418:, whose job it was to occupy key positions and hold them until the arrival of regular Wehrmacht units. The first members of the "K-Trupps" were German nationals. Generally, these men were civilians who had never served in the army but were briefly trained by the "Abwehr" and were led by army officers. After the Polish campaign, this changed as these commandos became members of the Wehrmacht. Despite their seeming lack of prior experience, the demands placed on these newly formed commandos were high. It was mandatory that they be volunteers for this duty. They were also expected to be agile, capable of improvising, endowed with initiative and team spirit, highly competent in foreign languages and in their dealings with foreign nationals, and capable of the most demanding physical performance. Eventually, the early guiding principle that required members of the Division Brandenburg to be volunteers ended with their increasing use and integration with the regular army.
427:
107:
89:
1113:, the Brandenburg Division was conceived as a special forces unit designed for the sake of partisan warfare. Brandenburgers participated in partisan war in the East, in some cases as a cover for the murder of minorities. Partisan warfare was nevertheless a deadly reality to the German authorities and was considered a military necessity. This does not detract in any way or excuse the commission of war crimes by members of the Brandenburg Commandos at the local level by individual units or commands.
359:
units were deployed as small commando outfits to penetrate enemy territory and conduct both sabotage and anti-sabotage operations. Despite their demonstrated successes while incurring minimum casualties, many traditionally-minded German officers still found their use abhorrent. Most of the personnel were fluent in other languages, which allowed them, for example, to penetrate the
Netherlands in 1940 disguised as Dutch barge crews just before the start of the
597:
65:
450:
639:. Additional operations were demanded of the Brandenburgers during the opening phase for the June 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union, as they were the first to sweep across the border, destroying power facilities, cutting communication lines, spreading disinformation, and activating "sleeper" agents. Their most notable mission was taking the bridges over the
562:
panzers." Chronicling
Brandenburger No. 3 Company's penetration into Belgium, Lahousen was gratified to report that, "forty-two out of sixty-one objectives were secured and handed over to the units following behind." For their exploits in Belgium and the Netherlands, the Brandenburgers were among the
386:
Many of the
Brandenburgers were misfits who could hardly be characterized as conventional soldiers, due in large part to the nature of their operations. They would mingle with enemy soldiers, secretly countermand orders, redirect military convoys, and disrupt communications, all the while collecting
675:
On 26 December 1942, the men of the
Parachute Company of the Brandenburg Regiment were transported by gliders in an operation to destroy bridges and supply routes used by the British in North Africa. It was a disaster. Some of the gliders were shot down while flying over enemy lines and others were
461:
The night before the invasion of Poland (Plan White) in
September 1939, small groups of German special forces dressed in civilian clothes crossed the Polish border to seize key strategic points before dawn on the day of the invasion. This made them the first special operations unit to see action in
358:
Training for the men in the
Brandenburg Division ranged from five to seven months and included course instruction on reconnaissance, swimming, hand-to-hand combat, demolitions, marksmanship in both German and Allied weapons, conventional infantry tactics, and other specialized training. Brandenburg
966:
Dr. Hans-Albrecht
Herzner was placed in military command of the Battalion. The Nachtigall unit was outfitted in the standard Wehrmacht uniforms. Before entering Lviv, they placed blue and yellow ribbons on their shoulders. In comparison to Nachtigall – which used ordinary Wehrmacht uniform – the
647:
on 28 June 1941, during which members of the 8th
Company of the Brandenburg Kommandos crossed the bridge in a commandeered Soviet truck, overpowered the guards and held the position for two hours against significant Soviet counterattacks. From June 1942 through February 1943, the Brandenburgers
327:. Hippel proposed that small units, trained in sabotage and fluent in foreign languages, could operate behind enemy lines and wreak havoc with the enemy's command, communication, and logistical tails. Canaris was at first against the proposal as he viewed such measures as similar to what the
719:
In
September 1944 it was decided that special operations units were no longer necessary. The Brandenburg Division became the Infantry Division Brandenburg and transferred to the Eastern front. Approximately 1,800 men (including von Fölkersam) were transferred to
387:
intelligence. Ahead of the primary invasion forces in the USSR, operatives from the
Brandenburg Division seized bridges and strategically important installations in clandestine missions lasting for weeks before they linked up with advancing forces.
671:
soldiers fleeing from the front. Fölkersam saw an opportunity to use them to the unit's advantage. By persuading them to return to the Soviet cause, he was able to join with them and move almost at will through the Soviet lines.
