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190:
which members of each socio-economic class were entitled to consume. Yet butter also had numerous, widespread non-culinary uses such as the payment of taxes, rents, and fines; facilitation of hospitality; care of the sick and infirm; and strengthening of social bonds. On occasion, butter might also have less prestigious applications, including waterproofing, and making candles or even cement. The frequency with which famines and animal epidemics struck would have necessitated development of storage techniques to protect this important product. It is possible many stashes were never retrieved due to enemy occupation.
182:
1032:
174:. Modern experiments in creating bog butter yield a product that seems to be an acquired taste, with "flavor notes which were described primarily as ‘animal’ or ‘gamey’, ‘moss’, ‘funky’, ‘pungent’, and ‘salami’. These characteristics are certainly a far cry from the creamy acidity of a freshly made cultured butter, but has been found useful in the kitchen especially with strong and pungent dishes, in a similar manner to aged
1480:
20:
146:, low oxygen, highly acidic environments, have excellent preservative properties. Experiments conducted by researcher Daniel C. Fisher demonstrated that pathogen and bacterial counts of meat buried in peat bogs for up to two years were comparable to levels found in control samples stored in a modern freezer, suggesting that this could be an effective preservation method.
127:, County Offaly. Found in a carved wooden vessel 30 centimetres (1 ft) in diameter and 60 centimetres (2 ft) in height, it was buried at a depth of 2.3 metres (7.5 ft), and still bore a faint smell of dairy. In Scotland, the practice of burying bog butter only dates back to the 2nd or 3rd century AD.
149:
An alternative hypothesis is "primitive food processing": it is possible that "chemical reactions in the soil helped to transform the foods to more palatable products than could be made fresh"—especially given the absence of salt in bog butters—or increase available nutrient content. In traditional
189:
The practice of burying butter and other fats could also have arisen as a strategy for protecting vital provisions from thieves and/or invaders. For instance, in early medieval
Ireland, there is no doubt that butter was a luxury food, with legal texts carefully delineating the quantity of butter
134:
bog after encasement within a wooden container, although augmentation of the latter with a deerskin bladder or layers of plant fibers was not unusual. The containers tend to be well-sealed with a convex surface, perhaps to prevent water from pooling and stagnating in direct contact with the
32:
31:
522:
Smyth, Jessica; Berstan, Robert; Casanova, Emmanuelle; McCormick, Finbar; Mulhall, Isabella; Sikora, Maeve; Synnott, Chris; Evershed, Richard P. (2019).
524:"Four millennia of dairy surplus and deposition revealed through compound-specific stable isotope analysis and radiocarbon dating of Irish bog butters"
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cuisines, burial is a fairly common step in the preparation of highly perishable foods such as meat and dairy products; examples include
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123:. On 28 April 2011, there were press reports of a find of approximately 50 kilograms (110 lb) of bog butter in
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In
Ireland, the practice of burying bog butter dates back to the first century AD, with bog butter found in
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138:
The original motivations behind the creation of bog butter are unclear. One widespread theory is that
973:
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474:"The Role and Function of Butter in the Diet of the Monk and Penitent in Early Medieval Ireland"
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64:, some tested lumps of bog butter were made of dairy, while others were made of animal fat.
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Transactions of the
Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquities Society
60:, particularly in Ireland and Scotland. Likely an old method of making and preserving
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Williams, James (1966). "A Sample of Bog Butter from Lachar Moss, Dumfriesshire".
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The Fat of the Land: Proceedings of the Oxford
Symposium on Food and Cooking 2002
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Bog butter is found buried inside some sort of wooden container, such as
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were uncertain of the origin of bog butter. Scientists working at the
1394:
1374:
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869:
349:
Earwood, Caroline (1997). "Bog Butter: A Two
Thousand Year History".
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185:
15th–16th-century bog butter found near
Enniskillen, County Fermanagh
124:
93:
918:
159:
1282:
1076:
864:
130:
Bog butter was produced by interring butter or other fats within a
444:
Ball, Philip (17 Mar 2004). "Mysteries of Bog Butter
Uncovered".
