Blood culture - Knowledge

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hospital stays. The frequency of contamination can be reduced by following established protocols for blood culture collection, but it cannot be eliminated; for instance, bacteria can survive in deeper layers of the skin even after meticulous disinfection of the blood draw site. The CLSI defines an acceptable contamination rate as no greater than 3% of all blood cultures. The frequency of contamination varies widely between institutions and between different departments in the same hospital; studies have found rates ranging from 0.8 to 12.5 percent.

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provide truly continuous monitoring of blood cultures. This non-invasive measurement method was adopted in 1992 by the BACTEC 9000 series, which used fluorescent indicators to detect pH changes. The Difco ESP, a direct predecessor of the contemporary VersaTREK system which detects gas production by measuring pressure changes, was also first approved in 1992. By 1996, an international study found that 55% of 466 laboratories surveyed were using the BACTEC or BacT/ALERT systems, with other automated systems accounting for 10% of the total.

473:. Collecting the sample from an intravenous line is not recommended, as this is associated with higher contamination rates, although cultures may be collected from both venipuncture and an intravenous line to diagnose catheter-associated infections. Prior to the blood draw, the top of each collection bottle is disinfected using an alcohol swab to prevent contamination. The skin around the puncture site is then cleaned and left to dry; some protocols recommend disinfection with an alcohol-based antiseptic followed by either 457: 997:, are usually considered to be pathogenic when detected in a blood culture, while others are more likely to represent contamination with skin flora; but even common skin organisms such as coagulase-negative staphylococci can cause bloodstream infections under certain conditions. When such organisms are present, interpretation of the culture result involves taking into account the person's clinical condition and whether or not multiple cultures are positive for the same organism. 920:, pure colonies of the organism are selected from the subculture plate and used to inoculate a secondary medium. These methods require overnight incubation before results can be obtained. There are automated systems which use pre-formulated antibiotic panels, measure microbial growth automatically, and determine the sensitivity results using algorithms; some of these can provide results in as little as five hours, but others require overnight incubation as well. 924:

obtained from concentration and purification of the positive blood culture, or directly from the culture bottle. Because direct testing methods do not isolate the organisms, they do not provide accurate results if more than one microorganism is present, although this is an infrequent occurrence in blood cultures. Another source of error is the difficulty in standardizing the amount of bacteria in the sample (the

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method involved inoculating blood into two rubber-sealed glass bottles; one for aerobes and one for anaerobes. The aerobic bottle contained trypticase soy broth and an agar slant, and the anaerobic bottle contained thioglycollate broth. The lysis-centrifugation method was introduced in 1917 by Mildred Clough, but it was rarely used in clinical practice until commercial systems were developed in the mid-1970s.

964:, and detecting protein spectra associated with bacterial strains that exhibit antibiotic resistance. Some of these methods can be performed on pellets from positive blood culture bottles. However, the lack of established methodologies for AST by MALDI-TOF limits its use in clinical practice, and direct AST by MALDI-TOF, unlike genetic testing methods, had not been approved by the 497:. In children, infection with anaerobic bacteria is uncommon, so a single aerobic bottle may be collected to minimize the amount of blood required. It is recommended that at least two sets are collected from two separate venipuncture locations. This helps to distinguish infection from contamination, as contaminants are less likely to appear in more than one set than true 845:, and unlike PCR and MALDI-TOF, these methods may be practical for laboratories in low and middle income countries. It is also possible to directly inoculate microbial identification panels with blood from a positive culture bottle, although this is not as reliable as testing subcultured bacteria because additives from the growth media can interfere with the results. 589:

slower-growing organisms, such as certain bacteria that cause endocarditis, are suspected. In manual systems, the bottles are visually examined for indicators of microbial growth, which might include cloudiness, the production of gas, the presence of visible microbial colonies, or a change in colour from the digestion of blood, which is called

593:. Some manual blood culture systems indicate growth using a compartment that fills with fluid when gases are produced, or a miniature agar plate which is periodically inoculated by tipping the bottle. To ensure that positive blood cultures are not missed, a sample from the bottle is often inoculated onto an agar plate ( 362:, so blood cultures are indicated in these conditions. In infections less strongly associated with bacteremia, blood culture may still be indicated if the individual is at high risk of acquiring an intravascular infection or if cultures cannot be promptly obtained from the main site of infection (for example, a 1048:

be used to collect blood from the patient. A microbiology textbook from 1911 noted that decontamination of the draw site and equipment could take over an hour, and that due to a lack of effective methods for preserving blood, the cultures would sometimes have to be prepared at the patient's bedside.

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It is important that the bottles are neither underfilled nor overfilled: underfilling can lead to false negative results as fewer organisms are present in the sample, while overfilling can inhibit microbial growth because the ratio of growth medium to blood is comparatively lower. A 1:10 to 1:5 ratio

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organisms as the predominant cause of bacteremia in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s, and rates of fungemia have greatly increased in association with a growing population of people receiving immunosuppressive treatments such as chemotherapy. Gram-negative sepsis is more common in Central

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and other fungi may also be identified from the Gram stain. A Gram stain identifying microbial growth from a blood culture is considered a critical result and must immediately be reported to the clinician. The Gram stain provides information about the possible identity of the organism, which assists

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Procedures for culturing the blood were published as early as the mid-19th century, but these techniques were labour-intensive and bore little resemblance to contemporary methods. Detection of microbial growth involved visual examination of the culture bottles until automated blood culture systems,

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published a seminal work on blood cultures in 1930, specifying—among other insights—an optimal blood-to-broth ratio of 1:5, which is still accepted today. The use of SPS as an anticoagulant and preservative was introduced in the 1930s and 40s and resolved some of the logistical issues with earlier

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Even faster diagnosis could be achieved through bypassing culture entirely and detecting pathogens directly from blood samples. A few direct testing systems are commercially available as of 2018, but the technology is still in its infancy. Most panels detect only a limited number of pathogens, and

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at body temperature to encourage the growth of microorganisms. Bottles are usually incubated for up to five days in automated systems, although most common bloodstream pathogens are detected within 48 hours. The incubation time may be extended further if manual blood culture methods are used or if

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by measuring the decrease in the medium's pH, was approved for use in the US in 1991. Unlike the BACTEC systems available at the time, the BacT/ALERT did not require a needle to be introduced into the bottle for sampling; this reduced the frequency of contamination and made it the first system to

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species, which contained both broth and an agar slant, allowing the agar to be easily subcultured from the broth; this was a precursor of some contemporary systems for manual blood cultures. E.G. Scott in 1951 published a protocol described as "the advent of the modern blood culture set". Scott's

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pathogens are recovered. However, if the amount of blood collected far exceeds the recommended volume, bacterial growth may be inhibited by natural inhibitors present in the blood and an inadequate amount of growth medium in the bottle. Over-filling of blood culture bottles may also contribute to

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Blood cultures can become contaminated with microorganisms from the skin or the environment, which multiply inside the culture bottle, giving the false impression that those organisms are present in the blood. Contamination of blood cultures can lead to unnecessary antibiotic treatment and longer

