116:. The authors predicted bite forces using beam theory, based on the directly proportional relationship between muscle cross-sectional area and the maximal force muscles can generate. Because body mass is proportional to volume the relationship between bite force and body mass is allometric. All else being equal, it would be expected to follow a 2/3 power rule. Consequently, small species would be expected to bite harder for their size than large species if a simple ratio of bite force to body mass is used, resulting in bias. Applying the BFQ normalizes the data allowing for fair comparison between species of different sizes in much the same way as an encephalization quotient normalizes data for brain size to body mass comparisons. It is a means for comparison, not an indicator of absolute bite force. In short, if an animal or species has a high BFQ this indicates that it bites hard for its size after controlling for allometry.
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In a 2020 paper, the results of an estimation of the BFQ of various canid species separated by sex were published. Below there is a table with the BFQ averaged from the BFQ for each espécimen of each sex and for each species. BFQ coming from a single specimen for each sex in a given species will be
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divided by its body mass in kilograms. The BFQ was first applied by Wroe et al. (2005) in a paper comparing bite forces, body masses and prey size in a range of living and extinct mammalian carnivores, later expanded on by
Christiansen & Wroe (2007). Results showed that predators that take
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Hite et al., who include data from the widest range of living mammals of any bite force regression to date, produce from their regression the BFQ equation:
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92:) is a numerical value commonly used to represent the bite force of an animal, while also taking factors like the animal's size into account.
1544:"Bite force sexual dimorphism in Canidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): relations between diet, sociality and bite force intersexual differences"
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1428:"The Better to Eat You With: Bite Force in the Naked Mole-Rat (Heterocephalus glaber) Is Stronger Than Predicted Based on Body Size"
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Hite, Natalee J.; Germain, Cody; Cain, Blake W.; Sheldon, Mason; Perala, Sai Saketh Nandan; Sarko, Diana K. (2019).
1332:"Bite club: comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa"
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relatively large prey have large bite forces for their size, i.e., once adjusted for
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207:{\displaystyle BFQ=100\left({\frac {BF}{10^{0.5703(\log _{10}BM)+0.1096}}}\right)}
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1384:"Bite Forces and Evolutionary Adaptations to Feeding Ecology in Carnivores"
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Magalhães, Arthur
Ramalho; Damasceno, Elis Marina; Astúa, Diego (2020).
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provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject
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278:{\displaystyle BFQ=77.7\left({\frac {BF}{BM^{0.5703}}}\right)}
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10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[347:bfaeat]2.0.co;2
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Fish That Fake
Orgasms: And Other Zoological Curiosities
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287:where BF = Bite Force (N), and BM = Body Mass (g)
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1330:Wroe S, McHenry C, Thomason J (March 2005).
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1489:, Matt Walker, Macmillan, 2007, pp. 98-9,
1548:Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy
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647:Table sources (unless otherwise stated):
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
1382:Per Christiansen; Stephen Wroe (2007).
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1432:Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience
55:providing more context for the reader
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651:Sex Differences for BFQ in Canids
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1719:Standards and measurement stubs
1523:from the original on 2017-06-21
1497:(retrieved 15 August 2010 from
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95:The BFQ is calculated as the
1662:. You can help Knowledge by
1605:. You can help Knowledge by
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1580:
1560:10.4404/hystrix-00332-2020
1513:"Biology: Behavior - Diet"
656:marked with an asterisk.
1445:10.3389/fnint.2019.00070
1120:Urocyon cinereoargenteus
1066:Nyctereutes procyonoides
971:South American gray fox
1658:–related article is a
1601:-related article is a
1348:10.1098/rspb.2004.2986
792:Canis lupus hallstromi
787:New Guinea singing dog
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994:Lycalopex gymnocercus
866:Chrysocyon brachyurus
700:Canis lupaster anthus
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1517:The Thylacine Museum
607:Spotted-tailed quoll
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920:Lupullela mesomelas
915:Black-backed jackal
897:Side-striped jackal
682:Atelocynus microtis
337:American black bear
86:Bite force quotient
51:improve the article
1156:Vulpes bengalensis
1138:Urocyon littoralis
1102:Speothos venaticus
1061:Common raccoon dog
1012:Lycalopex sechurae
958:Lycalopex fulvipes
938:Lycalopex culpaeus
774:Canis lupus dingo
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1342:(1563): 619–25.
