Second Boer War - Knowledge

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British whenever possible. Their tactics were to strike fast and hard causing as much damage to the enemy as possible, and then to withdraw and vanish before enemy reinforcements could arrive. The vast distances of the republics allowed the Boer commandos considerable freedom to move about and made it nearly impossible for the 250,000 British troops to control the territory effectively using columns alone. As soon as a British column left a town or district, British control of that area faded away. The Boer commandos were especially effective during the initial guerrilla phase of the war because Roberts had assumed that the war would end with the capture of the Boer capitals and the dispersal of the main Boer armies. Many British troops were therefore redeployed out of the area, and had been replaced by lower-quality contingents of

3828:, successfully crossed the river, but was then faced with a fresh defensive position centred on a prominent hill known as Spion Kop. In the resulting Battle of Spion Kop, British troops captured the summit by surprise during the early hours of 24 January 1900, but as the early morning fog lifted, they realised too late that they were overlooked by Boer gun emplacements on the surrounding hills. The rest of the day resulted in a disaster caused by poor communication between Buller and his commanders. Between them they issued contradictory orders, on the one hand ordering men off the hill, while other officers ordered fresh reinforcements to defend it. The result was 350 men killed and nearly 1,000 wounded and a retreat across the Tugela River into British territory. There were nearly 300 Boer casualties. 5159:. He also alleged that Floris Visser had been captured wearing a British Army jacket and that Captain Hunt's body had been mutilated. In response, the court moved to Pretoria, where Col. Hamilton testified that he had "never spoken to Captain Hunt with reference to his duties in the Northern Transvaal". Though stunned, Maj. Thomas argued that his clients were not guilty because they believed that they "acted under orders". In response, Maj. Bolton argued that they were "illegal orders" and said, "The right of killing an armed man exists only so long as he resists; as soon as he submits he is entitled to be treated as a prisoner of war." The Court ruled in Maj. Bolton's favor. Lt. Morant was found guilty of murder. Lts. Handcock, Witton, and Picton were convicted of the lesser charge of 6388:– American scout and adventurer who frequently assisted the British in Africa, Burnham was prospecting in the Klondike at the time of the war's outbreak and originally was not intending to take part. However, a note from Lord Roberts reached him in Alaska, asking him to take on the role of Chief Scout of Roberts' staff if he should so choose. Burnham, on the other side of the globe, hurried to Africa and was commissioned a captain in the British army (a highly unusual practice given that Burnham was an American citizen, not a British subject). Burnham arrived at the front just before the Battle of Paardeberg and spent most of his time behind Boer lines gathering information and sabotaging railroads. Burnham was captured and escaped by the Boers twice and severely wounded at one point. 5984: 3092:"—congratulating President Kruger and the government of the South African Republic on their success. When the text of this telegram was disclosed in the British press, it generated a storm of anti-German feeling. In the baggage of the raiding column, to the great embarrassment of Britain, the Boers found telegrams from Cecil Rhodes and the other plotters in Johannesburg. Chamberlain had approved Rhodes' plans to send armed assistance in the case of a Johannesburg uprising, but he quickly moved to condemn the raid. Rhodes was severely censured at the Cape inquiry and the London parliamentary inquiry and was forced to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape and as Chairman of the British South Africa Company, for having sponsored the failed 3945:, which started on 14 February was Buller's fourth attempt to relieve Ladysmith. The losses Buller's troops had sustained convinced Buller to adopt Boer tactics "in the firing line—to advance in small rushes, covered by rifle fire from behind; to use the tactical support of artillery; and above all, to use the ground, making rock and earth work for them as it did for the enemy." Despite reinforcements his progress was painfully slow against stiff opposition. However, on 26 February, after much deliberation, Buller used all his forces in one all-out attack for the first time and at last succeeded in forcing a crossing of the Tugela to defeat Botha's outnumbered forces north of Colenso. After a siege lasting 118 days, the 6449:, British soldiers were held in captivity in Boer encampments after surrendering their arms, and civilians were often mixed in with service personnel because the Boers did not have the resources to do otherwise. A total of 116,000 women, children and Boer soldiers were confined to the Commonwealth concentration camps, of which at least 28,000, mainly women and children, would die. The lack of food, water, and sanitary provisions was a feature of 20th-century warfare for both civilians and armed services personnel, yet one consequence of the Boer War and investigative commissions was the implementation of The Hague Convention (1899) and Geneva Convention (1904); of which there were many further agreements thereafter. 6322: 4542: 4424:

Orange. The cautious conduct of some of the elderly Orange Free State generals had been one factor that discouraged the Cape Boers from siding with the Boer republics. Nevertheless, there was widespread pro-Boer sympathy. Some of the Cape Dutch volunteered to help the British, but a much larger number volunteered to help the other side. The political factor was more important than the military: the Cape Dutch, according to Milner 90 percent of whom favoured the rebels, controlled the provincial legislature, and it's authorities forbade the British Army to burn farms or to force Boer civilians into concentration camps. The British had more limited options to suppress the insurgency in the Cape Colony as result.

465: 2959:(foreigners, white outsiders) poured in and settled around the mines. The influx was so rapid that uitlanders quickly outnumbered the Boers in Johannesburg and along the Rand, although they remained a minority in the Transvaal. The Boers, nervous and resentful of the uitlanders' growing presence, sought to contain their influence through requiring lengthy residential qualifying periods before voting rights could be obtained; by imposing taxes on the gold industry; and by introducing controls through licensing, tariffs and administrative requirements. Among the issues giving rise to tension between the Transvaal government on the one hand and the uitlanders and British interests on the other, were: 5886:

their left flank and infantry would therefore march on the Boer right flank to secure a crossing. The Canadian 2nd Battalion was the lead unit advancing on the right flank. However, due to disease and casualties from earlier encounters, the 2nd battalion was reduced to approximately half of its initial strength. The Canadian battalion came under fire from the Boers who were occupying protected positions. The battle continued for several hours until the British cavalry was able to flank the Boers and force a retreat. Canadian casualties were two killed and two wounded. The skirmishes around the Zand River would continue and more soldiers from various Commonwealth countries would become involved.

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blockhouses, from units patrolling the fences and conducting "sweeper" operations, and from native Africans in rural areas who increasingly supplied intelligence, as the Scorched Earth policy took effect and they found themselves competing with the Boers for food supplies. Kitchener's forces at last began to seriously affect the Boers' fighting strength and freedom of manoeuvre, and made it harder for the Boers and their families to survive. Despite this success, almost half the Boer fighting strength, around 15,000 men, were still in the field fighting by May 1902. However, Kitchener's tactics were very costly: Britain was running out of time, patience, and money needed for the war.

3271: 5499: 4163: 3104:), Jameson was later rewarded by being named Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (1904–1908) and was ultimately anointed as one of the founders of the Union of South Africa. For conspiring with Jameson, the uitlander members of the Reform Committee (Transvaal) were tried in the Transvaal courts and found guilty of high treason. The four leaders were sentenced to death by hanging, but the next day this sentence was commuted to 15 years' imprisonment. In June 1896, the other members of the committee were released on payment of £2,000 each in fines, all of which were paid by Cecil Rhodes. One Reform Committee member, Frederick Gray, committed suicide while in Pretoria 5067:

in camp at Pietersburg till the inquiry is finished. So deeply do we deplore the opprobrium which must be inseparably attached to these crimes that scarcely a man once his time is up can be prevailed to re-enlist in this corps. Trusting for the credit of thinking you will grant the inquiry we seek." In response to the letter written by Trooper Cochrane, Col. Hall summoned all Fort Edward officers and non-commissioned officers to Pietersburg on 21 October 1901. All were met by a party of mounted infantry five miles outside Pietersburg on the morning of 23 October 1901 and "brought into town like criminals". Lt. Morant was arrested after returning from leave in

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crops, burned homesteads and farms and interned Boer and African men, women, children and workers in concentration camps. Finally, the British also established their own mounted raiding columns in support of the sweeper columns. These were used to rapidly follow and relentlessly harass the Boers with a view to delaying them and cutting off escape, while the sweeper units caught up. Many of the 90 or so mobile columns formed by the British to participate in such drives were a mixture of British and colonial troops, but they also had a large minority of armed Africans. The total number of armed Africans serving with these columns has been estimated at 20,000.

4629: 3610:, on 28 November resulting in British losses of 71 dead and over 400 wounded. British commanders had been trained on the lessons of the Crimean War and were adept at battalion and regimental set pieces, with columns manoeuvring in jungles, deserts and mountainous regions. What British generals failed to comprehend was the impact of destructive fire from trench positions and the mobility of cavalry raids. The British troops went to war with what would prove to be antiquated tactics—and in some cases antiquated weapons—against the mobile Boer forces with the destructive fire of their modern Mausers, the latest Krupp field guns and their novel tactics. 3922: 6585: 538: 425: 231: 6609: 568: 219: 4084: 4590:

camps. Subsequently, the British scorched earth policies were applied to both Boers and Africans. Although most black Africans were not considered by the British to be hostile, many tens of thousands were also forcibly removed from Boer areas and also placed in concentration camps. Africans were held separately from Boer internees. Eventually there were a total of 64 tented camps for Africans. Conditions were as bad as in the camps for the Boers, but even though, after the Fawcett Commission report, conditions improved in the Boer camps, "improvements were much slower in coming to the black camps"; 20,000 died there.

3546:) was a mistake and one of the best illustrations of their lack of strategic vision. Historically, it had little in its favour. Of the seven sieges in the First Boer War, the Boers had prevailed in none. More importantly, it handed the initiative back to the British and allowed them time to recover, which they did. Generally speaking, throughout the campaign, the Boers were too defensive and passive, wasting the opportunities they had for victory. Yet that passivity also testified to the fact that they had no desire to conquer British territory, but only to preserve their ability to rule in their own territory. 5739: 6364:. Served as a volunteer doctor in the Langman Field Hospital at Bloemfontein between March and June 1900. In his widely distributed and translated pamphlet 'The War in South Africa: Its Cause and Conduct' he justified both the reasonings behind the war and handling of the conflict itself. In response to complaints about concentration camps he pointed out that over 14,000 British soldiers had died of disease during the conflict (as opposed to 8,000 killed in combat) and at the height of epidemics he was seeing 50–60 British soldiers dying each day in a single ill-equipped and overwhelmed military hospital. 728: 332: 6397: 4692: 716: 5562:

the debate around the sending of forces to assist the war. Though not fully independent on foreign affairs, these countries did have local say over how much support to provide, and the manner it was provided. Ultimately, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and British South African Company-administered Rhodesia all sent volunteers to aid the United Kingdom. Troops were also raised to fight with the British from the Cape Colony and Natal. Some Boer fighters, such as Smuts and Botha, were technically British subjects as they came from the Cape Colony and Colony of Natal, respectively.

4188: 6063: 410: 307: 294: 3165: 451: 2438: 3454: 3805: 6352:– Best known as the leader of the independence movement in India, he lived in South Africa 1893–1915 where he worked on behalf of Indians. He volunteered in 1900 to help the British by forming teams of ambulance drivers and raising 1100 Indian volunteer medics. At Spioenkop Gandhi and his bearers had to carry wounded soldiers for miles to a field hospital because the terrain was too rough for the ambulances. General Redvers Buller mentioned the courage of the Indians in his dispatch. Gandhi and thirty-seven other Indians received the War Medal. 493: 6621: 6281:. Hughes became involved in the Boer war as a member of Brigadier-General Herbert Settle's expedition after Hughes unsuccessfully tried to raise his own brigade of soldiers. However, Hughes was dismissed and was sent home in the summer of 1900 for; sending letters back home which were published outlining British command incompetence, his impatience and boastfulness and his providing surrendering enemies favourable conditions. Hughes later became the Canadian Minister of Defence and Militia in 1911, just prior the outbreak of World War I. 839: 826: 704: 693: 682: 671: 660: 649: 638: 627: 616: 605: 592: 9742: 10161: 8636: 8672: 9273: 6089:" or mounted infantry, well suited to the countryside and manner of warfare. Some regular British officers scorned their comparative lack of formal discipline, but the light horse units were hardier and more suited to the demands of campaigning than the overloaded British cavalry, who were still obsessed with the charge by lance or sabre. At their peak, 24,000 South Africans (including volunteers from the Empire) served in the field in various "colonial" units. Notable units (in addition to the Imperial Light Horse) were the 10149: 10125: 8660: 7769: 9509: 438: 7757: 361: 5147:, had been retained to defend Maj. Lenahan. The night before, however, he agreed to represent all six defendants. The "Visser Incident" was the first case to go to trial. Lt. Morant's former orderly and interpreter, BVC Trooper Theunis J. Botha, testified that Visser, who had been promised that his life would be spared, was cooperative during two days of interrogation and that all his information was later found to have been true. Despite this, Lt. Morant ordered him shot. In response, Lt. Morant testified that he 6258: 5222: 508: 3222: 6573: 255: 243: 203: 395: 2567:. After Britain annexed Natal in 1843, they journeyed farther northwards into South Africa's vast eastern interior. There, they established two independent Boer republics: the South African Republic (1852; also known as the Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State (1854). Britain recognised the two Boer republics in 1852 and 1854 but attempted British annexation of the Transvaal in 1877 led to the First Boer War in 1880–1881. After Britain suffered defeats, particularly at the 280: 3390: 3012: 67: 815: 804: 786: 775: 764: 753: 740: 5900:

river further down the line, the infantry had to advance onto the town of Doornkop as they were the ones who were tasked with its capture. The Canadians suffered very minimal casualties and achieved their objective after the Boer soldiers retreated from their positions. Although the Canadians suffered minimal casualties, the lead British unit in the infantry advance, the Gordon Highlanders, did sustain heavy casualties in their march from the riflemen of the Boer force.

6751:"Although some 30,000 Irishmen served in the British Army under Irish General Lord Frederick Roberts, who had been Commander of Chief of British Forces in Ireland prior to his transfer to South Africa, some historians argue that the sympathies of many of their compatriots lay with the Boers. Nationalist-controlled local authorities passed pro-Boer resolutions and there were proposals to confer civic honours on Boer leader, Paul Kruger." (Irish Ambassador Daniel Mulhall 6633: 4553: 5816: 320: 14171: 5612: 4382: 3555: 6434: 5075: 3139: 6597: 15443: 349: 3984: 4598:, were eager to enter the war with the specific aim of reclaiming land won by the Boers. As the war went on there was greater involvement of Africans, and in particular large numbers became embroiled in the conflict on the British side, either voluntarily or involuntarily. By the end of the war, many Africans had been armed and had shown conspicuous gallantry in roles such as scouts, messengers, watchmen in blockhouses, and auxiliaries. 3645: 2556:. The Boers were itinerant farmers who lived on the colony's frontiers, seeking better pastures for their livestock. Many were dissatisfied with aspects of British administration, in particular with Britain's abolition of slavery on 1 December 1834. Boers who used forced labor would have been unable to collect compensation for their slaves. Between 1836 and 1852, many elected to migrate away from British rule in what became known as the 2343: 553: 4242: 3708: 12046: 6018:

enemy action, with another 158 killed accidentally or by disease. The first New Zealander to be killed was Farrier G.R. Bradford at Jasfontein Farm on 18 December 1899. The Boer War was greeted with extraordinary enthusiasm when the war was over, and peace was greeted with patriotism and national pride. This is best shown by the fact that the Third, Fourth and Fifth contingents from New Zealand were funded by public conscription.

5944: 2669: 267: 523: 5924:, were tasked with covering the retreat. The Boers mounted a heavy assault against the Canadians with the intention of capturing the two 12 pound artillery pieces. During this battle, the Afrikaners outnumbered the Canadians almost three to one. A small group of the Dragoons interposed themselves between the Boers and the artillery in order to allow the guns and their crews time to escape. The Dragoons won three 3845: 4669: 12034: 4656:... flush out guerrillas in a series of systematic drives, organised like a sporting shoot, with success defined in a weekly 'bag' of killed, captured and wounded, and to sweep the country bare of everything that could give sustenance to the guerrillas, including women and children ... It was the clearance of civilians—uprooting a whole nation—that would come to dominate the last phase of the war. 4307: 5273: 3980:

Rifles, who persuaded the Boers to surrender the capital. Before the war, the Boers had constructed several forts south of Pretoria, but the artillery had been removed from the forts for use in the field, and in the event they abandoned Pretoria without a fight. Having won the principal cities, Roberts declared the war over on 3 September 1900; and the South African Republic was formally annexed.

4208:, but without success. However, the Boer raids on British army camps and other targets were sporadic and poorly planned, and the very nature of the Boer guerrilla war itself had practically no overall long-term objectives, with the exception to simply harass the British. This led to a disorganised pattern of scattered engagements between the British and the Boers throughout the region. 4703:" policy—including the systematic destruction of crops and slaughtering of livestock, the burning down of homesteads and farms—to prevent the Boers from resupplying from a home base, many tens of thousands of women and children were forcibly moved into the concentration camps. This was not the first appearance of internment camps, as the Spanish had used internment in Cuba in the 4404:, using an effective mounted charge. One of the most active British units was effectively destroyed in this engagement. This made Botha's forces the target of increasingly large scorched earth drives by British forces, in which the British made particular use of native scouts and informers. Eventually, Botha had to abandon the high veld and retreat to a narrow enclave bordering 4651:" to provide refuge for civilian families who had been forced to abandon their homes for whatever reason related to the war. However, when Kitchener took over in late 1900, he introduced new tactics in an attempt to break the guerrilla campaign and the influx of civilians grew dramatically as a result. Disease and starvation killed thousands. Kitchener initiated plans to 4594:

agreement that this war would be a "white man's war." At the outset, British officials instructed all white magistrates in the Natal Colony to appeal to Zulu amakhosi (chiefs) to remain neutral, and President Kruger sent emissaries asking them to stay out of it. However, in some cases there were old scores to be settled, and some Africans, such as the

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guards and to patrol the line at night. The Army linked the blockhouses with barbed wire fences to parcel up the wide veld into smaller areas. "New Model" drives were mounted under which a continuous line of troops could sweep an area of veld bounded by blockhouse lines, unlike the earlier inefficient scouring of the countryside by scattered columns.

4229:. Eventually some 8,000 such blockhouses were built across the two South African republics, radiating from the larger towns along principal routes. Each blockhouse cost between £800 and £1,000 and took about three months to build. Despite the expense, they proved very effective; not one bridge at which a blockhouse was sited and manned was blown up. 4331:, inflicting heavy casualties. This prompted Kitchener to launch the first of the "New Model" drives against him. De Wet escaped the first such drive but lost 300 of his fighters. This was a severe loss, and a portent of further attrition, although the subsequent attempts to round up De Wet were badly handled, and De Wet's forces avoided capture. 3873:(Military Secretary) from Calcutta. Like Buller, Roberts first intended to attack directly along the Cape Town–Pretoria railway but, again like Buller, was forced to relieve the beleaguered garrisons. Leaving Buller in command in Natal, Roberts massed his main force near the Orange River and along the Western Railway behind Methuen's force at the 3468:, an attack that heralded the invasion of the Cape Colony and Natal between October 1899 and January 1900. With speed and surprise, the Boers drove quickly towards the British garrison at Ladysmith and the smaller ones at Mafeking and Kimberley. The quick Boer mobilisation resulted in early military successes against scattered British forces. Sir 3516:

important Boer objective. In early November, about 7,500 Boer began their siege, again content to starve the town into submission. Despite Boer shelling, the 40,000 inhabitants, of which only 5,000 were armed, were under little threat, because the town was well-stocked with provisions. The garrison was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel

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unnecessary equipment and saddlery, failure to rest and acclimatise horses after long sea voyages and, later in the war, poor management by inexperienced mounted troops and distant control by unsympathetic staffs. The average life expectancy of a British horse, from the time of its arrival in Port Elizabeth, was around six weeks.

4356:. De La Rey succeeded in capturing many men and a large amount of ammunition. The Boer attacks prompted Lord Methuen, the British second-in-command after Kitchener, to move his column from Vryburg to Klerksdorp to deal with De La Rey. On the morning of 7 March 1902, the Boers attacked the rear guard of Methuen's moving column at 2330:, including the German Empire, United States, Russia and even some parts of the British Empire such as Australia and Ireland. Some consider the war the beginning of questioning the British Empire's veneer of impenetrable global dominance, due to the war's surprising duration and the unforeseen losses suffered by the British. A 5669:

served in "irregular" regiments raised in South Africa. Perhaps five hundred Australian irregulars were killed. In total 20,000 or more Australians served and about 1,000 were killed. A total of 267 died from disease, 251 were killed in action or died from wounds sustained in battle. A further 43 men were reported missing.

5720:, such is the lack of information that is available about the trackers it is even uncertain as to whether they returned to Australia at the end of the war. He has claimed that at the end of the war in 1902 when the Australian contingents returned the trackers may not have been allowed back to Australia due to the 4444:. Several captured Boers, including Lotter and Scheepers, who was captured when he fell ill with appendicitis, were executed by the British for treason or for capital crimes such as the murder of British prisoners or of unarmed civilians. Some of the executions took place in public, to deter further disaffection. 3250:, favoured annexation of the Boer republics. Confident that the Boers would be quickly defeated, they planned and organised a short war, citing the uitlanders' grievances as the motivation for the conflict. In contrast, the influence of the war party within the British government was limited. UK Prime Minister, 4565:

British, loyalty to their dead comrades, solidarity with fellow commandos, an intense desire for independence, religious arguments, and fear of captivity or punishment. On the other hand, their women and children were dying nearly every day in prison camps and independence seemed more and more impossible.

2647:, the President of the South African Republic, issued an ultimatum on 9 October 1899, giving the British government 48 hours to withdraw all their troops from the borders of both the Transvaal and the Orange Free State, failing which the Transvaal, allied to the Orange Free State, would declare war on the 6293:, McCrae started his active military service in the Boer War as an artillery officer. After completing several major campaigns, McCrae's artillery unit was sent home to Canada in 1901 with what would be referred to today as an 'honourable discharge'. McCrae ended up becoming a special professor in the 6409:

was antiquated and improperly used on the battlefield in the modern warfare of the Boer War, and that the First World War was the final proof that mounted attacks had no place in twentieth century combat. Cavalry was put to better use after the reforms in the theatres of the Middle East and World War

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On 7 November 1900, a British-Canadian force was searching for a unit of Boer commandos which were known to be operating around the town of Belfast, South Africa. After the British Commander reached the farm of Leliefontein, he began to fear that his line had expanded too far and ordered a withdrawal

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Many exiles and prisoners were unable to return to their farms at all; others attempted to do so but were forced to abandon the farms as unworkable given the damage caused by farm burning in the course of the scorched earth policy. Destitute Boers and black Africans swelled the ranks of the unskilled

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who have fought from Colenso till now. We cannot return home with the stigma of these crimes attached to our names. Therefore we humbly pray that a full and exhaustive inquiry be made by Imperial officers in order that the truth be elicited and justice done. Also we beg that all witnesses may be kept

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The camps were poorly administered from the outset and became increasingly overcrowded when Kitchener's troops implemented the internment strategy on a vast scale. Conditions were terrible for the health of the internees, mainly due to neglect, poor hygiene and bad sanitation. The supply of all items

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In parts of Cape Colony, particularly the Cape Midlands District where Boers formed a majority of the white inhabitants, the British had always feared a general uprising against them. In fact, no such uprising ever took place, even in the early days of the war when Boer armies had advanced across the

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The blockhouse system required an enormous number of troops to garrison. Well over 50,000 British troops, or 50 battalions, were involved in blockhouse duty, greater than the approximately 30,000 Boers in the field during the guerrilla phase. In addition, up to 16,000 Africans were used both as armed

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Each Boer commando unit was sent to the district from which its members had been recruited, which meant that they could rely on local support and personal knowledge of the terrain and the towns within the district thereby enabling them to live off the land. Their orders were simply to act against the

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By September 1900, the British were nominally in control of both Republics, with the exception of the northern part of the Transvaal. However, they soon discovered that they only controlled the territory their columns physically occupied. Despite the loss of their two capital cities and half of their

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set out from Bloemfontein to achieve this in July 1900. The hard core of the Free State Boers under De Wet, accompanied by President Steyn, left the basin early. Those remaining fell into confusion and most failed to break out before Hunter trapped them. 4,500 Boers surrendered and much equipment was

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from 18 to 27 February, Roberts then surrounded Cronjé's retreating Boer army. On 17 February, a pincer movement involving both French's cavalry and the main British force attempted to take the entrenched position, but the frontal attacks were uncoordinated and so were repulsed by the Boers. Finally,

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and jingoists. He was also uncertain of the abilities of the British Army. Despite both his moral and practical reservations, Salisbury led the United Kingdom to war in order to preserve the British Empire's prestige and feeling a sense of obligation to British South Africans. Salisbury also detested

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The uitlanders resented the taxes levied by the Transvaal government, particularly when this money was not spent on Johannesburg or uitlander interests but diverted to projects elsewhere in the Transvaal. For example, as the gold-bearing ore sloped away from the outcrop underground to the south, more

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The war had a lasting effect on the region and on British domestic politics. For Britain, the Second Boer War was the longest, the most expensive (£211 million, £19.9 billion at 2022 prices), and the bloodiest conflict between 1815 and 1914, lasting three months longer and resulting in more

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By the time peace was concluded two and a half years later, 10 contingents of volunteers, totalling nearly 6,500 men from New Zealand, with 8,000 horses had fought in the conflict, along with doctors, nurses, veterinary surgeons and a small number of school teachers. Some 70 New Zealanders died from

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On 6 May 1900, the Commonwealth's northwards advance to the capital of Pretoria was well on its way. However, the British soldiers encountered a position of Boer soldiers on the Zand River on 10 May. The British commander felt that the best course of action was to use cavalry to envelop the Boers on

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The final phase of the war was the guerrilla phase in which many Boer soldiers turned to guerrilla tactics such as raiding infrastructure or communications lines. Many Canadian soldiers did not actually see combat after they had been shipped over to South Africa since many arrived around the time of

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with 300 free burgher Indians and 800 indentured Indian labourers started the Ambulance Corps serving the British side. As the war raged across African farms and their homes were destroyed, many became refugees and they, like the Boers, moved to the towns where the British hastily created internment

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The last of the Boers finally surrendered in May 1902 and the war ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging signed on 31 May 1902. After a period of obstinacy, the British reneged and offered the Boers generous terms of conditional surrender in order to bring the war to a victorious conclusion. The Boers

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were waiting for them. Through a combination of artillery and accurate rifle fire and better use of the ground, the Boers repelled all British attempts to cross the river. After his first attacks failed, Buller broke off the battle and ordered a retreat, abandoning many wounded men, several isolated

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to be dug in an unconventional place to fool the British and to give their riflemen a greater firing range. The plan worked, and this tactic helped to write the doctrine of the supremacy of the defensive position, using modern small arms and trench fortifications. The British lost 120 killed and 690

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Lastly, over 360 kilometres (220 mi) to the south of Mafeking lay the diamond mining city of Kimberley, which was also subjected to a siege. Although not militarily significant, it nonetheless represented an enclave of British imperialism on the borders of the Orange Free State and was hence an

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was a clear-cut British tactical victory, but Sir George White feared that more Boers were about to attack his main position and so ordered a chaotic retreat from Elandslaagte, throwing away any advantage gained. The detachment from Dundee was compelled to make an exhausting cross-country retreat to

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maintained muster rolls but had no disciplinary powers. Each man brought his own weapon, usually a hunting rifle, and his own horse. Those who could not afford a gun were given one by the authorities. The Presidents of the Transvaal and Orange Free State simply signed decrees to concentrate within a

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Such views were far from those of the British government and from those in the army. To most sensible observers, army reform had been a matter of pressing concern since the 1870s, constantly put off because the British public did not want the expense of a larger, more professional army and because a

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In June 1884, British imperial interests were ignited in the discovery by Jan Gerrit Bantjes of what would prove to be the world's largest deposit of gold-bearing ore at an outcrop on a large ridge some 69 km (43 mi) south of the Boer capital at Pretoria. The ridge was known locally as the

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As tensions escalated, political manoeuvrings and negotiations attempted to reach compromise on the issues of uitlanders' rights within the South African Republic, control of the gold mining industry, and Britain's desire to incorporate the Transvaal and the Orange Free State into a federation under

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The Second Boer War was the harbinger of a new type of combat which would persevere throughout the twentieth century, guerrilla warfare. After the war was over, the entire British army underwent a period of reform which was focused on lessening the emphasis placed on mounted units in combat. It was

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of Boer prisoners and the killing of a German missionary who had been a witness to the shootings. Morant was found guilty along with Peter Handcock and George Witton at their court-martial, with the two former being executed and the latter's sentence commuted, and later released from British prison

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The end of the First part was the period in mid-December, referred to as the "Black Week". During the week of 10–17 December 1899, the British suffered three major defeats at the hands of the Boers at the battlefields of Stormberg, Magersfontein and Colenso. Afterwards, the British called upon more

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were far closer to that of South Africa than most other parts of the empire, so Australians adapted quickly to the environment, with troops serving mostly among the army's "mounted rifles". Enlistment in all official Australian contingents totalled 16,463. Another five to seven thousand Australians

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The vast majority of troops fighting for the British army came from Great Britain. Yet a significant number came from other parts of the British Empire. These countries had their own internal disputes over whether they should remain tied to London, or have full independence, which carried over into

5513:

Most of the horses and mules brought to South Africa during the war came from the United States. In total, 109,878 horses and 81,524 mules were shipped from New Orleans to South Africa in 166 voyages from October 1899 to June 1902. The cost of these animals and their transport was an average of US$

5477:

The 2nd Anglo-Boer War was a victory that costed British taxpayers more than £200m; 22,000 Empire troops, and more than 400,000 army horses, donkeys and mules were killed. Britain had expected a swift victory against a mostly unmilitarised and predominantly agricultural-based opponent. However, the

4372:

and Commandant Potgieter attacked a superior force under Kekewich. The British soldiers were well positioned on the hillside and inflicted severe casualties on the Boers charging on horseback over a large distance, beating them back. This was the end of the war in the Western Transvaal and also the

4322:

in November 1900. Many Boers who had earlier returned to their farms and towns, sometimes after being given formal parole by the British, took up arms again. In late January 1901, De Wet led a renewed invasion of Cape Colony. This was less successful, because there was no general uprising among the

4119:

were completed. In total, six prisoner of war camps would be set up in South Africa during the war. As numbers grew, the British decided they did not want them kept locally. The capture of 4000 POWs in February 1900 was a key event, which made the British realise they could not accommodate all POWs

6082:(hands-uppers) and were often coerced into giving support to the Boer guerrillas (which formed one of the reasons for the British decision to launch scorched earth campaigns throughout the countryside and detain Boers in concentration camps in order to deny anything of use to the Boer guerrillas). 6013:

to approve the offer to the imperial government of a contingent of mounted rifles, thus becoming the first British Colony to send troops to the Boer War. The British position in the dispute with the Transvaal was "moderate and righteous", he maintained. He stressed the "crimson tie" of Empire that

5899:

Since the Boers were mounting a heavy resistance to the advancing mounted units, the Commonwealth infantry units were tasked with holding the Boer units while the mounted units found another route across the river with less resistance. Even after the cavalry made it across to the other side of the

5896:

On the days of 29–29 May 1900, both the Canadian 2nd battalion and the 1st Mounted Infantry Brigade fought together on the same battlefield for the first, and only, time. The Mounted Brigade, which encompassed units such as the Canadian Mounted Rifles and the Royal Canadian Dragoons were given the

5874:

A British-led attack trapped a Boer Army in Central South Africa on the banks of the Modder River from 18 to 27 February 1900. Over 800 Canadian soldiers from Otter's 2nd Special Service Battalion were attached to the British attack force. This was the first major attack involving the Canadians in