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Because bloodstream infections can be life-threatening, timely diagnosis and treatment is critical, and to this end several rapid identification methods have been developed. MALDI-TOF can be used to identify organisms directly from positive blood culture bottles after separation and concentration

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should be used and what tests might be appropriate to identify the organism. In some cases, no organisms are seen on the Gram stain despite the culture bottle showing indicators of growth or being reported as positive by automated instruments. This may represent a false positive result, but it is

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In developed countries, manual culture methods have largely been replaced by automated systems that provide continuous computerized monitoring of the culture bottles. These systems, such as the BACTEC, BacT/ALERT and VersaTrek, consist of an incubator in which the culture bottles are continuously

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False negatives may be caused by drawing blood cultures after the person has received antibiotics or collecting an insufficient amount of blood. The volume of blood drawn is considered the most important variable in ensuring that pathogens are detected: the more blood that is collected, the more

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Rapid administration of effective antimicrobial drugs is crucial in the treatment of sepsis, so several methods have been developed to provide faster antibiotic sensitivity results. Conventional AST methods can be carried out on young growth from the subculture plate, pellets of microorganisms

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Garcia, RA; Spitzer, ED; Beaudry, J; Beck, C; Diblasi, R; Gilleeny-Blabac, M; et al. (2015). "Multidisciplinary team review of best practices for collection and handling of blood cultures to determine effective interventions for increasing the yield of true-positive bacteremias, reducing

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to minimize the risk of contamination. Because antimicrobial therapy can cause false negative results by inhibiting the growth of microbes, it is recommended that blood cultures are drawn before antimicrobial drugs are given, although this may be impractical in people who are critically ill.

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to reduce their action on the microorganisms in the sample. Bottles intended for paediatric use are designed to accommodate lower blood volumes and have additives that enhance the growth of pathogens more commonly found in children. Other specialized bottles may be used to detect fungi and

429:(CNS) are also commonly encountered, although it is often unclear whether these organisms, which constitute part of the normal skin flora, are true pathogens or merely contaminants. In blood cultures taken from newborn babies and children, CNS can indicate significant infections. The 560:(CLSI) recommends the collection of two sets of bottles from two different draws, with 20–30 mL of blood drawn in each set. In children, the amount of blood to be drawn is often based on the child's age or weight. If endocarditis is suspected, a total of six bottles may be collected. 605:—which serve as an indicator of microbial metabolism. An alarm or a visual indicator alerts the microbiologist to the presence of a positive blood culture bottle. If the bottle remains negative at the end of the incubation period, it is generally discarded without being subcultured. 981:

may be reported as positive when no bacteria are present. Inspection of the growth curve produced by the instrument can help to distinguish between true and false positive cultures, but Gram staining and subculturing are still necessary for any sample that is flagged as positive.

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possible that organisms are present but cannot easily be visualized microscopically. Positive bottles with negative Gram stains are subcultured before being returned to the incubator, often using special culture media that promotes the growth of slow-growing organisms.

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specific to certain species in blood culture samples. Several systems designed for the identification of common blood culture pathogens are commercially available. Some biochemical and immunologic tests can be performed directly on positive blood cultures, such as the

552:, pre-formulated culture bottles can be prohibitively expensive, and it may be necessary to prepare the bottles manually. It can be difficult to access the proper supplies and facilities, and in some regions, it may not be possible to perform blood cultures at all. 516:. Sodium polyanethol sulfonate (SPS) is the most commonly used anticoagulant because it does not interfere with the growth of most organisms. The exact composition of the growth medium varies, but aerobic bottles use a broth that is enriched with nutrients, such as 934:

can be used for rapid detection of certain antimicrobial resistance markers. Methods such as PCR and microarrays, which can be performed directly on positive blood culture samples, detect DNA sequences associated with genes that confer resistance, such as the

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Blood cultures are subject to both false positive and false negative errors. In automated culture systems, identification of positive bottles is based on the detection of gases produced by cellular metabolism, so samples with high numbers of

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Willems, E; Smismans, A; Cartuyvels, R; Coppens, G; Van Vaerenbergh, K; Van den Abeele, AM; Frans, J (2012). "The preanalytical optimization of blood cultures: a review and the clinical importance of benchmarking in 5 Belgian hospitals".

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microbial colonies for full identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Because it is essential that bloodstream infections are diagnosed and treated quickly, rapid testing methods have been developed using technologies like

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In addition to subculturing the broth, some protocols specified that the blood be mixed with melted agar and the mixture poured into a petri dish. In 1915, a blood culture collection system consisting of glass vacuum tubes containing

1081:. Microbes that fed on these substrates would produce radioactive carbon dioxide, and growth could be detected by monitoring its concentration. Before this technique was applied to blood cultures, it had been proposed by 1058:

methods. From the 1940s through the 1980s, a great deal of research was carried out on broth formulations and additives, with the goal of creating a growth medium that could accommodate all common bloodstream pathogens.

960:. MALDI-TOF has been explored as a rapid antimicrobial sensitivity testing method; principles involve measuring microbial growth in the presence of antibiotics, identifying the breakdown of antibiotics by microbial 178:

of blood cultures. Two sets of blood cultures are sometimes collected from two different blood draw sites. If an organism only appears in one of the two sets, it is more likely to represent contamination with

626:. This process concentrates the solid contents of the sample, including microorganisms if present, into a pellet, which is used to inoculate the subculture media. While lysis-centrifugation offers greater 481:-based preparation, while others consider using only an alcohol-containing antiseptic to be sufficient. If blood must be drawn for other tests at the same time as a blood culture, the culture bottles are 227:

which monitor gases produced by microbial metabolism, were introduced in the 1970s. In developed countries, manual blood culture methods have largely been made obsolete by automated systems.

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It typically takes 24 to 48 hours for sufficient growth to occur on the subculture plates for definitive identification to be possible. At this point, the microbiologist will assess

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Fajardo Olivares M, Hidalgo Orozco R, Rodríguez Garrido S, Gaona Álvarez C, Sánchez Silos RM, Hernández Rastrollo R, Martínez Tallo E, Cordero Carrasco JL (March 2012). "".

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A typical blood culture collection involves drawing blood into two bottles, which together form one "culture" or "set". One bottle is designed to enhance the growth of

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or if the bottles are not filled with the recommended amount of blood. Some organisms do not grow well in blood cultures and require special techniques for detection.

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the sensitivity can be poor compared to conventional blood culture methods. Culturing remains necessary in order to carry out full antimicrobial sensitivity testing.

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species, may require prolonged incubation times or special culture media. Some organisms are exceedingly difficult to culture or do not grow in culture at all, so

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When faced with a positive blood culture result, clinicians must decide whether the finding represents contamination or genuine infection. Some organisms, such as

618:. Rather than incubating the blood in a bottle filled with growth medium, this method involves collecting blood into a tube containing an agent that destroys ( 4478: 4391: 1085:

as a method for detecting life on Mars. Throughout the 1970s and 80s several manufacturers attempted to detect microbial growth by measuring changes in the

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A laboratory worker unloads blood culture bottles from a BACT/Alert machine, an automated system used to incubate blood cultures and detect microbial growth

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Chlorhexidine is not recommended for use in infants under two months old, and iodine-based antiseptics are contraindicated in low-birth-weight infants.