155:
419:"Underwater Storage Techniques Preserved Meat for Early Hunters"
37:
A Descriptive
Catalogue of the Antiquities in the Museum of the
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605:
Bog butter from 3000 BC found in ancient underground store
142:
were buried in bogs to hinder spoilage. Peat bogs, being
610:
491:Ó Dubhthaigh, Niall (1984). "Summer Pasture in Donegal".
274:"Experts Get To The Bottom Of Ancient Bog Butter Mystery"
77:
57:
50:
1468:
104:
discovered that some samples of the "butter" were of
490:
594:Bog Butter and other items found preserved in bogs
416:
348:
302:"For Peat's Safe: Bog Butter Unearthed with Turf"
1492:
589:Department of the Environment (Northern Ireland)
367:
88:. It is of animal origin, and is also known as
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421:. The University Record. Archived from
396:"Bog Butter: A Gastronomic Perspective"
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480:. Bristol: Footwork. pp. 253–269.
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25:Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery
16:Ancient substance found in peat bogs
13:
14:
1522:
571:
328:"Bog Butter Find from Co. Offaly"
272:Prudames, David (23 March 2004).
1478:
1031:
1030:
711:
417:Pobojewski, Sally (8 May 1995).
351:The Journal of Irish Archaeology
330:. Irish Archaeology. 28 Apr 2011
23:Bog butter made in 2012 for the
1426:Wetland deposits in Scandinavia
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1:
1501:Archaeological artefact types
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1380:Windover archaeological site
880:Chicago Butter and Egg Board
225:. 2004-04-02. Archived from
223:"Bog Butter Mystery Solved?"
162:(Iceland), the Inuit dishes
112:origin while others were of
7:
1000:Artificial butter flavoring
578:Peatlands: Occasional finds
476:. In Walker, Harlan (ed.).
193:
135:packaging and/or contents.
10:
1527:
640:
545:10.1038/s41598-019-40975-y
505:10.1179/043087783798254627
394:Reade, Ben (30 Oct 2013).
67:
53:substance found buried in
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1342:
1083:
1028:
987:
974:Buttered toast phenomenon
939:
857:
821:
791:
773:Beurre à la bourguignonne
763:
727:
720:
709:
648:
1020:Butter churning in Nepal
1143:Girl of the Uchter Moor
979:Norwegian butter crisis
721:Dishes featuring butter
472:Sexton, Regina (2003).
186:
43:
28:
1355:Wittmoor bog trackway
889:Butter manufacturers
809:List of butter dishes
778:Beurre Maître d'Hôtel
607:from IrishCentral.com
184:
102:University of Bristol
34:
22:
1343:Archaeological sites
1086:(approx. deathdates)
969:Buttered cat paradox
822:Butter paraphernalia
530:. 9:4559 (1): 4559.