5826:

Commonwealth involvement in the Boer War can be summarised into three parts. The first part (October 1899 – December 1899) was characterised by questionable decisions and blunders from the Commonwealth leadership which affected its soldiers greatly. The soldiers of the Commonwealth were shocked at

5509:

The number of horses killed in the war was at the time unprecedented in modern warfare. For example, in the relief of Kimberley, French's cavalry rode 500 horses to their deaths in a single day. The wastage was particularly heavy among British forces for several reasons: overloading of horses with

5473:

Having taken the country into a prolonged war, the Conservative government was rejected by the electorate at the first general election after the war was over. Balfour succeeded his uncle, Lord Salisbury in 1903, immediately after the war, took over a Conservative Party that had won two successive

5288:

The counterinsurgency techniques and lessons (the restriction of movement, the containment of space, the ruthless targeting of anything, everything and anyone that could give sustenance to guerrillas, the relentless harassment through sweeper groups coupled with rapid reaction forces, the sourcing

4609:

About 10,000 black men were attached to Boer units where they performed camp duties; a handful unofficially fought in combat. The British Army employed over 14,000 Africans as wagon drivers. Even more had combatant roles as spies, guides, and eventually as soldiers. By 1902 there were about 30,000

4285:

Among those Burghers who had stopped fighting, it was decided to form peace committees to persuade those who were still fighting to desist. In December 1900, Lord Kitchener gave permission that a central Burgher Peace Committee be inaugurated in Pretoria. By the end of 1900 some thirty envoys were

4195:

From late May 1900, the first successes of the Boer guerrilla strategy were at Lindley (where 500 Yeomanry surrendered), and at Heilbron (where a large convoy and its escort were captured) and other skirmishes resulting in 1,500 British casualties in less than ten days. In December 1900, De la Rey

3856:

By taking command in person in Natal, Buller had allowed the overall direction of the war to drift. Because of concerns about his performance and negative reports from the field, he was replaced as Commander in Chief by Roberts. Roberts quickly assembled an entirely new team for headquarters staff

3527:

wrote, "I saw horseflesh for the first time being treated as a human foodstuff." The cities under siege also dealt with constant artillery bombardment, making the streets a dangerous place. Near the end of the siege of Kimberley, it was expected that the Boers would intensify their bombardment, so

3418:

It rapidly became clear that the Boer forces presented the British forces with a severe tactical challenge. What the Boers presented was a mobile and innovative approach to warfare, drawing on their experiences from the First Boer War. The average Boers who made up their commandos were farmers who

3212:

The Transvaal army was transformed: Approximately 25,000 men equipped with modern rifles and artillery could mobilise within two weeks. However, President Kruger's victory in the Jameson Raid incident did nothing to resolve the fundamental problem of finding a formula to conciliate the uitlanders,

2547:

in 1806. At the time, the colony was home to about 26,000 colonists settled under Dutch rule. A relative majority represented old Dutch families brought to the Cape during the late 17th and early 18th centuries; however, close to one-fourth of this demographic was of German origin and one-sixth of

6425:

fought in the First World War in the same role as the Boer War. However, during, and after, the Second World War the regiments swapped their horses for mechanised vehicles. It was also the beginning of types of conflict involving machine guns, shrapnel and observation balloons which were all used

5260:

In the aftermath of the war, an imperial administration freed from accountability to a domestic electorate set about reconstructing an economy that was by then predicated unambiguously on gold. At the same time, British civil servants, municipal officials, and their cultural adjuncts were hard at

5046:

6. The shooting of Roelf van Staden and his sons Roelf and Christiaan, near Fort Edward on 7 September 1901. All were coming in to surrender in the hope of gaining medical treatment for teenaged Christiaan, who was suffering from recurring bouts of fever. Instead, they were met at the Sweetwaters

4605:

in the southeastern Transvaal, a Zulu faction had their cattle stolen and their women and children tortured by the Boers as a punishment for assisting the British. The local Boer officer then sent an insulting message to the tribe, challenging them to take back their cattle. The Zulus attacked at

4216:

The British were forced to quickly revise their tactics. They concentrated on restricting the freedom of movement of the Boer commandos and depriving them of local support. The railway lines had provided vital lines of communication and supply, and as the British had advanced across South Africa,

2400:

In the third and final phase, beginning in March 1900 and lasting a further two years, the Boers conducted a hard-fought guerrilla war, attacking British troop columns, telegraph sites, railways, and storage depots. To deny supplies to the Boer guerrillas, the British, now under the leadership of

6077:

Later during the war, Kitchener attempted to form a Boer Police Force, as part of his efforts to pacify the occupied areas and effect a reconciliation with the Boer community. The members of this force were despised as traitors by the Boers still in the field. Those Boers who attempted to remain

4257:

The British also implemented a scorched earth policy under which they targeted everything within the controlled areas that could give sustenance to the Boer guerrillas with a view to making it harder for the Boers to survive. As British troops swept the countryside, they systematically destroyed

4032:

The set-piece period of the war now largely gave way to a mobile guerrilla war, but one final operation remained. President Kruger and what remained of the Transvaal government had retreated to eastern Transvaal. Roberts, joined by troops from Natal under Buller, advanced against them, and broke

4023:

on 11–12 June, where Roberts attempted to drive the remnants of the Boer field army under Botha beyond striking distance of Pretoria. Although Roberts drove the Boers from the hill, Botha did not regard it as a defeat, for he inflicted 162 casualties on the British while suffering only around 50

3979:

He was forced to halt again at Kroonstad for 10 days, due once again to the collapse of his medical and supply systems, but finally captured Johannesburg on 31 May and the capital of the Transvaal, Pretoria, on 5 June. The first into Pretoria was Lt. William Watson of the New South Wales Mounted

3904:

Meanwhile, Roberts pursued Piet Cronjé's 7,000-strong force, which had abandoned Magersfontein to head for Bloemfontein. General French's cavalry was ordered to assist in the pursuit by embarking on an epic 50 km (31 mi) drive towards Paardeberg where Cronjé was attempting to cross the

3414:

and, by and large, fellow Protestants. Many may have had an overly optimistic sense of what the war would involve, imagining that victory could be achieved as fast and easily as it had been in the First Anglo-Boer War. Many, including many generals, also had a sense that their cause was holy and

2963:

Established uitlanders, including the mining magnates, wanted political, social, and economic control over their lives. These rights included a stable constitution, a fair franchise law, an independent judiciary and a better educational system. The Boers, for their part, recognised that the more

5772:

As one of the country's first major wars, the arrival and movement of troops was widely documented by early war photographers. English-born (and later Canadian) Inglis Sheldon-Williams was one of the most notable, documenting the movement of hundreds of troops between North America and Southern

5031:

on the afternoon of 23 August 1901. Rev. Heese had spiritually counseled the Dutch and Afrikaner victims that morning and had angrily protested to Lt. Morant at Fort Edward upon learning of their deaths. Trooper Cochrane alleged that the killer of Rev. Heese was BVC Lt. Peter Handcock. Although

4593:

The Boers and the British both feared the consequences of arming Africans. The memories of the Zulu and other tribal conflicts were still fresh, and they recognised that whoever won would have to deal with the consequences of a mass militarisation of the tribes. There was therefore an unwritten

4060:

From the Basin, Christiaan de Wet headed west. Although hounded by British columns, he succeeded in crossing the Vaal into western Transvaal, to allow Steyn to travel to meet their leaders. There was much sympathy for the Boers on mainland Europe. In October, President Kruger and members of the

3816:

The British government took these defeats badly and with the sieges still continuing was compelled to send two more divisions plus large numbers of colonial volunteers. By January 1900 this would become the largest force Britain had ever sent overseas, amounting to some 180,000 men with further

3507:

had raised two regiments of local forces amounting to about 1,200 men in order to attack and create diversions if things went amiss further south. As a railway junction, Mafeking provided good supply facilities and was the obvious place for Baden-Powell to fortify in readiness for such attacks.

3299:

On 9 October 1899, after convincing the Orange Free State to join him and mobilising their forces, Kruger issued an ultimatum giving Britain 48 hours to withdraw all their troops from the border of Transvaal (despite the fact that the only regular British army troops anywhere near the border of

2412:

Some parts of the British press and British government expected the campaign to be over within months, and the protracted war gradually became less popular, especially after revelations about the conditions in the concentration camps (where as many as 26,000 Afrikaner women and children died of

5672:

When the war began some Australians, like some Britons, opposed it. As the war dragged on some Australians became disenchanted, in part because of the sufferings of Boer civilians reported in the press. In an interesting twist (for Australians), when the British missed capturing President Paul

4564:

The British offered terms of peace on various occasions, notably in March 1901, but were rejected by Botha and the "Bitter-enders" among the Boers. They pledged to fight until the bitter end and rejected the demand for compromise made by the "Hands-uppers". Their reasons included hatred of the

4391:

Two Boer forces fought in this area, one under Botha in the south east and a second under Ben Viljoen in the north east around Lydenburg. Botha's forces were particularly active, raiding railways and British supply convoys, and even mounting a renewed invasion of Natal in September 1901. After

3278:

The British government went against the advice of its generals (including Wolseley) and declined to send substantial reinforcements to South Africa before war broke out. Secretary of State for War Lansdowne did not believe the Boers were preparing for war and that if Britain were to send large

3099:

The Boer government handed their prisoners over to the British for trial. Jameson was tried in England, where the British press and London society, inflamed by anti-Boer and anti-German feeling and in a frenzy of jingoism, lionised him and treated him as a hero. Although sentenced to 15 months

2629:

British control. Given the British origins of the majority of uitlanders and the ongoing influx of new uitlanders into Johannesburg, the Boers recognised that granting full voting rights to the uitlanders would eventually result in the loss of ethnic Boer control in the South African Republic.

3532:

for protection. The townspeople panicked, and people surged into the mineshafts constantly for a 12-hour period. Although the bombardment never came, this did nothing to diminish the anxious civilians' distress. The most well-heeled of the townspeople, including Cecil Rhodes, sheltered in the

3377:

War was declared on 11 October 1899 with a Boer offensive into the British-held Natal and Cape Colony areas. The Boers had about 33,000 soldiers, and decisively outnumbered the British, who could move only 13,000 troops to the front line. The Boers had no problems with mobilisation, since the

6457:

The British saw their tactics of scorched earth and concentration camps as a legitimate way of depriving the Boer guerrillas of supplies and safe havens. The Boers saw them as a British attempt to coerce the Boers into surrender, with the camp inmates—mainly families of Boer fighters—seen as

5565:

There were also many volunteers from the Empire who were not selected for the official contingents from their countries and travelled privately to South Africa to form private units, such as the Canadian Scouts and Doyle's Australian Scouts. There were also some European volunteer units from

5478:

conflict dragged on into the 20th century and the reign of a new monarch. At the time, Britain was the world's most technologically advanced military. The results caused many both domestically and internationally to question the dominance of the British Empire, especially as nations like the

4560:

Towards the end of the war in the early months of 1902, British tactics of containment, denial, and harassment finally began to yield results against the Boer guerrillas. The sourcing and co-ordination of intelligence became increasingly efficient with regular reporting from observers in the

5236:

The Second Boer War cast long shadows over the history of the South African region. The predominantly agrarian society of the former Boer republics was profoundly and fundamentally affected by the scorched earth policy of Roberts and Kitchener. The devastation of both Boer and black African

5702:

saw the three convicted of executing Boer prisoners under their authority. After the war, though, Australians joined an empire-wide campaign that saw Witton released from jail. Much later, some Australians came to see the execution of Morant and Handcock as instances of wrongfully executed

3445:"Long Tom" siege guns. The Boers' skill in adapting themselves to become first-rate artillerymen shows that they were a versatile adversary. The Transvaal also had an intelligence service that stretched across South Africa and of whose extent and efficiency the British were as yet unaware. 3500:

rejoin White's main force. As Boers surrounded Ladysmith and opened fire on the town with siege guns, White ordered a major sortie against their positions. The result was a disaster, with 140 men killed and over 1,000 captured. The siege of Ladysmith began: it was to last several months.

3233:

The failure to gain improved rights for uitlanders (notably the goldfields dynamite tax) became a pretext for war and a justification for a big military build-up in Cape Colony. The case for war was developed and espoused as far away as the Australian colonies. Cape Colony Governor Sir

6344:. At the age of twenty-six, he was captured and held prisoner in a camp in Pretoria from which he escaped and rejoined the British army. He received a commission in the South African Light Horse (still working as a correspondent) and witnessed the capture of Ladysmith and Pretoria. 3901:. On 14 February, a cavalry division under French launched a major attack to relieve Kimberley. Although encountering severe fire, a massed cavalry charge split the Boer defences on 15 February, opening the way for French to enter Kimberley that evening, ending its 124 days' siege. 3880:

Except in Natal, the war had stagnated. Other than a single attempt to storm Ladysmith, the Boers made no attempt to capture the besieged towns. In the Cape Midlands, the Boers did not exploit the British defeat at Stormberg and were prevented from capturing the railway junction at

2704:

of 1884–1885 sought to draw boundaries between the European powers' African possessions, it also set the stage for further scrambles. Britain attempted to annex first the South African Republic in 1880, and then, in 1899, both the South African Republic and the Orange Free State.

5578:

also volunteered early in the war, but later some of them were effectively conscripted and kept in segregated units. As a community, they received comparatively little reward for their services. In many ways, the war set the pattern for the Empire's later involvement in the two

4735:

were meagre and there was a two-tier allocation policy, whereby families of men who were still fighting were routinely given smaller rations than others. The inadequate shelter, poor diet, bad hygiene and overcrowding led to malnutrition and endemic contagious diseases such as

4326:

From then until the final days of the war, De Wet remained comparatively quiet, rarely attacking British army camps and columns partly because the Orange Free State was effectively left desolate by British sweeps. In late 1901, De Wet overran an isolated British detachment at

4120:

in South Africa. The British feared they could be freed by sympathetic locals. Moreover, they already had trouble supplying their own troops in South Africa and did not want the added burden of sending supplies for the POWs. Britain therefore chose to send many POWs overseas.

5811:

The supporters of the war claimed that it "pitted British Freedom, justice and civilization against Boer backwardness". The French Canadians' opposition to the Canadian involvement in a British 'colonial venture' eventually led to a three-day riot in various areas of Quebec.

4363:

The Boer victories in the west led to stronger action by the British. In the second half of March 1902, large British reinforcements were sent to the Western Transvaal under the direction of Ian Hamilton. The opportunity the British were waiting for arose on 11 April 1902 at

3180:

Mark III, because thousands of these had been purchased. Unfortunately, the large puff of white smoke after firing gave away the shooter's position. Roughly 7,000 Guedes 1885 rifles had also been purchased a few years earlier, and these were also used during the hostilities.

2964:

concessions they made to the uitlanders the greater the likelihood—with approximately 30,000 white male Boer voters and potentially 60,000 white male uitlanders—that their independent control of the Transvaal would be lost, and the territory absorbed into the British Empire.

2739:

was unwilling to become mired in a distant war, requiring substantial troop reinforcement and expense, for what was perceived at the time to be a minimal return. An armistice ended the war, and subsequently a peace treaty was signed with the Transvaal President Paul Kruger.

3952:

After a succession of defeats, the Boers realised that against such overwhelming numbers of troops, they had little chance of defeating the British and so became demoralised. Roberts then advanced into the Orange Free State from the west, putting the Boers to flight at the

4071:. Paul Kruger's wife, however, was too ill to travel and remained in South Africa where she died on 20 July 1901 without seeing her husband again. President Kruger first went to Marseille and then on to the Netherlands, where he stayed for a while before moving finally to 5058:, of being "privy to these misdeamenours. It is for this reason that we have taken the liberty of addressing this communication direct to you." After listing numerous civilian witnesses who could confirm their allegations, Trooper Cochrane concluded, "Sir, many of us are 3161:, Joseph Lehmann offers this comment: "Employing chiefly the very fine breech-loading Westley Richards – calibre 45; paper cartridge; percussion-cap replaced on the nipple manually—they made it exceedingly dangerous for the British to expose themselves on the skyline". 2523:

The origins of the war were complex and stemmed from more than a century of conflict between the Boers and Britain. Of immediate importance, however, was the question of who would control and benefit most from the very lucrative Witwatersrand gold mines discovered by

5047:

Farm near Fort Edward by a party consisting of Lts. Morant and Handcock, joined by BVC Sgt. Maj. Hammet, Corp. MacMahon, and Troopers Hodds, Botha, and Thompson. Roelf van Staden and both his sons were then shot, allegedly after being forced to dig their own graves.

3115:

The Jameson Raid was the real declaration of war ... And that is so in spite of the four years of truce that followed ... aggressors consolidated their alliance ... the defenders on the other hand silently and grimly prepared for the inevitable".

2968:

and more blasting was necessary to extract it, and mines consumed vast quantities of explosives. A box of dynamite costing five pounds included five shillings tax. Not only was this tax perceived as exorbitant, but British interests were offended when President

4045:). Some dispirited Boers did likewise, and the British gathered up much war material. However, the core of the Boer fighters under Botha easily broke back through the Drakensberg Mountains into the Transvaal highveld after riding north through the bushveld. 5765:) embarked for South Africa on 16/17 March 1900. They remained until May 1902. With approximately 7,368 soldiers in a combat situation, the conflict became the largest military engagement involving Canadian soldiers from the time of Confederation until the 4569:

were given £3,000,000 for reconstruction and were promised eventual limited self-government, which was granted in 1906 and 1907. The treaty ended the existence of the Transvaal and Orange Free State as independent Boer republics and placed them within the

5462:. There was public outrage at the use of scorched earth tactics and at the conditions in the concentration camps. It also became apparent that there were serious problems with public health in Britain since up to 40% of recruits in Britain were unfit for 5043:, to open fire on a wagon train containing Afrikaner women and children who were coming in to surrender at Fort Edward, on 5 September 1901. The ensuing gunfire led to the deaths of two boys, aged 5- and 13-years, and the wounding of a 9-year-old girl. 5139:. Bolton vainly requested to be excused, writing, "My knowledge of law is insufficient for so intricate a matter." The first court martial opened on 16 January 1901, with Lieut.-Col. H.C. Denny presiding over a panel of six judges. Maj. J.F. Thomas, a 4451:, joined by the surviving rebels under Kritzinger, made another attack on the Cape in September 1901. They suffered severe hardships and were hard pressed by British columns, but eventually rescued themselves by routing some of their pursuers at the 4339:

The Boer commandos in the Western Transvaal were very active after September 1901. Several battles of importance were fought there between September 1901 and March 1902. At Moedwil on 30 September 1901 and again at Driefontein on 24 October, General

2268:, with most casualties dying from disease. Kitchener offered generous terms of surrender to remaining Boer leaders to end the conflict. Eager to ensure fellow Boers were released from the camps, most Boer commanders accepted the British terms in the 2227:

The guerrilla campaign proved difficult for the British to defeat, due to unfamiliarity with guerrilla tactics and extensive support for the guerrillas among civilians. In response to failures to defeat the guerrillas, British high command ordered

3484:. Boer guns began shelling the British camp from the summit of Talana Hill at dawn on 20 October. Penn Symons immediately counter-attacked: His infantry drove the Boers from the hill, for the loss of 446 British casualties, including Penn Symons. 5827:

the number of Afrikaner soldiers who were willing to oppose the British. The Afrikaner troops were very willing to fight for their country and were armed with modern weaponry and were highly mobile soldiers. This was one of the best examples of

2594:. Gold made the Transvaal the richest nation in southern Africa; however, the country had neither the manpower nor the industrial base to develop the resource on its own. As a result, the Transvaal reluctantly acquiesced to the immigration of 5381:

and their allies took part in a revolt known as the Maritz Rebellion. This was quickly suppressed, and in 1916 the leading Boer rebels in the Maritz Rebellion escaped lightly (especially compared with the fate of leading Irish rebels of the

5366:). It proved a key ally to Britain as a Dominion of the British Empire during the World Wars. At the start of the First World War a crisis ensued when the South African government led by Louis Botha and other former Boer fighters, such as 4455:

and capturing their equipment. From then until the end of the war, Smuts increased his forces from among Cape rebels until they numbered 3,000. However, no general uprising took place, and the situation in the Cape remained stalemated.

3582:

through Bloemfontein to Pretoria. Finding on arrival that the British troops already in South Africa were under siege, he split his army corps into detachments to relieve the besieged garrisons. One division, led by Lieutenant General

2988:, bypassing British-controlled ports in Natal and Cape Town and avoiding British tariffs. At the time, the Prime Minister of the Cape Colony was Cecil Rhodes, a man driven by a vision of a British-controlled Africa extending from the 4722:

throughout the British Empire. The vast majority of Boers remaining in the local camps were women and children. Around 26,370 Boer women and children were to perish in these concentration camps. Of the more than 120,000 Blacks (and

5527:

Horses were slaughtered for their meat when needed. During the sieges of Kimberley and Ladysmith, horses were consumed as food once the regular sources of meat were depleted. The besieged British forces in Ladysmith also produced

5807:

to aid the confederation in its war to 'liberate' the peoples of the Boer controlled states in South Africa. The volunteers were provided to the British if the latter paid costs of the battalion after it arrived in South Africa.

4015:

attacked Bloemfontein's waterworks about 37 kilometres (23 mi) east of the city, and ambushed a heavily escorted convoy, which caused 155 British casualties and the capture of seven guns, 117 wagons, and 428 British troops.

3419:

had spent almost all their working life in the saddle, both as farmers and hunters. They depended on the pot, horse and rifle; they were also skilled stalkers and marksmen. As hunters, they had learned to fire from cover; from a

6038:

During the war, the British army also included substantial contingents from South Africa itself. There were large communities of English-speaking immigrants and settlers in Natal and Cape Colony (especially around Cape Town and

5110:

of Pietersburg. The first session of the Court took place on 6 November 1901 and continued for four weeks. Deliberations continued for a further two weeks, at which time it became clear that the indictments would be as follows:

3125:

The Jameson Raid alienated many Cape Afrikaners from Britain and united the Transvaal Boers behind President Kruger and his government. It also had the effect of drawing the Transvaal and the Orange Free State (led by President

2413:

disease and malnutrition). The Boer forces finally surrendered on Saturday, 31 May 1902, with 54 of the 60 delegates from the Transvaal and Orange Free State voting to accept the terms of the peace treaty. This was known as the

4435:

to maintain a guerrilla campaign in the Cape Midlands. The campaign here was one of the least chivalrous of the war, with intimidation by both sides of each other's civilian sympathisers. In one of many skirmishes, Commandant

5586:

The United States stayed neutral in the conflict, but some American citizens were eager to participate. Early in the war Lord Roberts cabled Burnham, a veteran of both Matabele wars but at that very moment prospecting in the

2393:, the British launched another offensive in 1900 to relieve the sieges, this time achieving success. After Natal and the Cape Colony were secure, the British army was able to invade the Transvaal, and the republic's capital, 4347:

From late 1901 to early 1902, a time of relative quiet descended on the western Transvaal. February 1902 saw the next major battle in that region. On 25 February, De La Rey attacked a British column under Lieutenant-Colonel

4317:

After having conferred with the Transvaal leaders, de Wet returned to the Orange Free State, where he inspired a series of successful attacks and raids in the western part of the country, though he suffered a rare defeat at

4276:

The British utilised armoured trains throughout the war to deliver rapid reaction forces much more quickly to incidents (such as Boer attacks on blockhouses and columns) or to drop them off ahead of retreating Boer columns.

5648:

sent "Commonwealth" contingents to the war. The Boer War was thus the first war in which the Commonwealth of Australia fought. A few Australians fought on the Boer side. The most famous and colourful character was Colonel

4057:

captured but as with Roberts's drive against Kruger at the same time, these losses were of relatively little consequence, as the hard core of the Boer armies and their most determined and active leaders remained at large.

3206:. The Boers' Maxim, larger than the British Maxims, was a large calibre, belt-fed, water-cooled "auto cannon" that fired explosive rounds (smokeless ammunition) at 450 rounds per minute. It became known as the "Pom Pom". 2159:, who relieved the besieged cities and invaded the Boer republics in early 1900 at the head of a 180,000-strong expeditionary force. The Boers, aware they were unable to resist such a large force, refrained from fighting 4286:

sent out to the various districts to form local peace committees to persuade burghers to give up the fight. Previous leaders of the Boers, like Generals Piet de Wet and Andries Cronjé were involved in the organisation.

4957:

and James Huntley Robertson, and relayed by Sgt. Maj. K.C.B. Morrison to Sgt. D.C. Oldham. The actual killing was alleged to have been carried out by Sgt. Oldham and BVC Troopers Eden, Arnold, Brown, Heath, and Dale.

1726: 3512:, attempted a determined assault on the town. This quickly subsided into a desultory affair, with the Boers prepared to starve the stronghold into submission. So, on 13 October, the 217-day siege of Mafeking began. 2655:

to the Natal border in early September, and Britain had only troops in garrison towns far from the border.) The British government rejected the South African Republic's ultimatum, and the South African Republic and

5835:

was seen as a hindrance by certain groups. The Boer soldiers would evade capture and secure provisions from their enemies therefore they were able to exist as a fighting entity for an indeterminate period of time.

3061:

could mobilise. However, the Transvaal authorities had advance warning of the Jameson Raid and tracked it from the moment it crossed the border. Four days later, the weary and dispirited column was surrounded near

4400:, Botha was forced to withdraw by heavy rains that made movement difficult and crippled his horses. Back on the Transvaal territory around his home district of Vryheid, Botha attacked a British raiding column at 3291:. The conference started on 30 May 1899, but negotiations quickly broke down, as Kruger had no intention of granting meaningful concessions, and Milner had no intention of accepting his normal delaying tactics. 3344:

When war with the Boer republics was imminent in September 1899, a Field Force, referred to as the Army Corps (sometimes 1st Army Corps) was mobilised and sent to Cape Town. It was "about the equivalent of the

4175:

tactics, primarily conducting raids against railways, resource and supply targets, all aimed at disrupting the operational capacity of the British Army. They avoided pitched battles and casualties were light.

3835:

and was again defeated. Buller withdrew early when it appeared that the British would be isolated in an exposed bridgehead across the Tugela, for which he was nicknamed "Sir Reverse" by some of his officers.

5843:

The second part of the war (February–April 1900) was the opposite of the first. After the British reorganised and reinforced under new leadership, they began to experience success against the Boer soldiers.

1658: 11558:

A Century of Postgraduate Anglo–Boer War (1899–1902) Studies: Masters' and Doctoral Studies Completed at Universities in South Africa, in English-speaking Countries and on the European Continent, 1908–2008

5016:, Sgt. D.C. Oldham, and Troopers J.T. Arnold, Edward Brown, T. Dale, and A. Heath. Although Trooper Cochrane's letter made no mention of the fact, three Native South African witnesses were also shot dead. 4965:

on 4 July 1901. Trooper van Buuren, an Afrikaner, had "disapproved" of the killings at Valdezia, and had informed the victims' wives and children, who were imprisoned at Fort Edward, of what had happened.

3617:(10–15 December 1899), the British suffered defeats on each of the three fronts. On 10 December, General Gatacre tried to recapture Stormberg railway junction about 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of the 2514:

report, "most scholars prefer to call the war of 1899–1902 the South African War, thereby acknowledging that all South Africans, white and black, were affected by the war and that many were participants".

1839: 5760:

A total of around 8000 Canadians arrived in South Africa to fight for Britain. These arrived in two contingents: the first on 30 October 1899, the second on 21 January 1900. A third contingent of cavalry

4052:, a fertile area in the south-east of the Republic. This offered only temporary sanctuary, as the mountain passes leading to it could be occupied by the British, trapping the Boers. A force under General 2996:

representatives and British mine owners became increasingly frustrated and angered by their dealings with the Transvaal government. A Reform Committee (Transvaal) was formed to represent the uitlanders.

11221:

Onselen, Charles van (October 2003). "'The Modernization of the Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek: F. E. T. Krause, J. C. Smuts, and the Struggle for the Johannesburg Public Prosecutor's Office, 1898–1899".

3578:, a much-respected commander, arrived in South Africa with the Army Corps, made up of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd divisions. Buller originally intended an offensive straight up the railway line leading from 6043:), which formed volunteer units that took the field, or local "town guards". At one stage of the war, a "Colonial Division", consisting of five light horse and infantry units under Brigadier General 3382:(Dutch for 'State Artillery') of both republics. As with the First Boer War, since most of the Boers were members of civilian militias, none had adopted uniforms or insignia. Only the members of the 3209:

Aside from weaponry, the tactics used by the Boers were significant. As one modern source states, "Boer soldiers ... were adept at guerrilla warfare—something the British had difficulty countering".

7292: 3621:. Gatacre's attack was marked by administrative and tactical blunders and the Battle of Stormberg ended in a British defeat, with 135 killed and wounded and two guns and over 600 troops captured. 5955:

British garrisons in India contributed 18,534 British officers and men, as well as an estimated 10,000 Indian auxiliaries deployed to assist them. India also sent 7,000 horses, ponies and mules.

5289:

and co-ordination of intelligence, and the nurturing of native allies) learned during the Boer War were used by the British (and other forces) in future guerrilla campaigns including to counter

2748:

to the Transvaal brought thousands of British and other prospectors and settlers from around the globe and over the border from the Cape Colony, which had been under British control since 1806.

5436:. In addition, small groups of Irish volunteers went to South Africa to fight with the Boers—this despite the fact that there were many Irish troops fighting in the British army, including the 5117:

2. In relation to what was dubbed "The Van Buuren Incident", Maj. Lenahan was charged with, "When on active service by culpable neglect failing to make a report which it was his duty to make."

3066:, within sight of Johannesburg. After a brief skirmish in which the column lost 65 killed and wounded—while the Boers lost but one man—Jameson's men surrendered and were arrested by the Boers. 1545: 3961:

on 18 May 1900 provoked riotous celebrations in Britain, the origin of the Edwardian slang word "mafficking". On 28 May, the Orange Free State was annexed and renamed the Orange River Colony.

5591:, to serve on his personal staff as Chief of Scouts. Burnham went on to receive the highest awards of any American who served in the war, but American mercenaries participated on both sides. 4003:

British observers believed the war to be all but over after the capture of the two capital cities. However, the Boers had earlier met at the temporary new capital of the Orange Free State,

2417:, and under its provisions, the two republics were absorbed into the British Empire, with the promise of self-government in the future. This promise was fulfilled with the creation of the 5114:

1. In what became known as "The Six Boers Case", Captains Robertson and Taylor, as well as Sgt. Maj. Morrison, were charged with committing the offense of murder while on active service.

3523:

Siege life took its toll on both the defending soldiers and the civilians in the cities of Mafeking, Ladysmith, and Kimberley as food began to grow scarce after a few weeks. In Mafeking,

5123:

4. In relation to what was incorrectly dubbed "The Eight Boers Case", Lieuts. Morant, Handcock, and Witton were charged with, "While on active service committing the offense of murder".

4154:, except leaders, who took an oath of neutrality and returned quietly to their homes. It is estimated that between 12,000 and 14,000 burghers took this oath between March and June 1900. 15272: 6445:

Both sides used a scorched Earth policy to deprive the marching enemy of food. And both had to corral civilians into makeshift huts by 'concentrating' them into camps. For example, at

3694:

units and ten field guns to be captured by Botha's men. Buller's forces lost 145 men killed and 1,200 missing or wounded and the Boers suffered only 40 casualties, including 8 killed.