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is conducted from the culture bottle to confirm that organisms are present and provide preliminary information about their identity. The blood is then

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Automated blood culture systems first became available in the 1970s. The earliest of these—the BACTEC systems, produced by Johnston Laboratories (now

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TeKippe, EM & Pence, MA. Chapter 3 in Dunne, WM & Burnham, CAD eds. (2018). sec. "History of Lysis-Centrifugation Blood Culture Methods".

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and carry out tests that provide information about the metabolic and biochemical features of the organism, which permit identification to the

2884:"Rapid phenotypic methods to improve the diagnosis of bacterial bloodstream infections: meeting the challenge to reduce the time to result" 728:

the clinician in the selection of a more appropriate antimicrobial treatment before the full culture and sensitivity results are complete.

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McMullen, AR, Wilen, CB, & Burnham, CAD. Chapter 9 in Dunne, WM & Burnham, CAD eds. (2018). sec. "Fungal Bloodstream Infections".

942: 795: 557: 267:, can introduce bacteria into the bloodstream, but this bacteremia is normally transient and is rarely detected in cultures because the 1852: 334:) commonly have cultures drawn to detect a possible bloodstream infection. Blood cultures are used to detect bloodstream infections in 1616: 4445: 4037: 3723: 501:. Additionally, the collection of larger volumes of blood increases the likelihood that microorganisms will be detected if present. 693:

on a sample of blood from the bottle for a rapid preliminary identification of the organism. The Gram stain classifies bacteria as

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Microorganisms may also be identified using automated systems, such as instruments that perform panels of biochemical tests, or

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than conventional blood culture methods, it is prone to contamination because it requires extensive manipulation of the sample.

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than a true bloodstream infection. False negative results can occur if the sample is collected after the person has received

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Early blood culture methods were labour-intensive. One of the first known procedures, published in 1869, recommended that

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When sepsis is suspected, it is necessary to draw blood cultures to identify the causative agent and provide targeted

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To perform the test, blood is drawn into bottles containing a liquid formula that enhances microbial growth, called a

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Chamberland, RR. Chapter 4 in Dunne, WM & Burnham, CAD eds. (2018). sec. "History"; "Bactec 9000 Series Studies".

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Gonzales, MD & Jerris, RC. Chapter 7 in Dunne, WM & Burnham, CAD eds. (2018). sec. "Introduction"; "Summary".

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procedures, or from preliminary growth on the agar plate within a few hours of subculturing. Genetic methods such as

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McMullen, AR, Wilen, CB, & Burnham, CAD. Chapter 9 in Dunne, WM & Burnham, CAD eds. (2018). sec. "Bacteria".

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of blood to culture medium is suggested to optimize microbial growth. For routine blood cultures in adults, the

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Revell, P & Doern, C. Chapter 8 in Dunne, WM & Burnham, CAD eds. (2018). sec. "Specimen Collection".

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An early vacuum tube system for blood culture collection, described by C.E. Simon & C.C.W. Judd in 1915

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A technique called the lysis-centrifugation method can be used for improved isolation of slow-growing or

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mixed. Growth is detected by sensors that measure the levels of gases inside the bottle—most commonly

597:) at the end of the incubation period regardless of whether or not indicators of growth are observed. 78: 4284: 3827: 1310:"Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016" 815: 442:

and South America, Eastern Europe, and Asia than in North America and Western Europe; and in Africa,

216: 532:. The empty space in an anaerobic bottle is filled with a gas mixture that does not contain oxygen. 4435: 4386: 4202: 4094: 4069: 3628:

Linné & Ringsrud's Clinical Laboratory Science: Concepts, Procedures, and Clinical Applications

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Klastersky, J; de Naurois; Rolston, K; Rapoport, B; Maschmeyer, G; Aapro, M; Herrstedt, J. (2016).

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quickly sequester and destroy the organisms. Bacteria can enter the blood from infections such as

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contamination, and eliminating false-positive central line–associated bloodstream infections".

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or molecular methods such as PCR are preferred if infection with these organisms is suspected.

877: 415: 292: 3957: 3395: 717:)—as well as their arrangement. Gram-positive cocci in clusters, for example, are typical of 4427: 4061: 3805: 3605: 3542: 3479: 1904:

Doern, GV; Carroll, KC; Diekema, DJ; Garey, KW; Rupp, ME; Weinstein, MP; et al. (2019).

806:; each microbial species exhibits a characteristic pattern of proteins when analyzed through 675: 391: 315: 136: 31: 3076:

Judd, CCW; Simon, CE (1915). "The vacuum tube of Keidel, as applied to blood-culture work".

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the organism for further testing. The Gram stain results inform microbiologists about what

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Rhodes, A; Evans, E; Alhazzani, W; Levy, MM; Antonelli, M; Ferrer, R; et al. (2017).

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Not all pathogens are easily detected by conventional blood culture methods. Particularly

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Ryan, MR; Murray, PR (1993). "Historical evolution of automated blood culture systems".

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Ombelet, S; Barbé, B; Affolabi, D; Ronat, JB; Lompo, P; Lunguya, O; et al. (2019).

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for several days to allow the organisms to multiply. If microbial growth is detected, a

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In 1947, M.R. Castañeda invented a "biphasic" culture bottle for the identification of

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Tibbetts, RJ & Robinson-Dunn, B. Chapter 10 in Dunne, WM & Burnham, CAD

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Fabre, V; Sharara, SL; Salinas, AB; Carroll, KC; Desai, S; Cosgrove, SE (2020).

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Atkinson-Dunn, R. & Dunne, WM. Chapter 2 in Dunne, WM & Burnham, CAD

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of the culture medium, but none of these methods were commercially successful.

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Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases

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Phoenix M50, an instrument used for automated antibiotic sensitivity testing.

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Pulvertaft, RJV (1930). "The Clinical Interpretation of Aids to Diagnosis".

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matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

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Hansen, GT (2016). "Laboratory Blood Cultures: Past, Present, and Future".

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Farron, ML & Ledeboer, NA. Chapter 11 in Dunne, WM & Burnham, CAD

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Farron, ML & Ledeboer, NA. Chapter 11 in Dunne, WM & Burnham, CAD

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Farron, ML & Ledeboer, NA. Chapter 11 in Dunne, WM & Burnham, CAD

1581: 1564: 236: 4542: 4259: 3992: 3915: 2550: 2065: 1922: 347: 319: 85: 2800:"Bloodstream infections – Standard and progress in pathogen diagnostics" 378:). Blood culture can identify an underlying microbial cause in cases of 4518: 4214: 3751: 3698: 1472:"Management of febrile neutropaenia: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines" 799: 732: 714: 690: 680: 662: 623: 614: 609: 540: 351: 276: 264: 244: 207: 195: 180: 140: 2978: 2961: 2211:"Best Practices of Blood Cultures in Low- and Middle-Income Countries" 2105:

Baron, EJ (2019). "Clinical Microbiology in Underresourced Settings".

