingdom of Scotland
2886:Massacre of Glencoe
2881:Glorious Revolution
2467:. Clarendon Press.
2113:Rees, John (2016).
1840:, pp. 609–611.
1828:, pp. 118–119.
1792:, pp. 347–348.
1780:, pp. 127–128.
1756:, pp. 345–346.
1708:, pp. 107–108.
1684:, pp. 145–147.
1586:, pp. 637–656.
1467:, pp. 205–206.
1407:, pp. 787–778.
1131:Sir Patrick Ruthven
1104:Newcastle-upon-Tyne
981:Second Bishops' War
870:Spanish Netherlands
668:Marquis of Hamilton
456:Second Bishops' War
452:Scottish Parliament
3652:Church of Scotland
3609:Saint Andrew's Day
3579:Royal coat of arms
3444:Church of Scotland
3271:Secretary of State
3261:Acts of Parliament
3133:Union with England
2560:Scottish Civil War
1218:, and much of the
1182:
1096:Berwick-upon-Tweed
946:English Parliament
935:
884:
866:Berwick-upon-Tweed
798:Marquess of Huntly
674:First Bishops' War
632:Book of Discipline
568:
565:Marquess of Argyll
529:. While the terms
521:in structure, and
506:Church of Scotland
498:
444:Berwick-upon-Tweed
440:First Bishops' War
417:Church of Scotland
402:Anglo-Scottish War
243:Marquess of Argyll
189:Marquess of Huntly
90:Covenanter victory
3662:Conflicts in 1640
3657:Conflicts in 1639
3624:
3623:
3527:Scottish baronial
3336:Lord High Admiral
3277:Regiam Majestatem
3027:Early Middle Ages
2962:
2961:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2658:Thirty Years' War
2653:
2646:Eighty Years' War
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2474:978-0-19-820588-3
2436:978-1-904607-03-8
2377:978-0-252-01136-8
2358:978-0-521-52007-2
2289:978-0-19-927268-6
2263:. Belknap Press.
2143:978-0-349-11564-1
2085:978-1-4456-4555-1
1668:978-0-19-927268-6
1635:, pp. 56–57.
1623:, pp. 63–86.
1574:, pp. 89–94.
1550:, pp. 74–79.
1533:, pp. 89–90.
1443:, pp. 43–50.
1419:, pp. 45–46.
1383:, pp. 75–76.
1371:, pp. 55–58.
1359:, pp. 53–54.
1335:, pp. 39–41.
1261:1st Earl of Leven
1119:Battle of Newburn
896:Thirty Years' War
649:National Covenant
601:Thirty Years' War
463:Battle of Newburn
421:National Covenant
365:
364:
289:
288:
213:Earl of Strafford
94:
93:
52:National Covenant
3684:
3642:1640 in Scotland
3637:1639 in Scotland
3326:Royal Scots Navy
3321:Royal Scots Army
3311:Medieval warfare
3111:Maritime history
3052:Late Middle Ages
3037:Late Middle Ages
3032:High Middle Ages
2989:
2982:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2913:Jacobite risings
2846:Marian civil war
2709:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2661:
2649:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2459:
2440:
2421:
2402:
2393:
2381:
2362:
2343:
2334:
2325:Bannerman, James
2320:
2293:
2274:
2255:
2214:
2195:
2176:
2147:
2128:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2089:
2070:
2059:. Arkose Press.
2051:
2032:
2013:
1990:Past and Present
1984:
1955:
1936:
1934:
1927:
1915:
1896:
1863:
1854:Bannerman, James
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1296:
1280:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1180:in November 1640
1164:Treaty of London
1127:Edinburgh Castle
1086:Southern England
1078:Dumbarton Castle
1040:
1039:
1026:
1025:
1012:
1011:
998:
997:
991:
966:Short Parliament
888:Alexander Leslie
880:Alexander Leslie
775:
774:
761:
760:
747:
746:
733:
732:
719:
718:
705:
704:
691:
690:
684:
481:in August 1642.
