1821:
360:
349:
481:
290:
313:
1622:
325:
469:
424:
441:
336:
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228:
274:
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242:
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380:
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2090:, signed only a few years earlier, allowed Turkey to close the straits to all military traffic. Hitler offered to sell Turkey a few submarines so they could legally gain passage to the Black Sea, in a way not too different than the scheme successfully employed to pull Turkey into WWI. Turkey refused. However, several small ships were transferred from the North Sea via rail, street and canal networks to the
2396:
2299:: 2 of the 5 Soviet submarines (M-58 and ShCh-211) will be later sunk on that same minelayer's fields, after the sinking of the ship, in addition to another submarine sunk in 1942. In total, up to 15 Soviet submarines were sunk by Romanian defensive minefields until the end of the War. Another Romanian minelayer was lost, the
2207:
was formed in July 1941. It was initially comprised some 350 officers and ratings in German uniform, but this eventually swelled to 900–1,000. Their first commander was Andro
Vrkljan, later replaced by Stjepan Rumenović. The Croats' purpose in posting a naval contingent to the Black Sea was to evade
2165:
Despite
Bulgaria's neutral status in the German-Soviet war, the Bulgarian navy was involved in escort duties to protect Axis shipping against Soviet submarines in Bulgarian territorial waters. The small Bulgarian Navy mainly consisted of 4 old torpedo boats, 3 modern German-built motor torpedo boats,
2152:. Additional vessels were built in German or local shipyards, captured from Soviets, or transferred from the Mediterranean nominally as merchant ships. In total, the German naval forces in the Black Sea mainly amounted to 6 coastal submarines, 16 S-boats, 23 R-boats, 26 submarine chasers and over 100
2212:
with Italy. This prohibition effectively limited the
Croatian Navy (RMNDH) to a riverine flotilla. Upon its arrival at the Sea of Azov, managed to scrounge up 47 damaged or abandoned fishing vessels, mostly sailing ships, and to man them hired local Russian and Ukrainian sailors, many deserters from
1272:
and
Bulgarian navies together with German and Italian units transported to the area via rail and canal. Although the Soviets enjoyed an overwhelming superiority in surface ships over the Axis, this was effectively negated by German air superiority and most of the Soviet ships sunk were destroyed by
2594:
By early 1944, the Soviet surface fleet was practically nonoperational due to a poor state of repair. Most of the offensive work was carried out by small vessels and the Soviet Naval air force. The land situation had significantly deteriorated for the Axis. The area around Odessa was liberated in
2365:
in May and the
Soviets could not prevent a landing across the Kerch strait in the Taman Peninsula in September. The remainder of the Black Sea Fleet evacuated to ports in the Caucasus that had very limited facilities. Soviet submarines were active in the western part of the Black Sea where they
2623:
few days later. The Naval war in Black Sea was now almost over, but U-boats remained operative until they consumed their fuel: with a single strike, Soviet aviation had halved the German submarine force, but the effect could have been greater if such an attack had been carried out earlier.
2291:) of shipping. During fall of 1941, both sides laid many mine fields in southern Black Sea: Romanian defensive minefields sunk at least 5 Soviet submarines during this period (M-58, S-34, ShCh-211, M-34, M-59), however during such operations the Axis forces lost the Romanian minelayer
2156:
barges. The German Black Sea fleet ultimately operated hundreds of medium and small warships or auxiliaries before its self-destruction immediately prior to the defection of
Bulgaria. Very few vessels were able to make good their escape via the Danube.
1300:) the rest of Crimea were also occupied in 1941 rendering the shipyards largely unusable. Many incomplete ships which were afloat were evacuated to harbours in Georgia which provided the main bases for the surviving fleet. These ports such as
2195:, but some Hungarian merchant ships were able to reach the Black Sea via the Danube River. Hungarian cargo ships were operated as part of Axis sea transport forces on the Black Sea, and thus participated in the Axis evacuation from Crimea.