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from microbial growth (in right bottle); d) visible microbial colonies

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Signs of growth in manual blood culture systems: a) a film of growth (

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of bloodstream infections varies with time and place; for instance,

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A major issue with the early BACTEC systems was that they produced

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The pathogens most frequently identified in blood cultures include

252: 240: 144: 120: 2683:. (2018). sec. "Molecular Detection from Positive Blood Cultures". 1104:. The BacT/ALERT system, which indirectly detects production of CO 665:

from a positive blood culture bottle, showing spherical bacteria (

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Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods

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Antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections is initially

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Koneman's Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology

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Rosen's Emergency Medicine - Concepts and Clinical Practice

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Loading a target plate containing microbial samples into a

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In traditional methods, the blood is then subcultured onto

622:) red and white blood cells, then spinning the sample in a 3565:

Clinical Microbiology for Diagnostic Laboratory Scientists

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European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

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Walls, R; Hockberger, R; Gausche-Hill, M (9 March 2017).

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Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference - E-Book

2950:. (2018). sec. "Direct antimicrobial resistance testing". 2208: 174:, that do not. These two containers are referred to as a 3541:

Pagana, KD; Pagana, TJ; Pagana, TN (19 September 2014).

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Dondorp, AM; Dünser, MW; Schultz, MJ (8 February 2019).

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Jawetz Melnick & Adelbergs Medical Microbiology 27 E

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Anaerobic, aerobic, and paediatric blood culture bottles

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Mahon, CR; Lehman, DC; Manuselis, G (18 January 2018).

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If growth is detected, a microbiologist will perform a

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that leads to a systemic inflammatory condition called

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Dien Bard, J; McElvania TeKippe, E; Kraft, CS (2016).

508:, which encourages microorganisms to multiply, and an 131:. Under normal conditions, the blood does not contain 3607:

Manual of Commercial Methods in Clinical Microbiology

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Dunne, WM. Chapter 1 in Dunne, WM & Burnham, CAD

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Opota, O; Croxatto, A; Prod'hom, G; Greub, G (2015).

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Carroll, KC; Butel, JS; Morse, SA (12 August 2015).