475:Treaty of London
327:
315:
308:
301:
292:
291:
253:
252:
251:
241:
240:
239:
231:Alexander Leslie
229:
228:
227:
211:
210:
199:
198:
187:
186:
185:
175:
174:
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163:
162:
161:
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144:
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142:
122:
121:
120:
110:
109:
60:
59:
48:
28:
27:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3536:
3473:
3425:
3414:Scottish people
3409:Scottish Gaelic
3390:
3347:
3292:
3266:Lord Chancellor
3214:General Council
3193:
3185:
3137:
2998:
2993:
2963:
2958:
2917:
2891:Seven ill years
2851:Union of Crowns
2819:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2674:
2669:
2629:
2588:
2516:
2511:
2481:
2475:
2456:
2437:
2418:
2378:
2359:
2317:
2300:
2290:
2271:
2211:
2192:
2144:
2125:
2103:
2101:
2086:
2076:Henrietta Maria
2067:
2048:
2029:
1973:10.2307/4048612
1952:
1932:
1925:
1912:
1849:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
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1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1716:
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1692:
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1627:
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1537:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1441:Kishlansky 2005
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1317:Bannerman 1868b
1315:
1311:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1273:Scottish Gaelic
1271:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1244:
1212:Oliver Cromwell
1160:Long Parliament
1139:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1004:
1003:
999:
983:
956:also asked the
924:
908:
862:
853:
841:Viscount Aboyne
837:Trot of Turriff
824:
793:
792:
791:
789:
783:
782:
781:
780:
776:
768:
767:
766:
762:
754:
753:
752:
748:
740:
739:
738:
734:
726:
725:
724:
720:
712:
711:
710:
706:
698:
697:
696:
692:
676:
644:Mark Kishlansky
487:
467:Treaty of Ripon
366:
361:
328:
324:
321:
319:
259:
249:
247:
237:
235:
225:
223:
217:
205:
193:
183:
181:
177:Viscount Aboyne
171:
169:
159:
157:
145:
140:
138:
118:
116:
104:
82:
50:Signing of the
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3690:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3459:Highland dance
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3411:
3406:
3404:Scots language
3400:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3306:Gaelic warfare
3302:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
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3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
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3147:
3145:
3139:
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3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
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3069:
3064:
3059:
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3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2888:
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2873:
2868:
2863:
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2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2625:Worcestershire
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2460:
2455:978-0520023857
2454:
2441:
2435:
2422:
2417:978-3337008871
2416:
2403:
2394:
2382:
2376:
2363:
2357:
2344:
2335:
2321:
2316:978-1318509577
2315:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2275:
2270:978-0674062313
2269:
2256:
2215:
2210:978-1445677958
2209:
2196:
2190:
2177:
2165:10.1086/644534
2148:
2142:
2129:
2124:978-1784783907
2123:
2110:
2093:Plant, David.
2090:
2084:
2071:
2066:978-1343621848
2065:
2052:
2046:
2033:
2028:978-0880290401
2027:
2014:
1996:(189): 41–80.
1985:
1967:(3): 207–223.
1956:
1951:978-0199209002
1950:
1937:
1916:
1910:
1897:
1879:(4): 637–656.
1864:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1816:, p. 208.
1806:
1804:, p. 207.
1794:
1782:
1770:
1768:, p. 108.
1758:
1746:
1744:, p. 111.
1734:
1732:, p. 109.
1722:
1720:, p. 110.
1710:
1698:
1696:, p. 380.
1686:
1674:
1667:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1621:Waureghen 2009
1613:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1498:
1496:, p. 374.
1481:
1479:, p. 372.
1469:
1457:
1455:, p. 204.
1445:
1433:
1431:, p. 203.
1421:
1417:Stevenson 2003
1409:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1347:, p. 370.
1337:
1325:
1309:
1304:gd.eferrit.com
1290:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1265:
1262:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1220:New Model Army
1156:export of coal
1147:Northumberland
1138:
1135:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1006:
1001:
1000:
993:
992:
986:
985:
984:
982:
979:
923:
920:
907:
904:
861:
858:
852:
849:
823:
820:
802:Earl of Antrim
785:
784:
778:
777:
770:
769:
764:
763:
756:
755:
750:
749:
742:
741:
736:
735:
728:
727:
722:
721:
714:
713:
708:
707:
700:
699:
694:
693:
686:
685:
679:
678:
677:
675:
672:
611:from Catholic
605:Dutch Republic
572:James VI and I
486:
483:
431:then expelled
363:
362:
360:
359:
333:
330:
329:
325:Three Kingdoms
318:
317:
310:
303:
295:
287:
286:
283:
279:
278:
274:
273:
270:
266:
265:
261:
260:
258:
257:
245:
233:
220:
218:
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191:
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167:
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127:
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114:
101:
100:
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88:
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68:
67:
64:
56:
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41:
40:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3689:
3678:
3675:
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3607:
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3600:
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3577:
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3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:National flag
3548:
3547:
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3543:
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3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
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3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3449:Country dance
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
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3399:
3397:
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3387:
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3379:
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3369:
3367:
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3356:
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3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3241:Privy Council
3239:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3181:Orange-Nassau
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3126:Darien scheme
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2955:
2954:Privy Council
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2901:Darien scheme
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:Bishops' Wars
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2392:. Ballantyne.
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:. Routledge.
2039:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1647:, p. 94.
1646:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1521:, p. 85.