5190:. This court-martial for war crimes was one of the first such prosecutions in British military history. Although Morant left a written confession in his cell, he went on to become a 3480:

to throw a brigade forward to the coal-mining town of Dundee (also reported as Glencoe), which was surrounded by hills. This became the site of the first major clash of the war, the

2735:

of 1880–1881 the Boers of the Transvaal Republic proved skilful fighters in resisting Britain's attempt at annexation, causing a series of British defeats. The British government of

5213:. Witton was sentenced to death, but reprieved. Due to immense political pressure for his release, he was released after serving 32 months of a life sentence. Picton was cashiered. 4556:"Transvaal War". Queen Victoria on her throne among various Commonwealth subjects in front of London. First British magic lantern slide in an educational series for children, 1900s. 3023:

In 1895, a plan to take Johannesburg and end the control of the Transvaal government was hatched with the connivance of the Cape Prime Minister Rhodes and Johannesburg gold magnate

3426:

At community gatherings, target shooting was a major sport; they practised shooting at targets, such as hens' eggs perched on posts 100 metres (110 yd) away. They made expert

4744:, to which the children were particularly vulnerable. Coupled with a shortage of modern medical facilities, many of the internees died. While much of the British press, including 2716:) became the object of a dispute between the Germans to the west, the Boers to the east, and Britain's Cape Colony to the south. Although Bechuanaland had no economic value, the " 6729:

Salisbury felt that the Transvaal, the Orange Free State, and Cape Boers aspired to a "Dutch South Africa". The achievement of such a state would damage British imperial prestige

5451:", was called by the Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, on the back of recent British victories. There was much enthusiasm for the war at this point, resulting in a victory for the 3957:

and capturing Bloemfontein, the capital, unopposed on 13 March with the Boer defenders escaping and scattering. Meanwhile, he detached a small force to relieve Baden-Powell. The

3267:, already well on the way to becoming an Irish Nationalist, was nevertheless happy to gather intelligence for the British against the Boers because of their cruelty to Africans. 2625:. However, the uitlanders did not take up arms in support, and Transvaal government forces surrounded the column and captured Jameson's men before they could reach Johannesburg. 15657: 4711:, but the Boer War concentration camp system was the first time that a whole nation had been systematically targeted, and the first in which whole regions had been depopulated. 3410:

week, and the commandos could muster between 30,000 and 40,000 men. The average Boer nevertheless was not thirsty for war. Many did not look forward to fighting against fellow

2552:

descent. Cleavages were likelier to occur along socio-economic rather than ethnic lines. Broadly speaking, the colonists included a number of distinct subgroups, including the

13980: 5897:

task to establish a beachhead across a river which the Boers had fortified in an attempt to halt the advancing Commonwealth before they could reach the city of Johannesburg.

5386:), with terms of imprisonment of six and seven years and heavy fines. Two years later, they were released from prison, as Louis Botha recognised the value of reconciliation. 4313:

was the most formidable leader of the Boer guerrillas. He successfully evaded capture on numerous occasions and was later involved in the negotiations for a peace settlement.

3885:. In the dry summer, the grazing on the veld became parched, weakening the Boers' horses and draught oxen, and many Boer families joined their menfolk in the siege lines and 3632:

became pinned down by accurate Boer fire. After suffering from intense heat and thirst for nine hours, they eventually broke in ill-disciplined retreat. The Boer commanders,

15426: 15200: 5776:

The Canadian public was initially divided on the decision to go to war as some citizens did not want Canada to become Britain's 'tool' for engaging in armed conflicts. Many

2972:

gave monopoly rights for the manufacture of the explosive to a non-British branch of the Nobel company, which infuriated Britain. The so-called "dynamite monopoly" became a

1733: 6376:

and as part of the 13th battalion of the Imperial Yeomanry. He was captured in 1900 but released due to a perforated colon and served as a deputy assistant director of the

4923: 4298:

Some burghers joined the British in their fight against the Boers. By the end of hostilities in May 1902, there were no fewer than 5,464 burghers working for the British.

4585:

The policy on both sides was to minimise the role of nonwhites, but the need for manpower continuously stretched those resolves. At the battle of Spion Kop in Ladysmith,

4485:

While no other government actively supported the Boer cause, individuals from several countries volunteered and formed Foreign Volunteer Units. These primarily came from

2256:, where 26,000 died, mostly by starvation and disease. Black Africans were interned in concentration camps to prevent them from supplying the Boers; 20,000 died. British 12128: 6802:

British cavalry travelled light compared with earlier campaigns, but were still expected to carry all kit with them on campaign owing to distances covered on the Veldt.

2684:

The southern part of the African continent was dominated in the 19th century by a set of struggles to create within it a single unified state. In 1868, Britain annexed

5132:

6. In relation to what became known as "The Three Boers Case", Lts. Morant and Handcock were charged with, "While on active service committing the offense of murder".

3198:

The Boers also purchased the best modern European German Krupp artillery. By October 1899, the Transvaal State Artillery had 73 heavy guns, including four 155 mm

5400: 5261:

work in the heartland of the former Boer Republics helping to forge new identities—first as 'British South Africans' and then, later still, as 'white South Africans'.

4644:" was used to describe camps operated by the British in South Africa during this conflict in the years 1900–1902, and the term grew in prominence during this period. 15864: 12758: 4123:

Around 31 prisoner of war camps were consequently set up in British colonies overseas during the war. The first overseas (off African mainland) camps were opened in

3628:

on 11 December, Methuen's 14,000 British troops attempted to capture a Boer position in a dawn attack to relieve Kimberley. This too turned into a disaster when the

3358: 991: 10621: 5803:

In the end, to appease the citizens who wanted war and to avoid angering those who oppose it, Laurier sent 1,000 volunteers under the command of Lieutenant Colonel

5135:

Following the indictments, Maj. R. Whigham and Col. James St. Clair ordered Bolton to appear for the prosecution, as he was considered less expensive than hiring a

15824: 15789: 5606: 5055: 2100:. They were not permitted to vote, and were regarded as "unwelcome visitors", so they protested to the British authorities in the Cape. Negotiations failed at the 1665: 5120:

3. In relation to "The Visser Incident", Lts. Morant, Handcock, Witton, and Picton were charged with "While on active service committing the offense of murder".

1846: 8826:"To fully reconcile The Boer War is to fully understand the 'Black' Concentration Camps by Peter Dickens (The Observation Post), | South African History Online" 7826: 13547: 5040: 4985:

two days before his death. After Visser had been exhaustively interrogated and conveyed for 15 miles by the patrol, Lt. Morant had ordered his men to form a

4225:

at key points. They now built additional blockhouses (each housing between six and eight soldiers) and fortified these to protect supply routes against Boer

1917: 1258: 2252:

fences was constructed, virtually partitioning the occupied republics. Over 100,000 Boer civilians, mostly women and children, were forcibly relocated into

14207: 11903: 10456: 7285: 2525: 6458:

deliberately kept in poor conditions to encourage high death rates. Even in 2019, the controversy around the British tactics continued to make headlines.

5106:, was convened on 16 October 1901. The President of the Court was Col. H.M. Carter, who was assisted by Captain E. Evans and Major Wilfred N. Bolton, the 4204:, inflicting over 650 casualties. As a result of these and other Boer successes, the British, led by Lord Kitchener, mounted three extensive searches for 11917: 10703: 8825: 4914:. Originally raised in February 1901, the BVC was composed mainly of British and Commonwealth servicemen with a generous admixture of defectors from the 4522: 10300:

Burnham, Frederick Russell (1926). Scouting on Two Continents. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Company. pp. 343–348 ISBN 978-0-86920-126-8.

3949:

was effected, the day after Cronjé surrendered, but at a total cost of 7,000 British casualties. Buller's troops marched into Ladysmith on 28 February.

15814: 15784: 13005: 12709: 7059: 5265:

Some scholars, for good reasons, identify these new identities as partly underpinning the act of union that followed in 1910. Although challenged by a

3975:

After being forced to delay for several weeks at Bloemfontein by a shortage of supplies, an outbreak of typhoid at Paardeberg, and poor medical care,

3279:

numbers of troops to the region it would strike too aggressive a posture and possibly derail a negotiated settlement—or even encourage a Boer attack.

15419: 14150: 14084: 11336: 6508: 4323:

Cape Boers, and De Wet's men were hampered by bad weather and relentlessly pursued by British forces. They narrowly escaped across the Orange River.

3910:

Roberts resorted to bombarding Cronjé into submission. It took ten days, and when the British troops used the polluted Modder River as water supply,

1552: 9672: 5344:

Over the following decade, many returned to South Africa and never signed the pledge. Some, like Reitz, eventually reconciled themselves to the new

5237:

populations in the concentration camps and through war and exile were to have a lasting effect on the demography and quality of life in the region.

2606:

in the Transvaal threatened to exceed the number of Boers, precipitating confrontations between the Boer settlers and the newer, non-Boer arrivals.

2600:(foreigners), mainly English-speaking men from Britain, who came to the Boer region in search of fortune and employment. As a result, the number of 2535:. The Cape was governed by the Dutch East India Company, until its bankruptcy in the late 18th century, and was thereafter governed directly by the 15570: 15565: 14157: 4754:

helped raise public awareness in Britain of the atrocious conditions, as well as being instrumental in bringing relief to the concentration camps.

3915: 3251: 2183: 597: 15404: 15799: 13652: 12925: 12716: 12121: 8060: 7507: 5126:

In relation to the slaying of Rev Heese, Lts. Morant and Handcock were charged with, "While on active service committing the offense of murder".

5009: 4978: 3595:

District from Boer raids and local rebellions by Boer inhabitants. Buller led the major part of the army corps to relieve Ladysmith to the east.

3592: 14857: 12423: 13966: 13945: 13806: 12723: 10758: 10564: 9727: 8935:

The Legend of Breaker Morant is Dead and Buried: A South African Version of the Bushveldt Carbineers in the Zoutpansberg, May 1901 – April 1902

6410:

I, and the idea of mounted infantry was useful in the times when the war was more mobile. An example was during the First World War during the

5583:. Specially raised units, consisting mainly of volunteers, were dispatched overseas to serve with forces from elsewhere in the British Empire. 5028: 4994: 3263:, (following Britain's defeat in the first war), as an agreement "really in the interest of slavery". Salisbury was not alone in this concern. 3053:

The plan was to make a three-day dash to Johannesburg and trigger an uprising by the primarily British expatriate uitlanders, organised by the

8091: 7161: 6613: 4007:, and planned a guerrilla campaign to hit the British supply and communication lines. The first engagement of this new form of warfare was at 15829: 15652: 13568: 12918: 5556: 3423:

and to make the first shot count, knowing that if they missed, the game would either be long gone or could charge and potentially kill them.

2172: 984: 15739: 15734: 15412: 13484: 13400: 12855: 12834: 11777:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. III. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker. 6438: 5978: 4411:

To the north, Ben Viljoen grew steadily less active. His forces mounted comparatively few attacks and as a result, the Boer enclave around

3897:

Roberts launched his main attack on 10 February 1900 and although hampered by a long supply route, managed to outflank the Boers defending

1719: 11858:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. VI. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker. 9318:"« A Fellowship of Disaffection » : Irish-South African Relations from the Anglo-Boer War to the Pretoriastroika 1902-1991" 6085:

Like the Canadian and particularly the Australian and New Zealand contingents, many of the volunteer units formed by South Africans were "

3587:, was to follow the Western Railway to the north and relieve Kimberley and Mafeking. A smaller force of about 3,000, led by Major General 2179: 13938: 12804: 12765: 11825:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. V. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker. 11810:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. IV. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker. 11762:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. II. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker. 11739:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. I. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker. 11598: 11444: 9881: 8496: 6187: 5637: 4714:

Eventually, there were a total of 45 tented camps built for Boer internees and 64 for black Africans. Of the 28,000 Boer men captured as

3504: 3069:

The botched raid had repercussions throughout southern Africa and in Europe. In Rhodesia, the departure of so many policemen enabled the

703: 692: 681: 670: 659: 648: 637: 626: 615: 604: 591: 208: 6791: 6338:– Best known as the prime minister of Britain. During the main part of the Second Boer War, Churchill worked as a war correspondent for 5458:

However, public support quickly waned as it became apparent that the war would not be easy and it dragged on, partially contributing to

15794: 14175: 13617: 12973: 12594: 12114: 12003: 7318: 5377:

Many Boers were opposed to fighting for Britain, especially against Germany, which had been sympathetic to their struggle. A number of

3323:, which declared: 'of course there can only be one answer to this grotesque challenge. Kruger has asked for war and war he must have!' 2531:

The first European settlement in South Africa was founded at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652, and thereafter administered as part of the

15560: 14001: 13862: 13785: 13075: 6414:

in which the British cavalry held the Belgian town against an initial German assault. Another was the use of mounted infantry at the

4997:. The slaying of Floris Visser was in retaliation for the combat death of Morant's close friend, BVC Captain Percy Frederik Hunt, at 1910: 1251: 5198:, public appeals have been made for Morant to be retried or pardoned. His court-martial and death have been the subject of books, a 2319: 15308: 14827: 14430: 14200: 14143: 13931: 13666: 12998: 8737: 6224: 977: 9542: 6430:

was the leading cause of death in the second Boer war, with disease being the cause of approximately half of the Canadian deaths.

5636:

in Australia sent their own contingents to serve in the Boer War. That much of the population of the colonies had originated from

5600: 15779: 15662: 15647: 13924: 13771: 13729: 13477: 13358: 12941: 12476: 12414: 5514:

597,978 per month. A significant number of horses and mules died during the transit across the Atlantic; for example, during the

5362:

One of the most important events in the decade after the end of the war was the creation of the Union of South Africa (later the

5269:

only four years later, they did much to shape South African politics between the two world wars and right up to the present day.

3685:

of Black Week was the Battle of Colenso on 15 December, where 21,000 British troops, commanded by Buller, attempted to cross the

1651: 5848:

soldiers resorted to using blockhouses, farm burning and concentration camps to 'persuade' the resisting Boers into submission.

4606:

night, and in a mutual bloodbath, the Boers lost 56 killed and 3 wounded, while the Africans suffered 52 killed and 48 wounded.

2354:

The war had three phases. In the first phase, the Boers mounted preemptive strikes into British-held territory in Natal and the

15290: 14022: 13987: 13505: 12702: 10094: 3870: 3362: 2571:(1881), the independence of the two republics was restored, subject to certain conditions. However, relations remained uneasy. 1832: 5928:

for their actions during the battle of Leliefontein, the most in any battle with the exception of the Battle of Vimy Ridge in

3772: 3304:, who had been deployed to defend Kimberley.) Otherwise, the Transvaal, allied with the Orange Free State, would declare war. 15582: 15577: 14623: 13896: 13463: 12557: 11625: 11587: 11566: 11211: 11048: 10974: 10945: 10821: 10775: 10514: 9705: 8518: 8363: 8270: 8035: 8008: 7981: 7954: 7927: 7900: 7724: 7687: 7657: 7574: 7546: 7449: 7330: 7014: 6930: 6202: 2402: 2156: 675: 14297: 12050: 10887: 5428:, much like they viewed themselves. Irish miners already in the Transvaal at the start of the war formed the nucleus of two 4762:

It is estimated that the total cost of the war to the British government was £211,156, 000 (equivalent to £19.9bn in 2022).

3744: 3311:

purportedly laughed out loud when he read it, saying 'an official document is seldom amusing and useful yet this was both'.

3307:

News of the ultimatum reached London on the day it expired. Outrage and laughter were the main responses. The editor of the

15462: 15380: 14653: 14466: 14112: 13903: 13813: 13435: 11195:

How Did Winston S. Churchill's Experience As A Prisoner of War: During The Boer War Affect His Leadership Style And Career?

10365: 9980: 5744: 5459: 5444: 5413: 5256:. This small group of civil servants had a profound effect on the region, eventually leading to the Union of South Africa: 4954: 4552: 2582:

and a massive influx of foreigners to the borders of the Orange Free State. Then, in June 1884, gold was discovered in the

2187: 1903: 1244: 1060: 12056: 10572: 8874: 7259: 5280:

of Southern Africa. He was involved from the start of the war and had a role in the peace process and the creation of the

15296: 15230: 14193: 14049: 13994: 13910: 13757: 13421: 12984: 12651: 12621: 10908: 10629: 8455: 6823: 6368: 6207: 4619: 3926: 3567: 3469: 2637: 2390: 2253: 2152: 686: 631: 12089: 10429: 6589: 5983: 15533: 15513: 14508: 14008: 13973: 13917: 13442: 13407: 13096: 12545: 12534: 11641: 11092: 10966: 8429:

Vasgevang! Die lewe van die Boere in die Suid-Afrikaanse krygsgevangenekampe gedurende die Anglo-Boereoorlog, 1899–1902

7631: 6663: 6493: 4344:'s forces attacked British camps and outposts but were forced to withdraw after the British offered strong resistance. 3751: 2507: 642: 620: 442: 5098:

Although the trial transcripts, like almost all others dating from between 1850 and 1914, were later destroyed by the

15819: 15518: 15109: 14454: 14303: 13792: 13659: 13638: 13596: 13138: 12811: 11863: 11830: 11782: 11660: 11411: 11291: 11267: 11183: 11149: 11073: 10993: 10876: 10601: 10188: 8436: 8400: 7818: 7392: 6498: 5470:

and other poverty-related illnesses. That came at a time of increasing concern for the state of the poor in Britain.

5405: 5395: 4166:

Kitchener succeeded Roberts in November 1900 and launched anti-guerrilla campaigns. 1898 photograph in 1910 magazine.

3820:

While watching for these reinforcements, Buller made another bid to relieve Ladysmith by crossing the Tugela west of

3791: 3562:

launched an offensive against the Boers in the early phases of the war but after several defeats, culminating at the

3301: 2323: 11690:

Emily Hobhouse and the Reports on the Concentration Camps during the Boer War, 1899–1902: Two Different Perspectives

4266: 2178:, either fled or went into hiding; the British Empire officially annexed the two republics in 1900. In Britain, the 15592: 15436: 15434: 15326: 14333: 13722: 13561: 12730: 12644: 12587: 12073: 12038: 12017: 9572: 6530: 6519: 6513: 6471: 5297:. In World War II the British also adopted some of the concepts of raiding from the Boer commandos when, after the 4541: 3725: 2648: 1538: 5515: 3508:

However, instead of being the aggressor, Baden-Powell was forced to defend Mafeking when 6,000 Boer, commanded by

3487:

Another Boer force occupied Elandslaagte, which lay between Ladysmith and Dundee. The British under Major General

15498: 15374: 14959: 14291: 13952: 13715: 13631: 13512: 13498: 13470: 12737: 12681: 8908: 8113:

Connolly, C. N. (1 April 1978). "Manufacturing 'spontaneity': The Australian offers of troops for the Boer War".

6659: 6321: 6014:

bound New Zealand to the mother-country and the importance of a strong British Empire for the colony's security.

5187: 5091: 4494: 3862: 3758: 3584: 3108:, on 16 May. His death was a factor in softening the Transvaal government's attitude to the surviving prisoners. 2331: 1627: 653: 429: 12890: 6005:

When the Second Boer War seemed imminent, New Zealand offered its support. On 28 September 1899, Prime Minister

5733: 5129:

5. No charges were filed for the three children who had been shot by the Bushveldt Carbineers near Fort Edward.

3192:. Indeed, when the ammunition for the Mausers ran out, the Boers relied primarily on the captured Lee-Metfords. 15839: 15834: 15538: 15503: 15472: 15314: 14671: 14586: 14255: 13701: 13610: 13365: 13124: 9680: 6197: 5099: 3729: 3492: 3488: 11356: 10723: 7187: 5301:, they set up their special raiding forces, and in acknowledgement of their erstwhile enemies, chose the name 4895:

The Boer War also saw the first war crimes prosecutions in British military history. They centered around the

2318:. Black African recruits contributed increasingly to the British war effort. International public opinion was 15729: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15631: 14767: 14755: 14743: 14713: 14689: 14683: 14677: 14659: 14635: 13855: 13841: 13764: 13645: 13603: 13582: 13456: 13019: 12665: 12387: 6975: 6625: 6466:

The Australian National Boer War Memorial Committee organises events to mark the war on 31 May each year. In

6422: 4452: 4068: 3366: 3054: 1957: 1879: 1489: 1434: 84: 14707: 12897: 6400:

Unloading the hospital train with wounded British soldiers, around 1900. Nurse Constance Louisa Agg's album.

5498: 3740: 3270: 2539:. As a result of political turmoil in the Netherlands, the British occupied the Cape three times during the 15523: 15025: 14237: 14217: 14119: 14063: 13889: 13778: 13750: 13687: 13379: 13237: 11985: 10785:

Grattan, Robert (2009). "The Entente in World War I: a case study in strategy formulation in an alliance".

6857:

Grattan, Robert (2009). "The Entente in World War I: a case study in strategy formulation in an alliance".

6047:, took part in the invasion of the Orange Free State] Part of it withstood a siege by Christiaan de Wet at 5962: 5917: 5144: 4162: 3942: 3032: 3027:. A column of 600 armed men was led over the border from Bechuanaland towards Johannesburg by Jameson, the 2298:

British expeditionary efforts were aided significantly by colonial forces from the Cape Colony, the Natal,

1617: 1379: 1080: 1050: 14695: 14185: 12904: 10027: 7086: 6907: 5443:

The war also highlighted the dangers of Britain's policy of non-alignment and deepened her isolation. The

5412:. Many Irish Republicans sympathised with the Boer side, rather than the British side on which fought the 4103:

The first sizeable batch of Boer prisoners of war taken by the British consisted of those captured at the

2409:

policy. They cleared vast areas, destroying Boer farms and moving the civilians into concentration camps.

1997: 1484: 15749: 15744: 15212: 15164: 14749: 14550: 14056: 13959: 13834: 13743: 13589: 12948: 11277: 11133: 8474:"Saint Helena Island Info: All about St Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean • Boer Prisoners (1900–1902)" 7376: 6192: 4708: 4628: 4393: 4290:

was the only emissary of a peace committee to be convicted of high treason and executed by firing squad.

4261:

The British Army also made use of Boer auxiliaries who had been persuaded to change sides and enlist as "

3629: 3327:

large home army was not politically welcome. Lord Salisbury, the Prime Minister, had to tell a surprised

3176:

rifles supplied by Germany, and some 40 to 50 million rounds of ammunition. Some commandos used the

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committed during the war, including the killings of civilians and prisoners, was opened in January 1901.

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was unreliable, partly because of the constant disruption of communication lines by the Boers. The food

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wounded and were prevented from relieving Kimberley and Mafeking. A British soldier said of the defeat:

3598:

The initial results of this offensive were mixed, with Methuen winning several bloody skirmishes in the

3430:, using every scrap of cover, from which they could pour in a destructive fire using modern, smokeless, 15769: 15764: 15759: 15754: 15678: 14773: 14701: 14641: 14490: 13526: 13047: 12955: 12911: 12688: 12566: 12465: 11652: 11515:"The Silent Flag in the New Fallen Snow: Sara Jeannette Duncan and the Legacy of the South African War" 11395:

Methods of Barbarism: Roberts and Kitchener and Civilians in the Boer Republics January 1900 – May 1902

10410: 6991: 6720:

3,990 killed in battle; 157 died in accidents; 924 of wounds and disease; 1,118 while prisoners of war.

6377: 5991: 3934: 3866: 3130:) together in opposition to British imperialism. In 1897, the two republics concluded a military pact. 1190: 1085: 1025: 9826: 9761: 8762: 8691:

Hasian, Marouf (2003). "The "hysterical" Emily Hobhouse and Boer War concentration camp controversy".

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From Belmont to Bloemfontein: the western campaign of the Anglo–Boer War, February 1899 to April 1900

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in 1901, Australian involvement in the war consisted of forces from the following separate colonies:

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British imperial interests were alarmed when in 1894–1895 Kruger proposed building a railway through

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The Boer republics are absorbed into the British Empire in accordance with the Treaty of Vereeniging.

35: 10952: 9735: 9347: 5383: 4890: 4623: 4191:

Playbill for an "illustrated lecture" on the campaign by war correspondent and artist René Bull,1900

4083: 720: 15844: 15704: 15555: 15284: 15097: 15043: 14929: 14917: 14887: 14629: 14520: 14321: 14315: 13882: 13145: 12797: 12081: 12064: 11508:(6). Die Suid-Afrikaanse Krygshistoriese Vereniging/The South African Military History Association. 9262: 8083: 7030: 6415: 6228: 5371: 5363: 5253: 4989:

and shoot him. The squad consisted of BVC Troopers A.J. Petrie, J.J. Gill, Wild, and T.J. Botha. A

4369: 4151: 4048:

As Roberts's army occupied Pretoria, the Boer fighters in the Orange Free State retreated into the

3599: 3473: 3346: 3260: 3028: 2575: 2464: 2299: 2272:, surrendering in May 1902. The former republics were transformed into the British colonies of the 1758: 1695: 1419: 1327: 1200: 1130: 271: 17: 12099: 11422: 9845: 5698:, had minimal impact on the Australian public at the time despite later legend. The controversial 15809: 15774: 15248: 15182: 15019: 14983: 14785: 14761: 14719: 14592: 14580: 14502: 14496: 14279: 13519: 13414: 13281: 13131: 13012: 12744: 12527: 12437: 10315:

Jones, Spencer (2011). "Scouting for Soldiers:Reconnaissance and the British Cavalry 1899–1914".

9576: 9546: 9249: 8799: 8738:"Black Concentration Camps during the Anglo–Boer War 2, 1900–1902 | South African History Online" 7864: 6564: 6525: 6483: 6232: 5913: 5845: 5738: 5645: 5452: 5033: 5004:

4. The shooting, ordered by Capt. Taylor and Lt. Morant, of four surrendered Afrikaners and four

4480: 3718: 3625: 3458: 3199: 3070: 2736: 2633: 2375: 2327: 2303: 2194:". However, Boer fighters took to the hills and launched a guerrilla campaign, becoming known as 2133: 2101: 2089: 1987: 1808: 1773: 1597: 1469: 1347: 1322: 1095: 384: 14869: 14562: 11364: 11281: 10503: 9805: 7441:

Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015

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explains a general desire to support Britain during the conflict. After the colonies formed the

5440:. In Britain, the "Pro-Boer" campaign expanded, with writers often idealising the Boer society. 3434:

rifles. In preparation for hostilities, the Boers had acquired around one hundred of the latest

15854: 15804: 15683: 15224: 14833: 14815: 14809: 14598: 14532: 14400: 14285: 14267: 13089: 13054: 12256: 10457:"Boer War women, children put in concentration camps 'for own good': British MP sparks outrage" 9317: 7538: 6776: 6356: 6160: 5906: 5721: 5716:

served in the Boer War as trackers. According to Dale Kerwin, an Indigenous research fellow at

5713: 5665: 5437: 4521:, also formed smaller volunteer corps. Finns fought in the Scandinavian Corps. Two volunteers, 4498: 4201: 4104: 4020: 3954: 3821: 3607: 3588: 3496: 3146: 3127: 2981: 2587: 2389:

In the second phase, after the number of British troops greatly increased under the command of

2074: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1947: 1783: 1768: 1577: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1424: 1389: 1337: 1302: 831: 814: 803: 785: 774: 763: 752: 739: 354: 11973:

Miller, Stephen M. "Politics, the Press, and the Royal Commission on the War in South Africa"

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chose exile rather than sign an oath, such as the following, to pledge allegiance to Britain:

3537:; the poorer residents, notably the black population, did not have any shelter from shelling. 15849: 15543: 15493: 15467: 14881: 14484: 14424: 14351: 13624: 13554: 13449: 13344: 13198: 12848: 12628: 12541: 12336: 12156: 12077: 12069: 11577: 11556: 11301:

Ploeger, Jan (1985). "Burgers in Britse Diens (1902)" [Citizens in British Service].

8488: 8025: 7998: 7971: 7944: 7890: 7677: 6675: 6488: 6396: 6372:– Future Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. Served as a captain in the 3rd Battalion of the 6294: 6219: 6094: 6059:

community, many of whom hastily left Johannesburg in the days immediately preceding the war.

5966: 5819: 5762: 5704: 5633: 5357: 5281: 5206: 5199: 4464: 4401: 4397: 3832: 3765: 3481: 2673: 2643:

demanded full voting rights and representation for the uitlanders residing in the Transvaal.

2618: 2568: 2563:

Around 15,000 trekking Boers departed the Cape Colony and followed the eastern coast towards

2441:(A typical British soldier) Corporal Alexander Duncan Turnbull of Kitchener's Fighting Scouts 2418: 2414: 2289: 2285: 2269: 2144:

soldiers were brought to Southern Africa and mounted unsuccessful attacks against the Boers.

2002: 1788: 1612: 1572: 1499: 1394: 1362: 1297: 1180: 483: 324: 168: 10267: 10234: 10214: 7706: 7470: 6062: 4187: 15624: 15477: 15278: 15067: 15013: 14941: 14863: 14851: 14647: 14406: 14327: 13372: 13258: 13026: 12962: 12695: 12458: 12451: 12403: 12186: 11314: 11121: 11059: 8968: 7495: 6780: 6637: 6247: 6125: 6098: 5880: 5869: 5804: 5661: 5370:, declared support for Britain and agreed to send troops to take over the German colony of 5290: 5249: 5179: 5079: 4935: 4919: 4896: 4719: 4448: 4441: 4427:

After he escaped across the Orange in March 1901, de Wet had left forces under Cape rebels

4319: 4072: 3996: 3906: 3575: 3559: 3203: 3101: 2544: 2437: 1884: 1803: 1778: 1479: 1444: 1372: 1367: 102: 9786: 5822:– son of the National Minister of Defence and the most famous Canadian casualty of the war 8: 15548: 15152: 14965: 14923: 14376: 14243: 13827: 13799: 13673: 13191: 13184: 13117: 13082: 13033: 12513: 12320: 11961: 11951: 11941: 11931: 11040: 10287: 8260: 6545: 6266: 5789: 5717: 5650: 5574:, though the British Government refused offers of non-white troops from the Empire. Some 5203: 4942:, the letter accused members of the Fort Edward garrison of six "disgraceful incidents": 4357: 4034: 3976: 3970: 3946: 3809: 3078: 2460: 2383: 2371: 2277: 2217: 2137: 1962: 1937: 1871: 1700: 1622: 1607: 1592: 1582: 1509: 1439: 1409: 1384: 1357: 1342: 1317: 1307: 1175: 1155: 1120: 1001: 697: 223: 112: 96: 58: 11357:"British Concentration Camps of the Second South African War (The Transvaal, 1900–1902)" 10677: 7162:"Women & Children in White Concentration Camps during the Anglo–Boer War, 1900–1902" 4360:. Confusion reigned in British ranks and Methuen was wounded and captured by the Boers. 3857:

and he chose military men from far and wide: Kitchener (Chief of Staff) from the Sudan;

15709: 15619: 15528: 15320: 15188: 15170: 15121: 15085: 15073: 15061: 15007: 14779: 14737: 14568: 14544: 14514: 14442: 12520: 11534: 11246: 11238: 10752: 10736:

Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power

10558: 10528: 10332: 10272: 10239: 10219: 9550: 8716: 7531: 7140: 7132: 6985: 6768: 6601: 6373: 6290: 6251: 6150: 5948: 5588: 4927: 4911: 4903: 4691: 4684: 4641: 4602: 4586: 4328: 3958: 3465: 2989: 2685: 2640: 2456: 2367: 2359: 2121: 2117: 2105: 2026: 1982: 1952: 1942: 1866: 1813: 1753: 1685: 1587: 1504: 1464: 1429: 1414: 1312: 1292: 1282: 1225: 1185: 1125: 1105: 1090: 1065: 1055: 1035: 609: 10383: 7754:, Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount – average earnings, retrieved on 27 January 2011 7444:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. 7007:

Hero of the Empire: The Boer War, a daring escape, and the making of Winston Churchill

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citizens felt threatened by the continuation of British imperialism to their national

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peoples' rising against the British South Africa Company. The rebellion, known as the

2429:(1853–1856). Disease took a greater toll in the Crimean War, claiming 17,580 British. 15338: 15332: 15242: 15103: 15049: 14905: 14556: 14478: 14448: 14339: 14105: 14091: 13428: 13244: 13068: 12658: 12248: 12178: 11991: 11965: 11955: 11945: 11935: 11921: 11869: 11859: 11836: 11826: 11788: 11778: 11740: 11656: 11621: 11583: 11562: 11538: 11407: 11287: 11263: 11250: 11207: 11179: 11145: 11088: 11069: 11044: 11032: 10989: 10970: 10941: 10872: 10817: 10771: 10715: 10597: 10575:. American University of Washington, D.C., Trade Environment projects. Archived from 10520: 10510: 10336: 10184: 9701: 9614: 9431: 9398: 8720: 8708: 8432: 8406: 8396: 8359: 8266: 8130: 8031: 8004: 7977: 7950: 7923: 7896: 7720: 7683: 7653: 7627: 7570: 7542: 7445: 7388: 7326: 7144: 7010: 6926: 6742:, verse by Private Smith of the Black Watch December 1899. (Quoted in Pakenham (1979) 6427: 6334: 6326: 6314: 6165: 6066: 6027: 5421: 5302: 5294: 5277: 5152: 5148: 5059: 5012:

in Valdezia, on the morning of 23 August 1901. The firing squad consisted of BVC Lt.