1697: 928:), which has a profound effect on the test results. 852: 3394:Bennett, JE; Dolin, R; Blaser, MJ (8 August 2019). 2739: 2532: 2204: 2202: 2200: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1691: 1419: 3540: 3393: 3339: 2959: 2877: 2875: 2609: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1236: 1234: 1232: 749:the appearance of the bacterial or fungal colonies 318:. People who are hospitalized and have a fever, a 3414: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 2953: 2791: 2050:"Diagnosis of Bloodstream Infections in Children" 1642: 767:of Gram-positive cocci) from each other, and the 535:Many commercially manufactured bottles contain a 4575: 3020:Dawson, S (2014). "Blood culture contaminants". 2881: 2197: 1886: 1556: 798:(MALDI-TOF MS), in which microbial proteins are 3739:Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test 3519: 3214: 2872: 2848:"Rapid AST directly from blood culture bottles" 2748: 2675: 2673: 2392:McPherson, RA & Pincus, MR (2017). p. 1207. 2347:Procop, GW & Koneman, EW (2017). pp. 197–8. 2006: 2004: 2002: 1296: 1229: 3439:Sepsis Management in Resource-limited Settings 3271: 3170: 2942: 2940: 1700:"Fever of Unknown Origin: A Clinical Approach" 1429:Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 584:After the blood is collected, the bottles are 4045: 3683: 3582: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3015: 3013: 2798:Lamy, B; Sundqvist, M; Idelevich, EA (2020). 1377: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1157: 1155: 894:. Right: Pre-formulated panels loaded into a 705:—whether they are rod-shaped (referred to as 170:that require oxygen, and one of which is for 3456: 2670: 2520:Procop, GW & Koneman, EW (2017). p. 104. 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2374:Procop, GW & Koneman, EW (2017). p. 196. 2357: 2355: 2353: 2297:Procop, GW & Koneman, EW (2017). p. 199. 2268: 2266: 2264: 2023:Procop, GW & Koneman, EW (2017). p. 194. 1999: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1774: 1754: 1752: 1698:Cunha, BA; Lortholary, O; Cunha, CB (2015). 1240: 1191:Procop, GW & Koneman, EW (2017). p. 188. 1187: 1185: 822:can identify microorganisms by detection of 612:organisms, such as fungi, mycobacteria, and 524:, and anaerobic bottles typically contain a 157:tested for resistance to antimicrobial drugs 3220: 3078:Journal of the American Medical Association 2937: 2704: 2498:Procop, GW & Koneman, EW (2017). p. 94. 2455:Procop, GW & Koneman, EW (2017). p. 81. 2043: 2041: 1610: 1608: 1525: 1463: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1073:)—used culture broths containing nutrients 558:Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 469:Blood cultures are typically drawn through 4052: 4038: 3690: 3676: 3520:McPherson, RA; Pincus, MR (5 April 2017). 3286: 3176: 3130: 3104: 3010: 2400: 2398: 2321: 2319: 2031: 2029: 1853:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1358: 1152: 1053:broth and an anticoagulant was described. 155:the blood, microbes can be identified and 47: 3724:Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test 3526:(23 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. 3357: 3254: 3075: 2977: 2924: 2899: 2815: 2766: 2636: 2566: 2535:"Expert Systems in Clinical Microbiology" 2429: 2350: 2261: 2244: 2226: 2098: 2081: 1939: 1921: 1864: 1749: 1715: 1580: 1487: 1325: 1258: 1182: 346:occurs alongside a severely low count of 3652:(9 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. 3069: 2960:Benkova, M; Soukup, O; Marek, J (2020). 2305: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2162: 2038: 1848:"Collecting Cultures: a Clinician Guide" 1845: 1605: 1164: 1035: 802:and characterized on the basis of their 777: 567: 455: 3624: 2485: 2483: 2395: 2316: 2279: 2026: 1860:from the original on 25 September 2020. 1534:"Neutropenia – Hematology and Oncology" 1531: 14: 4576: 3603: 3141: 3019: 2882:Dubourg, G; Lamy, B; Ruimy, R (2018). 1841: 1839: 147:, which in severe cases may result in 4033: 3671: 2300: 2288: 2104: 1614: 1385:American Journal of Infection Control 1260:10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0031-2016 259:, which can occur in situations like 27:Test to detect bloodstream infections 3561: 3477: 2533:Winstanley, T; Courvalin, P (2011). 2480: 1643:Cahill, TJ; Prendergast, BD (2016). 493:, and the other is designed to grow 4345:Oxidative/fermentation glucose test 3502:Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology 3346:Clinical Microbiology and Infection 3340:Rohner, P; Auckenthaler, R (1999). 2934:. (2018). sec. "Rapid Diagnostics". 2888:Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2804:Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2755:Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2625:Clinical Microbiology and Infection 1836: 755:or species level. For example, the 24: 3359:10.1111/j.1469-0691.1999.tb00429.x 1538:Merck Manuals Professional Edition 1441:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.01.009 448:is a leading cause of bacteremia. 25: 4600: 4471:Antibiotic susceptibility testing 4278:biochemical and immunologic tests 3156:10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2016.07.001 3090:10.1001/jama.1915.25710360002018a 2749:Idelevich, EA; Becker, K (2019). 1783:Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia 1055:Robert James Valentine Pulvertaft 910:antibiotic susceptibility testing 859:Antibiotic susceptibility testing 853:Antibiotic susceptibility testing 786:Biotyper, an instrument used for 633: 311:, which can be life-threatening. 301:poorly functioning immune systems 4499:Minimum inhibitory concentration 4191:Manual testing: basic techniques 3583:Procop, GW; Koneman, EW (2017). 3457:Dunne, WM; Burnham, CAD (2018). 3289:Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 3144:Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 2860:from the original on 12 May 2020 2054:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1704:The American Journal of Medicine 958:vancomycin-resistant enterococci 876: 867: 651: 642: 504:Blood culture bottles contain a 427:Coagulase-negative staphylococci 401:and other members of the family 190:The containers are placed in an 135:: their presence can indicate a 3386: 3324: 3315: 3205: 3056: 2966:Journal of Applied Microbiology 2840: 2726: 2713: 2695: 2686: 2661: 2596: 2583: 2514: 2501: 2492: 2471: 2458: 2449: 2416: 2407: 2386: 2377: 2368: 2341: 2328: 2184: 2175: 2149: 2017: 1986: 1977: 1964: 1823: 1814: 1801: 1761: 1740: 1512: 1241:Martinez, RM; Wolk, DM (2016). 1119: 701:and provides information about 550:low and middle income countries 230: 4407:Novobiocin susceptibility test 4397:Bacitracin susceptibility test 3876:Orthopoxvirus inclusion bodies 3631:(7 ed.). Elsevier Mosby. 3460:The Dark Art of Blood Cultures 2413:Turgeon, ML (2016). pp. 492–3. 2107:Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 1283: 1216: 1203: 1194: 1139: 971: 888:antibiotic sensitivity testing 709:), spherical (referred to as 295:or infections associated with 255:. Minor damage to the skin or 13: 1: 4290:Amino acid decarboxylase test 3221:Murray, PR; Masur, H (2012). 3191:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)88443-3 3022:Journal of Hospital Infection 2539:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1910:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1846:Septimus, E (1 August 2019). 1661:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00067-7 1132: 464: 4402:Optochin susceptibility test 4365:Sulfide indole motility test 4350:Phenylalanine deaminase test 3604:Truant, AL (28 March 2016). 3547:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 3505:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 3400:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 3301:10.1016/0196-4399(93)90051-N 3239:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318270e771 2172:(2018). sec. "Introduction". 2014:(2018). sec. "Introduction". 1717:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.06.001 1569:Clinical Infectious Diseases 966:Food and Drug Administration 563: 451: 376:community-acquired pneumonia 287:; and infections within the 7: 3484:. Oxford University Press. 