1520:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1381:McDonald 1998
1377:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1345:Melville 2015
1341:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:cause of the
1192:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1151:County Durham
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1074:Airlie Castle
1071:
1067:
1063:
1053:
990:
978:
975:
971:
967:
962:
959:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
939:Lord Traquair
932:
928:
919:
917:
913:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
881:
877:
873:
871:
867:
857:
848:
846:
842:
838:
833:
829:
828:Aberdeenshire
819:
817:
812:
809:
807:
806:Carrickfergus
803:
799:
788:
751:Carrickfergus
683:
671:
669:
665:
660:
656:
652:
650:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
566:
561:
557:
555:
549:
547:
544:, elected by
543:
538:
537:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
513:
512:
507:
503:
496:
491:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:Bishops' Wars
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:Bishops' Wars
335:
334:
331:
326:
316:
311:
309:
304:
302:
297:
296:
293:
284:
281:
280:
275:
271:
269:20,000–25,000
268:
267:
262:
256:
246:
244:
234:
232:
222:
221:
219:
214:
209:
204:
202:
197:
192:
190:
180:
178:
168:
166:
156:
154:
149:
137:
136:
134:
133:
128:
125:
115:
113:
108:
103:
102:
97:
89:
86:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
53:
47:
42:
39:
34:
31:Bishops' Wars
29:
26:
22:
3589:Crown Jewels
3584:Royal Banner
3497:Early Modern
3479:Architecture
3396:Demographics
3275:
3254:Early Modern
3143:Royal Houses
3089:Commonwealth
3072:Jacobean era
2922:Institutions
2896:Colonisation
2871:Commonwealth
2860:
2836:Rough Wooing
2810:Witch trials
2723:Architecture
2527:
2464:
2445:
2426:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2386:Leslie, John
2367:
2348:
2339:
2329:
2306:
2298:Bibliography
2279:
2260:
2230:(1): 63–86.
2227:
2223:
2200:
2181:
2156:
2152:
2133:
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2098:
2078:. Amberley.
2075:
2056:
2037:
2018:
1993:
1989:
1964:
1960:
1941:
1921:
1901:
1876:
1872:
1858:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1658:
1652:
1640:
1633:Gericke 2001
1628:
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1600:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1548:Thomson 2018
1526:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1369:Stephen 2010
1364:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1268:
1236:Commonwealth
1208:Independents
1204:
1183:
1140:
1112:
1090:
1082:
1059:
963:
943:
936:
909:
885:
863:
854:
825:
813:
810:
794:
653:
640:Jenny Geddes
629:
590:
588:
569:
550:
536:Episcopalian
534:
531:Presbyterian
530:
519:Presbyterian
514:
510:
499:
495:Jenny Geddes
460:
455:
439:
437:
406:
369:
367:
336:
99:Belligerents
36:Part of the
25:
3288:Covenanters
3245:Government
3101:Popish Plot
3096:Restoration
3084:Interregnum
3062:Reformation
3057:Renaissance
3022:Roman times
3017:Prehistoric
2876:Restoration
2841:Reformation
2831:Renaissance
2748:agriculture
2579:(1649–1653)
2571:(1648–1649)
2563:(1644–1645)
2555:(1642–1646)
2547:(1642–1649)
2531:(1639–1640)
2104:25 November
2099:BCW Project
1814:Kaplan 1979
1802:Kaplan 1979
1790:Harris 2014
1754:Harris 2014
1694:Harris 2014
1682:Pearce 2015
1584:Cressy 2015
1494:Harris 2014
1477:Harris 2014
1405:Wilson 2012
1393:Fissel 1994
1357:Harris 2014
1333:Harris 2014
1321:pp. 260–295
1100:River Tweed
1092:Lord Conway
425:Covenanters
323:Wars of the
201:Lord Conway
78:, Northern
3631:Categories
3594:Scots pine
3555:Union Flag
3532:Neoclassic
3487:Vernacular
2949:Parliament
2790:Literature
2775:Government
2738:Demography
2615:Shropshire
2429:. Donald.
2191:0715363026
2136:. Abacus.
2047:185928373X
1911:0521466865
1838:Royle 2006
1778:Royle 2006
1766:Royle 2006
1742:Royle 2006
1730:Royle 2006
1718:Royle 2006
1706:Royle 2006
1645:Royle 2006
1572:Royle 2006
1531:Royle 2006
1519:Royle 2006
1287:References
1178:Parliament
1141:Under the
1115:River Tyne
974:ship money
621:Louis XIII
542:presbyters
504:created a
485:Background
458:in 1640.
3604:St Andrew
3512:Palladian
3464:Mythology
3353:Geography
2770:Geography
2760:Education
2733:Childhood
2521:Conflicts
2327:(1868a).