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1210:Vulpes macrotis
848:Cerdocyon thous
843:Crab-eating fox
695:Senegalese wolf
677:Short-eared dog
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63:February 2013
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43:This article
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19:
1714:Animal bites
1664:expanding it
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1607:expanding it
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1525:. Retrieved
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1506:
1499:Google Books
1485:
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1300:Vulpes zerda
1299:
1281:
1264:Vulpes velox
1263:
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1191:
1174:Vulpes chama
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1007:Sechuran fox
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952:Darwin's fox
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884:Cuon alpinus
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720:Canis aureus
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597:Least weasel
427:Domestic dog
357:Domestic cat
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49:Please help
44:
1709:Measurement
1599:measurement
1527:16 December
812:Canis rufus
756:Canis lupus
671:Female BFQ
662:Common Name
497:Brown hyena
437:Singing dog
1703:Categories
1314:References
1295:Fennec fox
1151:Bengal fox
1133:Island fox
989:Pampas fox
861:Maned wolf
527:Jaguarundi
457:Cape genet
447:Arctic fox
347:Brown bear
97:regression
18:Bite force
1595:standards
1568:0394-1914
1454:1662-5145
1259:Swift fox
1187:Artic fox
1025:Hoary fox
751:Grey wolf
637:Thylacine
487:Gray wolf
179:
114:allometry
107:force in
1521:Archived
1472:31866840
1413:17479753
1366:15817436
1223:Pale fox
1169:Cape fox
1115:Gray fox
1097:Bush dog
965:*140.60
819:*124.33
806:Red wolf
727:*113.25
668:Male BFQ
587:Sun bear
577:Sand cat
467:Gray fox
307:Aardwolf
101:quotient
1656:zoology
1463:6904307
1392:Ecology
1357:1564077
1307:129.62
1289:118.97
1277:Red fox
1271:120.38
1253:121.97
1217:110.99
1205:Kit fox
1199:115.34
1163:139.10
1145:108.22
1127:121.51
1109:154.63
1091:126.26
1073:134.94
1055:146.08
1037:122.13
1019:138.14
1001:116.76
983:124.87
962:*154.63
945:120.07
927:115.11
909:107.21
891:147.85
873:112.87
855:116.41
837:158.21
816:*182.41
799:107.31
781:127.57
763:141.06
745:131.88
724:*113.98
707:126.24
689:144.65
537:Leopard
477:Red fox
367:Cheetah
109:newtons
99:of the
1566:
1493:
1470:
1460:
1452:
1438:: 70.
1411:
1364:
1354:
1286:116.25
1268:122.57
1250:135.31
1235:98.21
1214:109.77
1196:120.59
1181:87.21
1160:128.47
1142:109.27
1124:146.30
1106:160.28
1088:107.14
1070:136.49
1052:144.71
1034:123.09
1016:128.84
980:135.27
942:128.62
933:Culpeo
924:126.95
906:111.21
888:148.80
870:131.59
852:118.24
834:144.27
796:130.26
778:133.67
760:130.59
742:132.65
733:Coyote
704:140.66
686:120.25
561:128.1
517:Jaguar
387:Coyote
377:Cougar
298:Animal
264:0.5703
194:0.1096
163:0.5703
103:of an
1654:This
1597:- or
1593:This
1387:(PDF)
1232:89.47
1178:96.98
998:127.1
879:Dhole
769:Dingo
627:Tiger
407:Dingo
397:Dhole
1660:stub
1603:stub
1564:ISSN
1529:2020
1491:ISBN
1468:PMID
1450:ISSN
1409:PMID
1362:PMID
641:166
631:139
621:181
611:179
601:164
591:160
581:137
571:162
557:Lion
551:137
521:134
511:124
501:123
491:136
441:100
431:114
421:138
411:125
401:132
381:108
371:119
321:109
301:BFQ
238:77.7
1556:doi
1458:PMC
1440:doi
1401:doi
1352:PMC
1344:doi
1340:272
1304:113
541:98
531:75
481:92
471:80
461:48
451:97
391:88
361:67
351:78
341:64
331:44
311:77
170:log
141:100
90:BFQ
53:by
1705::
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1466:.
1456:.
1448:.
1436:13
1434:.
1430:.
1407:.
1397:88
1395:.
1389:.
1374:^
1360:.
1350:.
1338:.
1334:.
1322:^
174:10
159:10
1691:e
1684:t
1677:v
1666:.
1634:e
1627:t
1620:v
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1368:.
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956:*
950:*
810:*
804:*
718:*
712:*
272:)
260:M
256:B
251:F
248:B
242:(
235:=
232:Q
229:F
226:B
201:)
191:+
188:)
185:M
182:B
166:(
154:F
151:B
145:(
138:=
135:Q
132:F
129:B
88:(
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20:)
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