2372:
sailing under a Red Cross flag, International Red Cross and the USSR were informed before departure, the ship was torpedoed while being towed. On 1 October the Soviet submarine M-118 was sunk with depth charges by the
Romanian gunboat
2457:
started an extensive refit at the end of 1942, which would keep her out of action for the remainder of the war. Despite these losses, the
Romanian Navy reached its peak strength in 1943. The modern Romanian-built submarines
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dispatched a small force to the Black Sea. This was "the only time that the
Germans ever spontaneously requested the assistance of the Italian Armed Forces on any German war front." The force dispatched included six
2708:
1116:
2470:
minesweepers, armed as anti-submarine frigates, were built in
Romania from German materials during the year. Thus, the main operational warships of the Romanian Black Sea Fleet amounted to:
1519:
Romanian naval forces in the Black Sea consisted of four destroyers, four torpedo boats, eight submarines, three minelayers, one submarine tender, three gunboats and one training ship.
3161:
3151:
2213:
the Soviet Navy. The Legion later acquired 12 German submarine hunters and a battery of coastal artillery. Lieutenant Josip Mažuranić notably commanded the submarine hunter UJ2303.
2466:
were completed in 1942. In addition, five Italian-built CB-class midget submarines were acquired in the autumn of 1943, however only two could be made serviceable. Four modified
3156:
2698:"The Turkish Straits in the Second World War, 1939-45",A.L.MacFie, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Apr., 1989), pp. 238-248 (11 pages), Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
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March, trapping the Axis forces in the Crimea. The last Axis forces near Sevastopol surrendered on 9 May 1944 and a considerable number of men were evacuated. (See
3146:
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provided fire support and supply missions near Sevastopol. The Soviets continued supply missions until 27 June, losses were heavy and included the cruiser
53:
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1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
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On 20 August 1944, the Red Air Force carried on a large air raid against the main Axis base in Black Sea. A number of targets were sunk including the
1843:
17:
100:
3111:
2685:
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The Black Sea Fleet played a valuable part in defeating the initial assault on Sevastopol. In December, there was an amphibious operation against
72:
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remained in Sevastopol to give gunfire support. Soviet submarines also raided Axis shipping on the Romanian and Bulgarian coasts, sinking 29,000
1200:
3171:
1685:
1676:
532:
79:
1289:
1340:
2403:
In 1943, the Black Sea Fleet was reduced to the following ships, which all suffered from poor maintenance due to a lack of facilities:
1155:
706:
86:
2172:
class submarine chasers and 3 anti-submarine motor launches. In late August 1944, 14 MFP landing barges were transferred to Bulgaria.
1167:
3176:
2140:. Some ships were obtained in Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary, and then converted to serve the German cause, such as the S-boat tender
1162:
866:
861:
525:
68:
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and evacuated a significant part of the force (86,000 soldiers, 150,000 civilians) at the end of October, but lost the destroyer
576:
856:
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while raiding the Crimea. As a result of this loss, Stalin insisted on personally authorizing the use of any large ships. The
2270:
was sunk by German aviation on 7 November, resulting in over 5000 deaths, most of them civilian and patients being evacuated.
2773:
844:
2643:
2633:
2542:
sank the Soviet submarine M-31. As the war was going badly for the Axis on other fronts, the Germans began to evacuate the
701:
566:
2599:
for details). Soviet submarines continued to attack Axis shipping. Unbeknownst to them, one of the ships attacked was the
2339:
1304:, however had very limited repair facilities which significantly reduced the operational capability of the Soviet Fleet.