454:10.1038/news040315-5
1431:Gundestrup cauldron
755:Café de Paris sauce
728:Butter-based sauces
536:2019NatSR...9.4559S
425:on 26 February 2019
39:Royal Irish Academy
1411:List of bog bodies
1385:Little Salt Spring
1313:Amcotts Moor Woman
844:French butter dish
583:2010-01-18 at the
528:Scientific Reports
187:
44:
29:
1466:
1465:
1043:
1042:
940:Butter in culture
817:
816:
671:Manteiga-da-terra
398:. Nordic Food Lab
248:"Bog Butter test"
1518:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1458:Ritual sacrifice
1334:
1318:
1308:
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1288:
1278:
1273:Huldremose Woman
1268:
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1228:
1218:
1208:
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1188:
1178:
1168:
1158:
1153:Haraldskær Woman
1148:
1138:
1133:Borremose bodies
1128:
1118:
1113:Stoneyisland Man
1108:
1098:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1037:Category: Butter
1034:
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964:Butter rebellion
947:Butter sculpture
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661:Clarified butter
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276:. Archived from
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35:Bog butter from
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1203:Old Croghan Man
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1015:List of spreads
995:Butter mountain
983:
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858:Butter industry
853:
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765:Compound butter
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750:Beurre noisette
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649:Types of butter
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585:Wayback Machine
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1279:160 BC–340 AD)
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1269:160 BC–220 AD)
1260:
1259:200 BC–119 AD)
1250:
1249:200 BC–119 AD)
1240:
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1193:Clonycavan Man
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1299:41 BC–118 AD)
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1289:54 BC–128 AD)
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1263:Weerdinge Men
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1119:3320–3220 BC)
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1093:Koelbjerg Man
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308:. 28 Apr 2011
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280:on 2012-09-29
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252:New Scientist
249:
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229:on 2011-07-19
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140:food products
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92:. Until 2003
91:
87:
86:butter churns
84:, dishes and
83:
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65:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
41:
40:
33:
26:
21:
1440:
1420:
1416:List of bogs
1350:Cladh Hallan
1325:(14th c. AD)
1323:Bocksten Man
1253:Lindow Woman
1213:Elling Woman
1103:Luttra Woman
929:Western Star
898:Land O'Lakes
849:Scotch hands
839:Butter knife
829:Butter churn
740:Beurre monté
735:Beurre blanc
676:Niter kibbeh
655:
597:
527:
516:Bibliography
496:
492:
486:
477:
445:
439:
427:. Retrieved
423:the original
412:
400:. Retrieved
373:
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363:
354:
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344:
332:. Retrieved
322:
310:. Retrieved
305:
282:. Retrieved
278:the original
267:
256:. Retrieved
254:. 2004-03-20
242:
231:. Retrieved
227:the original
188:
152:century eggs
148:
137:
129:
121:County Meath
118:
89:
71:
46:
45:
36:
1390:Lindow Moss
1335:18th c. AD)
1319:200–400 AD)
1303:Osterby Man
1219:350–150 BC)
1209:362–175 BC)
1199:392–201 BC)
1183:Tollund Man
1179:400–300 BC)
1169:470–120 BC)
1163:Gallagh Man
1149:764–515 BC)
1005:Butter salt
959:Butter lamp
952:Butter lamb
745:Beurre noir
698:Whey butter
306:Irish Times
90:butyrellite
1495:Categories
1448:Peter Glob
1421:Bog butter
1365:Nydam Mose
1309:70–220 AD)
1243:Lindow Man
1239:3rd c. BC)
1189:4th c. BC)
1123:Cashel Man
1084:Bog bodies
1077:Bog bodies
1010:Dairy salt
915:/Kerrygold
804:Egg butter
799:Butter tea
703:Yak butter
656:Bog butter
284:2010-04-13
258:2010-04-13
233:2010-04-13
206:References
156:gravad lax
94:scientists
47:Bog butter
1395:Chat Moss
1375:Falbygden
1293:Windeby I
924:Président
870:Butterfat
587:from the
499:: 42–54.
493:Folk Life
200:Adipocere
154:(China),
125:Tullamore
1404:See also
1283:Yde Girl
1129:2000 BC)
1099:8000 BC)
908:Magnolia
885:Churning
865:Boterwet
581:Archived
564:30872699
357:: 25–42.
194:See also
116:origin.
1229:300 BC)
1159:490 BC)
1139:770 BC)
555:6418298
532:Bibcode
106:adipose
82:barrels
74:buckets
68:History
1511:Butter
1471:Portal
1035:
919:Plugrà
903:Lurpak
893:Anchor
642:Butter
562:
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429:15 Aug
402:15 Aug
334:15 Aug
312:15 Aug
168:kiviaq
164:igunaq
160:hákarl
110:tallow
62:butter
42:, 1857
1453:Mummy
913:Ornua
792:Other
599:Wired
596:from
114:dairy
1506:Bogs
1485:Food
686:Urfa
681:Smen
666:Ghee
560:PMID
431:2015
404:2015
336:2015
314:2015
176:ghee
172:smen
166:and
132:peat
96:and
78:kegs
58:bogs
55:peat
51:waxy
550:PMC
540:doi
501:doi
450:doi
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