4939: 4704: 4518: 4365: 4310: 4205: 4197: 4181: 4172: 4095:

during the war. Prisoners were then transferred for internment in other parts of the

4012: 3804: 3603: 3563: 3453: 3354: 3173: 3164: 3047: 2701: 2657: 2613:) as well as disputes over uitlander political and economic rights led to the failed 2543:, and the occupation became permanent after British forces defeated the Dutch at the 2532: 2468: 2379: 2363: 2233: 2209: 2129: 2125: 2078: 2007: 1763: 1690: 1602: 1519: 1352: 1332: 1287: 1215: 843: 838: 825: 366: 90: 78: 12106: 10310: 10308: 10306: 8149: 5547:

in Port Elizabeth is a tribute to the 300,000 horses that died during the conflict.

5432:. The Second Irish Brigade was headed up by an Australian of Irish parents, Colonel 15599: 15362: 15350: 15344: 15302: 15206: 15176: 15091: 14911: 14893: 14875: 14845: 14460: 14309: 14249: 14029: 13393: 13103: 12883: 12573: 12328: 12296: 12232: 11526: 11326:

Pretorius, Fransjohan (2011). "Anglo–Boer war". In Jacobs, S.; Johnson, K. (eds.).

11230: 10794: 10324: 9423: 9329: 8700: 8122: 7124: 6866: 6784: 6667: 6340: 6313:– Australian soldier who, as a commanding officer, was accused of participation in 6278: 5925: 5832: 5777: 5298: 5266: 5063: 4946: 4715: 4502: 4440:

small commando was tracked down by a much-superior British column and wiped out at

4432: 4088: 4053: 4049: 3697: 3438: 3427: 3287:

Steyn of the Orange Free State invited Milner and Kruger to attend a conference in

3154: 2273: 2265: 2257: 1798: 1404: 1220: 1195: 1145: 1045: 779: 732: 456: 11063: 10853:

Jeffery, Keith (2000). "The Irish Soldier in the Boer War". In Gooch, John (ed.).

10743:

Grundlingh, Albert (1980). "Collaborators in Boer Society". In Warwick, P. (ed.).

10646: 9415: 8473: 8393:

Born to fight : Major Charles Joseph Ross DSO, a definitive study of his life

6301:

and he would later serve in World War I as a Medical officer until his death from

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1899 German political cartoon: "War...the transformation of human blood into gold"

3184:

As the war went on, some commandos relied on captured British rifles, such as the

15254: 15194: 15127: 15055: 14935: 14839: 14821: 14472: 14394: 13351: 13265: 13159: 12827: 12751: 12672: 12396: 12280: 12272: 12264: 12240: 12093: 11849: 11816: 11801: 11768: 11753: 11637:

Scapegoats of the Empire: The True Story of Breaker Morant's Bushveldt Carbineers

11615: 10891: 10807: 10303: 9973: 9951: 8938: 8349: 7716: 7439: 6788: 6783:.) Many British authors gave their "Pro-Boer" opinions in British press, such as 6699: 6671: 6572: 6361: 6243: 5675: 5429: 5339:

on signing that he acknowledge terms of surrender and becomes a British subject.

5210: 5156: 5107: 5051: 4974: 4970: 4526: 4262: 4226: 4116: 4008: 3613:

The middle of December was disastrous for the British Army. In a period known as

3534: 3517: 3349:

of the existing mobilization scheme" and was placed under the command of Gen Sir

3331:

that 'We have no army capable of meeting even a second-class Continental Power'.

3247: 3226: 3189: 3089: 3036: 2564: 2540: 2281: 2082: 1793: 1399: 1165: 794: 573: 469: 10369: 6418:

in which Allenby's force routed the enemy owing to speed and dexterity of arms.

6246:

praised his services, tributes arrived from across Canada, and in his home town

5221: 3503:

Meanwhile, to the north-west at Mafeking, on the border with Transvaal, Colonel

3221: 15386: 15115: 15037: 14995: 14989: 14977: 14665: 14221: 14098: 13820: 13694: 13337: 13251: 12934: 12876: 12869: 12862: 12580: 12506: 12352: 12312: 10731: 10576: 9615:"The Full Story: Claims 50 Aboriginal trackers left behind during the Boer War" 6687: 6540: 6411: 6348: 6309: 6240: 6236: 6182: 6140: 6044: 6006: 5785: 5691: 5687: 5615: 5611: 5575: 5571: 5544: 5503: 5448: 5195: 5175: 5171: 5087: 5083: 5071:, where he had gone to settle the affairs of his deceased friend Captain Hunt. 4982: 4962: 4907: 4751: 4700: 4680: 4672: 4570: 4510: 4341: 4246: 4218: 4108: 4096: 3825: 3633: 3420: 3350: 3328: 3264: 3243: 3085: 2793: 2782: 2732: 2720:" passed through it towards territory farther north. After the Germans annexed 2677: 2446: 2406: 2347: 2229: 2213: 2191: 2160: 2148: 2070: 2066: 1075: 1020: 1015: 757: 708: 664: 528: 299: 108: 31: 11173: 11004:"Relative Value of UK£: using Economic Power in 2014 (using the share of GDP)" 10920: 10798: 10524: 10063:

The ANZAC Experience: New Zealand, Australia and Empire in the First World War

8704: 8459: 8126: 7128: 6870: 6835: 6257: 6130: 5831:

style warfare, which would be employed throughout the twentieth century after

5312:. The most resistant of Boers wanted to continue the fight and were known as " 5102:, it is known that a Court of Inquiry, the British military's equivalent to a 3988: 3509: 3441:, all horse-drawn and dispersed among the various Kommando groups and several 3172:

Kruger re-equipped the Transvaal army, importing 37,000 of the latest 7x57 mm

790: 15698: 15392: 15368: 15266: 15260: 15158: 14526: 14412: 14382: 14015: 13736: 12841: 12820: 12790: 12783: 12492: 12086: 12065:

Americanhistoryprojects.com: links to books & articles on Second Boer War

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Colour, Confusion and Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa

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The Anglo–Boer War 1889–1902: White Man's War, Black Man's War, Traumatic War

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Surridge, Keith (2000). "Lansdowne at the War Office". In Gooch, John (ed.).

11008:

Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present

10719: 10699: 10433: 10328: 9435: 8712: 8355: 8134: 7789: 6691: 6655: 6086: 5699: 5695: 5479: 5424:

sympathised with the Boers, viewing them to be a people oppressed by British

5013: 4915: 4648: 4490: 4468: 4385: 4353: 4287: 4273:

but came to number a fifth of the fighting Afrikaners by the end of the War.

4063: 3995:, 1900–02. He was captured, along with 4,000 soldiers, after the loss of the 3898: 3591:, was to push north towards the railway junction at Stormberg and secure the 3235: 3177: 3058: 2652: 2591: 2583: 1210: 1160: 1135: 1100: 1040: 543: 415: 11138: 9333: 8519:"Anglo Boere Oorlog/Boer War (1899–1902) Prisoners Of War genealogy project" 8410: 7381: 5875:

the Boer War, as well as the first major victory for Commonwealth soldiers.

4127:, which ultimately received about 5,000 POWs. About 5,000 POWs were sent to 3319:

denounced this 'trumpery little state'. Most editorials were similar to the

2471:. Among some South Africans, it is known as the (Second) Anglo–Boer War. In 165:

Conquest and dissolution of the South African Republic and Orange Free State

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Cochrane made no mention of the fact, Rev. Heese's driver, a member of the

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Rhodes displayed a notice encouraging people to go down into shafts of the

3389: 3288: 3074: 3040: 3016: 3006: 2697: 2693: 2622: 2621:, who led the raid, intended to encourage an uprising of the uitlanders in 2614: 2610: 2579: 2503: 2237: 2196: 2168: 2141: 1110: 939: 808: 235: 140: 14899: 11681:

Gender, Race, and the Writing of Empire: Public Discourse and the Boer War

11204:

Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand, 1886–1914

11003: 10505:

The Sense of Power: Studies in the Ideas of Canadian Imperialism 1867–1914

9387:, War horses present & future: or, Remount life in South Africa. 1902. 8181:

Steele, David (2000). "Salisbury and the Soldiers". In Gooch, John (ed.).

4981:

on 11 August 1901. Visser had been captured by a BVC patrol led by Lieut.

4037:

on 26 August. As Roberts and Buller followed up along the railway line to

3334: 3011: 2445:

The conflict is commonly referred to simply as "the Boer War" because the

1711: 66: 15609: 15356: 15001: 14797: 14731: 14538: 14388: 13273: 12216: 11317:(2000). "The Experience of the Bitter-Ender Boer". In Gooch, John (ed.). 7790:"Firearms and Firepower – First War of Independence, 1880–1881 – Journal" 6772: 6651: 6285: 6145: 6115: 6040: 5987: 5929: 5815: 5797: 5793: 5619: 5567: 5425: 5245: 5230: 4931: 4546: 4222: 4157: 4038: 3849: 3690: 3524: 3477: 3185: 3142: 3063: 3024: 2973: 2969: 2950: 2689: 2644: 2536: 2426: 2355: 2315: 2311: 2249: 2245: 2201: 2175: 2097: 1170: 1030: 964:

20,000+ Africans of the 115,000 interned in separate concentration camps.

768: 745: 400: 372: 285: 130:

11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902 (2 years, 7 months, 20 days)

11895:

The Rocky Road to the Great War: the Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914

11724:

The History of the Second War of Independence in South Africa, 1899–1902

11530: 10864: 7136: 7112: 5769:. Eventually, 270 of these soldiers died in the course of the Boer War. 5194:

in modern Australia. Believed by many Australians to be the victim of a

3035:, of which Cecil Rhodes was the chairman. The column, mainly made up of 14803: 14725: 14436: 14273: 13848: 13386: 12499: 12444: 12304: 12288: 11720:

Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902

11242: 9580: 9528: 9427: 6632: 6433: 6273: 5680: 5103: 5074: 4381: 4042: 3732: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3689:

to relieve Ladysmith, where 8,000 Transvaal Boers under the command of

3614: 3554: 3442: 3411: 3138: 2985: 2955: 2721: 2557: 2261: 2241: 247: 11514: 10005: 8431:(in Afrikaans). Centurion, South Africa: Kraal Uitgewers. p. 12. 6235:, he became the most famous Canadian casualty of the Second Boer War. 4601:

And there were more flash points outside of the war. On 6 May 1902 at

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Transvaal government left Portuguese East Africa on the Dutch warship

3983: 3520:, although Rhodes was also a prominent figure in the town's defences. 3495:

attacked to clear the line of communications to Dundee. The resulting

2302:, and many volunteers from the British Empire worldwide, particularly 969: 15448: 15218: 14971: 14791: 13307: 13298: 13229: 12635: 12612: 12601: 10909:"Neutrality compromised: Swaziland and the Anglo–Boer War, 1899–1902" 8972: 7060:"Lord Roberts is appointed British supreme commander in South Africa" 6824:"Neutrality compromised: Swaziland and the Anglo–Boer War, 1899–1902" 6711:

5,774 killed in battle; 2,108 died of wounds; 14,210 died of disease

6679: 6535: 6302: 6298: 6155: 5921: 5828: 5766: 5690:, colloquially known as 'The Breaker' for his skill with horses, and 5679:, 21 June 1900, cartoon depicted how the War could be won, using the 5580: 5367: 5191: 5140: 5136: 4746: 4741: 4724: 4412: 4405: 4128: 4112: 4107:

on 21 October 1899. Initially, these POWs were held on troopships in

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fiercely independent Boers had no regular army units, apart from the

2745: 2596: 2472: 2326:. As a result, the Boer cause attracted thousands of volunteers from 2205: 2093: 1643: 1205: 819: 727: 498: 337: 54: 11234: 10448: 10376: 10351: 8027:

Doing Canada Proud: The Second Boer War and the Battle of Paardeberg

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neutral after giving their parole to British forces were derided as

5792:, to support the British in their conflict. On the other hand, many 4306: 4241: 3707: 3644: 3153:

In earlier conflicts, the Boers' most common weapon was the British

2186:

attempted to capitalise on British military successes by calling an

2163:, allowing the British to occupy both republics and their capitals, 1824: 14947: 14077: 13575: 13220: 12344: 12201: 11915: 10358: 9974:"The Indian War Memorial: National Memory and Selective Forgetting" 9248:

Australian Town and Country Journal (Sydney, NSW) 12 April 1902.

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and prepared to make a wide outflanking move to relieve Kimberley.

3540:

In retrospect, the Boers' decision to commit themselves to sieges (

3529: 3255: 3239: 2713: 2549: 2394: 2292: 2164: 2049:, 11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902), also known as the 148: 11546:

Wessels, André (2000). "Afrikaners at War". In Gooch, John (ed.).

10402: 7588: 7586: 7423:

Wessels, André (2000). "Afrikaners at War". In Gooch, John (ed.).

6026:

Rhodesian military units such as the British South Africa Police,

5943: 4019:

After the fall of Pretoria, one of the last formal battles was at

3448: 2668: 2342: 1895: 1236: 12485: 12061:, A 2 part documentary series shown on British television (1999). 12045: 12008: 7608:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1933. James Louis Garvin, editor. 6695: 6683: 6406: 6318:

to return to Australia after sustained public pressure to do so.

6052: 6048: 6030:

and Southern Rhodesian Volunteers served in the Second Boer War.

5753: 5749: 5483: 5467: 5389: 5062:

who have fought throughout nearly the whole war while others are

4737: 4506: 4249:

policy to deny the guerrillas supplies and refuge. In this image

4132: 3911: 2725: 2147:

However, British fortunes changed when their commanding officer,

2109: 558: 513: 144: 5979:

Military history of New Zealand § Second Boer War 1899–1902

3844: 3698:

Second phase: The British offensive of January to September 1900

15658:

United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad

13212: 12368: 12147: 12033: 10006:"Brief history – New Zealand in the South African ('Boer') War" 7712: 7583: 6070: 5781: 5673:

Kruger, as he escaped Pretoria during its fall in June 1900, a

5533: 5474:

landslide majorities but led it to a landslide defeat in 1906.

5244:

The postwar reconstruction administration was presided over by

5226: 4732: 4668: 4514: 4486: 3637: 3431: 2307: 2260:

were deployed to track down guerrillas, leading to small-scale

2221: 715: 312: 10962:

Rhodes and Rhodesia: The White Conquest of Zimbabwe, 1884–1902

10421: 9485: 9250:

https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71522700#titleModal

8624: 6426:

extensively in the First World War. To the Canadians however,

5958:

Indian auxiliaries were only employed in non-combatant roles.

5686:

The convictions and executions of two Australian lieutenants,

5540:

the horse meat to a jelly paste and serving it like beef tea.

5322:) and at the end of the war a number of Boer fighters such as 5272: 3914:

killed many troops. General Cronjé was forced to surrender at

1530: 12360: 11472:"The Medical Aspect of the Anglo–Boer War, 1899–1902 Part ll" 11065:

Every Step of the Way: The Journey to Freedom in South Africa

9154: 9152: 8648: 8348:

Paterson, Andrew Barton (2000). Droogleever, R. W. F. (ed.).

7537:(1996 ed.). David Philip Publishers (Pty) Ltd. pp. 6980:. Internet Archive. Illustrated London News. 28 October 1899. 5487: 4647:

The camps had originally been set up by the British Army as "

4150:

On 15 March 1900, Lord Roberts proclaimed an amnesty for all

4136: 3682: 3435: 3401:(citizens) in a district would form a military unit called a 2700:, who sought British protection against the Boers. While the 2553: 2113: 375: 11975:

International Journal of Military History and Historiography

11760:

The first British offensive, Nov. – Dec. 1899

11755:

Die eerste Britse offensief, Nov. – Des. 1899

11363: 11337:"For Queen and Country: Canadians and the South African War" 7865:"6 Rifles Used by the Afrikaners During the Second Boer War" 7652:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 21–28. 7476: 7156: 7154: 5912:

of the front line troops. The rear guard, consisting of the

5557:

British Army during the Victorian Era § Second Boer War

4934:. Written by BVC Trooper Robert Mitchell Cochrane, a former 4926:

was secretly dispatched to Col. F.H. Hall, the British Army

4509:(then part of the United Kingdom), and restive areas of the 4236: 10463: 10097:. Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Volume XII (1891–1900). 9821: 9819: 9366: 9285: 8843: 7733: 6939: 5308:

Many of the Boers referred to the war as the second of the

4949:

men and boys and the theft of their money and livestock at

4676: 4250: 3357:. In South Africa the corps never operated as such and the 3105: 2451: 2449:(December 1880 to March 1881) was a much smaller conflict. 9149: 8889: 8855: 6421:

The Canadian units of the Royal Canadian Dragoons and the

5840:

volunteers to take part in the war from the Commonwealth.

4961:

2. The shooting of BVC Trooper B.J. van Buuren by BVC Lt.

4918:. On 4 October 1901, a letter signed by 15 members of the 3861:(Chief of Scouts), the American scout, from the Klondike; 2104:

in June 1899. The conflict broke out in October when Boer

962:

26,370 Boer women and children died in concentration camps

10137: 9837: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9641: 8456:"Anglo–Boer War Philatelic Society: Collecting Interests" 7606:

Encyclopædia Britannica Volume 4 Part 2: Brain to Casting

7533:

Colonial South Africa and the Origins of the Racial Order

7503: 7151: 6977:

The Illustrated London News 1899-10-28: Vol 115 Iss 3158

5852:

the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902.

5502:

A horse destined to serve in the war, being offloaded in

5241:

urban poor competing with the "uitlanders" in the mines.

4699:

As Boer farms were destroyed by the British under their "

4415:

was largely unmolested. Viljoen was eventually captured.

4041:, Kruger sought asylum in Portuguese East Africa (modern 3808:

British casualties lie dead on the battlefield after the

3259:

the Boers treatment of native Africans, referring to the

3195:

Regardless of the rifle, few of the Boers used bayonets.

2949:

The city of Johannesburg sprang up nearly overnight as a

2511: 2096:" to the South African Republic, mostly British from the 11617:

Australia's Boer War: The War in South Africa, 1899–1902

11085:

The War for South Africa: The Anglo–Boer War (1899–1902)

10470: 9930: 9928: 9926: 9856: 9816: 9103: 9101: 8612: 8600: 8329: 6958: 6956: 6954: 5703:

Australians, as illustrated in the 1980 Australian film

5607:

Military history of Australia during the Second Boer War

5601:

History of the Australian Army § Boer War 1899–1902

3405:

and would elect officers. A full-time official called a

3213:

without surrendering the independence of the Transvaal.

11699:

The Boer War: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography

11202:

Onselen, Charles van (1982). "Chapter 1: New Babylon".

11113:

The Costs and Benefits of British Imperialism 1846–1914

10390: 9666: 9664: 8576: 8372: 7812: 7810: 7701: 7699: 6277:– Senior Militia officer and later a Federally elected 3335:

First phase: The Boer offensive (October–December 1899)

3229:

rifle used by British troops during the Second Boer War

2370:. The Boers then won a series of tactical victories at 30:"Boer War" redirects here. For the first conflict, see 10573:"Case Name: Anglo–Boer: Britain's Vietnam (1899–1902)" 9638: 9595: 9416:"American Horses for the South African War, 1899–1902" 8536: 8205: 7569:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 36–55. 6925:. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 2–5, 119. 4953:

on 2 July 1901. The orders had been given by Captains

4158:

Third phase: Guerrilla war (September 1900 – May 1902)

3315:

denounced the ultimatum as an 'extravagant farce' and

3168:

Mauser 1895 bolt-action rifle (at the Auckland Museum)

12136: 11851:

Die beleg van Mafeking tot met die Slag van Bergendal

9923: 9913: 9911: 9896: 9721: 9719: 9717: 9473: 9297: 9098: 8780: 8292: 6951: 11733:

Die Boere-offensief, Okt. – Nov. 1899

10831:

Haydon, A.P. (1964). "South Australia's first war".

10613:

The South African Gandhi: Stretcher-bearer of Empire

10048:

D.O.W. Hall, (War History Branch, Wellington, 1949).

9661: 9497: 9449: 8588: 8053:"South Africa's National Museum of Military History" 7892:

Life on Commando during the Anglo–Boer War 1899–1902

7807: 7696: 6884:

Haydon, A.P. (1964). "South Australia's first war".

2744:"Witwatersrand" (white water ridge, a watershed). A 2609:

Britain's expansionist ideas (notably propagated by

2232:

policies as part of a large scale and multi-pronged

12087:

The Concentration Camps 1899–1902 by Hennie Barnard

11856:

The siege of Mafeking up to the Battle of Bergendal

11737:

The Boer Offensive, Oct. – Nov. 1899

10183:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2008. pp. 211–217; 10113: 10078:

The Sorrow and the Pride: New Zealand War Memorials

8941:: Leach Printers & Signs. pp. xxviii–xxix. 8548: 6380:until being evacuated to the UK due to ill-health. 6289:– Best known as the author of the World War I poem 4533:(fighting generals) of the South African Republic. 4523:

George Henri Anne-Marie Victor de Villebois-Mareuil

4011:on 31 March where 1,500 Boers under the command of 3831:Buller attacked Louis Botha again on 5 February at 2320:

sympathetic to the Boers and hostile to the British

11726:] (in Afrikaans). Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker. 11229:(3). American Society for Legal History: 483–526. 11137: 10502: 10101: 9908: 9779: 9714: 7567:The Tribe that Washed its Spears: The Zulus at War 7530: 7458: 7380: 7317:Riches, Christopher; Palmowski, Jan, eds. (2021). 5969:, served at the battles of Colenso and Spion Kop. 4695:Native Africans interned in the Bronkerspruit camp 4269:(1849–1923), the National Scouts were despised as 3889:(encampments), fatally encumbering Cronjé's army. 12004:"South African War – Concentration Camps. HC Deb" 11489:Black People and the South African War, 1899–1902 10768:The Oxford Companion to Canadian Military History 10571: 10540:. Bloemfontein: War Museum of the Boer Republics. 10509:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 233–234. 9461: 9400:Horses on board ship: a guide to their management 6509:List of Second Boer War Victoria Cross recipients 6470:, a commemorative service is usually held at the 6213: 5657:, Victoria, who raised the Second Irish Brigade. 4573:. The Union of South Africa was established as a 4078: 2728:) in 1884, Britain annexed Bechuanaland in 1885. 2346:The geography of the region in 1885, between the 564: 15865:Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury 15696: 11889:– an anthology frequently cited in this article. 11714: 10809:Die ontplooiing van die Engelse Oorlog 1899–1900 10591: 10089: 10087: 10080:. Wellington, New Zealand: GP Books. p. 48. 10065:. Auckland, New Zealand: Oratia. pp. 42–43. 10056: 10054: 8630: 7858: 7856: 7371: 7369: 6474:in Reid. Floral tributes are laid for the dead. 6239:asked F. W. Borden for a photograph of his son, 5947:Natal Indian Ambulance Corps with future leader 4245:One British response to the guerrilla war was a 3606:on 25 November, and at a larger engagement, the 3549: 2475:, it may be called (in order of frequency) the ' 2322:. Even within the UK, there existed significant 199: 15825:Wars involving the British South Africa Company 15790:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa 12926:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre 11696: 11397:. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau. p. 265. 10343: 10028:"New Zealand in the South African ('Boer') War" 9875: 9873: 9871: 9827:"Canada & The South African War, 1899–1902" 9762:"Canada & The South African War, 1899–1902" 9403:. London: Hurst and Blackett. pp. 213–214. 7816: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7316: 6908:"Role of Black people in the South African War" 4142:In all, nearly 26,000 POWs were sent overseas. 3449:Boers besiege Ladysmith, Mafeking and Kimberley 3372: 2601: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 534: 11057: 11002: 10622:"Dragoons remember the heroes of Leliefontein" 10594:The Russians and the Anglo–Boer War, 1899–1902 10538:Boer Rifles and Carbines of the Anglo–Boer War 9945: 9943: 9635:Chronicle of the 20th Century by John S Bowman 8895: 8390: 7751: 7598: 7592: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7078: 5390:Effect of the war on domestic British politics 5019:The ambush and fatal shooting of the Reverend 3892: 15653:United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti 15420: 14201: 12122: 11923:History of the war in South Africa, 1899–1902 11885:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image 11548:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image 11436:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image 11319:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image 10686: 10084: 10051: 8287:The Development of the British Army 1899–1914 8183:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image 8176: 8174: 8172: 8170: 7973:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image 7919:Five Hundred Years: A History of South Africa 7853: 7671: 7669: 7425:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image 7168:. South African History Online. 21 March 2011 6945: 6055:. Another large source of volunteers was the 5524:36-day passage, 187 of her 2,090 mules died. 5460:the Conservatives' spectacular defeat in 1906 5008:schoolteachers, who had been captured at the 3294: 1911: 1840: 1727: 1659: 1546: 1252: 985: 391: 11646: 11388:. Oxford University Press. pp. 269–307. 11122:"Regimental Rouge – Battles of the Boer War" 11025:Joseph Chamberlain: Entrepreneur in Politics 10958: 10935: 10682:. Charles Scribner Sons. p. 34, fn. 59. 10553:] (in Afrikaans). Tafelberg. p. 46. 9868: 8875:"Miscellaneous information: Cost of the war" 8849: 8351:From the Front: Dispatches from the Boer War 7739: 7650:The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa 7617: 7346: 7110: 7054: 7052: 6171: 5155:as relayed to the late Captain Hunt by Col. 4253:civilians watch their house as it is burned. 3464:The Boers struck first on 12 October at the 11912:– a Boer War bibliography of on-line books. 11847: 11814: 11799: 11766: 11751: 11730: 11119: 11110: 10890:. Colonial Conquest, magweb. Archived from 10814:The Deployment of the English War 1899–1900 10765: 10694:. London: Eveleigh Nash. 1914. p. 309. 10662:. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball. p. 207. 10592:Davidson, Apollon; Filatova, Irina (1998). 10471:"The Australian National Boer War Memorial" 9940: 9862: 9797: 9748: 8965:Breaker Morant and the Bushveldt Carbineers 8642: 7996: 7817:Smith-Christmas, Kenneth L. (1 June 2016). 7401: 6650:Larger numbers of volunteers came from the 6452: 6188:Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell 5466:and suffered from medical problems such as 5188:convicted of murdering eight Afrikaner POWs 2112:attacked British colonial settlements. The 2034: 1741: 489: 15427: 15413: 14208: 14194: 12129: 12115: 11901: 11178:. London: J. Murray. p. viii fn. 11. 11027:. Yale University Press. pp. 482–522. 10965:. Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, Ontario: 10757:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10742: 10666: 10610: 10563:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10167: 9390: 8654: 8450: 8448: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8167: 7763: 7666: 7560: 7558: 7437: 7323:A Dictionary of Contemporary World History 7113:"Boer Generalship and Politics of Command" 6850: 5734:Military history of Canada § Boer War 5694:in 1902, and the imprisonment of a third, 5335:has been released from prison of war camp 4474: 4392:defeating British mounted infantry in the 4075:, where he died in exile on 14 July 1904. 2455:(meaning "farmer") is the common name for 1918: 1904: 1847: 1833: 1734: 1720: 1666: 1652: 1553: 1539: 1259: 1245: 992: 978: 83:The 17th Lancers holding off an attack at 15785:Wars involving the South African Republic 15561:Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom 11525:(1). University of Toronto Press: 75–90. 11325: 11313: 11276: 11068:. Ministry of Education. pp. 58–95. 10143: 9260: 8867: 8678: 8489:"POW camps in Ceylon during the Boer war" 8426: 8335: 8323:'Historical Overview' in Antony O'Brien, 8003:. Diamond Fields Advertiser. p. 22. 7888: 7641: 7494: 7325:(6th ed.). Oxford University Press. 7049: 6877: 5216: 4750:, played down the problems in the camps, 4237:Scorched earth campaign against civilians 4200:attacked and mauled a British brigade at 3792:Learn how and when to remove this message 3353:, general officer commanding-in-chief of 3157:falling-block breech-loader. In his book 3088:sent a telegram—known to history as "the 2190:, dubbed by contemporary observers as a " 549: 504: 406: 12999:Reconstruction and Development Programme 11987:Commando: A Boer Journal of the Boer War 11647:Yap, Melanie; Leong Man, Dainne (1996). 11599:"Boers positions in the Klipriviersberg" 11498:"Intombi Military Hospital and Cemetery" 11469: 11433: 11420: 11386:A new England?: peace and war, 1886–1918 11334: 11257: 11132: 11058:Morris, Michael; Linnegar, John (2004). 11031: 10871:. Hutchinson & Company. p. 88. 10848:. London: Coronet Books. pp. 53–55. 10730: 10266: 10233: 10213: 10075: 9934: 9902: 9882:"Boers positions in the Klipriviersberg" 8732: 8730: 8582: 8567: 8565: 8563: 8347: 8211: 8112: 7862: 7647: 7626:] (in Dutch). Kessinger Publishing. 7490: 7488: 7375: 6905: 6815: 6432: 6405:determined that the traditional role of 6395: 6320: 6256: 6225:Canadian Minister of Defence and Militia 6073:for service in the Second Boer War, 1899 6061: 5982: 5965:, created by Gandhi and financed by the 5942: 5814: 5737: 5610: 5497: 5399: 5351: 5271: 5220: 5073: 4690: 4667: 4627: 4551: 4540: 4380: 4305: 4265:". Serving under the command of General 4240: 4186: 4161: 4082: 3982: 3920: 3843: 3803: 3643: 3553: 3452: 3388: 3339: 3300:either republic were 4 companies of the 3269: 3220: 3163: 3137: 3010: 2667: 2663: 2436: 2397:, was ultimately captured in June 1900. 2341: 519: 474: 15663:United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon 15648:United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon 12595:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike 11687: 11596: 11575: 11554: 11545: 11486: 11401: 11300: 11220: 11201: 10983: 10852: 10784: 10698: 10657: 10396: 10060: 9879: 9693: 9573:"Australia and the Boer War, 1899–1902" 9503: 9372: 9291: 9279: 8861: 8786: 8666: 8606: 8542: 8445: 8245: 8195: 8081: 7564: 7555: 7422: 7084: 7004: 6998: 6962: 6920: 6856: 6104: 5550: 3216: 3081:, was suppressed only at a great cost. 2173:President of the South African Republic 999: 795: 447: 276: 14: 15800:Military history of the British Empire 15697: 13076:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike 11892: 11634: 11613: 11442: 11383: 11192: 11171: 11158: 11101: 11082: 10862: 10843: 10830: 10805: 10660:An Illustrated History of South Africa 10535: 10500: 10408: 10155: 10131: 10119: 9971: 9601: 9515: 9491: 9479: 9303: 8690: 8486: 8395:. Melbourne: Caps & Flints Press. 8378: 8298: 8199: 8180: 7915: 7847: 7794:South African Military History Society 7775: 7611: 7528: 7522: 7464: 6914: 6901: 6899: 6883: 4891:British war crimes § South Africa 4727:) imprisoned too, around 20,000 died. 4624:British war crimes § South Africa 4613: 3964: 3824:. Buller's subordinate, Major General 2636:failed, and in September 1899 British 1673: 15815:South Africa–United Kingdom relations 15408: 14189: 12110: 11980: 11920:; Grant, Maurice Harold (1906–1910). 11808:The Boer retreat from the Cape Colony 11775:The battle in Natal, Jan. – Feb. 1900 11678: 11392: 11354: 11120:O'Leary, Michael (29 December 1999). 11022: 10988:. London: Purnell. pp. 223–229. 10940:(2nd ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. 10936:Judd, Denis; Surridge, Keith (2013). 10906: 10885: 10675: 10644: 10619: 10611:Desai, Ashwin; Vahed, Goolem (2015). 10544: 10531:from the original on 27 January 2014. 10384:"Canadian casualties in the Boer War" 10314: 10107: 9949: 9917: 9843: 9697:War Art in Canada: A Critical History 9455: 9413: 9396: 9315: 9236: 9224: 9212: 9200: 9170: 9158: 9143: 9131: 9119: 9107: 9092: 9080: 9068: 9056: 9044: 9032: 9020: 9008: 8996: 8984: 8951: 8932: 8727: 8618: 8594: 8571: 8560: 8554: 8422: 8420: 8147: 8094:from the original on 11 February 2020 8050: 7969: 7949:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 39. 7942: 7682:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 37. 7675: 7485: 7283: 6821: 6203:Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener 5276:Alfred, Lord Milner, was the British 5170:Lieutenants — Anglo-Australian 4211: 4145: 3472:, commanding the British division at 2943: 2754:Gold Production on the Witwatersrand 2672:Boer victory over the British at the 2574:In 1866, diamonds were discovered at 2358:, besieging the British garrisons of 2264:. Few combatants on either side were 1899: 1854: 1828: 1715: 1647: 1534: 1240: 973: 15830:Wars involving the Orange Free State 15463:Kotte conquest of the Jaffna kingdom 14467:Regulator Movement in North Carolina 12098:British Commanders of the Boer War, 11928:– detailed official British history 11770:Die stryd in Natal, Jan. – Feb. 1900 11603:Veldslae-Anglo–Boereoorlog 1899–1902 11512: 11495: 11404:The War Correspondents: The Boer War 10869:The Record of a Regiment of the Line 10366:"History of Royal Canadian Dragoons" 10257:(36078). London. 1 March 1900. p. 7. 10181:The Adventures of Arthur Conan Doyle 9886:Veldslae-Anglo–Boereoorlog 1899–1902 9670: 9655: 9607: 9467: 8800:"Black victims in a white man's war" 8023: 7976:. Taylor & Francis. p. 98. 7895:. Human & Rousseau. p. 81. 7787: 7260:"Anglo Boer War – Rhodesia Regiment" 5490:had started to become major powers. 4610:armed Africans in the British Army. 4376: 4334: 4301: 4184:and locally raised irregular corps. 3977:Roberts finally resumed his advance. 3730:adding citations to reliable sources 3701: 3661:Why weren't we told of the trenches? 3533:Sanatorium, site of the present-day 3282: 2692:Mountains, following an appeal from 2065:, was a conflict fought between the 921:75,430 returned home sick or wounded 15740:1900s in the South African Republic 15735:1890s in the South African Republic 13006:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 12652:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis 11902:Ockerbloom, John Mark, ed. (2017). 11421:Stirling, John (17 February 2009). 10596:. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau. 10430:"The Concentration Camps 1899–1902" 10427: 10411:"The Bitter Legacy of the Boer War" 10253:"The War – Embarcation of Troops". 9986:from the original on 9 October 2022 9803: 9261:Silvester, John (18 October 2009). 8258: 7298:from the original on 9 October 2022 7235:"The Boer War ends in South Africa" 6896: 6369:James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon 6325:A group of British prisoners, with 6208:Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts 6176: 5632:From 1899 to 1901 the six separate 4945:1. The shooting of six surrendered 4884: 4768:Cost of War over its entire course 4620:Second Boer War concentration camps 4280: 3648:Lord Roberts's arrival at Cape Town 3393:Boers in a trench at Mafeking, 1899 3133: 2425:British combat casualties than the 2280:, and in 1910 were merged with the 2224:against the British for two years. 1925: 1266: 24: 15514:1173 Polonnaruwa invasion of Chola 11897:. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. 11707: 11037:President Paul Kruger: A Biography 10276:. 19 September 1902. p. 6024. 10030:. New Zealand History Online. 2008 10008:. New Zealand History Online. 2008 9725: 9617:. Australia: ABC News. 31 May 2010 8699:(2). Informa UK Limited: 138–163. 8417: 8063:from the original on 20 March 2020 7829:from the original on 14 March 2020 6494:Bombardment in the Second Boer War 4757: 4368:, where a commando led by General 4171:army, the Boer commanders adopted 3839: 2128:under siege, and won victories at 25: 15876: 15795:Wars involving the United Kingdom 14216:Colonial conflicts involving the 14158:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 13793:South African Party (Cape Colony) 12026: 11882: 11818:Die Britse Opmars tot in Pretoria 11697:Van Hartesveldt, Fred R. (2000). 11671: 11582:. African Sun Media. p. 79. 11561:. African Sun Media. p. 32. 11365:"The South African War 1899–1902" 11262:. London: Cardinal. p. 571. 10816:] (in Afrikaans). Tafelberg. 10645:Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009). 10349: 10223:. 23 February 1900. p. 1256. 9348:"The long shadow of the Boer War" 8499:from the original on 30 June 2019 8223: 7510:from the original on 7 April 2020 7188:"Boer War begins in South Africa" 7031:"The South African War 1899–1902" 6499:British logistics in the Boer War 6461: 6441:en route to South Africa in 1899. 6391: 6101:and the Imperial Light Infantry. 5396:Opposition to the Second Boer War 5229:who fell in the Second Boer War, 5082:standing over the joint grave of 4580: 4033:their last defensive position at 3665:Why were we marched up in column, 3663:Why weren't we told of the wire? 3659:A drawing-room General's mistake. 3653:Such was the day for our regiment 3476:, unwisely allowed Major-General 3369:divisions were widely dispersed. 3100:imprisonment (which he served in 2081:) over the Empire's influence in 15441: 14170: 14169: 12074:L. Tom Perry Special Collections 12070:Scrapbook of Boer War, MSS P 456 12044: 12032: 12018:Parliament of the United Kingdom 10986:The Art of War: Waterloo to Mons 10688:"Caring for the soldiers health" 10679:With Both Armies in South Africa 10671:. Cape Town: Purnell & Sons. 10658:Cameron, Trewhella, ed. (1986). 10454: 10294: 10280: 10260: 10247: 10227: 10207: 10194: 10173: 10069: 10042: 10020: 9998: 9965: 9754: 9687: 9629: 9565: 9543:"Australian Military Statistics" 9535: 9521: 9414:Homan, Philip A. (Spring 2016). 9407: 9378: 9340: 9309: 9254: 9242: 9230: 9218: 9206: 9194: 9185: 9176: 9164: 9137: 9125: 9113: 9086: 9074: 9062: 9050: 9038: 9026: 9014: 9002: 8990: 8978: 8957: 8945: 8926: 8901: 8693:Western Journal of Communication 7863:Scarlata, Paul (17 April 2017). 7819:"The Guns of the Boer Commandos" 6796: 6762: 6745: 6631: 6619: 6607: 6595: 6583: 6571: 6531:Military history of South Africa 6520:London to Ladysmith via Pretoria 6514:List of wars between democracies 5039:5. The orders, given by BVC Lt. 4687:near Bloemfontein, February 1901 4489:, particularly the Netherlands, 4027: 3706: 3657:Dearly we paid for the blunder – 3574:On 31 October 1899, General Sir 837: 824: 813: 802: 784: 773: 762: 751: 738: 726: 714: 702: 691: 680: 669: 658: 647: 636: 625: 614: 603: 590: 566: 551: 536: 521: 506: 491: 476: 463: 449: 436: 423: 408: 393: 359: 347: 330: 318: 305: 292: 278: 265: 253: 241: 229: 217: 201: 65: 15499:Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya 14292:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 13807:South African Party (1977–1980) 13800:South African Party (1911–1934) 13716:Progressive Party (Cape Colony) 13513:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners 11926:(1st in four volumes ed.). 11823:The British advance to Pretoria 11470:Villiers, J.C. de (June 1984). 11159:Peddie, John (22 August 2009). 11104:Paul Kruger: His Life And Times 10967:McGill-Queen's University Press 10676:Davis, Richard Harding (1900). 10620:Chase, Sean (4 November 2012). 8818: 8792: 8763:"BBC - History - The Boer Wars" 8755: 8684: 8511: 8480: 8466: 8384: 8341: 8317: 8304: 8289:, London, Methuen (1938) p. 72. 8279: 8232: 8217: 8189: 8141: 8106: 8075: 8044: 8017: 7990: 7963: 7936: 7909: 7882: 7841: 7781: 7745: 7431: 7310: 7277: 7252: 7227: 7213:"BBC – History – The Boer Wars" 7205: 7180: 7104: 7023: 6968: 6732: 6723: 6714: 6109: 6033: 5920:from D section of the Canadian 4718:, 25,630 were sent overseas to 4679:child (age 7), photographed by 4577:of the British Empire in 1910. 3717:needs additional citations for 3655:Dread the revenge we will take. 3084:A few days after the raid, the 3015:A sketch showing the arrest of 3000: 2651:. (In fact, Kruger had ordered 2510:. In fact, according to a 2011 1560: 15780:British colonisation in Africa 15534:Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts 15504:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura 14395:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War 13125:2019 service delivery protests 13111:#FeesMustFall student protests 12856:1983 constitutional referendum 11904:"South African War, 1899–1902" 11803:Die Boereterugtog uit Kaapland 11423:"Gordon Highlanders (extract)" 10955:; a standard scholarly history 10907:Jones, Huw M. (October 1999). 10704:"Taking Sides in the Boer War" 10288:"Taking Sides in the Boer War" 9952:"India and the Anglo-Boer War" 9397:Hayes, Matthew Horace (1902). 7889:Pretorius, Fransjohan (1999). 7618:Colenbrander, Herman (2010) . 7066:. South African History Online 7037:. South African History Online 6822:Jones, Huw M. (October 1999). 6779:(See the founder's biography: 6705: 6644: 6557: 6305:while on active duty in 1918. 6214:Civilians and other combatants 6198:John French, 1st Earl of Ypres 5972: 5406:St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin 4418: 4373:last major battle of the war. 4221:and had established fortified 4079:Prisoners of war sent overseas 3044:British South Africa Policemen 3019:after the failed raid, in 1896 2506:, it is officially called the 2284:and Cape Colonies to form the 2171:. Boer politicians, including 89:Boers at the besieged city of 13: 1: 15632:Operation Prosperity Guardian 14792:Black War (Van Diemen's Land) 14636:Castle Hill convict rebellion 13583:Johannesburg Reform Committee 12812:Israel–South Africa Agreement 12205: 12190: 12167: 12160: 11491:. Cambridge University Press. 11445:"The JJ Potgieter Manuscript" 11427:Our Regiments in South Africa 11197:. Pickle Partners Publishing. 10959:Keppel-Jones, Arthur (1983). 10888:"Blockhouses of the Boer War" 10833:Australian Historical Studies 10787:Journal of Management History 10243:. 6 March 1900. p. 1528. 10061:Pugsley, Christopher (2016). 8487:Harman, Mike (6 March 2017). 8082:Zuehlke, Mark (15 May 2017). 8051:Krott, Rob (14 March 2014) . 7286:"Ireland and the Second Boer" 6886:Australian Historical Studies 6859:Journal of Management History 6808: 6792:Chesterton's poetry analysis) 6423:Royal Canadian Mounted Rifles 5856:Notable Canadian Engagements 5712:It is believed that up to 50 5623: 4536: 4459:In January 1902, Boer leader 4069:Wilhelmina of the Netherlands 3925:The Relief of Ladysmith. Sir 3817:reinforcements being sought. 3550:First British relief attempts 3120: 3111:Jan C. Smuts wrote, in 1906: 3055:Johannesburg Reform Committee 139:Southern Africa (present-day 27:1899–1902 war in South Africa 15593:Great Rebellion of 1817–1818 15524:Malay invasions of Sri Lanka 13238:Black Consciousness Movement 12992:Government of National Unity 11887:. London: Cass. p. 179. 11450:. p. 97. Archived from 11369:South African History Online 11328:Encyclopedia of South Africa 11321:. London: Cass. p. 179. 10857:. London: Cass. p. 145. 10615:. Stanford University Press. 10493: 9950:Reddy, E.S. (29 July 1999). 9035:, pp. 62–68, 73–82, 100 8631:Davidson & Filatova 1998 8427:Changuion, Louis A. (2022). 8265:. Durban: 30 Degrees South. 8240:A History of Southern Africa 8084:"Canada's first foreign war" 7478:South African History Online 7438:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). 7085:Biggins, David (June 2013). 5963:Natal Indian Ambulance Corps 5594: 5293:communist rebels during the 5145:Tenterfield, New South Wales 5090:, officers executed after a 5050:The letter then accused the 4973:of Floris Visser, a wounded 3943:Battle of the Tugela Heights 3933:on 28 February. Painting by 3397:When danger loomed, all the 3373:Boer organization and skills 3033:British South Africa Company 2634:negotiations in Bloemfontein 2467:'s original settlers at the 2332:trial for British war crimes 7: 12949:Saint James Church massacre 12835:Weapons of mass destruction 11918:Maurice, Sir John Frederick 11848:Breytenbach, J. H. (1996). 11815:Breytenbach, J. H. (1983). 11800:Breytenbach, J. H. (1977). 11767:Breytenbach, J. H. (1973). 11752:Breytenbach, J. H. (1971). 11731:Breytenbach, J. H. (1969). 11620:. Oxford University Press. 11519:Journal of Canadian Studies 11438:. London: Cass. p. 24. 11429:. Naval and Military Press. 11286:. Avon Books. p. 573. 11193:Powell, Sean-Andre (2015). 11060:"Chapter 3: Being in Touch" 10770:. Oxford University Press. 10747:. London. pp. 258–278. 10738:. Basic Books. p. 235. 10204:. Gill and Macmillan. p. 3. 10202:James Craig: Lord Craigavon 8310:Field Marshal Lord Carver, 7997:Lunderstedt, Steve (2000). 6662:. Smaller forces came from 6477: 6193:Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig 6021: 5951:(Middle row, 5th from left) 4707:, and the Americans in the 4394:Battle of Blood River Poort 3893:Roberts relieves the sieges 3386:wore light green uniforms. 3238:; Rhodes; Chamberlain; and 3050:and some artillery pieces. 2337: 2295:within the British Empire. 101:Canadian troops during the 10: 15881: 15473:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 15309:Jewish revolt in Palestine 14954:Fenian Rebellion in Canada 14599:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign 14491:American Revolutionary War 12689:1957 Alexandra bus boycott 12567:South West Africa campaign 12466:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 12431:French Huguenot settlement 11977:(2022) 44#1 pp. 42–70 11653:Hong Kong University Press 11335:Pulsifer, Cameron (2017). 11258:Pakenham, Thomas (1991) . 11144:. New York: Random House. 11039:(First ed.). London: 11010:. Measuringworth.com. 2015 10766:Granatstein, J.L. (2010). 10708:American Heritage Magazine 10667:Cartwright, A. P. (1964). 9846:"The Peace of Vereeniging" 7922:. Academica. p. 330. 7869:Tactical Life Gun Magazine 7708:A Handbook of the Boer War 7648:Giliomee, Hermann (1991). 7624:The Origin of the Peasants 7593:Morris & Linnegar 2004 7387:. New York: Random House. 7111:van der Waag, Ian (2005). 6923:Why the Boers Lost the War 6906:sahoboss (31 March 2011). 6787:'s writing to 1905 – (see 6472:St John the Baptist Church 6378:Imperial Military Railways 6250:, there is a monument (by 5976: 5904: 5889: 5878: 5867: 5745:South African War Memorial 5731: 5622:officers in South Africa, 5604: 5598: 5554: 5393: 5355: 5225:Memorial to soldiers from 4888: 4617: 4497:. Other countries such as 4478: 4293: 4131:. Other POWs were sent to 3968: 3935:John Henry Frederick Bacon 3867:Neville Bowles Chamberlain 3415:just, and blessed by God. 3295:Kruger's ultimatum and war 3004: 2518: 2200:. Led by generals such as 2092:caused a large influx of " 29: 15671: 15640: 15486: 15455: 15143: 15080:Jameson Raid South Africa 14614: 14367: 14228: 14167: 14144:African National Congress 14133: 14039: 13872: 13604:Liberal Party (1953–1968) 13327: 13318: 13176: 12972: 12942:1992 apartheid referendum 12611: 12556: 12475: 12413: 12386: 12379: 12145: 11893:Murray, Nicholas (2013). 11496:Watt, S (December 1982). 11402:Sibbald, Raymond (1993). 11172:Pocock, Roger S. (1917). 10984:McElwee, William (1974). 10799:10.1108/17511340910943796 10200:Patrick Buckland (1980). 9972:Itzkin, Eric (May 2009). 9385:Sydney Frederick Galvayne 9267:The Sydney Morning Herald 9059:, pp. 87–90, 100–101 8705:10.1080/10570310309374764 8285:Dunlop, Colonel John K., 8127:10.1080/10314617808595579 7916:Muller, C. F. J. (1986). 7500:"History – The Boer Wars" 7129:10.1191/0968344505wh306oa 7005:Millard, Candice (2016). 6921:Scholtz, Leopold (2005). 6871:10.1108/17511340910943796 6740:"Battle of Magersfontein" 6504:First Italo–Ethiopian War 6385:Frederick Russell Burnham 6254:) erected to his memory. 6172:United Kingdom and empire 6091:South African Light Horse 5727: 5642:Commonwealth of Australia 5493: 5182: — were executed by 5166:On 27 February 1902, two 5025:Berlin Missionary Society 4993:was delivered by BVC Lt. 4767: 3859:Frederick Russell Burnham 3261:London Convention of 1884 3202:and 25 of the 37 mm 3029:Administrator in Rhodesia 2992:. Certain self-appointed 2753: 2660:declared war on Britain. 2481:("Second Freedom War"), ' 1933: 1862: 1749: 1681: 1568: 1278: 1011: 954: 913: 849: 583: 190: 122: 64: 52: 47: 36:Boer War (disambiguation) 15820:Wars involving Australia 15583:Second Kandyan–Dutch War 15291:Arab revolt in Palestine 14888:Second Anglo-Burmese War 14630:Second Anglo-Maratha War 14521:Australian frontier wars 13597:Labour Party (1969–1994) 13590:Labour Party (1910–1958) 13146:2020 Phala Phala Robbery 13104:#RhodesMustFall protests 12703:1960 republic referendum 12082:Brigham Young University 11688:Seibold, Birgit (2011). 11679:Krebs, Paula M. (1999). 11502:Military History Journal 11476:Military History Journal 11023:Marsh, Peter T. (1994). 10913:Military History Journal 10386:. Goldi Productions Ltd. 10329:10.1177/0968344511417348 10095:"Borden, Harold Lothrop" 9700:. Art Canada Institute. 8967:, Second Series No. 18. 8877:. AngloBoerWar.com. 2015 8850:Judd & Surridge 2013 7740:Yap & Leong Man 1996 7565:Greaves, Adrian (2013). 7529:Keegan, Timothy (1996). 7087:"Khaki Election of 1900" 6828:Military History Journal 6551: 6453:Views on British tactics 6416:Battle of Megiddo (1918) 6360:– Author and creator of 6229:Frederick William Borden 5938: 5445:1900 UK general election 5372:German South-West Africa 5364:Republic of South Africa 5021:Carl August Daniel Heese 4447:Fresh Boer forces under 3991:as a prisoner of war in 3865:from the Staff College; 3636:and Cronjé, had ordered 2724:and Namaqualand (modern 2465:Dutch East India Company 72:Clockwise from top left: 15578:First Kandyan–Dutch War 15285:Second Mohmand campaign 15020:Third Anglo-Burmese War 14984:Second Anglo-Afghan War 14786:First Anglo-Burmese War 14762:Third Anglo-Maratha War 14593:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 14503:Second Anglo-Mysore War 14497:First Anglo-Maratha War 14042:terrorist organisations 13132:2019 Johannesburg riots 12745:Constructive engagement 12710:International isolation 12528:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 11635:Witton, George (2003). 11597:Wessels, Elria (2009). 11576:Wessels, André (2011). 11555:Wessels, André (2010). 11487:Warwick, Peter (1983). 11355:Scott, John L. (2007). 11283:The Scramble for Africa 11161:"John McCrae Biography" 10953:excerpt and text search 10938:The Boer War: A History 10076:Phillips, Jock (1990). 9880:Wessels, Elria (2009). 9694:Brandon, Laura (2021). 9577:Australian War Memorial 9547:Australian War Memorial 9334:10.3406/irlan.1992.1086 9239:, pp. 115–118, 203 9191:Davey (1987), page 122. 9182:Davey (1987), page 123. 9146:, pp. 105–107, 203 8933:Leach, Charles (2012). 8476:. Burgh House Software. 8391:Speed, Neil G. (2002). 8030:. Dundurn. p. 56. 7009:. New York: Doubleday. 6526:History of South Africa 6484:Bloemfontein Conference 6439:Lord Strathcona's Horse 6233:Royal Canadian Dragoons 5914:Royal Canadian Dragoons 5646:Government of Australia 5634:self-governing colonies 5202:, and an award-winning 5034:Southern Ndebele people 4779:Relative value in 2022 4709:Philippine–American War 4481:Boer foreign volunteers 4475:Boer foreign volunteers 3626:Battle of Magersfontein 3240:mining syndicate owners 2737:William Ewart Gladstone 2432: 2236:campaign; a network of 2216:, Boer guerrillas used 2140:. Increased numbers of 2102:Bloemfontein Conference 2090:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 1743:Orange Free State Front 944:(at the end of the war) 77:Boers in action at the 15684:Ceylon in World War II 15225:Third Anglo-Afghan War 15110:First Mohmand campaign 14834:First Anglo-Afghan War 14533:Third Anglo-Mysore War 13055:Attack on Kennedy Road 12666:Congress of the People 12257:South African Republic 12049:Quotations related to 11614:Wilcox, Craig (2002). 