1161:Turgeon, ML (2016). p. 510. 831:test for identification of 338:, a common complication of 324:high white blood cell count 10: 4605: 3034:10.1016/j.jhin.2014.02.009 1397:10.1016/j.ajic.2015.06.030 1031: 914:broad-spectrum antibiotics 856: 273:reticuloendothelial system 29: 4511: 4469: 4446:Polymerase chain reaction 4425: 4275: 4190: 4179: 4149: 4108: 4082: 4068: 4006: 3968: 3924: 3828:Heterophile antibody test 3796: 3709: 3589:. Wolters Kluwer Health. 3421:. McGraw-Hill Education. 3321:Truant, AL (2016). p. 13. 2901:10.1016/j.cmi.2018.03.031 2817:10.1016/j.cmi.2019.11.017 2768:10.1016/j.cmi.2019.04.025 2701:Ford, M (2019). pp. 93–4. 2638:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.01.003 2477:Ford, M (2019). pp. 91–2. 2383:Truant, AL (2016). p. 12. 2119:10.1016/j.cll.2019.05.001 1615:Doern, GV (3 June 2020). 1327:10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6 816:polymerase chain reaction 512:that prevents blood from 217:polymerase chain reaction 98: 84: 72: 58: 46: 41: 4436:Analytical profile index 1710:(10): 1138.e1–1138.e15. 1645:"Infective endocarditis" 1532:Territo, M (July 2018). 1243:"Bloodstream Infections" 1112: 995:Streptococcus pneumoniae 842:Streptococcus pneumoniae 790:analysis in microbiology 4584:Microbiology techniques 3478:Ford, M (5 June 2019). 2228:10.3389/fmed.2019.00131 1785:(in European Spanish). 1746:Ford, M. (2019). p. 95. 1314:Intensive Care Medicine 1200:Pitt, SJ (2018). p. 26. 1087:electrical conductivity 763:and staphylococci (two 384:fever of unknown origin 243:in the blood is termed 4370:Triple sugar iron test 3970:Bloodstream infections 3939:Sabin–Feldman dye test 3854:Warthin–Finkeldey cell 3227:Critical Care Medicine 2692:Ford, M (2019). p. 93. 2667:Pitt, SJ (2018) p. 35. 2489:Ford, M (2019). p. 90. 2404:Ford, M (2019). p. 89. 2325:Ford, M (2019). p. 87. 2285:Ford, M (2019). p. 88. 2035:Ford, M (2019). p. 85. 1983:Pitt, SJ (2018) p. 34. 1482:(suppl 5): v111–v118. 1041: 943:methicillin-resistant 791: 581: 461: 416:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 293:bacterial endocarditis 247:, and the presence of 4428:point-of-care testing 4109:Cultures by body site 4062:clinical microbiology 2468:. (2018). pp. 868–71. 2215:Frontiers in Medicine 1489:10.1093/annonc/mdw325 1247:Microbiology Spectrum 1039: 945:Staphylococcus aureus 857:Further information: 804:mass-to-charge ratios 781: 773:Staphylococcus aureus 713:), or spiral-shaped ( 676:Staphylococcus aureus 669:) that stain purple ( 571: 459: 392:Staphylococcus aureus 316:antimicrobial therapy 137:bloodstream infection 32:Blood Cultures (band) 4387:Voges–Proskauer test 4295:Bile solubility test 4150:Cultures by organism 4083:Isolation techniques 3953:Diagnosis of malaria 3625:Turgeon, ML (2016). 3481:Medical Microbiology 3066:. (2018). pp. 872–4. 2736:. (2018). pp. 287–8. 2723:. (2018). pp. 273–7. 2551:10.1128/CMR.00061-10 2313:. (2018). pp. 871–2. 2159:. (2019). pp. 172–3. 2066:10.1128/JCM.02919-15 1923:10.1128/CMR.00009-19 1811:. (2018). pp. 865–6. 1079:radioactive isotopes 1010:fastidious organisms 741:types of agar plates 673:). Right: Growth of 522:trypticase soy broth 518:brain-heart infusion 437:organisms overtook 320:low body temperature 119:test used to detect 4494:McFarland standards 4484:Disk diffusion test 4479:Beta-lactamase test 4412:Lancefield grouping 4392:X and V factor test 4360:Salt tolerance test 4235:Ziehl–Neelsen stain 4198:Colonial morphology 3926:Protozoan infection 3786:Anti-streptolysin O 3729:rapid plasma reagin 3711:Bacterial infection 1582:10.1093/cid/ciaa039 1213:. (2015) pp. 755–6. 918:disk diffusion test 892:disk diffusion test 837:latex agglutination 495:anaerobic organisms 445:Salmonella enterica 336:febrile neutropenia 185:antimicrobial drugs 172:anaerobic organisms 4563:Inoculation needle 4014:C-reactive protein 3823:Epstein–Barr virus 3811:Branched DNA assay 3703:infectious disease 1974:. (2014). p. xiii. 1655:(10021): 882–893. 1522:. (2017). p. 1497. 1476:Annals of Oncology 1042: 792: 771:can differentiate 582: 462: 404:Enterobacteriaceae 360:epidural abscesses 326:or a low count of 239:. The presence of 235:Blood is normally 117:medical laboratory 4571: 4570: 4548:Biosafety cabinet 4507: 4506: 4355:Reverse CAMP test 4175: 4174: 4157:Bacterial culture 4027: 4026: 3772:HelicoCARE direct 3659:978-0-323-39016-3 3638:978-0-323-22545-8 3617:978-1-119-02186-5 3596:978-1-4511-1659-5 3575:978-1-118-74582-3 3562:Pitt, SJ (2018). 3554:978-0-323-22592-2 3533:978-0-323-41315-2 3512:978-0-323-48212-7 3491:978-0-19-881814-4 3470:978-1-68367-306-4 3449:978-3-030-03143-5 3428:978-0-07-182503-0 3407:978-0-323-48255-4 3233:(12): 3277–3282. 3185:(5563): 821–822. 2979:10.1111/jam.14704 2761:(11): 1347–1355. 2606:. (2016). p. 756. 2593:. (2018). p. 244. 2511:. (2018). p. 126. 2446:. (2018). p. 874. 2426:. (2016). p. 203. 2365:. (2018). p. 872. 2338:. (2015). p. 756. 2276:. (2018). p. 871. 2194:. (2019). p. 202. 1883:. 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(2015). p. 755. 1098:spectrophotometry 1094:radioactive waste 1003:iatrogenic anemia 979:white blood cells 808:mass spectrometry 491:aerobic organisms 332:white blood cells 297:intravenous lines 168:aerobic organisms 109: 108: 16:(Redirected from 4596: 4558:Inoculation loop 4456:Rapid strep test 4188: 4187: 4080: 4079: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4031: 4030: 3958:Schüffner's dots 3871:B type inclusion 3861:Inclusion bodies 3840:NS1 antigen test 3692: 3685: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3642: 3621: 3600: 3579: 3558: 3537: 3516: 3495: 3474: 3453: 3432: 3411: 3380: 3379: 3361: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3284: 3269: 3268: 3258: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3139: 3128: 3121: 3102: 3101: 3073: 3067: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3017: 3008: 3007: 2981: 2957: 2951: 2944: 2935: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2903: 2879: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2819: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2770: 2746: 2737: 2730: 2724: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2684: 2677: 2668: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2640: 2616: 2607: 2600: 2594: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2570: 2530: 2521: 2518: 2512: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2478: 2475: 2469: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2440: 2427: 2420: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2366: 2359: 2348: 2345: 2339: 2332: 2326: 2323: 2314: 2307: 2298: 2295: 2286: 2283: 2277: 2270: 2259: 2258: 2248: 2230: 2206: 2195: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2173: 2166: 2160: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2085: 2060:(6): 1418–1424. 2045: 2036: 2033: 2024: 2021: 2015: 2008: 1997: 1990: 1984: 1981: 1975: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1943: 1925: 1901: 1884: 1877: 1862: 1861: 1843: 1834: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1812: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1778: 1772: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1719: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1612: 1603: 1602: 1584: 1575:(5): 1339–1347. 1560: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1540:. Archived from 1529: 1523: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1491: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1379: 1356: 1355: 1329: 1305: 1294: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1262: 1238: 1227: 1220: 1214: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1192: 1189: 1180: 1173: 1162: 1159: 1150: 1143: 1126: 1123: 1071:Becton Dickinson 1026:serology testing 880: 871: 759:can distinguish 655: 646: 422:Candida albicans 398:Escherichia coli 356:septic arthritis 257:mucous membranes 202:, meaning it is 102:edit on Wikidata 94: 68: 51: 39: 38: 21: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4503: 4465: 4421: 4330:Methyl red test 4277: 4276:Manual testing: 4271: 4230:India ink stain 4220:Acid-fast stain 4183: 4171: 4145: 4121:Genital culture 4104: 4100:Selective media 4072: 4064: 4058: 4028: 4023: 4002: 3964: 3920: 3909:Councilman body 3798:Viral infection 3792: 3758:Weil–Felix test 3744:Abelin reaction 3734:Wassermann test 3705: 3696: 3666: 3660: 3639: 3618: 3597: 3576: 3555: 3534: 3513: 3492: 3471: 3450: 3429: 3408: 3389: 3384: 3383: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3295:(14): 105–108. 