618:
landscape, which is impassable by truck. Launched in January 1941, Operation Dora, a German military geoscientific reconnaissance, aimed to update terrain information and reconnoiter the frontier between Libya and
2484:
215:
990:
training centre at the Seibersdorf under the command of the former Poland Army major Yevhen Pobiguschiy. In Germany, in November 1941 the Ukrainian personnel of the Legion were reorganized into the
946:
In May 1941, the German command decided to split a 700-strong Ukrainian Legion into two battalions: Nachtigall ("Nightingale") and Roland Battalion. Training for Nachtigall took place in
579:
commendations to 75% of the 600 men who participated. By October 1940, the Brandenburgers constituted an entire regiment-sized unit. The rest of the Brandenburgers were assigned to
355:(800th Special Duties Construction Training Battalion); but its later more widely known epithet, "the Brandenburgers", stemmed from the name of the unit's first permanent quarters.
250:. Members of this unit took part in seizing operationally important targets by way of sabotage and infiltration. Consisting of foreign German nationals working on behalf of the
2479:
667:
men, and driving Soviet trucks, Fölkersam's unit passed through the Soviet front lines and moved deep into hostile territory. The Brandenburgers ran into a large group of
254:, the unit's members often lived abroad, were proficient in foreign languages, and were familiar with the local culture and customs of the areas where they were deployed.
2474:
1954:
1087:
by Roman Hrabar, Zofia Tokarz, Jacek Edward Wilczur, Rada Ochrony Pomników Walki i Męczeństwa (Poland) Interpress, 1981; Rocznik przemyski – Volume 21 – p. 130,
999:
2022:
Eyre, Wayne Lt.Col. (Canadian Army) (2006). "Operation Rösselsprung and the Elimination of Tito, May 25, 1944: A Failure in Planning and Intelligence Support".
884:
defectors, and covered the German retreat from the Caucasus. Bergmann went through a series of engagements with the Soviet partisans and regular forces in the
1091:
p. 130 (1982); A więc wojna":ludność cywilna we wrześniu 1939 r. Anna Piekarska, Instytut Pamieci Narodowej (2009) Reviews Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, p. 21.
849:
contingent of Abwehr codenamed "Tamara-II" was incorporated into Bergmann. By March 1942, there were five companies of some 300 Germans and 900 Caucasians.
741:
2348:
Warzecha, Bartłomiej (2003). "Niemieckie zbrodnie na powstańcach śląskich w 1939 roku" [German crimes against the insurgents in Silesia in 1939].
994:. It numbered 650 persons and served for one year in Belarus before disbanding. Many of its members, especially the commanding officers, went on to the
686:
In mid-1943, many Brandenburger units were moved from the Balkans and took part in actions to disarm Italian soldiers. One vital area was the island of
627:, the invasion of the Balkans. On 6 April 1941, during Operation Marita, the Brandenburgers managed to take the strategically important bridge over the
2469:
2073:
1109:
It is an undisputed fact that units of the Brandenburg were used in guerrilla warfare. Covering long distances and violating the martial terms of
335:, who supported the unit's formation, and the two men conferred on the matter on 27 September 1939. Just a few days after their meeting, the
2464:
1066:
By no means was the Brandenburg Division the only German special operations unit of the Second World War, as they also had Otto Skorzeny's
986:
of the OUN(b) in March 1941, before the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Approximately 350 Bandera's OUN followers were trained at the
931:, which sanctioned the creation of the "Ukrainian Legion" under German command. They were manned primarily by occupied Polish citizens of
426:
2459:
648:
carried out commando operations against Allied supply lines in North Africa by way of clandestine missions in Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia.
2390:
Das 2. Regiment der "Division Brandenburg" eine Dokumentation zum Einsatz der Brandenburger-Gebirgsjäger im Osten bzw. Südosten Europas
698:. Kos had been secured by British troops in September 1943, and a large garrison of allied Italian troops was also present. Along with
2361:
Witzel, Dietrich F. (1990). "Kommandoverbände der Abwehr II im Zweiten Weltkrieg". In Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (ed.).