11223:Law and History Review 10886:Jones, Maurig (1996). 10844:Inglis, Brian (1974). 10647:"Sam Hughes Biography" 10545:Blake, Albert (2010). 10168:Desai & Vahed 2015 9579:. 2008. Archived from 9549:. 2008. Archived from 9494:, p. viii fn. 11. 8909:"Inflation calculator" 7946:Mauser Military Rifles 7679:Mauser Military Rifles 6990:: CS1 maint: others ( 6777:Stop the War Committee 6442: 6401: 6357:Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 6330: 6310:Harry "Breaker" Morant 6269: 6161:Martinus Theunis Steyn 6074: 6002: 5967:local Indian community 5952: 5823: 5757: 5722:White Australia Policy 5714:Aboriginal Australians 5629: 5506: 5438:Royal Dublin Fusiliers 5417: 5348:, but others did not. 5341: 5285: 5263: 5233: 5217:Aftermath and analysis 5095: 5056:Robert William Lenehan 4696: 4688: 4666: 4665: 4659:— Pakenham, 4637: 4557: 4549: 4463:was implicated in the 4453:Battle of Elands River 4388: 4314: 4254: 4192: 4167: 4105:Battle of Elandslaagte 4100: 4000: 3955:Battle of Poplar Grove 3938: 3869:from Afghanistan; and 3853: 3813: 3679: 3649: 3608:Battle of Modder River 3571: 3497:Battle of Elandslaagte 3461: 3394: 3275: 3230: 3204:Maxim Nordenfeldt guns 3169: 3150: 3147:South African Republic 3128:Martinus Theunis Steyn 3118: 3020: 2982:Portuguese East Africa 2681: 2602: 2588:South African Republic 2495: 2493:("Anglo–Boer War") or 2489: 2483: 2477: 2442: 2351: 2188:early general election 2149:General Redvers Buller 2075:South African Republic 2030: 721:François-Louis Lessard 584:Commanders and leaders 355:South African Republic 34:. For other uses, see 15840:1900s in South Africa 15835:1890s in South Africa 15544:Battle of Mulleriyawa 15509:Polonnaruwa–Pagan War 15494:Battle of Vijithapura 15468:1971 JVP insurrection 14882:Second Anglo-Sikh War 14539:Cotiote (Wayanad) War 14425:French and Indian War 13625:Natal Indian Congress 13345:Afrikaner Broederbond 13199:Afrikaner nationalism 12985:1994 general election 12956:Bophuthatswana crisis 12849:Church Street bombing 12629:Apartheid legislation 12622:1948 general election 12542:South Africa Act 1909 12337:Union of South Africa 12157:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 12137:Political history of 12092:23 March 2020 at the 12078:Harold B. Lee Library 11908:The Online Books Page 11443:Swardt, Eric (1998). 11384:Searle, G.R. (2004). 11315:Pretorius, Fransjohan 11115:. Past & Present. 11083:Nasson, Bill (2011). 10919:(3/4). Archived from 10806:Gronum, M.A. (1977). 10745:The South African War 10501:Berger, Carl (1971). 9791:Anglo–Boer War Museum 9732:Canadian Encyclopedia 9673:"Boer War Remembered" 9316:Lowry, Donal (1992). 9047:, pp. 83–86, 100 9023:, pp. 61–72, 100 9011:, pp. 35–60, 100 8963:Arthur Davey (1987), 7620:De Afkomst Der Boeren 7496:Pretorius, Fransjohan 6834:(3/4). Archived from 6489:Treaty of Vereeniging 6437:Canadian soldiers of 6436: 6399: 6324: 6295:University of Vermont 6260: 6220:Harold Lothrop Borden 6065: 5990:troops marching down 5986: 5946: 5820:Harold Lothrop Borden 5818: 5742:The unveiling of the 5741: 5614: 5501: 5447:, also known as the " 5404:Memorial window from 5403: 5394:Further information: 5358:Union of South Africa 5352:Union of South Africa 5333:<prisoner name> 5329: 5282:Union of South Africa 5275: 5258: 5254:Milner's Kindergarten 5224: 5077: 4720:prisoner-of-war camps 4694: 4671: 4654: 4653: 4631: 4555: 4544: 4465:Leliefontein massacre 4384: 4309: 4244: 4190: 4165: 4086: 3986: 3924: 3905:Modder River. At the 3847: 3807: 3651: 3647: 3566:, he was replaced by 3557: 3482:Battle of Talana Hill 3456: 3392: 3340:British Army deployed 3273: 3224: 3200:Creusot fortress guns 3167: 3141: 3113: 3014: 2674:Battle of Majuba Hill 2671: 2664:Historical background 2619:Leander Starr Jameson 2569:Battle of Majuba Hill 2487:("Second Boer War"), 2478:Tweede Vryheidsoorlog 2440: 2419:Union of South Africa 2415:Treaty of Vereeniging 2345: 2324:opposition to the war 2286:Union of South Africa 2270:Treaty of Vereeniging 2180:Conservative ministry 2031:Tweede Vryheidsoorlog 914:Casualties and losses 598:Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 169:Treaty of Vereeniging 15730:1902 in South Africa 15725:1901 in South Africa 15720:1900 in South Africa 15715:1899 in South Africa 15625:Cocos Islands mutiny 15556:Dutch–Portuguese War 15478:Sri Lankan Civil War 15044:Hunza–Nagar Campaign 14852:First Anglo-Sikh War 14828:Egyptian–Ottoman War 13259:Greater South Africa 13097:2014 platinum strike 12963:Shell House massacre 12891:Transkei coup d'état 12696:Sharpeville massacre 12459:Battle of Blaauwberg 12452:Battle of Muizenberg 12404:Battle of Salt River 12187:Mthethwa Paramountcy 12041:at Wikimedia Commons 11916:British War Office; 11609:on 14 February 2013. 11513:Webb, Peter (2010). 11393:Spies, S.B. (1977). 11111:O'Brien, P. (1988). 10669:The Dynamite Company 10409:Grundlingh, Albert. 10372:on 22 November 2012. 9892:on 14 February 2013. 9844:Cavendish, Richard. 8999:, pp. 22–23, 99 8987:, pp. 17–22, 99 8969:Van Riebeeck Society 8462:on 10 December 2005. 8198:, p. 145 cites 8024:Horn, Bernd (2012). 7970:Gooch, John (2013). 7943:Grant, Neil (2015). 7676:Grant, Neil (2015). 7604:Entry: Cape Colony. 7284:Diver, Luke (2014). 6775:were members of the 6248:Canning, Nova Scotia 6126:Schalk Willem Burger 6105:Notable participants 5688:Harry Harbord Morant 5551:Imperial involvement 5414:Royal Irish Regiment 5180:Bushveldt Carbineers 5174:and Australian born 5149:only followed orders 5080:James Francis Thomas 4936:justice of the peace 4920:Bushveldt Carbineers 4897:Bushveldt Carbineers 4545:Peace conference at 4449:Jan Christiaan Smuts 4352:at Ysterspruit near 4073:Clarens, Switzerland 4067:, sent by the Queen 3997:Battle of Paardeberg 3907:Battle of Paardeberg 3726:improve this article 3602:on 23 November, the 3576:Redvers Henry Buller 3560:Redvers Henry Buller 3217:British case for war 3046:, was equipped with 2545:Battle of Blaauwberg 2461:white South Africans 2350:and Second Boer Wars 103:Battle of Paardeberg 95:Boer militia at the 15549:Campaign of Danture 15297:Waziristan campaign 15231:Waziristan campaign 14924:Revolt of Rajab Ali 14401:War of Jenkins' Ear 14151:Democratic Alliance 13328:Civic and political 13192:Afrikaner Calvinism 13185:African nationalism 13034:African Renaissance 12724:UNSC Resolution 591 12645:Internal resistance 12546:National Convention 12514:Transvaal Civil War 12438:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars 12321:Orange River Colony 11883:Gooch, John (ed.). 11531:10.3138/jcs.44.1.75 11341:Canadian War Museum 11206:. London: Longman. 11102:Nathan, M. (1941). 10969:. pp. 590–99. 10923:on 22 December 2015 10863:Jacson, M. (1908). 10536:Bester, R. (1994). 9831:Canadian War Museum 9787:"The Guerrilla War" 9766:Canadian War Museum 9738:on 23 January 2012. 9728:"South African War" 9683:on 4 February 2013. 9375:, pp. 223–229. 9294:, pp. 483–526. 9161:, pp. 109, 203 9095:, pp. 104, 106 8913:bankofengland.co.uk 8896:Measuringworth 2015 8864:, pp. 227–232. 8657:, pp. 258–278. 8621:, pp. 483–485. 8259:Ash, Chris (2020). 8154:britishempire.me.uk 8057:SmallArmsReview.com 7752:Measuringworth 2015 6838:on 22 December 2015 6546:Scramble for Africa 6069:volunteers leaving 5857: 5790:Sir Wilfrid Laurier 5718:Griffith University 5651:Arthur Alfred Lynch 5204:Australian New Wave 5041:Charles H.G. Hannam 5036:, was also killed. 4614:Concentration camps 4111:until POW camps in 4087:A Transit camp for 3971:Advance on Pretoria 3965:Capture of Pretoria 3947:Relief of Ladysmith 3927:George Stuart White 3810:Battle of Spion Kop 3505:Robert Baden-Powell 3470:George Stuart White 3079:Second Matabele War 2463:descended from the 2254:concentration camps 2218:hit-and-run attacks 1221:South Africa (1914) 1186:South Africa (1906) 1151:South Africa (1899) 1121:Matabeleland (1896) 1111:South Africa (1895) 1091:Matabeleland (1893) 1056:Somalia (1888–1924) 1051:Equatoria (1886–89) 1021:South Africa (1880) 1016:South Africa (1879) 1003:Scramble for Africa 956:Civilian casualties 898:African auxiliaries 870:African auxiliaries 698:Robert Baden-Powell 385:Foreign volunteers: 97:Battle of Spion Kop 59:Scramble for Africa 15750:1900s in Transvaal 15745:1890s in Transvaal 15620:Easter Sunday Raid 15171:Bambatha Rebellion 15086:Anglo-Zanzibar War 15074:Chitral Expedition 15008:Anglo-Egyptian War 14780:Anglo-Ashanti wars 14485:Lord Dunmore's War 14443:Anglo-Cherokee War 14352:King William's War 12898:Ciskei coup d'état 12717:UN Resolution 1761 12682:Women's March 1956 12535:South African Wars 12521:Mineral Revolution 11716:Breytenbach, J. H. 11371:. 10 November 2011 11303:Scientia Militaria 11033:Meintjes, Johannes 10726:on 7 January 2009. 10626:The Daily Observer 10579:on 27 October 2016 10436:on 3 November 2012 10273:The London Gazette 10240:The London Gazette 10220:The London Gazette 9671:Marshall, Robert. 9322:Etudes irlandaises 9215:, pp. 105–109 9071:, pp. 100–101 8325:Bye-Bye Dolly Gray 8262:The Boer War Atlas 8148:Crowhurst, Peter. 8115:Historical Studies 7147:– via Jstor. 6946:Eveleigh Nash 1914 6781:William T. Stead's 6443: 6402: 6374:Royal Irish Rifles 6331: 6315:summary executions 6291:In Flanders Fields 6270: 6252:Hamilton MacCarthy 6223:- son of Canada's 6151:Marthinus Prinsloo 6095:Rimington's Guides 6075: 6051:on the borders of 6003: 5953: 5949:Mohandas K. Gandhi 5855: 5833:set piece fighting 5824: 5780:citizens were pro- 5763:Strathcona's Horse 5758: 5630: 5507: 5422:Irish nationalists 5418: 5286: 5234: 5096: 5092:1902 court-martial 5054:of the BVC, Major 5001:on 6 August 1901. 4928:Officer Commanding 4922:(BVC) garrison at 4912:Northern Transvaal 4904:irregular regiment 4697: 4689: 4685:concentration camp 4642:concentration camp 4638: 4636:concentration camp 4587:Mohandas K. Gandhi 4558: 4550: 4529:of Russia, became 4389: 4315: 4255: 4212:Use of blockhouses 4193: 4168: 4146:Oath of neutrality 4101: 4001: 3959:Relief of Mafeking 3939: 3854: 3814: 3812:, 24 January 1900. 3650: 3572: 3466:Battle of Kraaipan 3462: 3395: 3276: 3231: 3170: 3159:The First Boer War 3151: 3048:Maxim machine guns 3021: 2840:(Nov) – 1901 (Apr) 2696:, the king of the 2682: 2649:British government 2641:Joseph Chamberlain 2638:Colonial Secretary 2592:Jan Gerrit Bantjes 2526:Jan Gerrit Bantjes 2484:Tweede Boereoorlog 2443: 2352: 2151:, was replaced by 2044:Second Freedom War 1938:Pretoria Offensive 1876:Colesberg District 1675:Bechuanaland Front 1623:Ladysmith (Relief) 1583:Ladysmith (Battle) 1410:Pretoria Offensive 1076:Mashonaland (1890) 905:Foreign volunteers 610:Joseph Chamberlain 15770:Conflicts in 1902 15765:Conflicts in 1901 15760:Conflicts in 1900 15755:Conflicts in 1899 15692: 15691: 15519:Pandyan Civil War 15402: 15401: 15333:Malayan Emergency 15243:Malabar rebellion 15104:Siege of Malakand 15050:Anglo-Manipur War 14906:Anglo-Persian War 14455:Anglo-Spanish War 14407:King George's War 14328:King Philip's War 14304:Anglo-Spanish War 14183: 14182: 14136:political parties 14129: 14128: 14106:Orde van die Dood 13723:Progressive Party 13429:Congress Alliance 13245:Cape Independence 13177:Political culture 13172: 13171: 13139:COVID-19 pandemic 13069:Marikana massacre 12905:Venda coup d'état 12659:Defiance Campaign 12249:Orange Free State 12179:Dutch Cape Colony 12037:Media related to 11627:978-0-19-551637-1 11589:978-1-920383-27-5 11568:978-1-920383-09-1 11457:on 16 August 2010 11406:. Bramley Books. 11213:978-0-582-64384-0 11165:firstworldwar.com 11050:978-0-304-29423-7 10976:978-0-7735-0534-6 10947:978-1-78076-591-4 10823:978-0-624-01009-8 10777:978-0-19-543088-2 10692:Nash's war manual 10651:firstworldwar.com 10516:978-0-8020-6113-3 10428:Barnard, Hennie. 10179:Miller, Russell. 9707:978-1-4871-0271-5 9658:, pp. 75–90. 8954:, pp. 98–101 8806:. 10 October 1999 8609:, pp. 15–22. 8381:, pp. 84–85. 8365:978-0-7329-1062-4 8272:978-1-928359-83-8 8037:978-1-4597-0578-4 8010:978-0-620-26099-2 7983:978-1-135-27181-7 7956:978-1-4728-0595-9 7929:978-0-86874-271-7 7902:978-0-7981-3808-6 7823:American Rifleman 7788:Machanik, Felix. 7726:978-1-374-97455-5 7689:978-1-4728-0595-9 7659:978-0-520-07420-0 7595:, pp. 58–95. 7576:978-1-62914-513-6 7548:978-0-8139-1735-1 7498:(18 March 2008). 7451:978-0-7864-7470-7 7332:978-0-19-189094-9 7016:978-0-385-53573-1 6932:978-1-4039-4880-9 6590:Western Australia 6335:Winston Churchill 6327:Winston Churchill 6231:. Serving in the 6166:Christiaan de Wet 6099:Kitchener's Horse 6028:Rhodesia Regiment 5936: 5935: 5784:, and wanted the 5756:, Canada, in 1908 5644:in 1901, the new 5337:<Camp name> 5303:British Commandos 5295:Malayan Emergency 5278:High Commissioner 5153:take no prisoners 4940:Western Australia 4882: 4881: 4438:Johannes Lötter's 4377:Eastern Transvaal 4335:Western Transvaal 4311:Christiaan De Wet 4302:Orange Free State 4206:Christiaan de Wet 4198:Christiaan Beyers 4182:Imperial Yeomanry 4173:guerrilla warfare 4013:Christiaan de Wet 3871:William Nicholson 3802: 3801: 3794: 3776: 3741:"Second Boer War" 3604:Battle of Graspan 3600:Battle of Belmont 3564:Battle of Colenso 3355:Aldershot Command 3321:Daily Telegraph's 3302:Loyal North Lancs 3283:Negotiations fail 3174:Mauser Model 1895 2947: 2946: 2718:Missionaries Road 2702:Berlin Conference 2658:Orange Free State 2533:Dutch Cape Colony 2508:South African War 2499:("English War"). 2490:Anglo–Boereoorlog 2469:Cape of Good Hope 2328:neutral countries 2234:counterinsurgency 2210:Christiaan de Wet 2079:Orange Free State 2063:South African War 2016: 2015: 1893: 1892: 1856:Cape Colony Front 1822: 1821: 1709: 1708: 1641: 1640: 1588:Ladysmith (Siege) 1528: 1527: 1495:Blood River Poort 1234: 1233: 1191:Morocco (1907–34) 1181:Morocco (1905–06) 1176:Tanganyika (1905) 1156:Somaliland (1900) 1096:Morocco (1893–94) 1081:Katanga (1891−92) 1046:Madagascar (1883) 968: 967: 960:46,370 fatalities 945: 936: 895: 890: 885: 844:Christiaan de Wet 676:Herbert Kitchener 643:William Robertson 632:Frederick Roberts 367:Orange Free State 186: 185: 79:Battle of Colenso 16:(Redirected from 15872: 15860:Canadian Militia 15679:Military history 15672:Related articles 15600:Matale rebellion 15447: 15445: 15444: 15429: 15422: 15415: 15406: 15405: 15351:Cyprus Emergency 15177:Maritz rebellion 15165:Tibet expedition 15098:Benin Expedition 14918:Indian Rebellion 14912:Second Opium War 14894:Eureka Rebellion 14870:British Honduras 14846:New Zealand Wars 14431:Seven Years' War 14377:Queen Anne's War 14210: 14203: 14196: 14187: 14186: 14173: 14172: 14160: 14153: 14146: 14122: 14115: 14108: 14101: 14094: 14087: 14080: 14073: 14066: 14059: 14052: 14040:Paramilitary and 14032: 14030:Umkosi Wezintaba 14025: 14018: 14011: 14004: 13997: 13990: 13983: 13976: 13969: 13962: 13955: 13948: 13941: 13934: 13927: 13920: 13913: 13906: 13899: 13892: 13885: 13875:social movements 13873:Trade unions and 13865: 13858: 13851: 13844: 13837: 13830: 13823: 13816: 13809: 13802: 13795: 13788: 13781: 13774: 13767: 13760: 13753: 13746: 13739: 13732: 13725: 13718: 13711: 13704: 13697: 13690: 13683: 13676: 13669: 13662: 13655: 13648: 13641: 13634: 13627: 13620: 13613: 13606: 13599: 13592: 13585: 13578: 13571: 13564: 13557: 13550: 13543: 13536: 13529: 13522: 13515: 13508: 13501: 13494: 13487: 13480: 13473: 13466: 13459: 13452: 13445: 13438: 13431: 13424: 13417: 13410: 13403: 13396: 13394:Boerestaat Party 13389: 13382: 13375: 13368: 13361: 13354: 13347: 13340: 13325: 13324: 13311: 13302: 13293: 13284: 13277: 13268: 13261: 13254: 13247: 13240: 13233: 13224: 13215: 13208: 13201: 13194: 13187: 13165: 13155: 13148: 13141: 13134: 13127: 13120: 13113: 13106: 13099: 13092: 13085: 13078: 13071: 13064: 13057: 13050: 13043: 13036: 13029: 13022: 13015: 13008: 13001: 12994: 12987: 12965: 12958: 12951: 12944: 12937: 12928: 12921: 12914: 12907: 12900: 12893: 12886: 12884:Dakar Conference 12879: 12872: 12865: 12858: 12851: 12844: 12837: 12830: 12823: 12814: 12807: 12805:Israeli alliance 12800: 12793: 12786: 12775: 12768: 12761: 12759:Sporting boycott 12754: 12747: 12740: 12733: 12731:Academic boycott 12726: 12719: 12712: 12705: 12698: 12691: 12684: 12675: 12668: 12661: 12654: 12647: 12638: 12631: 12624: 12604: 12597: 12590: 12588:Great Depression 12583: 12576: 12574:Maritz rebellion 12569: 12549: 12537: 12530: 12523: 12516: 12509: 12502: 12495: 12488: 12468: 12461: 12454: 12447: 12440: 12433: 12426: 12424:Dutch settlement 12406: 12399: 12397:Bantu migrations 12384: 12383: 12372: 12364: 12356: 12348: 12340: 12332: 12329:Transvaal Colony 12324: 12316: 12308: 12300: 12297:Nieuwe Republiek 12292: 12284: 12276: 12268: 12260: 12252: 12244: 12236: 12233:Natalia Republic 12228: 12220: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12202:Ndwandwe Kingdom 12197: 12195: 12192: 12182: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12165: 12162: 12131: 12124: 12117: 12108: 12107: 12048: 12036: 12021: 11999: 11927: 11911: 11898: 11888: 11877: 11844: 11811: 11796: 11763: 11748: 11727: 11702: 11693: 11684: 11666: 11640: 11631: 11610: 11605:. 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Archived from 10362: 10356: 10355: 10352:"Battle of Mons" 10347: 10341: 10340: 10312: 10301: 10298: 10292: 10291: 10284: 10278: 10277: 10264: 10258: 10251: 10245: 10244: 10231: 10225: 10224: 10211: 10205: 10198: 10192: 10177: 10171: 10165: 10159: 10153: 10147: 10141: 10135: 10129: 10123: 10117: 10111: 10105: 10099: 10098: 10091: 10082: 10081: 10073: 10067: 10066: 10058: 10049: 10046: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10035: 10024: 10018: 10017: 10015: 10013: 10002: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9985: 9978: 9969: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9947: 9938: 9932: 9921: 9915: 9906: 9900: 9894: 9893: 9888:. Archived from 9877: 9866: 9860: 9854: 9853: 9841: 9835: 9834: 9823: 9814: 9813: 9806:"The Black Week" 9801: 9795: 9794: 9783: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9758: 9752: 9749:Granatstein 2010 9746: 9740: 9739: 9734:. Archived from 9726:Miller, Carman. 9723: 9712: 9711: 9691: 9685: 9684: 9679:. Archived from 9668: 9659: 9653: 9636: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9611: 9605: 9599: 9593: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9569: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9539: 9533: 9532: 9525: 9519: 9513: 9507: 9501: 9495: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9471: 9465: 9459: 9453: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9428:10.5282/RCC/7418 9411: 9405: 9404: 9394: 9388: 9382: 9376: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9344: 9338: 9337: 9313: 9307: 9301: 9295: 9289: 9283: 9277: 9271: 9270: 9263:"Rest in Peace?" 9258: 9252: 9246: 9240: 9234: 9228: 9222: 9216: 9210: 9204: 9203:, pp. 54–55 9198: 9192: 9189: 9183: 9180: 9174: 9168: 9162: 9156: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9096: 9090: 9084: 9083:, pp. 97–98 9078: 9072: 9066: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9030: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9006: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8961: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8942: 8930: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8905: 8899: 8893: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8871: 8865: 8859: 8853: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8830:sahistory.org.za 8822: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8759: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8748: 8742:sahistory.org.za 8734: 8725: 8724: 8688: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8634: 8628: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8569: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8529: 8523:geni_family_tree 8515: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8484: 8478: 8477: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8458:. Archived from 8452: 8443: 8442: 8424: 8415: 8414: 8388: 8382: 8376: 8370: 8369: 8345: 8339: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8315: 8308: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8256: 8243: 8236: 8230: 8229: 8221: 8215: 8209: 8203: 8202:, pp. 53–55 8193: 8187: 8186: 8178: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8150:"Lord Salisbury" 8145: 8139: 8138: 8110: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8099: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8068: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8021: 8015: 8014: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7967: 7961: 7960: 7940: 7934: 7933: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7860: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7814: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7730: 7703: 7694: 7693: 7673: 7664: 7663: 7645: 7639: 7637: 7615: 7609: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7581: 7580: 7562: 7553: 7552: 7536: 7526: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7492: 7483: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7456: 7455: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7420: 7399: 7398: 7386: 7377:Pakenham, Thomas 7373: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7319:"United Kingdom" 7314: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7297: 7290: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7264:angloboerwar.com 7256: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7166:sahistory.org.za 7158: 7149: 7148: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7091:angloboerwar.com 7082: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7064:sahistory.org.za 7056: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7035:sahistory.org.za 7027: 7021: 7020: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6989: 6981: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6903: 6894: 6893: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6819: 6803: 6800: 6794: 6785:G. K. Chesterton 6766: 6760: 6749: 6743: 6736: 6730: 6727: 6721: 6718: 6712: 6709: 6703: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6600: 6599: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6576: 6575: 6561: 6341:The Morning Post 6279:cabinet minister 6177:Military leaders 5998:, to embark for 5992:Wellesley Street 5926:Victoria Crosses 5858: 5854: 5628: 5625: 5536:-like paste, by 5523: 5464:military service 5248:and his largely 4885:War crimes trial 4842:£19,040,000,000 4776:Cost at the time 4765: 4764: 4716:prisoners of war 4663: 4433:Gideon Scheepers 4281:Peace committees 4089:Prisoners of War 4054:Archibald Hunter 4050:Brandwater Basin 3918:with 4,000 men. 3863:George Henderson 3797: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3734: 3710: 3702: 3677: 3671:enquire ... 3630:Highland Brigade 3428:mounted infantry 3384:Staatsartillerie 3380:Staatsartillerie 3155:Westley Richards 3145:, leader of the 3134:Arming the Boers 2751: 2750: 2605: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2266:killed in action 2258:mounted infantry 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 1958:1st Elands River 1928: 1920: 1913: 1906: 1897: 1896: 1880:2nd Elands River 1857: 1849: 1842: 1835: 1826: 1825: 1744: 1736: 1729: 1722: 1713: 1712: 1676: 1668: 1661: 1654: 1645: 1644: 1633:Blood River Port 1563: 1555: 1548: 1541: 1532: 1531: 1490:2nd Elands River 1435:1st Elands River 1273: 1271: 1261: 1254: 1247: 1238: 1237: 1136:Wassoulou (1898) 1101:Wassoulou (1894) 1041:Wassoulou (1883) 1006: 1004: 994: 987: 980: 971: 970: 943: 934: 933:24,000 captured 893: 889:Free State Boers 888: 883: 842: 841: 829: 828: 818: 817: 807: 806: 797: 789: 788: 780:Schalk W. Burger 778: 777: 767: 766: 756: 755: 743: 742: 733:Walter Tunbridge 731: 730: 723: 719: 718: 707: 706: 696: 695: 685: 684: 674: 673: 663: 662: 652: 651: 641: 640: 630: 629: 619: 618: 608: 607: 595: 594: 576: 572: 570: 569: 561: 557: 555: 554: 546: 542: 540: 539: 531: 527: 525: 524: 516: 512: 510: 509: 501: 497: 495: 494: 486: 482: 480: 479: 468: 467: 466: 459: 455: 453: 452: 441: 440: 439: 432: 428: 427: 426: 418: 414: 412: 411: 403: 399: 397: 396: 365: 363: 362: 353: 351: 350: 336: 334: 333: 323: 322: 321: 311: 309: 308: 298: 296: 295: 288: 284: 282: 281: 270: 269: 268: 258: 257: 256: 246: 245: 244: 234: 233: 232: 222: 221: 220: 211: 207: 205: 204: 161:British victory 124: 123: 69: 45: 44: 21: 15880: 15879: 15875: 15874: 15873: 15871: 15870: 15869: 15845:1899 beginnings 15705:Second Boer War 15695: 15694: 15693: 15688: 15667: 15636: 15605:Second Boer War 15482: 15451: 15442: 15440: 15437:armed conflicts 15433: 15403: 15398: 15339:Kenya Emergency 15145: 15139: 15134:Second Boer War 15128:Boxer Rebellion 15056:Pahang Uprising 14936:Ambela campaign 14858:Río de la Plata 14840:First Opium War 14822:Aden Expedition 14654:Río de la Plata 14616: 14610: 14581:Irish Rebellion 14473:First Carib War 14369: 14363: 14286:Confederate War 14280:Irish Rebellion 14230: 14224: 14214: 14184: 14179: 14163: 14156: 14149: 14142: 14135: 14125: 14118: 14111: 14104: 14097: 14090: 14083: 14076: 14069: 14062: 14055: 14048: 14041: 14035: 14028: 14021: 14014: 14007: 14000: 13993: 13986: 13979: 13972: 13965: 13958: 13951: 13944: 13937: 13930: 13923: 13916: 13909: 13902: 13895: 13888: 13881: 13874: 13868: 13861: 13854: 13847: 13840: 13833: 13826: 13819: 13812: 13805: 13798: 13791: 13784: 13777: 13770: 13763: 13756: 13749: 13742: 13735: 13728: 13721: 13714: 13707: 13700: 13693: 13686: 13679: 13672: 13665: 13658: 13651: 13644: 13637: 13630: 13623: 13616: 13609: 13602: 13595: 13588: 13581: 13574: 13567: 13560: 13553: 13546: 13541:HNP (Herstigte) 13539: 13534:HNP (Herenigde) 13532: 13525: 13518: 13511: 13504: 13497: 13490: 13483: 13476: 13469: 13462: 13455: 13448: 13441: 13434: 13427: 13420: 13413: 13406: 13399: 13392: 13385: 13378: 13371: 13364: 13357: 13352:Afrikaner Party 13350: 13343: 13336: 13329: 13320: 13314: 13305: 13296: 13287: 13280: 13271: 13266:Honorary whites 13264: 13257: 13250: 13243: 13236: 13227: 13218: 13211: 13204: 13197: 13190: 13183: 13168: 13158: 13151: 13144: 13137: 13130: 13123: 13116: 13109: 13102: 13095: 13088: 13081: 13074: 13067: 13060: 13053: 13046: 13039: 13032: 13027:Soweto bombings 13025: 13018: 13011: 13004: 12997: 12990: 12983: 12975: 12968: 12961: 12954: 12947: 12940: 12933: 12924: 12917: 12910: 12903: 12896: 12889: 12882: 12875: 12868: 12861: 12854: 12847: 12840: 12833: 12828:Soweto Uprising 12826: 12819: 12810: 12803: 12796: 12789: 12782: 12771: 12764: 12757: 12752:Tar Baby Option 12750: 12743: 12736: 12729: 12722: 12715: 12708: 12701: 12694: 12687: 12680: 12673:Freedom Charter 12671: 12664: 12657: 12650: 12643: 12634: 12627: 12620: 12607: 12600: 12593: 12586: 12579: 12572: 12565: 12552: 12540: 12533: 12526: 12519: 12512: 12505: 12498: 12491: 12484: 12471: 12464: 12457: 12450: 12443: 12436: 12429: 12422: 12409: 12402: 12395: 12375: 12367: 12359: 12351: 12343: 12335: 12327: 12319: 12311: 12303: 12295: 12287: 12279: 12273:Griqualand West 12271: 12265:Griqualand East 12263: 12255: 12247: 12239: 12231: 12223: 12215: 12208: 12200: 12193: 12185: 12177: 12170: 12163: 12155: 12141: 12135: 12094:Wayback Machine 12051:Second Boer War 12039:Second Boer War 12029: 12024: 12020:. 4 March 1902. 12002: 11866: 11833: 11785: 11710: 11708:Further reading 11705: 11683:. Cambridge UP. 11674: 11669: 11663: 11655:. p. 510. 11628: 11590: 11569: 11550:. London: Cass. 11460: 11458: 11454: 11447: 11414: 11374: 11372: 11345: 11343: 11294: 11270: 11235:10.2307/3595118 11214: 11186: 11152: 11106:. Durban: Knox. 11095: 11076: 11051: 11013: 11011: 10996: 10977: 10948: 10926: 10924: 10897: 10895: 10879: 10824: 10778: 10750: 10749: 10732:Ferguson, Niall 10635: 10633: 10632:on 28 June 2018 10604: 10582: 10580: 10556: 10555: 10517: 10496: 10491: 10490: 10480: 10478: 10469: 10468: 10464: 10453: 10449: 10439: 10437: 10426: 10422: 10407: 10403: 10395: 10391: 10382: 10381: 10377: 10364: 10363: 10359: 10348: 10344: 10313: 10304: 10299: 10295: 10286: 10285: 10281: 10265: 10261: 10252: 10248: 10232: 10228: 10212: 10208: 10199: 10195: 10178: 10174: 10166: 10162: 10154: 10150: 10142: 10138: 10130: 10126: 10118: 10114: 10106: 10102: 10093: 10092: 10085: 10074: 10070: 10059: 10052: 10047: 10043: 10033: 10031: 10026: 10025: 10021: 10011: 10009: 10004: 10003: 9999: 9989: 9987: 9983: 9976: 9970: 9966: 9956: 9954: 9948: 9941: 9933: 9924: 9916: 9909: 9901: 9897: 9878: 9869: 9861: 9857: 9842: 9838: 9825: 9824: 9817: 9802: 9798: 9785: 9784: 9780: 9770: 9768: 9760: 9759: 9755: 9747: 9743: 9724: 9715: 9708: 9692: 9688: 9669: 9662: 9654: 9639: 9634: 9630: 9620: 9618: 9613: 9612: 9608: 9600: 9596: 9586: 9584: 9583:on 22 July 2012 9571: 9570: 9566: 9556: 9554: 9541: 9540: 9536: 9527: 9526: 9522: 9514: 9510: 9502: 9498: 9490: 9486: 9478: 9474: 9466: 9462: 9454: 9450: 9440: 9438: 9412: 9408: 9395: 9391: 9383: 9379: 9371: 9367: 9357: 9355: 9346: 9345: 9341: 9314: 9310: 9302: 9298: 9290: 9286: 9278: 9274: 9259: 9255: 9247: 9243: 9235: 9231: 9223: 9219: 9211: 9207: 9199: 9195: 9190: 9186: 9181: 9177: 9169: 9165: 9157: 9150: 9142: 9138: 9130: 9126: 9118: 9114: 9106: 9099: 9091: 9087: 9079: 9075: 9067: 9063: 9055: 9051: 9043: 9039: 9031: 9027: 9019: 9015: 9007: 9003: 8995: 8991: 8983: 8979: 8962: 8958: 8950: 8946: 8939:Louis Trichardt 8931: 8927: 8917: 8915: 8907: 8906: 8902: 8894: 8890: 8880: 8878: 8873: 8872: 8868: 8860: 8856: 8848: 8844: 8834: 8832: 8824: 8823: 8819: 8809: 8807: 8798: 8797: 8793: 8785: 8781: 8771: 8769: 8761: 8760: 8756: 8746: 8744: 8736: 8735: 8728: 8689: 8685: 8677: 8673: 8665: 8661: 8655:Grundlingh 1980 8653: 8649: 8641: 8637: 8629: 8625: 8617: 8613: 8605: 8601: 8593: 8589: 8581: 8577: 8570: 8561: 8553: 8549: 8541: 8537: 8527: 8525: 8517: 8516: 8512: 8502: 8500: 8485: 8481: 8472: 8471: 8467: 8454: 8453: 8446: 8439: 8425: 8418: 8403: 8389: 8385: 8377: 8373: 8366: 8346: 8342: 8334: 8330: 8322: 8318: 8309: 8305: 8297: 8293: 8284: 8280: 8273: 8257: 8246: 8237: 8233: 8222: 8218: 8210: 8206: 8194: 8190: 8185:. London: Cass. 8179: 8168: 8158: 8156: 8146: 8142: 8121:(70): 106–117. 