1297:
957:
667:
453:
265:
927:
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2638:
2332:
1514:
1126:
932:
822:
723:
119:
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1598:
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912:
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was lost to mines while evading fire from Axis coastal batteries and destroyers. The Black Sea Fleet supplied the
600:
1366:
2843:"SHCH-211 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the SHCH (Scuka) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net"
983:
827:
57:
2619:(converted to anti-submarine corvette before the start of the war). U-18 and U-24 were both damaged and were
2362:
2104:
which were disassembled and shipped to Romania along the Danube. They were then re-assembled at the Romanian
1433:
1064:
1054:
944:
696:
2871:"M-59 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the M (Malyutka) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net"
2857:"M-34 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the M (Malyutka) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net"
2829:"S-34 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the S (Stalinec) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net"
2815:"M-58 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the M (Malyutka) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net"
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1811:
1378:
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772:
735:
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141:
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2390:
2325:
2278:
2168:
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3141:
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Operations initially consisted of several offensive operations by the Soviets including the defence of
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1049:
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777:
2238:
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2010:
1975:
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which resulted in the recapture of the Kerch Peninsula. A naval detachment including the cruiser
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1022:
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672:
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2002:
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Hrvatski Argonauti 20. stoljeća: Povijest Hrvatske pomorske legije na Crnom moru 1941. - 1944
2316:
2234:
2204:
1826:
1182:
1150:
895:
884:
635:
1296:. The former was occupied in 1941 but although the latter was not occupied until July 1942 (
2296:
2100:
1265:
950:
832:
783:
589:
2248:
2226:
1140:
615:
8:
2709:"Kocaeli'nde 2. Dünya Savaşı'ndan kalma Alman denizaltısı dalış turizmine kazandırılacak"
2087:
1732:
1027:
993:
938:
1545:
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bombing. For the majority of the war, the Black Sea Fleet was commanded by Vice Admiral
2739:
2242:
2133:
1950:
1747:
1699:
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1177:
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218:
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in 1941, during minelaying trials after she was converted to minelayer. The submarine
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2105:
2068:
1957:
1760:
1268:
as the rest of the Soviet military. The Axis forces in the Black Sea consisted of the
3075:
2769:
1192:
922:
750:
2790:"At Least 5,000 People Died in 1941 When the Ship 'Armenia' Was Sunk by the Germans"
2580:
2734:
Edward J. Marolda, "The Failure of German World War II Strategy in the Black Sea",
2543:
1996:
1990:
1918:
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1714:
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attacked Axis shipping. Unfortunately this included sinking the refugee ship
1966:
1887:
1269:
440:
412:
335:
247:
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2600:
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and some coastal bombardments and raids. On 7 July, the Romanian destroyer
2535:
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Ian Dear, Michael Richard Daniell Foot, Oxford University Press, 1995,
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2342:. During the winter, Soviet warships including the only battleship
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2686:"Karadeniz'in dibindeki Alman denizaltılarının sıra dışı hikayesi"
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between 1941 and 1944, including in support of the land forces.
517:
3055:"The Type IIB U-boat U-24 - German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net"
3041:"The Type IIB U-boat U-18 - German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net"
2208:
the prohibition on an Adriatic navy imposed by the 18 May 1941
2121:
2091:
2075:
1249:
were the operations of the Axis and Soviet naval forces in the
3027:"The Type IIB U-boat U-9 - German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net"
1929:
Built in Italy for the Romanian Navy, entered service in 1936
1592:
Built in Italy for the Romanian Navy, entered service in 1930
1571:
Built in Italy for the Romanian Navy, entered service in 1920
2288:
2274:
2303:, when the ship was destroyed by Soviet bombers on 15 July.
1800:
Built in Italy for the Romanian Navy between 1927 and 1931
1301:
2449:
The Romanian Naval Forces lost the anti-submarine gunboat
2395:
2361:
and destroyers tried to intervene without success in the
2354:(built in Italy for the USSR) and six modern destroyers.
2263:
and a gunboat to the German dive bombers in the process.