3285: 3272: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3175: 3171: 3150:(15): 119–128. 3140: 3131: 3122: 3105: 3074: 3070: 3061: 3057: 3018: 3011: 2958: 2954: 2945: 2938: 2929: 2925: 2880: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2796: 2792: 2747: 2740: 2731: 2727: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2617: 2610: 2601: 2597: 2588: 2584: 2531: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2441: 2430: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2360: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2317: 2308: 2301: 2296: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2271: 2262: 2207: 2198: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2167: 2163: 2154: 2150: 2103: 2099: 2046: 2039: 2034: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2009: 2000: 1996:(2018). p. 870. 1991: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1969: 1965: 1902: 1887: 1878: 1865: 1844: 1837: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1802: 1779: 1775: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1696: 1692: 1641: 1637: 1627: 1625: 1613: 1606: 1561: 1557: 1547: 1545: 1544:on 22 July 2019 1530: 1526: 1517: 1513: 1468: 1464: 1424: 1420: 1380: 1359: 1306: 1297: 1288: 1284: 1239: 1230: 1221: 1217: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1183: 1179:(2018). p. 866. 1174: 1165: 1160: 1153: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1107: 1103: 1034: 974: 932:Genetic testing 902: 901: 900: 899: 883: 882: 881: 873: 872: 861: 855: 687: 686: 685: 684: 658: 657: 656: 648: 647: 636: 566: 467: 454: 330:(a category of 305:immune response 289:vascular system 233: 105: 90: 64: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4602: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4475: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4432: 4430: 4426:Automated and 4423: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4310:Coagulase test 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4281: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4244: 4239: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4194: 4192: 4185: 4181:Identification 4177: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4162:Fungal culture 4159: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4131:Throat culture 4128: 4126:Sputum culture 4123: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4086: 4084: 4077: 4066: 4065: 4060:Techniques in 4057: 4056: 4049: 4042: 4034: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3974: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3930: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3899: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3844: 3843: 3842: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3820: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3802: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3788: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3715: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3695: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3672: 3665: 3664: 3658: 3643: 3637: 3622: 3616: 3601: 3595: 3580: 3574: 3559: 3553: 3538: 3532: 3517: 3511: 3496: 3490: 3475: 3469: 3454: 3448: 3433: 3427: 3412: 3406: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3352:(9): 513–529. 3332: 3323: 3314: 3270: 3213: 3204: 3169: 3129: 3103: 3068: 3055: 3009: 2972:(4): 806–822. 2952: 2936: 2923: 2894:(9): 935–943. 2871: 2839: 2810:(2): 142–150. 2790: 2738: 2725: 2712: 2703: 2694: 2685: 2669: 2660: 2631:(4): 313–322. 2608: 2595: 2582: 2545:(3): 515–556. 2522: 2513: 2500: 2491: 2479: 2470: 2457: 2448: 2428: 2415: 2406: 2394: 2385: 2376: 2367: 2349: 2340: 2327: 2315: 2299: 2287: 2278: 2260: 2196: 2183: 2174: 2161: 2148: 2113:(3): 359–369. 2097: 2037: 2025: 2016: 1998: 1985: 1976: 1963: 1885: 1863: 1835: 1822: 1813: 1800: 1773: 1760: 1748: 1739: 1690: 1635: 1604: 1555: 1524: 1511: 1462: 1418: 1357: 1320:(3): 304–377. 1295: 1282: 1228: 1215: 1202: 1193: 1181: 1163: 1151: 1137: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1117: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1105: 1101: 1033: 1030: 973: 970: 941:gene found in 885: 884: 875: 874: 866: 865: 864: 863: 862: 854: 851: 829:tube coagulase 769:coagulase test 720:Staphylococcus 660: 659: 650: 649: 641: 640: 639: 638: 637: 635: 634:Identification 632: 603:carbon dioxide 565: 562: 530:thioglycollate 526:reducing agent 466: 463: 453: 450: 372:sputum culture 368:pyelonephritis 232: 229: 164:culture medium 133:microorganisms 127:in a person's 107: 106: 99: 96: 95: 88: 82: 81: 76: 70: 69: 62: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 26: 18:Blood cultures 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4601: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4531:Anaerobic jar 4529: 4525: 4524:Growth medium 4522: 4521: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4461:Monospot test 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4274: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4168: 4167:Viral culture 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4141:Wound culture 4139: 4137: 4136:Urine culture 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4116:Blood culture 4114: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4050: 4048: 4043: 4041: 4036: 4035: 4032: 4020: 4019:Procalcitonin 4017: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3978:Blood culture 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3934:toxoplasmosis 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3898: 3897:Cowdry bodies 3895: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3866:Downie bodies 3864: 3863: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3780:Streptococcus 3777: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3681: 3679: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3661: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3126: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3065: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3016: 3014: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2949: 2943: 2941: 2933: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2876: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2849: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2743: 2735: 2729: 2722: 2716: 2707: 2698: 2689: 2682: 2676: 2674: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2613: 2605: 2599: 2592: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2527: 2517: 2510: 2504: 2495: 2486: 2484: 2474: 2467: 2461: 2452: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2425: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2399: 2389: 2380: 2371: 2364: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2344: 2337: 2331: 2322: 2320: 2312: 2306: 2304: 2294: 2292: 2282: 2275: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2193: 2187: 2178: 2171: 2165: 2158: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2044: 2042: 2032: 2030: 2020: 2013: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1995: 1989: 1980: 1973: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1882: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1842: 1840: 1832: 1826: 1817: 1810: 1804: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1777: 1770: 1764: 1755: 1753: 1743: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1639: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1611: 1609: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1559: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1528: 1521: 1515: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1466: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1292: 1286: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1225: 1219: 1212: 1206: 1197: 1188: 1186: 1178: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1158: 1156: 1148: 1142: 1138: 1122: 1118: 