8111: 8107: 8097: 8095: 8088:Legion Magazine 8080: 8076: 8066: 8064: 8049: 8045: 8038: 8022: 8018: 8011: 7995: 7991: 7984: 7968: 7964: 7957: 7941: 7937: 7930: 7914: 7910: 7903: 7887: 7883: 7873: 7871: 7861: 7854: 7846: 7842: 7832: 7830: 7815: 7808: 7798: 7796: 7786: 7782: 7774: 7770: 7764:Cartwright 1964 7762: 7758: 7750: 7746: 7738: 7734: 7727: 7717:Gale and Polden 7705: 7704: 7697: 7690: 7674: 7667: 7660: 7646: 7642: 7634: 7616: 7612: 7603: 7599: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7563: 7556: 7549: 7527: 7523: 7513: 7511: 7493: 7486: 7475: 7471: 7463: 7459: 7452: 7436: 7432: 7427:. London: Cass. 7421: 7402: 7395: 7374: 7347: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7315: 7311: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7288: 7282: 7278: 7268: 7266: 7258: 7257: 7253: 7243: 7241: 7233: 7232: 7228: 7218: 7216: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7196: 7194: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7171: 7169: 7160: 7159: 7152: 7109: 7105: 7095: 7093: 7083: 7079: 7069: 7067: 7058: 7057: 7050: 7040: 7038: 7029: 7028: 7024: 7017: 7003: 6999: 6983: 6982: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6961: 6952: 6944: 6940: 6933: 6919: 6915: 6904: 6897: 6882: 6878: 6855: 6851: 6841: 6839: 6820: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6797: 6789:Rice University 6767: 6763: 6757:History Ireland 6750: 6746: 6737: 6733: 6728: 6724: 6719: 6715: 6710: 6706: 6700:Austria-Hungary 6672:Congress Poland 6649: 6645: 6630: 6620: 6618: 6614:South Australia 6608: 6606: 6594: 6584: 6582: 6578:New South Wales 6570: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6480: 6464: 6455: 6394: 6362:Sherlock Holmes 6244:Wilfrid Laurier 6216: 6179: 6174: 6112: 6107: 6036: 6024: 5981: 5975: 5941: 5736: 5730: 5676:Melbourne Punch 5660:The Australian 5626: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5559: 5553: 5521: 5518:Manchester City 5496: 5430:Irish commandos 5398: 5392: 5360: 5354: 5342: 5320:irreconcilables 5219: 5211:Bruce Beresford 5207:film adaptation 5157:Hubert Hamilton 5108:Provost Marshal 5052:Field Commander 4975:prisoner of war 4971:revenge killing 4893: 4887: 4877:£19,906,000,000 4823:£4,450,000,000 4812:£6,410,000,000 4801:£6,000,000,000 4790:£2,180,000,000 4760: 4758:Cost of the war 4740:, typhoid, and 4664: 4658: 4657: 4626: 4618:Main articles: 4616: 4583: 4539: 4527:Yevgeny Maximov 4483: 4477: 4421: 4379: 4350:S. B. von Donop 4337: 4304: 4296: 4283: 4263:National Scouts 4239: 4219:armoured trains 4214: 4160: 4148: 4081: 4030: 3973: 3967: 3895: 3842: 3840:Buller replaced 3798: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3735: 3733: 3723: 3711: 3700: 3678: 3675: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3589:William Gatacre 3552: 3535:McGregor Museum 3518:Robert Kekewich 3457:War theatre in 3451: 3375: 3342: 3337: 3297: 3285: 3248:Lionel Phillips 3219: 3136: 3123: 3090:Kruger telegram 3009: 3003: 2939:£8,490,000,000 2922:£6,640,000,000 2905:£5,220,000,000 2888:£3,090,000,000 2858: 2839: 2833:£6,300,000,000 2820: 2814:£6,910,000,000 2791: 2775: 2768: 2755: 2666: 2541:Napoleonic Wars 2521: 2435: 2340: 2161:pitched battles 2083:Southern Africa 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2023:Second Boer War 2019: 2018: 2017: 2012: 1993:Hartbeesfontein 1929: 1927:Transvaal Front 1926: 1924: 1894: 1889: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1823: 1818: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1710: 1705: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1642: 1637: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1529: 1524: 1475:Hartbeesfontein 1274: 1270:Second Boer War 1269: 1267: 1265: 1235: 1230: 1216:Libya (1911–12) 1126:Zanzibar (1896) 1116:Ethiopia (1896) 1007: 1002: 1000: 998: 963: 961: 959: 946: 937: 935:(sent overseas) 932: 924: 922: 920: 908: 903: 901: 896: 891: 886: 884:Transvaal Boers 881: 873: 868: 867:103,000–153,000 866: 861: 859: 836: 835: 823: 822: 812: 811: 801: 800: 783: 782: 772: 771: 761: 760: 750: 749: 737: 725: 724: 713: 712: 711: 701: 700: 690: 689: 687:Rudolph Lambart 679: 678: 668: 667: 657: 656: 646: 645: 635: 634: 624: 623: 613: 612: 602: 601: 589: 579: 574:Austria-Hungary 567: 565: 552: 550: 537: 535: 522: 520: 507: 505: 492: 490: 477: 475: 464: 462: 450: 448: 437: 435: 424: 422: 421: 409: 407: 394: 392: 388: 387: 380: 360: 358: 357: 348: 346: 342: 331: 329: 319: 317: 306: 304: 293: 291: 279: 277: 266: 264: 254: 252: 242: 240: 230: 228: 218: 216: 213: 212: 202: 200: 178: 152: 118: 70: 48:Second Boer War 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15878: 15868: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15847: 15842: 15837: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15810:Guerrilla wars 15807: 15802: 15797: 15792: 15787: 15782: 15777: 15775:Boer Republics 15772: 15767: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15690: 15689: 15687: 15686: 15681: 15675: 15673: 15669: 15668: 15666: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15644: 15642: 15638: 15637: 15635: 15634: 15629: 15628: 15627: 15622: 15612: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15596: 15595: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15574: 15573: 15568: 15558: 15553: 15552: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15539:Siege of Kotte 15531: 15529:Ming–Kotte War 15526: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15490: 15488: 15484: 15483: 15481: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15459: 15457: 15453: 15452: 15432: 15431: 15424: 15417: 15409: 15400: 15399: 15397: 15396: 15390: 15384: 15378: 15372: 15366: 15360: 15354: 15348: 15342: 15336: 15330: 15324: 15318: 15312: 15306: 15300: 15294: 15288: 15282: 15279:Barzani revolt 15276: 15270: 15264: 15258: 15252: 15246: 15240: 15234: 15228: 15222: 15216: 15210: 15204: 15198: 15192: 15186: 15180: 15174: 15168: 15162: 15156: 15149: 15147: 15141: 15140: 15138: 15137: 15131: 15125: 15119: 15116:Tirah campaign 15113: 15107: 15101: 15095: 15089: 15083: 15077: 15071: 15065: 15059: 15053: 15047: 15041: 15035: 15029: 15026:Central Africa 15023: 15017: 15011: 15005: 14999: 14996:First Boer War 14993: 14987: 14981: 14978:Anglo-Zulu War 14975: 14969: 14963: 14957: 14951: 14945: 14939: 14933: 14927: 14921: 14915: 14909: 14903: 14897: 14891: 14885: 14879: 14873: 14867: 14861: 14855: 14849: 14843: 14837: 14831: 14825: 14819: 14813: 14807: 14801: 14795: 14789: 14783: 14777: 14771: 14765: 14759: 14753: 14747: 14741: 14735: 14729: 14723: 14717: 14711: 14705: 14699: 14693: 14687: 14681: 14675: 14669: 14666:Froberg mutiny 14663: 14657: 14651: 14645: 14639: 14633: 14627: 14620: 14618: 14612: 14611: 14609: 14608: 14602: 14596: 14590: 14584: 14578: 14572: 14566: 14560: 14554: 14548: 14542: 14536: 14530: 14524: 14518: 14512: 14506: 14500: 14494: 14488: 14482: 14476: 14470: 14464: 14458: 14452: 14446: 14440: 14434: 14428: 14422: 14416: 14410: 14404: 14398: 14392: 14386: 14380: 14373: 14371: 14365: 14364: 14362: 14361: 14355: 14349: 14346:Williamite War 14343: 14337: 14331: 14325: 14319: 14313: 14307: 14301: 14295: 14289: 14283: 14277: 14271: 14265: 14259: 14253: 14247: 14241: 14234: 14232: 14226: 14225: 14222:British Empire 14213: 14212: 14205: 14198: 14190: 14181: 14180: 14168: 14165: 14164: 14162: 14161: 14154: 14147: 14139: 14137: 14131: 14130: 14127: 14126: 14124: 14123: 14116: 14109: 14102: 14099:Ossewabrandwag 14095: 14088: 14081: 14074: 14067: 14060: 14053: 14045: 14043: 14037: 14036: 14034: 14033: 14026: 14019: 14012: 14005: 13998: 13991: 13984: 13977: 13970: 13963: 13956: 13949: 13942: 13935: 13928: 13921: 13914: 13907: 13900: 13893: 13886: 13878: 13876: 13870: 13869: 13867: 13866: 13859: 13852: 13845: 13842:Unionist Party 13838: 13831: 13824: 13821:Torch Commando 13817: 13810: 13803: 13796: 13789: 13782: 13775: 13768: 13761: 13754: 13747: 13740: 13733: 13726: 13719: 13712: 13705: 13698: 13695:Orde Boerevolk 13691: 13684: 13677: 13670: 13663: 13656: 13649: 13642: 13635: 13628: 13621: 13614: 13607: 13600: 13593: 13586: 13579: 13572: 13565: 13558: 13551: 13544: 13537: 13530: 13523: 13516: 13509: 13502: 13495: 13488: 13481: 13474: 13471:DP (1989–2000) 13467: 13464:DP (1973–1977) 13460: 13457:Dominion Party 13453: 13446: 13439: 13432: 13425: 13418: 13411: 13404: 13397: 13390: 13383: 13376: 13369: 13362: 13355: 13348: 13341: 13338:Afrikaner Bond 13333: 13331: 13322: 13316: 13315: 13313: 13312: 13303: 13294: 13285: 13278: 13269: 13262: 13255: 13252:Day of the Vow 13248: 13241: 13234: 13225: 13216: 13209: 13202: 13195: 13188: 13180: 13178: 13174: 13173: 13170: 13169: 13167: 13166: 13156: 13149: 13142: 13135: 13128: 13121: 13114: 13107: 13100: 13093: 13086: 13079: 13072: 13065: 13058: 13051: 13044: 13037: 13030: 13023: 13020:Floor crossing 13016: 13009: 13002: 12995: 12988: 12980: 12978: 12970: 12969: 12967: 12966: 12959: 12952: 12945: 12938: 12935:Bisho massacre 12931: 12930: 12929: 12915: 12908: 12901: 12894: 12887: 12880: 12877:Operation Vula 12873: 12870:Rubicon speech 12866: 12863:Langa massacre 12859: 12852: 12845: 12838: 12831: 12824: 12817: 12816: 12815: 12801: 12794: 12787: 12780: 12779: 12778: 12777: 12776: 12769: 12755: 12748: 12741: 12734: 12727: 12720: 12706: 12699: 12692: 12685: 12678: 12677: 12676: 12662: 12655: 12648: 12641: 12640: 12639: 12625: 12617: 12615: 12609: 12608: 12606: 12605: 12598: 12591: 12584: 12581:Rand Rebellion 12577: 12570: 12562: 12560: 12554: 12553: 12551: 12550: 12538: 12531: 12524: 12517: 12510: 12507:Boer Republics 12503: 12496: 12489: 12481: 12479: 12473: 12472: 12470: 12469: 12462: 12455: 12448: 12441: 12434: 12427: 12419: 12417: 12411: 12410: 12408: 12407: 12400: 12392: 12390: 12381: 12377: 12376: 12374: 12373: 12365: 12357: 12353:Bophuthatswana 12349: 12341: 12333: 12325: 12317: 12313:Klein Vrystaat 12309: 12301: 12293: 12285: 12277: 12269: 12261: 12253: 12245: 12237: 12229: 12221: 12213: 12198: 12183: 12175: 12152: 12150: 12143: 12142: 12134: 12133: 12126: 12119: 12111: 12105: 12104: 12096: 12084: 12067: 12062: 12054: 12042: 12028: 12027:External links 12025: 12023: 12022: 12000: 11978: 11971: 11970: 11969: 11959: 11949: 11939: 11913: 11899: 11890: 11880: 11879: 11878: 11864: 11845: 11831: 11812: 11797: 11783: 11764: 11749: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11703: 11694: 11692:. Columbia UP. 11685: 11675: 11673: 11672:Historiography 11670: 11668: 11667: 11661: 11644: 11632: 11626: 11611: 11594: 11588: 11573: 11567: 11552: 11543: 11510: 11493: 11484: 11467: 11440: 11431: 11418: 11412: 11399: 11390: 11381: 11361: 11352: 11332: 11323: 11311: 11298: 11292: 11274: 11268: 11255: 11218: 11212: 11199: 11190: 11184: 11169: 11156: 11150: 11130: 11117: 11108: 11099: 11094:978-0349104669 11093: 11080: 11074: 11055: 11049: 11029: 11020: 11000: 10994: 10981: 10975: 10956: 10946: 10933: 10904: 10894:on 13 May 2008 10883: 10877: 10860: 10850: 10846:Roger Casement 10841: 10828: 10822: 10803: 10793:(2): 147–158. 10782: 10776: 10763: 10740: 10728: 10702:(March 1976). 10700:Farwell, Byron 10696: 10684: 10673: 10664: 10655: 10642: 10617: 10608: 10602: 10589: 10569: 10551:Farmer Traitor 10547:Boereverraaier 10542: 10533: 10515: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10489: 10488: 10462: 10447: 10420: 10401: 10399:, p. 214. 10389: 10375: 10357: 10350:Baker, Chris. 10342: 10323:(4): 495–513. 10317:War in History 10302: 10293: 10279: 10259: 10246: 10226: 10206: 10193: 10172: 10160: 10148: 10146:, p. 568. 10144:Pakenham 1991a 10136: 10124: 10112: 10100: 10083: 10068: 10050: 10041: 10019: 9997: 9964: 9939: 9922: 9907: 9895: 9867: 9855: 9836: 9815: 9810:History of War 9796: 9778: 9753: 9741: 9713: 9706: 9686: 9660: 9637: 9628: 9606: 9604:, p. 103. 9594: 9564: 9553:on 15 May 2008 9534: 9520: 9508: 9496: 9484: 9472: 9460: 9448: 9422:. No. 2. 9406: 9389: 9377: 9365: 9339: 9328:(2): 105–121. 9308: 9296: 9284: 9272: 9253: 9241: 9229: 9217: 9205: 9193: 9184: 9175: 9163: 9148: 9136: 9124: 9112: 9097: 9085: 9073: 9061: 9049: 9037: 9025: 9013: 9001: 8989: 8977: 8975:. Pages 78–82. 8956: 8944: 8925: 8900: 8888: 8866: 8854: 8852:, p. 195. 8842: 8817: 8791: 8779: 8754: 8726: 8683: 8679:Pretorius 2011 8671: 8659: 8647: 8635: 8623: 8611: 8599: 8597:, p. 140. 8587: 8585:, p. 571. 8575: 8559: 8547: 8545:, p. 207. 8535: 8510: 8479: 8465: 8444: 8437: 8416: 8401: 8383: 8371: 8364: 8340: 8338:, p. 573. 8336:Pakenham 1991a 8328: 8316: 8303: 8301:, p. 276. 8291: 8278: 8271: 8244: 8231: 8216: 8204: 8188: 8166: 8140: 8105: 8074: 8043: 8036: 8016: 8009: 7989: 7982: 7962: 7955: 7935: 7928: 7908: 7901: 7881: 7852: 7840: 7806: 7780: 7768: 7756: 7744: 7742:, p. 134. 7732: 7725: 7695: 7688: 7665: 7658: 7640: 7633:978-1167481994 7632: 7610: 7597: 7582: 7575: 7554: 7547: 7521: 7484: 7469: 7457: 7450: 7430: 7400: 7393: 7345: 7331: 7309: 7276: 7251: 7226: 7204: 7179: 7150: 7117:War in History 7103: 7077: 7048: 7022: 7015: 6997: 6967: 6950: 6948:, p. 309. 6938: 6931: 6913: 6895: 6876: 6865:(2): 147–158. 6849: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6795: 6761: 6744: 6731: 6722: 6713: 6704: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6628: 6616: 6604: 6592: 6580: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6541:First Boer War 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6479: 6476: 6463: 6462:Commemorations 6460: 6454: 6451: 6412:Battle of Mons 6393: 6392:Final overview 6390: 6349:Mahatma Gandhi 6241:Prime Minister 6237:Queen Victoria 6215: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6183:Redvers Buller 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6141:Koos de la Rey 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6045:Edward Brabant 6035: 6032: 6023: 6020: 6007:Richard Seddon 5974: 5971: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5786:prime minister 5729: 5726: 5706:Breaker Morant 5692:Peter Handcock 5653:, formerly of 5605:Main article: 5596: 5593: 5576:Cape Coloureds 5572:British Ceylon 5552: 5549: 5545:Horse Memorial 5504:Port Elizabeth 5495: 5492: 5449:Khaki election 5391: 5388: 5356:Main article: 5353: 5350: 5328: 5299:fall of France 5267:Boer rebellion 5218: 5215: 5196:kangaroo court 5176:Peter Handcock 5088:Peter Handcock 5084:Breaker Morant 4963:Peter Handcock 4916:Boer Commandos 4910:active in the 4908:mounted rifles 4889:Main article: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4759: 4756: 4752:Emily Hobhouse 4705:Ten Years' War 4701:Scorched Earth 4681:Emily Hobhouse 4673:Lizzie van Zyl 4655: 4615: 4612: 4582: 4581:Nonwhite roles 4579: 4571:British Empire 4538: 4535: 4525:of France and 4511:Russian Empire 4479:Main article: 4476: 4473: 4420: 4417: 4386:Boer commandos 4378: 4375: 4342:Koos De La Rey 4336: 4333: 4303: 4300: 4295: 4292: 4282: 4279: 4267:Andries Cronjé 4247:scorched earth 4238: 4235: 4217:they had used 4213: 4210: 4159: 4156: 4147: 4144: 4097:British Empire 4080: 4077: 4029: 4026: 3969:Main article: 3966: 3963: 3941:In Natal, the 3916:Surrender Hill 3894: 3891: 3841: 3838: 3826:Charles Warren 3800: 3799: 3714: 3712: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3673: 3634:Koos de la Rey 3551: 3548: 3530:Kimberley Mine 3459:northern Natal 3450: 3447: 3421:prone position 3374: 3371: 3351:Redvers Buller 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3329:Queen Victoria 3296: 3293: 3284: 3281: 3265:Roger Casement 3252:Lord Salisbury 3244:Barney Barnato 3242:such as Beit, 3218: 3215: 3135: 3132: 3122: 3119: 3059:Boer commandos 3005:Main article: 3002: 2999: 2978: 2977: 2965: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2787: 2778: 2771: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2733:First Boer War 2708:In the 1880s, 2678:First Boer War 2665: 2662: 2632:The June 1899 2578:, prompting a 2528:in June 1884. 2520: 2517: 2496:Engelse oorlog 2447:First Boer War 2434: 2431: 2407:scorched earth 2403:Lord Kitchener 2339: 2336: 2290:self-governing 2230:scorched earth 2214:Koos de la Rey 2192:khaki election 2184:Lord Salisbury 2157:Lord Kitchener 2071:Boer republics 2067:British Empire 2059:Anglo–Boer War 2014: 2013: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1923: 1922: 1915: 1908: 1900: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1851: 1844: 1837: 1829: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1739: 1738: 1731: 1724: 1716: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1671: 1670: 1663: 1656: 1648: 1639: 1638: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1618:Tugela Heights 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1558: 1557: 1550: 1543: 1535: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1380:Tugela Heights 1377: 1376: 1375: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1264: 1263: 1256: 1249: 1241: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1211:Morocco (1911) 1208: 1206:Ouaddai (1909) 1203: 1201:Morocco (1909) 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1171:Namibia (1904) 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1146:Fashoda (1898) 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1106:Ashanti (1895) 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1086:Dahomey (1892) 1083: 1078: 1073: 1071:Dahomey (1890) 1068: 1063: 1061:Eritrea (1889) 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1026:Tunisia (1881) 1023: 1018: 1012: 1009: 1008: 997: 996: 989: 982: 974: 966: 965: 952: 951: 929: 916: 915: 911: 910: 878:Boer Commandos 875: 852: 851: 847: 846: 832:Martinus Steyn 758:Koos de la Rey 735: 709:Herbert Plumer 665:Redvers Buller 586: 585: 581: 580: 578: 577: 562: 547: 532: 517: 502: 487: 472: 460: 445: 433: 419: 404: 383: 382: 381: 379: 378: 343: 341: 340: 327: 315: 302: 289: 274: 262: 250: 238: 226: 209:United Kingdom 198: 197: 196: 193: 192: 188: 187: 184: 183: 180: 174: 173: 172: 171: 166: 158: 154: 153: 138: 136: 132: 131: 128: 120: 119: 117: 116: 115:on 27 Feb 1900 109:Redvers Buller 105: 99: 93: 87: 81: 74: 62: 61: 50: 49: 43: 42: 32:First Boer War 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15877: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15855:Canadian Army 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15805:Victorian era 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15791: 15788: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15702: 15700: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15676: 15674: 15670: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15645: 15643: 15639: 15633: 15630: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15617: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15594: 15591: 15590: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15563: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15536: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15491: 15489: 15485: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15460: 15458: 15454: 15450: 15438: 15430: 15425: 15423: 15418: 15416: 15411: 15410: 15407: 15394: 15391: 15388: 15385: 15382: 15379: 15376: 15373: 15370: 15367: 15364: 15361: 15358: 15355: 15352: 15349: 15346: 15343: 15340: 15337: 15334: 15331: 15328: 15325: 15322: 15319: 15316: 15313: 15310: 15307: 15304: 15301: 15298: 15295: 15292: 15289: 15286: 15283: 15280: 15277: 15274: 15271: 15268: 15267:Ikhwan revolt 15265: 15262: 15259: 15256: 15253: 15250: 15247: 15244: 15241: 15238: 15235: 15232: 15229: 15226: 15223: 15220: 15217: 15214: 15211: 15208: 15205: 15202: 15199: 15196: 15193: 15190: 15187: 15184: 15181: 15178: 15175: 15172: 15169: 15166: 15163: 15160: 15157: 15154: 15151: 15150: 15148: 15142: 15135: 15132: 15129: 15126: 15123: 15120: 15117: 15114: 15111: 15108: 15105: 15102: 15099: 15096: 15093: 15090: 15087: 15084: 15081: 15078: 15075: 15072: 15069: 15066: 15063: 15060: 15057: 15054: 15051: 15048: 15045: 15042: 15039: 15036: 15033: 15030: 15027: 15024: 15021: 15018: 15015: 15012: 15009: 15006: 15003: 15000: 14997: 14994: 14991: 14988: 14985: 14982: 14979: 14976: 14973: 14970: 14967: 14964: 14961: 14958: 14955: 14952: 14949: 14946: 14943: 14940: 14937: 14934: 14931: 14928: 14925: 14922: 14919: 14916: 14913: 14910: 14907: 14904: 14901: 14898: 14895: 14892: 14889: 14886: 14883: 14880: 14877: 14874: 14871: 14868: 14865: 14862: 14859: 14856: 14853: 14850: 14847: 14844: 14841: 14838: 14835: 14832: 14829: 14826: 14823: 14820: 14817: 14814: 14811: 14808: 14805: 14802: 14799: 14796: 14793: 14790: 14787: 14784: 14781: 14778: 14775: 14772: 14769: 14766: 14763: 14760: 14757: 14754: 14751: 14748: 14745: 14742: 14739: 14736: 14733: 14730: 14727: 14724: 14721: 14718: 14715: 14714:Spice Islands 14712: 14709: 14706: 14703: 14700: 14697: 14694: 14691: 14688: 14685: 14682: 14679: 14676: 14673: 14672:Santo Domingo 14670: 14667: 14664: 14661: 14658: 14655: 14652: 14649: 14646: 14643: 14640: 14637: 14634: 14631: 14628: 14625: 14622: 14621: 14619: 14613: 14606: 14603: 14600: 14597: 14594: 14591: 14588: 14585: 14582: 14579: 14576: 14573: 14570: 14567: 14564: 14561: 14558: 14555: 14552: 14549: 14546: 14543: 14540: 14537: 14534: 14531: 14528: 14525: 14522: 14519: 14516: 14513: 14510: 14507: 14504: 14501: 14498: 14495: 14492: 14489: 14486: 14483: 14480: 14477: 14474: 14471: 14468: 14465: 14462: 14461:Pontiac's War 14459: 14456: 14453: 14450: 14447: 14444: 14441: 14438: 14435: 14432: 14429: 14426: 14423: 14420: 14417: 14414: 14413:Carnatic Wars 14411: 14408: 14405: 14402: 14399: 14396: 14393: 14390: 14387: 14384: 14383:Tuscarora War 14381: 14378: 14375: 14374: 14372: 14366: 14359: 14356: 14353: 14350: 14347: 14344: 14341: 14338: 14335: 14332: 14329: 14326: 14323: 14320: 14317: 14314: 14311: 14308: 14305: 14302: 14299: 14296: 14293: 14290: 14287: 14284: 14281: 14278: 14275: 14272: 14269: 14266: 14263: 14260: 14257: 14254: 14251: 14248: 14245: 14242: 14239: 14236: 14235: 14233: 14227: 14223: 14219: 14211: 14206: 14204: 14199: 14197: 14192: 14191: 14188: 14178: 14177: 14166: 14159: 14155: 14152: 14148: 14145: 14141: 14140: 14138: 14132: 14121: 14117: 14114: 14110: 14107: 14103: 14100: 14096: 14093: 14089: 14086: 14082: 14079: 14075: 14072: 14068: 14065: 14061: 14058: 14054: 14051: 14047: 14046: 14044: 14038: 14031: 14027: 14024: 14020: 14017: 14016:Die Spoorbund 14013: 14010: 14006: 14003: 13999: 13996: 13992: 13989: 13985: 13982: 13978: 13975: 13971: 13968: 13964: 13961: 13957: 13954: 13950: 13947: 13943: 13940: 13936: 13933: 13929: 13926: 13922: 13919: 13915: 13912: 13908: 13905: 13901: 13898: 13894: 13891: 13887: 13884: 13880: 13879: 13877: 13871: 13864: 13860: 13857: 13856:Workers Party 13853: 13850: 13846: 13843: 13839: 13836: 13832: 13829: 13825: 13822: 13818: 13815: 13811: 13808: 13804: 13801: 13797: 13794: 13790: 13787: 13783: 13780: 13776: 13773: 13769: 13766: 13762: 13759: 13755: 13752: 13748: 13745: 13741: 13738: 13737:Radio Freedom 13734: 13731: 13727: 13724: 13720: 13717: 13713: 13710: 13706: 13703: 13699: 13696: 13692: 13689: 13688:Oranjewerkers 13685: 13682: 13678: 13675: 13671: 13668: 13664: 13661: 13657: 13654: 13650: 13647: 13643: 13640: 13636: 13633: 13629: 13626: 13622: 13619: 13615: 13612: 13608: 13605: 13601: 13598: 13594: 13591: 13587: 13584: 13580: 13577: 13573: 13570: 13566: 13563: 13559: 13556: 13552: 13549: 13545: 13542: 13538: 13535: 13531: 13528: 13524: 13521: 13517: 13514: 13510: 13507: 13503: 13500: 13496: 13493: 13489: 13486: 13482: 13479: 13475: 13472: 13468: 13465: 13461: 13458: 13454: 13451: 13447: 13444: 13440: 13437: 13433: 13430: 13426: 13423: 13419: 13416: 13412: 13409: 13405: 13402: 13398: 13395: 13391: 13388: 13384: 13381: 13377: 13374: 13370: 13367: 13363: 13360: 13356: 13353: 13349: 13346: 13342: 13339: 13335: 13334: 13332: 13330:organisations 13326: 13323: 13321:organisations 13317: 13310: 13309: 13304: 13301: 13300: 13295: 13292: 13291: 13286: 13283: 13279: 13276: 13275: 13270: 13267: 13263: 13260: 13256: 13253: 13249: 13246: 13242: 13239: 13235: 13232: 13231: 13226: 13223: 13222: 13217: 13214: 13210: 13207: 13203: 13200: 13196: 13193: 13189: 13186: 13182: 13181: 13179: 13175: 13164: 13162: 13157: 13154: 13150: 13147: 13143: 13140: 13136: 13133: 13129: 13126: 13122: 13119: 13118:Tshwane riots 13115: 13112: 13108: 13105: 13101: 13098: 13094: 13091: 13087: 13084: 13080: 13077: 13073: 13070: 13066: 13063: 13059: 13056: 13052: 13049: 13045: 13042: 13038: 13035: 13031: 13028: 13024: 13021: 13017: 13014: 13010: 13007: 13003: 13000: 12996: 12993: 12989: 12986: 12982: 12981: 12979: 12977: 12971: 12964: 12960: 12957: 12953: 12950: 12946: 12943: 12939: 12936: 12932: 12927: 12923: 12922: 12920: 12916: 12913: 12909: 12906: 12902: 12899: 12895: 12892: 12888: 12885: 12881: 12878: 12874: 12871: 12867: 12864: 12860: 12857: 12853: 12850: 12846: 12843: 12842:Project Coast 12839: 12836: 12832: 12829: 12825: 12822: 12821:Mafeje affair 12818: 12813: 12809: 12808: 12806: 12802: 12799: 12795: 12792: 12791:Durban Moment 12788: 12785: 12784:Rivonia Trial 12781: 12774: 12770: 12767: 12763: 12762: 12760: 12756: 12753: 12749: 12746: 12742: 12739: 12738:Disinvestment 12735: 12732: 12728: 12725: 12721: 12718: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12707: 12704: 12700: 12697: 12693: 12690: 12686: 12683: 12679: 12674: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12663: 12660: 12656: 12653: 12649: 12646: 12642: 12637: 12633: 12632: 12630: 12626: 12623: 12619: 12618: 12616: 12614: 12610: 12603: 12599: 12596: 12592: 12589: 12585: 12582: 12578: 12575: 12571: 12568: 12564: 12563: 12561: 12559: 12555: 12547: 12543: 12539: 12536: 12532: 12529: 12525: 12522: 12518: 12515: 12511: 12508: 12504: 12501: 12497: 12494: 12493:1820 Settlers 12490: 12487: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12478: 12474: 12467: 12463: 12460: 12456: 12453: 12449: 12446: 12442: 12439: 12435: 12432: 12428: 12425: 12421: 12420: 12418: 12416: 12412: 12405: 12401: 12398: 12394: 12393: 12391: 12389: 12385: 12382: 12378: 12370: 12366: 12362: 12358: 12354: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12306: 12302: 12298: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12282: 12278: 12274: 12270: 12266: 12262: 12258: 12254: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12203: 12199: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12176: 12158: 12154: 12153: 12151: 12149: 12144: 12140: 12132: 12127: 12125: 12120: 12118: 12113: 12112: 12109: 12103: 12102: 12097: 12095: 12091: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12079: 12075: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12060: 12059: 12055: 12052: 12047: 12043: 12040: 12035: 12031: 12030: 12019: 12015: 12011: 12010: 12005: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11988: 11983: 11982:Reitz, Deneys 11979: 11976: 11972: 11967: 11966:maps volume 4 11963: 11960: 11957: 11956:maps volume 3 11953: 11950: 11947: 11946:maps volume 2 11943: 11940: 11937: 11936:maps volume 1 11933: 11930: 11929: 11925: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11905: 11900: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11875: 11871: 11867: 11865:9780797033214 11861: 11857: 11853: 11852: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11832:9780621083606 11828: 11824: 11820: 11819: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11804: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11786: 11784:9780797012394 11780: 11776: 11772: 11771: 11765: 11761: 11757: 11756: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11738: 11734: 11729: 11728: 11725: 11721: 11718:(1969–1996). 11717: 11713: 11712: 11700: 11695: 11691: 11686: 11682: 11677: 11676: 11664: 11662:9-6220-9423-6 11658: 11654: 11651:. Hong Kong: 11650: 11645: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11629: 11623: 11619: 11618: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11600: 11595: 11591: 11585: 11581: 11580: 11574: 11570: 11564: 11560: 11559: 11553: 11549: 11544: 11540: 11536: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11516: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11499: 11494: 11490: 11485: 11481: 11477: 11473: 11468: 11453: 11446: 11441: 11437: 11432: 11428: 11424: 11419: 11415: 11413:1-85833-733-X 11409: 11405: 11400: 11396: 11391: 11387: 11382: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11353: 11342: 11338: 11333: 11329: 11324: 11320: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11299: 11295: 11293:0-380-71999-1 11289: 11285: 11284: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11269:0-7474-0976-5 11265: 11261: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11219: 11215: 11209: 11205: 11200: 11196: 11191: 11187: 11185:0-665-99382-X 11181: 11177: 11176: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11157: 11153: 11151:0-394-42742-4 11147: 11142: 11141: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11123: 11118: 11114: 11109: 11105: 11100: 11096: 11090: 11086: 11081: 11077: 11075:0-7969-2061-3 11071: 11067: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11052: 11046: 11042: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11021: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10995:0-253-31075-X 10991: 10987: 10982: 10978: 10972: 10968: 10964: 10963: 10957: 10954: 10949: 10943: 10939: 10934: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10905: 10893: 10889: 10884: 10880: 10878:1-4264-9111-5 10874: 10870: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10847: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10829: 10825: 10819: 10815: 10811: 10810: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10783: 10779: 10773: 10769: 10764: 10760: 10754: 10746: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10680: 10674: 10670: 10665: 10661: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10643: 10631: 10627: 10623: 10618: 10614: 10609: 10605: 10603:0-7981-3804-1 10599: 10595: 10590: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10560: 10552: 10548: 10543: 10539: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10512: 10507: 10506: 10499: 10498: 10477:. 31 May 2017 10476: 10472: 10466: 10458: 10451: 10435: 10431: 10424: 10416: 10415:History Today 10412: 10405: 10398: 10393: 10385: 10379: 10371: 10367: 10361: 10353: 10346: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10311: 10309: 10307: 10297: 10289: 10283: 10275: 10274: 10269: 10263: 10256: 10250: 10242: 10241: 10236: 10230: 10222: 10221: 10216: 10210: 10203: 10197: 10190: 10189:0-312-37897-1 10186: 10182: 10176: 10169: 10164: 10157: 10152: 10145: 10140: 10133: 10128: 10121: 10116: 10109: 10104: 10096: 10090: 10088: 10079: 10072: 10064: 10057: 10055: 10045: 10029: 10023: 10007: 10001: 9982: 9975: 9968: 9953: 9946: 9944: 9936: 9935:Pulsifer 2017 9931: 9929: 9927: 9919: 9914: 9912: 9904: 9903:Stirling 2009 9899: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9876: 9874: 9872: 9864: 9859: 9851: 9850:History Today 9847: 9840: 9832: 9828: 9822: 9820: 9811: 9807: 9800: 9792: 9788: 9782: 9767: 9763: 9757: 9750: 9745: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9722: 9720: 9718: 9709: 9703: 9699: 9698: 9690: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9667: 9665: 9657: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9642: 9632: 9616: 9610: 9603: 9598: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9568: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9538: 9530: 9524: 9517: 9512: 9505: 9500: 9493: 9488: 9482:, p. 88. 