3162:
Military history of the Soviet Union during World War II
3152:
Naval battles of World War II involving the Soviet Union
2166:
4 Dutch-built motor torpedo boats of the Power type, 2
2962:
Submarine Insignia and Submarine Services of the World
2923:
World War II Sea War, Volume 7: The Allies Strike Back
2649:
Soviet Black Sea Fleet during the Battle of Stalingrad
1837:
Built in France during the second half of World War I
2082:
could not transfer warships to the Black Sea via the
3157:
Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II
1284:
The major Soviet shipyards were located in Ukraine (
2654:
Naval operations in Romanian-occupied Soviet waters
2576:
Submarine warfare in the Black Sea campaigns (1944)
2387:
Submarine warfare in the Black Sea campaigns (1943)
2313:
Submarine warfare in the Black Sea campaigns (1942)
2223:
Submarine warfare in the Black Sea campaigns (1941)
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2546:in September. This was successfully accomplished.
2128:) via the Danube and built armed barges and KTs (
1618:
1288:) and on the Crimean Peninsula, then part of the
3098:
2990:, Sampson Low, Marston and Company, 1974, p. 275
1705:
1650:
3147:Naval battles of World War II involving Germany
3122:Naval battles of World War II involving Romania
1892:Built in Germany for the Romanian Navy in 1938
2752:(United States Naval Institute, 1957), p. 301.
2251:. During this operation, the destroyer leader
2191:Hungary became landlocked in the aftermath of
2160:
1670:Built in the United Kingdom, acquired in 1940
286:
2898:Definitive list of Black Sea Fleet submarines
2761:
1206:Operations in Romanian-occupied Soviet waters
1110:
533:
2738:, Vol. 28, No. 1 (1975), pp. 39–54 (at 45).
2132:, literally war transports) in the captured
1638:Built in Austria-Hungary during World War I
1312:On 22 June 1941, the Black Sea Fleet of the
1290:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
2590:, sunk by Soviet aircraft on 20 August 1944
3167:Black Sea naval operations of World War II
3107:Battles of World War II involving Bulgaria
3092:Black Sea Fleet History (Russian Language)
2755:
2606:transporting Jewish refugees from Europe.
2295:, sunk by a mine laid by Soviet submarine
1117:
1103:
540:
526:
256:
3117:Battles of World War II involving Romania
3072:The Soviets as Naval Opponents, 1941-1975
2746:. Quotation from Marc' Antonio Bragadin,
2504:-class and the four M-class minesweepers)
2338:Operations in 1942 were dominated by the
1941:
1872:
1738:
270:
224:
209:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2964:, Pen and Sword Publishing, 1996, p. 100
2579:
2394:
2320:
2198:
2050:
1817:
1307:
3112:Battles of World War II involving Italy
2249:attacked the Romanian city of Constanța
1981:
1909:
1780:
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238:
14:
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2078:was neutral during World War II, the
1201:Soviet raids in the western Black Sea
1098:
521:
3172:Military campaigns involving Germany
3016:, Conway Maritime Press, 2001, p. 88
2938:, Conway Maritime Press, 2001, p. 88
2673:The Oxford companion to World War II
2644:List of battles of the Romanian Navy
2613:, and the old Romanian torpedo boat
2442:Five modern and three old destroyers
2108:in late 1942 and afterwards sent to
1726:Built in the United Kingdom in 1898
1521:
69:"Black Sea campaigns" 1941–1944
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2885:"WorldWar2.ro - SMR Regele Carol I"
2725:, ABC-CLIO Publishing, 2014, p. 129
2526:and two CB-class midget submarines)
2331:took part in defending against the
24:
2507:5 anti-submarine corvettes (three
2112:. The Germans also transported 10
25:
3188:
3085:
2639:Romanian Navy during World War II
1960:in Romania between 1938 and 1943
1763:in Romania between 1938 and 1941
1515:Romanian Navy during World War II
547:
2749:The Italian Navy in World War II
2634:Baltic Sea Campaigns (1939–1945)
2001:Acquired in late 1943 after the
1983:
1943:
1911:
1874:
1819:
1782:
1740:
1707:
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1553:
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616:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
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2148:and the anti-submarine trawler
1298:Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)
1253:and its coastal regions during
45:needs additional citations for
3074:(1979), Naval Press Annapolis
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1:
2977:, Conway Maritime Press, 2001
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2363:Battle of the Kerch Peninsula
2247:On 26 June the Soviet forces
2188:and four torpedo motorboats.