1110: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1064: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1038: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1021:Mycobacterium 1017: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1004: 998: 996: 992: 987: 983: 980: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 946: 940: 939: 933: 929: 927: 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 897: 893: 889: 886:Left: Manual 879: 870: 860: 850: 846: 844: 843: 838: 834: 830: 825: 824:DNA sequences 821: 817: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 789: 785: 780: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 757:catalase test 754: 750: 745: 742: 738: 734: 729: 726: 722: 721: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 699:Gram-negative 696: 695:Gram-positive 692: 682: 678: 677: 672: 671:Gram-positive 668: 664: 661:Left: Direct 654: 645: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 616: 611: 606: 604: 598: 596: 592: 587: 579: 575: 570: 561: 559: 553: 551: 547: 542: 539:that absorbs 538: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 510:anticoagulant 507: 506:growth medium 502: 500: 496: 492: 487: 484: 480: 476: 475:chlorhexidine 472: 458: 449: 447: 446: 440: 439:Gram-negative 436: 435:Gram-positive 432: 428: 424: 423: 418: 417: 412: 411: 406: 405: 400: 399: 394: 393: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 364:urine culture 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 312: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 269:immune system 266: 262: 261:toothbrushing 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 228: 224: 222: 218: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 188: 186: 182: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 113:blood culture 103: 97: 93: 89: 87: 83: 80: 77: 75: 71: 67: 63: 61: 57: 50: 45: 42:Blood culture 40: 37: 33: 19: 4335:Nitrite test 4305:Citrate test 4246:Rapid tests 4225:Giemsa stain 4115: 4095:Streak plate 3977: 3945: 3903:yellow fever 3901: 3890:Negri bodies 3882: 3846: 3835:Dengue fever 3778: 3766:Helicobacter 3764: 3750: 3648: 3627: 3606: 3585: 3564: 3543: 3522: 3501: 3480: 3459: 3442:. Springer. 3438: 3417: 3396: 3387:Bibliography 3349: 3345: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3292: 3288: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3207: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3147: 3143: 3124: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3063: 3058: 3025: 3021: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2947: 2931: 2926: 2891: 2887: 2862:. Retrieved 2851: 2842: 2807: 2803: 2793: 2758: 2754: 2733: 2728: 2720: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2688: 2680: 2663: 2628: 2624: 2603: 2602:Carroll, KC 2598: 2590: 2585: 2542: 2538: 2516: 2508: 2503: 2494: 2473: 2465: 2460: 2451: 2443: 2423: 2422:Carroll, KC 2418: 2409: 2388: 2379: 2370: 2362: 2343: 2335: 2334:Carroll, KC 2330: 2310: 2281: 2273: 2218: 2214: 2191: 2190:Bennett, JE 2186: 2177: 2169: 2164: 2156: 2155:Dondorp, AM 2151: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2057: 2053: 2019: 2011: 1993: 1988: 1979: 1971: 1966: 1913: 1909: 1880: 1851: 1830: 1829:Bennett, JE 1825: 1816: 1808: 1803: 1789:(1): 25–30. 1786: 1782: 1776: 1768: 1763: 1742: 1707: 1703: 1693: 1652: 1648: 1638: 1628:30 September 1626:. Retrieved 1620: 1572: 1568: 1558: 1548:30 September 1546:. Retrieved 1542:the original 1537: 1527: 1519: 1514: 1479: 1475: 1465: 1432: 1428: 1421: 1388: 1384: 1317: 1313: 1290: 1289:Bennett, JE 1285: 1250: 1246: 1223: 1218: 1210: 1209:Carroll, KC 1205: 1196: 1176: 1146: 1145:Carroll, KC 1141: 1121: 1100:to detect CO 1091: 1068: 1062: 1060: 1043: 1019: 1013: 1007: 999: 994: 990: 988: 984: 975: 968:as of 2018. 953: 949: 944: 936: 930: 922: 903: 847: 840: 832: 812: 793: 772: 761:streptococci 746: 730: 718: 688: 674: 613: 607: 599: 583: 554: 546:mycobacteria 534: 503: 488: 471:venipuncture 468: 443: 431:epidemiology 420: 414: 410:Enterococcus 408: 402: 396: 390: 388: 380:endocarditis 340:chemotherapy 328:granulocytes 313: 234: 231:Medical uses 225: 221:MALDI-TOF MS 189: 175: 161: 112: 110: 36: 4589:Blood tests 4543:Durham tube 4375:Urease test 4184:and testing 3993:Parasitemia 3916:Tzanck test 3806:HIV testing 3699:Blood tests 3084:(10): 822. 3028:(1): 1–10. 1970:Pagana, KD 972:Limitations 820:microarrays 733:agar plates 715:spirochetes 703:their shape 628:sensitivity 595:subcultured 541:antibiotics 483:drawn first 348:neutrophils 200:subcultured 86:MedlinePlus 4578:Categories 4519:Agar plate 4315:DNAse test 4215:Gram stain 3752:Rickettsia 3179:The Lancet 3062:Mahon, CR 2732:Mahon, CR 2719:Mahon, CR 2589:Mahon, CR 2507:Mahon, CR 2464:Mahon, CR 2442:Mahon, CR 2361:Mahon, CR 2309:Mahon, CR 2272:Mahon, CR 1992:Mahon, CR 1879:Mahon, CR 1807:Mahon, CR 1767:Mahon, CR 1649:The Lancet 1435:(1): 1–8. 1222:Mahon, CR 1175:Mahon, CR 1133:References 1012:, such as 839:tests for 818:(PCR) and 723:species. 691:Gram stain 681:blood agar 663:Gram stain 624:centrifuge 615:Legionella 610:fastidious 465:Collection 374:in severe 352:meningitis 291:, such as 277:cellulitis 265:defecation 251:is called 245:bacteremia 208:agar plate 196:Gram stain 181:skin flora 141:bacteremia 66:D000071997 4553:Incubator 4512:Equipment 4441:MALDI-TOF 4340:ONPG test 4300:CAMP test 4203:Hemolysis 4070:Isolation 3610:. Wiley. 3568:. Wiley. 3463:. Wiley. 3368:1198-743X 3309:0196-4399 3247:0090-3493 3199:0140-6736 3164:0196-4399 3098:0002-9955 3042:0195-6701 3004:218679078 2988:1364-5072 2910:1198-743X 2864:1 October 2826:1198-743X 2777:1198-743X 2647:1198-743X 2559:0893-8512 2237:2296-858X 2143:198292851 2127:0272-2712 2074:0095-1137 1958:204974894 1932:0893-8512 1726:0002-9343 1685:205975776 1669:0140-6736 1591:1058-4838 1518:Walls, R 1498:0923-7534 1449:0732-8893 1405:0196-6553 1352:206884481 1336:0342-4642 1269:2165-0497 991:S. aureus 956:genes of 833:S. aureus 788:MALDI-TOF 591:hemolysis 586:incubated 578:turbidity 564:Culturing 499:pathogens 452:Procedure 413:species, 342:in which 285:pneumonia 192:incubator 153:culturing 4417:RPR test 4325:KOH test 4285:ALA test 4255:Catalase 4242:Wet prep 4210:Staining 3998:Algaemia 3988:Fungemia 3719:syphilis 3376:11851703 3265:23034460 3050:24768211 2996:32418295 2918:29605563 2858:Archived 2856:. 2020. 2834:31760113 2785:31055166 2655:25753137 2577:21734247 2255:31275940 2135:31383262 2092:26818669 1950:31666280 1858:Archived 1795:22488538 1734:26093175 1677:26341945 1622:UpToDate 1599:31942949 1506:27664247 1457:22578933 1413:26298636 1344:28101605 1277:27726765 1075:labelled 1063:Brucella 1015:Brucella 926:inoculum 574:pellicle 528:such as 514:clotting 253:fungemia 241:bacteria 206:onto an 204:streaked 145:fungemia 139:such as 121:bacteria 4536:Gas-pak 4250:Oxidase 4090:Asepsis 4075:culture 4007:General 3983:Viremia 3947:malaria 3848:measles 3256:4201853 3127:(2018). 2568:3131062 2246:6591475 2221:: 131. 2083:4879304 1941:6822992 1051:glucose 1046:leeches 1032:History 962:enzymes 948:or the 906:empiric 890:by the 800:ionized 737:isolate 707:bacilli 237:sterile 212:isolate 4260:Indole 3884:rabies 3656: 3635: 3614: 3593: 3572: 3551: 3530: 3509: 3488: 3467: 3446: 3425: 3404: 3374: 3366: 3307: 3263: 3253: 3245: 3197: 3162: 3096: 3048: 3040: 3002: 2994: 2986: 2916: 2908: 2832: 2824: 2783: 2775: 2653: 2645: 2575: 2565: 2557: 2253: 2243: 2235: 2141: 2133: 2125: 2090: 2080: 2072: 1994:et al. 1956: 1948: 1938: 1930: 1793: 1732: 1724: 1683: 1675: 1667: 1597: 1589: 1504: 1496: 1455: 1447: 1411: 1403: 1350: 1342: 1334: 1275: 1267: 1177:et al. 784:Bruker 765:genera 479:iodine 477:or an 309:sepsis 149:sepsis 92:003744 4489:Etest 4451:VITEK 4380:rapid 4320:IMViC 3816:mChip 3064:et al 3000:S2CID 2734:et al 2721:et al 2604:et al 2591:et al 2509:et al 2466:et al 2444:et al 2424:et al 2363:et al 2336:et al 2311:et al 2274:et al 2192:et al 2157:et al 2139:S2CID 1972:et al 1954:S2CID 1916:(1). 1881:et al 1831:et al 1809:et al 1769:et al 1681:S2CID 1520:et al 1348:S2CID 1291:et al 1253:(4). 1224:et al 1211:et al 1147:et al 1113:Notes 1077:with 753:genus 725:Yeast 711:cocci 667:cocci 620:lyses 548:. In 537:resin 370:or a 344:fever 249:fungi 151:. 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