9481: 9476: 9469: 9464: 9458:, p. 34. 9457: 9452: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9410: 9402: 9401: 9393: 9386: 9381: 9374: 9369: 9354:. 3 June 2020 9353: 9352:New Statesman 9349: 9343: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9312: 9306:, p. 97. 9305: 9300: 9293: 9288: 9281: 9276: 9268: 9264: 9257: 9251: 9245: 9238: 9233: 9227:, p. 110 9226: 9221: 9214: 9209: 9202: 9197: 9188: 9179: 9173:, p. 113 9172: 9167: 9160: 9155: 9153: 9145: 9140: 9134:, p. 203 9133: 9128: 9122:, p. 107 9121: 9116: 9110:, p. 105 9109: 9104: 9102: 9094: 9089: 9082: 9077: 9070: 9065: 9058: 9053: 9046: 9041: 9034: 9029: 9022: 9017: 9010: 9005: 8998: 8993: 8986: 8981: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8960: 8953: 8948: 8940: 8936: 8929: 8914: 8910: 8904: 8897: 8892: 8876: 8870: 8863: 8858: 8851: 8846: 8831: 8827: 8821: 8805: 8801: 8795: 8789:, p. 32. 8788: 8783: 8768: 8767:www.bbc.co.uk 8764: 8758: 8743: 8739: 8733: 8731: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8687: 8680: 8675: 8668: 8663: 8656: 8651: 8644: 8639: 8633:, p. 80. 8632: 8627: 8620: 8615: 8608: 8603: 8596: 8591: 8584: 8583:Pakenham 1991 8579: 8573: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8557:, p. 46. 8556: 8551: 8544: 8539: 8524: 8520: 8514: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8483: 8475: 8469: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8449: 8440: 8438:9781990915116 8434: 8430: 8423: 8421: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8402:0-9581356-0-6 8398: 8394: 8387: 8380: 8375: 8367: 8361: 8357: 8356:Pan Macmillan 8353: 8352: 8344: 8337: 8332: 8326: 8320: 8314:, pp. 259–262 8313: 8307: 8300: 8295: 8288: 8282: 8274: 8268: 8264: 8263: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8241: 8235: 8227: 8226:Boer Politics 8220: 8214:, p. 24. 8213: 8212:Surridge 2000 8208: 8201: 8197: 8192: 8184: 8177: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8155: 8151: 8144: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8109: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8078: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8047: 8039: 8033: 8029: 8028: 8020: 8012: 8006: 8002: 8001: 7993: 7985: 7979: 7975: 7974: 7966: 7958: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7939: 7931: 7925: 7921: 7920: 7912: 7904: 7898: 7894: 7893: 7885: 7870: 7866: 7859: 7857: 7849: 7844: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7813: 7811: 7795: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7772: 7765: 7760: 7753: 7748: 7741: 7736: 7728: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7709: 7702: 7700: 7691: 7685: 7681: 7680: 7672: 7670: 7661: 7655: 7651: 7644: 7635: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7601: 7594: 7589: 7587: 7578: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7559: 7550: 7544: 7540: 7535: 7534: 7525: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7489: 7481: 7479: 7473: 7466: 7461: 7453: 7447: 7443: 7442: 7434: 7426: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7396: 7394:0-394-42742-4 7390: 7385: 7384: 7378: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7334: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7265: 7261: 7255: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7214: 7208: 7193: 7189: 7183: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7155: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7107: 7092: 7088: 7081: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7053: 7036: 7032: 7026: 7018: 7012: 7008: 7001: 6993: 6987: 6979: 6978: 6971: 6965:, p. 79. 6964: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6947: 6942: 6934: 6928: 6924: 6917: 6909: 6902: 6900: 6891: 6887: 6880: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6853: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6814: 6799: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6765: 6758: 6754: 6748: 6741: 6735: 6726: 6717: 6708: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6692:United States 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6660:Sweden-Norway 6657: 6653: 6647: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6627: 6617: 6615: 6605: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6591: 6581: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6560: 6556: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6459: 6450: 6448: 6440: 6435: 6431: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6408: 6398: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6328: 6323: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6275: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6081: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6031: 6029: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5980: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5959: 5956: 5950: 5945: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5918:12 pound guns 5915: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5853: 5849: 5847: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5830: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5805:William Otter 5801: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5740: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5701: 5700:court-martial 5697: 5696:George Witton 5693: 5689: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5638:Great Britain 5635: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5584: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5568:British India 5563: 5558: 5548: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5520: 5519: 5511: 5505: 5500: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5480:United States 5475: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5410:An Túr Gloine 5407: 5402: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5384:Easter Rising 5380: 5379:bittereinders 5375: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5349: 5347: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5315:Bittereinders 5311: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5268: 5262: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5100:Civil Service 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5042: 5037: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5017: 5015: 5014:George Witton 5011: 5010:Elim Hospital 5007: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4991:coup de grâce 4988: 4984: 4980: 4979:Koedoes River 4976: 4972: 4967: 4964: 4959: 4956: 4955:Alfred Taylor 4952: 4948: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4853:£866,000,000 4852: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4763: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4728: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4693: 4686: 4683:in a British 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4649:refugee camps 4645: 4643: 4635: 4632:Tents in the 4630: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4599: 4597: 4591: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4548: 4543: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4495:Sweden-Norway 4492: 4488: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4469:Northern Cape 4466: 4462: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4416: 4414: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4354:Wolmaransstad 4351: 4345: 4343: 4332: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4312: 4308: 4299: 4291: 4289: 4288:Meyer de Kock 4278: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4234: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4185: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4164: 4155: 4153: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4064:De Gelderland 4058: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4028:Boers retreat 4025: 4022: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3929:greets Major 3928: 3923: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3902: 3900: 3899:Magersfontein 3890: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3851: 3848:Boer General 3846: 3837: 3834: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3811: 3806: 3796: 3793: 3785: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3743: – 3742: 3738: 3737:Find sources: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3715:This section 3713: 3709: 3704: 3703: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3676:Private Smith 3672: 3670: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3593:Cape Midlands 3590: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3547: 3545: 3544: 3538: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3513: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3455: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3391: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3332: 3330: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3292: 3290: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3236:Alfred Milner 3228: 3223: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3179: 3178:Martini-Henry 3175: 3166: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3131: 3129: 3117: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3086:German Kaiser 3082: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3060: 3057:, before the 3056: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3013: 3008: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2990:Cape to Cairo 2987: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2871:£441,000,000 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2856: 2855: 2852:£908,000,000 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2790:Relative 2010 2788: 2786: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2776:(fine ounces) 2772: 2770: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2756:1898 to 1910 2752: 2749: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2661: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2617:of 1895. Dr. 2616: 2612: 2607: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2584:Witwatersrand 2581: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2439: 2430: 2428: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376:Magersfontein 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2344: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2197:bittereinders 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2134:Magersfontein 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055:Transvaal War 2052: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1988:Middelfontein 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1838: 1836: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1809:Biddulphsberg 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1774:Magersfontein 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1598:Willow Grange 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1470:Middelfontein 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1385:3rd Ladysmith 1383: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1373:Bloody Sunday 1371: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1348:Magersfontein 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1323:Willow Grange 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1313:2nd Ladysmith 1311: 1309: 1308:1st Ladysmith 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1227: 1226:Darfur (1916) 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1196:Mufilo (1907) 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1166:Angola (1902) 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1005: 995: 990: 988: 983: 981: 976: 975: 972: 957: 953: 949: 941: 940:bitter-enders 930: 927: 918: 917: 912: 906: 899: 879: 876: 871: 864: 857: 854: 853: 848: 845: 840: 834: 833: 827: 821: 816: 810: 805: 798: 792: 787: 781: 776: 770: 765: 759: 754: 748: 747: 741: 736: 734: 729: 722: 717: 710: 705: 699: 694: 688: 683: 677: 672: 666: 661: 655: 650: 644: 639: 633: 628: 622: 621:Alfred Milner 617: 611: 606: 600: 599: 593: 588: 587: 582: 575: 563: 560: 548: 545: 544:United States 533: 530: 518: 515: 503: 500: 488: 485: 473: 471: 461: 458: 446: 444: 434: 431: 430:Sweden-Norway 420: 417: 405: 402: 390: 389: 386: 377: 374: 371: 370: 369: 368: 356: 344: 339: 328: 326: 316: 314: 303: 301: 290: 287: 275: 273: 263: 261: 251: 249: 239: 237: 227: 225: 215: 214: 210: 195: 194: 189: 181: 176: 175: 170: 167: 164: 163: 162: 159: 156: 155: 150: 146: 142: 137: 134: 133: 129: 126: 125: 121: 114: 110: 106: 104: 100: 98: 94: 92: 88: 86: 82: 80: 76: 75: 73: 68: 63: 60: 56: 51: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 15850:1902 endings 15641:Peacekeeping 15615:World War II 15604: 15588:Kandyan Wars 15237:Iraqi Revolt 15133: 15092:Matabeleland 15068:North Borneo 15062:Matabeleland 15014:Saskatchewan 14816:Upper Canada 14810:Lower Canada 14768:Persian Gulf 14684:Persian Gulf 14624:Newfoundland 14605:Polygar Wars 14575:Kandyan Wars 14527:Nootka Sound 14174: 14134:Histories of 13835:United Party 13744:Reform Party 13681:Orangia Unie 13306: 13297: 13290:Swart gevaar 13288: 13272: 13228: 13219: 13160: 13062:Blikkiesdorp 12388:Pre-colonial 12241:Natal Colony 12225:Zulu Kingdom 12139:South Africa 12100: 12058:The Boer War 12057: 12053:at Wikiquote 12016:(cc402-67). 12013: 12007: 11986: 11974: 11922: 11907: 11894: 11884: 11855: 11850: 11822: 11817: 11807: 11802: 11774: 11769: 11759: 11754: 11736: 11732: 11723: 11719: 11701:. Greenwood. 11698: 11689: 11680: 11648: 11636: 11616: 11607:the original 11602: 11578: 11557: 11547: 11522: 11518: 11505: 11501: 11488: 11479: 11475: 11459:. Retrieved 11452:the original 11435: 11426: 11403: 11394: 11385: 11373:. Retrieved 11368: 11344:. Retrieved 11340: 11327: 11318: 11306: 11302: 11282: 11260:The Boer War 11259: 11226: 11222: 11203: 11194: 11174: 11164: 11140:The Boer War 11139: 11125: 11112: 11103: 11084: 11064: 11036: 11024: 11014:12 September 11012:. Retrieved 11007: 10985: 10961: 10937: 10925:. Retrieved 10921:the original 10916: 10912: 10896:. Retrieved 10892:the original 10868: 10855:The Boer War 10854: 10845: 10836: 10832: 10813: 10808: 10790: 10786: 10767: 10744: 10735: 10724:the original 10711: 10707: 10691: 10678: 10668: 10659: 10650: 10634:. Retrieved 10630:the original 10625: 10612: 10593: 10581:. Retrieved 10577:the original 10550: 10546: 10537: 10504: 10479:. Retrieved 10474: 10465: 10455:Gous, Nico. 10450: 10438:. Retrieved 10434:the original 10423: 10414: 10404: 10397:Sibbald 1993 10392: 10378: 10370:the original 10360: 10345: 10320: 10316: 10296: 10282: 10271: 10262: 10254: 10249: 10238: 10229: 10218: 10209: 10201: 10196: 10180: 10175: 10163: 10151: 10139: 10127: 10115: 10103: 10077: 10071: 10062: 10044: 10032:. Retrieved 10022: 10010:. Retrieved 10000: 9988:. Retrieved 9967: 9955:. Retrieved 9898: 9890:the original 9885: 9863:O'Leary 1999 9858: 9849: 9839: 9830: 9809: 9804:Rickard, J. 9799: 9790: 9781: 9769:. Retrieved 9765: 9756: 9744: 9736:the original 9731: 9696: 9689: 9681:the original 9676: 9631: 9621:19 September 9619:. Retrieved 9609: 9597: 9585:. Retrieved 9581:the original 9567: 9555:. Retrieved 9551:the original 9537: 9523: 9511: 9504:Farwell 1976 9499: 9487: 9475: 9463: 9451: 9439:. Retrieved 9419: 9409: 9399: 9392: 9380: 9373:McElwee 1974 9368: 9356:. Retrieved 9351: 9342: 9325: 9321: 9311: 9299: 9292:Onselen 2003 9287: 9280:Onselen 1982 9275: 9266: 9256: 9244: 9232: 9220: 9208: 9196: 9187: 9178: 9166: 9139: 9127: 9115: 9088: 9076: 9064: 9052: 9040: 9028: 9016: 9004: 8992: 8980: 8964: 8959: 8947: 8934: 8928: 8916:. Retrieved 8912: 8903: 8891: 8881:12 September 8879:. Retrieved 8869: 8862:Sibbald 1993 8857: 8845: 8833:. Retrieved 8829: 8820: 8808:. Retrieved 8804:The Guardian 8803: 8794: 8787:Wessels 2010 8782: 8770:. Retrieved 8766: 8757: 8745:. Retrieved 8741: 8696: 8692: 8686: 8674: 8667:Warwick 1983 8662: 8650: 8643:O'Brien 1988 8638: 8626: 8614: 8602: 8590: 8578: 8550: 8543:Cameron 1986 8538: 8526:. Retrieved 8522: 8513: 8501:. Retrieved 8492: 8482: 8468: 8460:the original 8428: 8392: 8386: 8374: 8350: 8343: 8331: 8324: 8319: 8312:The Boer War 8311: 8306: 8294: 8286: 8281: 8261: 8239: 8234: 8225: 8219: 8207: 8196:Jeffery 2000 8191: 8182: 8157:. Retrieved 8153: 8143: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8096:. Retrieved 8087: 8077: 8065:. Retrieved 8056: 8046: 8026: 8019: 7999: 7992: 7972: 7965: 7945: 7938: 7918: 7911: 7891: 7884: 7872:. Retrieved 7868: 7843: 7831:. Retrieved 7822: 7797:. Retrieved 7793: 7783: 7771: 7759: 7747: 7735: 7707: 7678: 7649: 7643: 7623: 7619: 7613: 7605: 7600: 7566: 7532: 7524: 7512:. Retrieved 7477: 7472: 7460: 7440: 7433: 7424: 7383:The Boer War 7382: 7336:. Retrieved 7322: 7312: 7300:. Retrieved 7279: 7267:. Retrieved 7263: 7254: 7242:. Retrieved 7238: 7229: 7217:. Retrieved 7207: 7195:. Retrieved 7191: 7182: 7170:. Retrieved 7165: 7123:(1): 15–43. 7120: 7116: 7106: 7094:. Retrieved 7090: 7080: 7068:. Retrieved 7063: 7039:. Retrieved 7034: 7025: 7006: 7000: 6976: 6970: 6963:Wessels 2011 6941: 6922: 6916: 6889: 6885: 6879: 6862: 6858: 6852: 6840:. Retrieved 6836:the original 6831: 6827: 6817: 6798: 6769:Lloyd George 6764: 6756: 6747: 6739: 6734: 6725: 6716: 6707: 6646: 6559: 6518: 6465: 6456: 6447:Buffelspoort 6444: 6420: 6403: 6383: 6382: 6367: 6366: 6355: 6354: 6347: 6346: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6329:on the right 6308: 6307: 6284: 6283: 6272: 6271: 6261:Memorial at 6218: 6217: 6136:Piet Joubert 6121:Philip Botha 6110:Boer leaders 6084: 6080:"hensoppers" 6079: 6076: 6056: 6037: 6034:South Africa 6025: 6016: 6004: 6000:South Africa 5960: 5957: 5954: 5907:Leliefontein 5898: 5864:Description 5850: 5846:Commonwealth 5842: 5838: 5825: 5810: 5802: 5775: 5771: 5759: 5743: 5711: 5705: 5685: 5674: 5671: 5659: 5631: 5585: 5564: 5560: 5542: 5538:boiling down 5529: 5526: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5476: 5472: 5457: 5455:government. 5453:Conservative 5442: 5434:Arthur Lynch 5419: 5378: 5376: 5361: 5345: 5343: 5336: 5332: 5331:The bearer, 5330: 5324:Deneys Reitz 5319: 5313: 5310:Freedom Wars 5309: 5307: 5287: 5264: 5259: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5209:by director 5186:after being 5184:firing squad 5172:Harry Morant 5168:British Army 5165: 5161:manslaughter 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5097: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5029:Bandolierkop 5018: 5003: 4999:Duivelskloof 4995:Harry Picton 4987:firing squad 4983:Harry Morant 4968: 4960: 4944: 4901:British Army 4894: 4876: 4872:£211,156,000 4871: 4866: 4839:£201,907,000 4761: 4745: 4729: 4713: 4698: 4661:The Boer War 4660: 4646: 4639: 4634:Bloemfontein 4608: 4600: 4592: 4584: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4531:veggeneraals 4530: 4513:, including 4484: 4461:Manie Maritz 4458: 4446: 4426: 4422: 4410: 4390: 4362: 4346: 4338: 4325: 4316: 4297: 4284: 4275: 4270: 4260: 4256: 4231: 4215: 4202:Nooitgedacht 4194: 4178: 4169: 4149: 4141: 4125:Saint Helena 4122: 4102: 4062: 4059: 4047: 4031: 4024:casualties. 4021:Diamond Hill 4018: 4009:Sanna's Post 4002: 3993:Saint Helena 3974: 3951: 3940: 3937:(1868–1914). 3931:Hubert Gough 3903: 3896: 3886: 3879: 3875:Modder River 3855: 3830: 3819: 3815: 3788: 3782:October 2020 3779: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3736: 3724:Please help 3719:verification 3716: 3687:Tugela River 3680: 3669:Tommy Atkins 3652: 3623: 3619:Orange River 3612: 3597: 3585:Lord Methuen 3573: 3568:Earl Roberts 3541: 3539: 3522: 3514: 3502: 3493:Ian Hamilton 3491:and Colonel 3486: 3463: 3425: 3417: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3396: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3347:I Army Corps 3343: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3306: 3298: 3289:Bloemfontein 3286: 3277: 3232: 3211: 3208: 3197: 3194: 3183: 3171: 3158: 3152: 3124: 3114: 3110: 3098: 3093: 3083: 3068: 3052: 3041:Bechuanaland 3022: 3007:Jameson Raid 3001:Jameson Raid 2993: 2979: 2954: 2948: 2789: 2780: 2773: 2766: 2761: 2742: 2730: 2710:Bechuanaland 2707: 2698:Sotho people 2694:Moshoeshoe I 2683: 2631: 2627: 2623:Johannesburg 2615:Jameson Raid 2611:Cecil Rhodes 2608: 2595: 2586:area of the 2580:diamond rush 2573: 2562: 2530: 2522: 2504:South Africa 2501: 2450: 2444: 2423: 2411: 2405:, adopted a 2399: 2391:Lord Roberts 2388: 2353: 2297: 2278:Orange River 2246:strongpoints 2226: 2195: 2169:Bloemfontein 2153:Lord Roberts 2146: 2142:British Army 2087: 2069:and the two 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2022: 2020: 1998:Duivelskloof 1978:Nooitgedacht 1973:Leliefontein 1968:Rhenosterkop 1948:Diamond Hill 1794:Sanna's Post 1784:Poplar Grove 1769:Modder River 1578:Elandslaagte 1515:Hart's River 1485:Duivelskloof 1460:Nooitgedacht 1455:Leliefontein 1450:Rhenosterkop 1425:Diamond Hill 1400:Sanna's Post 1390:Poplar Grove 1338:Modder River 1303:Elandslaagte 1268: 1150: 1131:Benin (1897) 1066:Congo (1895) 1036:Egypt (1882) 1031:Sudan (1881) 955: 947: 942:surrendered 925: 904: 897: 892:6,000–7,000 877: 869: 862: 855: 830: 809:Piet Joubert 744: 654:Paul Methuen 596: 345: 260:Bechuanaland 236:Natal Colony 191:Belligerents 160: 141:South Africa 85:Elands River 71: 53:Part of the 40: 15610:World War I 15357:Suez Crisis 15255:Transjordan 15159:West Africa 15136:(1899–1902) 15130:(1898–1901) 15122:Six-Day War 15070:(1894–1905) 15058:(1891–1895) 15038:Mashonaland 15002:Mahdist War 14942:Shimonoseki 14872:(1847–1901) 14782:(1824–1901) 14750:Cape Colony 14648:Cape Colony 14607:(1799–1805) 14601:(1799–1803) 14589:(1798–1800) 14577:(1796–1818) 14551:Cape Colony 14541:(1793–1806) 14523:(1788–1934) 14419:Nova Scotia 14389:Yamasee War 14360:(1694–1700) 14334:Child's War 14322:2nd Tangier 14316:1st Tangier 14312:(1655–1739) 14262:Saint Kitts 14240:(1593–1603) 13274:Rooi gevaar 13153:2021 unrest 13083:Nkandlagate 12912:Third Force 12773:Rugby union 12371:(1981–1994) 12363:(1979–1994) 12355:(1977–1994) 12347:(1976–1994) 12339:(1910–1961) 12331:(1902–1910) 12323:(1902–1910) 12315:(1886–1891) 12307:(1885–1887) 12299:(1884–1888) 12291:(1882–1885) 12283:(1882–1883) 12275:(1870–1873) 12267:(1861–1879) 12259:(1856–1902) 12251:(1854–1902) 12243:(1843–1910) 12235:(1839–1843) 12227:(1816–1897) 12219:(1795–1910) 12217:Cape Colony 12209: 1780 12194: 1780 12181:(1652–1806) 12171: 1220 12164: 1075 11309:(1): 15–22. 10636:12 November 10440:12 November 10268:"No. 27475" 10235:"No. 27171" 10215:"No. 27168" 10170:, p. . 10158:, p. . 10156:Powell 2015 10134:, p. . 10132:Witton 2003 10120:Peddie 2009 9751:, p. . 9602:Wilcox 2002 9518:, p. . 9516:Wilcox 2002 9492:Pocock 1917 9480:Jacson 1908 9304:Swardt 1998 9282:, p. . 8835:1 September 8810:1 September 8747:1 September 8681:, p. . 8669:, p. . 8645:, p. . 8607:Ploeger1985 8379:Wilcox 2002 8299:Searle 2004 8200:Inglis 1974 7848:Bester 1994 7778:, p. . 7776:Nathan 1941 7766:, p. . 7465:Gronum 1977 7302:15 December 7239:History.com 7192:History.com 7172:20 February 7096:27 November 6773:Keir Hardie 6652:Netherlands 6286:John McCrae 6146:Paul Kruger 6131:Piet Cronjé 6116:Louis Botha 6087:light horse 6041:Grahamstown 5988:New Zealand 5973:New Zealand 5930:World War I 5798:sovereignty 5794:Francophone 5627: 1900 5426:imperialism 5374:(Namibia). 5246:Lord Milner 5231:Quebec City 5060:Australians 4977:, near the 4932:Pietersburg 4924:Fort Edward 4867:Grand total 4820:£47,500,000 4809:£67,670,000 4798:£63,737,000 4787:£23,000,000 4547:Vereeniging 4467:in the far 4419:Cape Colony 4402:Bakenlaagte 4223:blockhouses 4039:Komatipoort 3989:Piet Cronjé 3850:Piet de Wet 3833:Vaal Krantz 3691:Louis Botha 3525:Sol Plaatje 3510:Piet Cronjé 3489:John French 3478:Penn Symons 3254:, despised 3227:Lee–Metford 3186:Lee-Metford 3149:(Transvaal) 3143:Paul Kruger 3094:coup d'état 3064:Krugersdorp 3025:Alfred Beit 2994:uitlanders' 2986:Delagoa Bay 2974:casus belli 2970:Paul Kruger 2951:shanty town 2936:£19,991,658 2919:£15,539,219 2902:£12,146,307 2830:£14,046,686 2811:£15,141,376 2774:Gold output 2690:Drakensberg 2645:Paul Kruger 2537:Netherlands 2427:Crimean War 2356:Cape Colony 2316:New Zealand 2250:barbed wire 2242:blockhouses 2202:Louis Botha 2176:Paul Kruger 2098:Cape Colony 2003:Bakenlaagte 1789:Driefontein 1696:Faber's Put 1628:Laing's Nek 1562:Natal Front 1500:Bakenlaagte 1420:Faber's Put 1395:Driefontein 1363:Vaal Krantz 1298:Talana Hill 1141:Chad (1898) 923:934 missing 919:22,092 dead 791:Piet Cronjé 769:Louis Botha 746:Paul Kruger 401:Netherlands 325:New Zealand 224:Cape Colony 177:Territorial 57:during the 15699:Categories 15439:involving 15261:Pink's War 15153:Somaliland 14990:Basutoland 14744:Guadeloupe 14726:Xhosa Wars 14708:Seychelles 14690:Guadeloupe 14678:Martinique 14545:Rohilkhand 14509:Gold Coast 14479:Rohilkhand 14437:Bengal War 14274:Pequot War 14085:Greyshirts 13849:Volksparty 13387:Black Sash 13048:Xenophobia 13041:Travelgate 12798:Border War 12602:Bantustans 12500:Great Trek 12445:Xhosa Wars 12305:Upingtonia 12289:Stellaland 11375:29 January 11346:2 February 11087:. Abacus. 10525:1036947483 10475:bwm.org.au 10108:Duffy 2009 9918:Chase 2012 9771:26 October 9529:"Boer War" 9456:Davis 1900 9237:Leach 2012 9225:Leach 2012 9213:Leach 2012 9201:Leach 2012 9171:Leach 2012 9159:Leach 2012 9144:Leach 2012 9132:Leach 2012 9120:Leach 2012 9108:Leach 2012 9093:Leach 2012 9081:Leach 2012 9069:Leach 2012 9057:Leach 2012 9045:Leach 2012 9033:Leach 2012 9021:Leach 2012 9009:Leach 2012 8997:Leach 2012 8985:Leach 2012 8952:Leach 2012 8619:Marsh 1994 8595:Blake 2010 8572:Jones 1996 8555:Blake 2010 8493:libcom.org 7850:, p. 7244:25 January 7219:25 January 7041:25 January 6809:References 6638:Queensland 6565:Federation 6274:Sam Hughes 6267:Emil Fuchs 6053:Basutoland 6011:Parliament 5977:See also: 5881:Zand River 5870:Paardeberg 5778:Anglophone 5732:See also: 5681:Kelly Gang 5620:Australian 5599:See also: 5581:World Wars 5555:See also: 5346:status quo 5252:-educated 5200:stage play 5104:grand jury 5064:Africaners 4850:£9,249,000 4640:The term " 4537:Conclusion 4442:Groenkloof 4429:Kritzinger 4320:Bothaville 4117:Simonstown 4109:Simons Bay 4043:Mozambique 3752:newspapers 3615:Black Week 3443:Le Creusot 3439:field guns 3412:Christians 3407:Veldkornet 3225:A British 3121:Escalation 2956:Uitlanders 2885:£7,179,074 2868:£1,014,687 2849:£2,024,278 2722:Damaraland 2686:Basutoland 2603:uitlanders 2597:uitlanders 2558:Great Trek 2459:-speaking 2262:skirmishes 2106:irregulars 2094:foreigners 1885:Groenkloof 1804:Zand River 1779:Paardeberg 1613:Vaal Kranz 1480:Groenkloof 1445:Bothaville 1368:Paardeberg 1161:Aro (1901) 931:6,189 dead 894:Cape Boers 248:Basutoland 15710:Boer Wars 15449:Sri Lanka 15393:Falklands 15389:(1963–67) 15383:(1962–66) 15377:(1962–90) 15365:(1962–76) 15353:(1955–59) 15347:(1954–59) 15341:(1952–60) 15335:(1948–60) 15329:(1946–50) 15321:Indonesia 15317:(1945–46) 15315:Indochina 15311:(1944–48) 15299:(1936–39) 15293:(1936–39) 15281:(1931–32) 15275:(1930–31) 15269:(1927–30) 15251:(1922–24) 15249:Kurdistan 15233:(1919–20) 15209:(1916–17) 15189:Nyasaland 15185:(1914–15) 15179:(1914–15) 15167:(1903–04) 15161:(1901–02) 15155:(1900–20) 15118:(1897–98) 15112:(1897–98) 15094:(1896–97) 15064:(1893–94) 15028:(1886–89) 15004:(1881–99) 14998:(1880–81) 14992:(1880–81) 14986:(1879–80) 14974:(1875–76) 14960:Abyssinia 14956:(1866–71) 14950:(1864–65) 14938:(1863–64) 14930:Kagoshima 14926:(1857–58) 14920:(1857–59) 14914:(1856–60) 14908:(1856–57) 14902:(1854–56) 14900:Åland War 14884:(1848–49) 14860:(1845–50) 14854:(1845–46) 14848:(1845–72) 14842:(1839–42) 14836:(1839–42) 14830:(1839–41) 14818:(1837–38) 14812:(1837–38) 14806:(1831–33) 14800:(1831–32) 14794:(1828–32) 14788:(1824–26) 14764:(1817–18) 14740:(1814–16) 14734:(1812–15) 14728:(1811–79) 14722:(1810–11) 14702:Mauritius 14674:(1808–09) 14656:(1806–07) 14632:(1803–05) 14595:(1798–99) 14565:(1795–96) 14559:(1795–96) 14535:(1789–92) 14511:(1781–82) 14505:(1779–84) 14499:(1775–82) 14493:(1775–83) 14481:(1773–74) 14475:(1769–73) 14469:(1765–71) 14463:(1763–66) 14457:(1762–63) 14445:(1758–61) 14439:(1756–65) 14433:(1756–63) 14427:(1754–63) 14421:(1749–55) 14415:(1746–63) 14409:(1744–48) 14403:(1740–42) 14397:(1722–25) 14391:(1715–17) 14385:(1711–15) 14379:(1702–13) 14354:(1688–97) 14348:(1688–91) 14336:(1686–90) 14330:(1675–78) 14306:(1654–60) 14300:(1654–67) 14294:(1649–53) 14288:(1641–53) 14276:(1634–38) 14246:(1609–46) 13308:Volkstaat 13299:Uitlander 13230:Boerehaat 13206:Anarchism 13013:Arms Deal 12976:apartheid 12636:Pass laws 12613:Apartheid 12558:1910–1948 12477:1815–1910 12415:1652–1815 11996:801364049 11874:813492747 11841:769254652 11793:612581136 11745:798106662 11539:141755145 11461:23 August 11280:(1991a). 11251:145286422 10927:19 August 10753:cite book 10720:0002-8738 10559:cite book 10494:Citations 10481:28 August 10337:110398601 10255:The Times 9677:Maclean's 9656:Webb 2010 9468:Watt 1982 9436:2199-3408 8973:Cape Town 8721:152156450 8713:1057-0314 8135:0018-2559 8098:28 August 8067:28 August 7874:28 August 7833:28 August 7799:28 August 7514:28 August 7145:220749361 7070:4 January 6986:cite book 6842:19 August 6738:From the 6680:Australia 6536:Volkstaat 6428:attrition 6303:pneumonia 6299:pathology 6156:Jan Smuts 6071:Salisbury 6067:Rhodesian 6057:uitlander 5922:artillery 5829:Guerrilla 5767:Great War 5666:geography 5595:Australia 5368:Jan Smuts 5192:folk hero 5141:solicitor 5137:barrister 4947:Afrikaner 4899:(BVC), a 4836:Sub-total 4817:1902–1903 4806:1901–1902 4795:1900–1901 4784:1899–1900 4747:The Times 4742:dysentery 4725:Coloureds 4603:Holkrantz 4413:Lydenburg 4406:Swaziland 4358:Tweebosch 4113:Cape Town 4093:Cape Town 4035:Bergendal 4005:Kroonstad 3883:Colesberg 3580:Cape Town 3543:Sitzkrieg 3474:Ladysmith 3317:The Globe 3313:The Times 3037:Rhodesian 2933:4,706,433 2916:3,658,241 2899:2,859,482 2882:1,690,100 2859:(May–Dec) 2827:3,946,545 2821:(Jan–Oct) 2808:4,295,608 2746:gold rush 2653:commandos 2576:Kimberley 2473:Afrikaans 2457:Afrikaans 2421:in 1910. 2384:Spion Kop 2372:Stormberg 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