2244:0018-246X
2173:144730991
2117:. Verso.
1893:1544-399X
1856:(1868b).
1826:Rees 2016
1242:Footnotes
1216:Levellers
1191:proximate
1137:Aftermath
1044:Newcastle
922:Interlude
816:Dumbarton
737:Edinburgh
723:Dumbarton
597:Highlands
576:Charles I
523:Calvinist
517:that was
409:Charles I
407:In 1637,
382:Royalists
153:Charles I
3567:Heraldry
3522:Georgian
3517:Jacobean
3507:Churches
3492:Medieval
3469:Religion
3298:Military
3249:Medieval
3229:Guardian
3224:Monarchy
3191:Politics
3012:Timeline
2785:Language
2780:Identity
2605:Cornwall
2388:(1830).
2252:40264158
1930:Archived
1174:John Pym
1066:Badenoch
1062:Lochaber
970:John Pym
695:Aberdeen
617:Huguenot
584:Catholic
554:Montrose
527:doctrine
511:the Kirk
374:Scotland
264:Strength
76:Scotland
71:Location
3616:Unicorn
3599:Thistle
3542:Symbols
3502:Castles
3454:Cuisine
3431:Culture
3376:Palaces
3371:Islands
3366:Castles
3331:History
3236:Peerage
3166:Balliol
3156:Dunkeld
3004:History
2805:Warfare
2800:Society
2743:Economy
2634:Related
2600:Bristol
2593:By area
2201:Zealots
2010:3600749
1981:4048612
1944:. OUP.
1847:Sources
1606:4 April
1230:in the
1228:his son
1117:at the
1070:Rannoch
1016:Berwick
1002:Newburn
894:in the
779:Turriff
709:Berwick
664:Glasgow
623:in the
607:, then
580:reforms
433:bishops
411:, then
378:England
285:300–600
282:300–400
112:England
80:England
3386:Shires
3381:Places
3361:Burghs
3176:Stuart
3161:Sverre
2824:Events
2765:Family
2716:Topics
2620:Tarvin
2610:Dorset
2539:(1641)
2471:
2452:
2433:
2414:
2374:
2355:
2313:
2286:
2267:
2250:
2242:
2207:
2188:
2171:
2140:
2121:
2082:
2063:
2044:
2025:
2008:
1979:
1948:
1908:
1891:
1665:
1123:Durham
1108:London
1030:Durham
892:Swedes
592:popery
427:. The
396:, the
272:20,000
87:Result
3341:Ships
3283:Whigs
3204:Court
3171:Bruce
3151:Alpin
2934:Court
2815:Women
2795:Music
2753:trade
2248:JSTOR
2169:S2CID
2006:JSTOR
1977:JSTOR
1933:(PDF)
1926:(PDF)
1560:Plant
1143:truce
832:Banff
625:1620s
613:Spain
570:When
390:First
3560:list
3419:list
3194:and
2944:Navy
2929:Army
2469:ISBN
2450:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2372:ISBN
2353:ISBN
2311:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2265:ISBN
2240:ISSN
2205:ISBN
2186:ISBN
2138:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2106:2017
2080:ISBN
2061:ISBN
2042:ISBN
2023:ISBN
1946:ISBN
1906:ISBN
1889:ISSN
1663:ISBN
1608:2023
1149:and
1068:and
900:Duns
830:and
765:Duns
533:and
500:The
438:The
392:and
376:and
368:The
63:Date
3439:Art
3196:law
2939:Law
2728:Art
2232:doi
2161:doi
1998:doi
1994:189
1969:doi
1881:doi
525:in
3633::
2246:.
2238:.
2228:52
2226:.
2222:.
2167:.
2157:49
2155:.
2097:.
2004:.
1992:.
1975:.
1965:11
1963:.
1887:.
1877:78
1875:.
1871:.
1599:.
1538:^
1484:^
1319:,
1302:.
1275::
1250:^
1064:,
902:.
627:.
586:.
404:.
355:•
351:•
347:•
343:•
339:•
2988:e
2981:t
2974:v
2699:e
2692:t
2685:v
2666:)
2660:(
2654:)
2648:(
2506:e
2499:t
2492:v
2477:.
2458:.
2439:.
2420:.
2380:.
2361:.
2319:.
2292:.
2273:.
2254:.
2234::
2213:.
2194:.
2175:.
2163::
2146:.
2127:.
2108:.
2088:.
2069:.
2050:.
2031:.
2012:.
2000::
1983:.
1971::
1954:.
1914:.
1895:.
1883::
1671:.
1610:.
1562:.
1323:.
1306:.
1279:)
515:,
314:e
307:t
300:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