18:Black Sea Campaigns (1941–44)
3177:Italy–Soviet Union relations
2492:10 anti-submarine frigates (
1277:, its other commander being
502:15 multi-purpose small ships
7:
3001:Destroyers of World War Two
2910:"WorldWar2.ro - SRD Aurora"
2627:
2597:Battle of the Crimea (1944)
2257:besieged garrison in Odessa
2161:Bulgaria, Italy and Hungary
10:
3193:
2768:. Hrvatski Državni Arhiv.
2573:
2485:1 sea-going torpedo boat (
2384:
2310:
2220:
2186:CB class midget submarines
2175:At Germany's request, the
2055:German Type IIB submarine
2046:
1512:
1459:Multi-purpose small ships
159:22 June 1941 – August 1944
2239:Action of 6 December 1941
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1995:
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1940:
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2509:Sublocotenent Ghiculescu
2399:Italian MAS torpedo boat
2375:Sublocotenent Ghiculescu
2184:, six (originally four)
1812:Sublocotenent Ghiculescu
1449:Fidonisy-class destroyer
2986:Frederick Thomas Jane,
2564:Kerch-Eltigen Operation
2391:Kerch–Eltigen Operation
2061:, re-assembled for the
2762:Andro Vrkljan (2011).
2591:
2585:Romanian torpedo boat
2566:followed in November.
2400:
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2231:Action of 26 June 1941
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1453:Derzky-class destroyer
304:Commanders and leaders
2988:Jane's Fighting Ships
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2317:Battle of Cape Burnas
2265:Soviet hospital ship
2235:Action of 9 July 1941
2205:Croatian Naval Legion
2199:Croatian Naval Legion
2094:. These included six
2054:
1308:Soviet naval strength
2721:Timothy C. Dowling,
2101:30th U-boat Flotilla
1492:Motor torpedo boats
1422:Destroyers (modern)
1266:Operation Barbarossa
1264:was as surprised by
54:improve this article
2550:and two destroyers—
2498:Mihail Kogălniceanu
2413:Four cruisers (two
2350:, destroyer leader
2348:Chervonnaya Ukraina
2344:Parizhskaya Kommuna
2340:Siege of Sevastopol
2333:Siege of Sevastopol
2134:Nikolayev Shipyards
2088:Montreux Convention
1504:Axis naval strength
1341:Parizhskaya Kommuna
1247:Black Sea Campaigns
1128:Black Sea Campaigns
823:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh
724:Barvenkovo–Lozovaya
506:motor torpedo boats
135:Black Sea Campaigns
2592:
2570:Operations in 1944
2474:4 destroyers (two
2401:
2381:Operations in 1943
2336:
2307:Operations in 1942
2243:Battle of Jibrieni
2217:Operations in 1941
2072:
1853:Căpitan Dumitrescu
1768:Submarine tenders
1666:Motor torpedo boat
1275:Filipp Oktyabrskiy
1213:Submarine Campaign
1018:Western Carpathian
958:2nd Jassy–Kishinev
928:1st Jassy–Kishinev
913:Leningrad–Novgorod
908:Dnieper–Carpathian
436:100+ landing craft
354:Filipp Oktyabrskiy
341:Francesco Mimbelli
3142:Conflicts in 1944
3137:Conflicts in 1943
3132:Conflicts in 1942
3127:Conflicts in 1941
3070:Ruge, Fredrich -
3014:Warship 2001-2002
2975:Warship 2001-2002
2947:Robert Gardiner,
2936:Warship 2001-2002
2775:978-953-7659-07-3
2611:German U-boat U-9
2436:Destroyer leader
2227:Raid on Constanța
2130:Kriegstransporter
2044:
2043:
2003:Italian surrender
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1441:Destroyers (old)
1394:Destroyer leaders
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2544:Kuban bridgehead
2476:Regele Ferdinand
2210:Treaties of Rome
2144:, the minelayer
2096:Type IIB U-boats
1997:Midget submarine
1993:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1884:
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1878:
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1796:Submarine tender
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1587:Regele Ferdinand
1563:
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1368:Chervona Ukraina
1319:
1318:
1131:
1129:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1096:
1095:
984:Petsamo–Kirkenes
862:Belgorod-Kharkov
828:Voronezh–Kharkov
552:
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528:
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483:
472:
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464:14 landing craft
460:11 torpedo boats
457:
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447:7+ torpedo boats
444:
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430:16 torpedo boats
427:
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408:submarine tender
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188:Soviet victory
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2494:Amiral Murgescu
2478:-class and two
2393:
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2326:Soviet cruiser
2319:
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2245:
2219:
2201:
2163:
2106:Galați shipyard
2069:Galați shipyard
2049:
1984:
1982:
1958:Galați shipyard
1944:
1942:
1912:
1910:
1875:
1873:
1860:Training ships
1820:
1818:
1783:
1781:
1761:Galați shipyard
1741:
1739:
1733:Amiral Murgescu
1722:Seaplane tender
1708:
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1653:
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1628:Austria-Hungary
1621:
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1279:Lev Vladimirsky
1262:Black Sea Fleet
1243:
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1197:
1173:6 December 1941
1132:
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1125:
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1093:
1088:
1082:Prague uprising
1065:Bratislava–Brno
1055:Moravia–Ostrava
945:Lvov–Sandomierz
773:Rzhev–Sychyovka
601:Białystok–Minsk
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3086:External links
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180:Axis victory
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43:This article
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2556:Besposchadny
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2536:Novorossiysk
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1255:World War II
1246:
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1146:26 June 1941
1069:
1050:Lake Balaton
1038:
1023:East Prussia
1012:Vistula–Oder
1010:
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883:
872:2nd Smolensk
849:
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707:Air war 1941
682:
645:
621:1st Smolensk
588:
577:Arctic Ocean
571:
485:Soviet Union
475:12 ASW craft
449:6 submarines
434:49 ASW craft
432:6 submarines
345:
309:
296:Soviet Union
285:
252:
208:
203:Belligerents
187:
179:
146:World War II
140:Part of the
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2451:Remus Lepri
2407:Battleship
2193:World War I
1897:Submarines
1844:Eugen Stihi
1693:Minelayers
1539:Destroyers
1482:Submarines
1333:Battleship
1328:Note/class
1314:Soviet Navy
1183:Cape Burnas
1151:9 July 1941
845:Gorky Blitz
840:3rd Kharkov
756:2nd Kharkov
658:1st Kharkov
653:Sea of Azov
462:5 ASW craft
184:(1941–1943)
3101:Categories
2800:2019-11-17
2660:References
2574:See also:
2423:Voroshilov
2409:Sevastopol
2385:See also:
2359:Voroshilov
2311:See also:
2221:See also:
1720:Minelayer/
1362:Voroshilov
1322:Ship Type
1294:Sevastopol
969:2nd Baltic
964:Dukla Pass
951:Doppelkopf
923:2nd Crimea
867:2nd Donbas
857:1st Donbas
834:Polar Star
784:Stalingrad
668:Sevastopol
663:1st Crimea
606:1st Baltic
590:Barbarossa
567:Baltic Sea
511:submarines
499:destroyers
489:battleship
418:submarines
398:minelayers
388:destroyers
80:newspapers
2540:Mărășești
2520:Marsuinul
2464:Marsuinul
2285:long tons
2182:MAS boats
2138:Nikolayev
2126:Räumboote
2120:) and 23
2110:Constanța
2084:Bosphorus
1967:Marsuinul
1925:Submarine
1805:Gunboats
1775:Constanța
1754:Minelayer
1578:Mărășești
1567:Destroyer
1386:Komintern
1348:Cruisers
1286:Nikolayev
1251:Black Sea
1141:Constanța
994:Gumbinnen
939:Bagration
778:Sinyavino
762:Case Blue
647:Leningrad
572:Black Sea
169:Black Sea
3003:, p. 224
2951:, p. 150
2925:, p. 179
2744:44641609
2675:, p. 958
2628:See also
2621:scuttled
2601:MV
2552:Sposobny
2524:Rechinul
2460:Rechinul
2455:Delfinul
2417:class -
2352:Tashkent
1936:Rechinul
1904:Delfinul
1645:Viscolul
1415:Tashkent
1270:Romanian
1178:Jibrieni
1039:Solstice
999:Budapest
989:Courland
979:Debrecen
974:Belgrade
896:2nd Kiev
768:Caucasus
741:Demyansk
702:Chechnya
636:1st Kiev
494:cruisers
458:Bulgaria
403:gunboats
372:Strength
266:Bulgaria
164:Location
2603:Mefküre
2548:Kharkov
2515:-class)
2496:, four
2482:-class)
2480:Mărăști
2468:M-class
2438:Kharkov
2419:Molotov
2267:Armenia
2142:Romania
2122:R-boats
2114:S-boats
2098:of the
2067:at the
2047:Germany
1951:Romania
1882:Germany
1833:Gunboat
1748:Romania
1686:Vijelia
1677:Viforul
1546:Mărăști
1528:Origin
1525:Vessel
1477:-class
1434:Type 7U
1403:Kharkov
1356:Molotov
1325:Number
1157:München
1033:Breslau
1028:Silesia
933:Karelia
885:Dnieper
751:Bamberg
692:Finland
641:Tallinn
473:Croatia
428:Germany
384:Romania
280:Croatia
234:Germany
219:Romania
94:scholar
3078:
2772:
2742:
2616:Naluca
2587:Năluca
2560:Stukas
2487:Sborul
2369:Struma
2301:Aurora
2261:Frunze
2253:Moskva
2241:, and
2146:Xanten
2092:Danube
2086:. The
2076:Turkey
1988:
1948:
1916:
1879:
1867:Mircea
1827:France
1824:
1787:
1745:
1712:
1657:
1625:
1613:Sborul
1558:
1534:Notes
1468:Uragan
1430:Type 7
1412:, and
1409:Moskva
1383:, and
1163:Odessa
1077:Prague
1071:Berlin
1060:Vienna
877:Lenino
719:Lyuban
684:Moscow
673:Rostov
631:Odessa
293:
277:
263:
245:
231:
216:
192:(1944)
176:Result
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2740:JSTOR
2513:Smeul
2415:Kirov
2275:Kerch
1991:Italy
1919:Italy
1790:Italy
1561:Italy
1531:Type
1474:Fugas
1292:, at
918:Narva
891:Nevel
851:Kursk
817:Iskra
746:Kholm
730:Rzhev
697:Kerch
678:Gorky
611:Brody
596:Brest
445:Italy
248:Italy
101:JSTOR
87:books
3076:ISBN
2770:ISBN
2554:and
2502:Sava
2462:and
2429:and
2421:and
2389:and
2315:and
2203:The
2169:SC-1
2080:Axis
2038:CB-6
2029:CB-4
2020:CB-3
2011:CB-2
1976:CB-1
1451:, 1
1432:, 5
1302:Poti
1260:The
1245:The
1234:1944
1229:1943
1224:1942
1219:1941
1005:1945
902:1944
810:1943
796:Mars
713:1942
626:Uman
583:1941
156:Date
73:news
2534:in
2425:-,
2297:L-4
2154:MFP
2136:in
2074:As
2058:U-9
1495:84
1485:44
1462:15
1425:11
509:44
504:84
497:19
144:of
56:by
3103::
2792:.
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2229:,
2225:,
1465:2
1447:4
1444:5
1436:,
1428:6
1406:,
1398:3
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1371:,
1365:,
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1351:6
1336:1
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108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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