501:. After its formation, the soldiers of the new special unit were initially employed to protect the Romanian oil fields and later
702:
paratroop forces, Brandenburgers took part in the recapture of the island. On 25 May 1944, members of the division, attached to
244:
Originally, the unit was formed by and operated as an extension of the military's intelligence and counter-espionage organ, the
1131:
See: Боляновський А.В. Дивізія «Галичина»: історія — Львів: , 2000. (Bolyanovsky AV Division "Halychyna": History — Lviv, 2000)
940:
2435:
2416:
2397:
2370:
2338:
2316:
2297:
2278:
2227:
2208:
2189:
2138:
2012:
1989:
1924:
1905:
1886:
1848:
1829:
1810:
2074:"Sonderkommando Dora – Special Military Geoscientific Unit of the German Counter-Intelligence Service in North Africa 1942"
924:
special operation unit Brandenburgers (1st Brandenberg Battalion). They were formed on 25 February 1941 by the head of the
764:. The division was all but annihilated in heavy fighting near Pillau and only 800 men escaped to the thin strip of land at
575:
wrote to Canaris that the Brandenburgers had "fought outstandingly well" which was further validated when Hitler presented
534:
1962:
894:
units—at the end of 1943. The significantly shrunken ex-Bergmann companies were dispatched to conduct police functions in
631:
and also secured the gorge on the River Danube which forms part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania, known as the
486:, they executed six Poles and then on 1 October 1939, shot 18 people in Nowy Bytom. Larger massacres were carried out in
2409:
Panzergrenadiers to the Front!: The Combat History of Panzergrenadier-Division Brandenburg on the Eastern Front, 1944-45
659:
penetrated farther into enemy territory than any other German unit. They had been ordered to seize and secure the vital
331:
had done and was suspicious of Hippel's motives. Still determined to form the unit, Hippel looked to his section chief,
1110:
880:
area. At the end of 1942, Bergmann conducted a successful sortie through the Soviet lines, bringing with them some 300
383:, under which the Brandenburgers were subsumed, had a distinct sub-component for army, navy, and air force operations.
606:) and another officer from the Operation Dora special task force of the Brandenburger special forces study a map on a
257:
The Brandenburg Division was generally subordinated to the army groups in individual commands and operated throughout
2259:
2157:
2115:
2062:
1943:
1867:
375:
soldiers. Others even adorned themselves in Arab garments to conduct surveillance on Allied warships traversing the
991:
551:, the invasion of Scandinavia in April 1940, during which they secured strategic properties in Denmark and Norway.
709:
295:
divisions in the last months of the war. They committed various atrocities in the course of their operations.
1122:
Due to the nature of their operations and the inherent hazards they faced, very few of them survived the war.
826:
in October 1941. Subordinated to the German commando battalion Brandenburgers and placed under the command of
580:
343:
2nd Department, Hippel was tasked with creating the unit. Originally, the unit Hippel assembled was named the
958:. (Oberländer was later to become Federal Minister for Displaced Persons, Refugees, and War Victims in the
853:
704:
30:
112:
728:
466:
engaged in atrocities against Poland's population and its captured PoWs. On 4 September, members of the
339:
put forth a directive authorizing the creation of "a company of saboteurs for the West." As part of the
288:
517:
587:
483:
360:
745:
until the end of the war. Only the Kurfürst Regiment retained its original role as a commando unit.
2326:
995:
607:
1014:
506:
656:
548:
434:
198:
975:" (In the service of the German Wehrmacht). They were given Austrian helmets from World War I.
857:
800:
544:
In addition, the battalion contained volunteers who had lived in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine.
364:
21:
This article is about the German special forces unit of World War II. For the horse breed, see
402:(and the defense groups of military districts VIII and XVII) from within Department II of the
928:
773:
676:
destroyed approaching their targets. Most of the paratroopers were killed in this operation.
538:
442:
955:
832:
1592:
911:
735:
368:
336:
8:
1071:
1034:
777:
379:
ahead of the Wehrmacht deployment in North Africa. Correspondingly, Department II of the
376:
284:
134:
680:
563:
most decorated units of the invading German armies, which earned them the admiration of
279:
2039:
794:
769:
528:
399:
395:
308:
194:
947:
823:
490:, where hundreds of people were executed. Within two weeks of the invasion of Poland,
2431:
2412:
2393:
2366:
2334:
2312:
2293:
2274:
2255:
2223:
2204:
2185:
2153:
2134:
2111:
2058:
2043:
2008:
1985:
1979:
1939:
1920:
1901:
1882:
1863:
1844:
1825:
1806:
1024:
885:
846:
371:
began, Brandenburger units crossed the Soviet border disguised as Soviet workers and
332:
2085:
2052:
2031:
1053:
A large number of the recruits were small-time criminals who fled from Poland.See:
1029:
951:
915:
861:
624:
2331:
Shattered Genius: The Decline and Fall of the German General Staff in World War II
2454:
1019:
873:
765:
753:
713:
568:
524:
318:
292:
262:
219:
841:
571:. On 27 May 1940, chief-of-staff of the High Command of the German armed forces
968:
936:
918:, officially known as Special Group Roland, were subunits under command of the
652:
572:
559:
258:
234:
122:
2108:
Behind Soviet Lines: Hitler's Brandenburgers Capture the Maikop Oilfields 1942
2035:
494:
had "left a trail of murder in more than thirteen Polish towns and villages".
2448:
2000:
724:
555:
430:
22:
2271:
Die Kollaboration 1939–1945: Zeitgeschichtliche Dokumentation in Biographien
748:
In late 1944, the division was equipped with a Panzer Regiment redesignated
983:
959:
828:
816:
808:
602:
558:, the Brandenburg units proved essential in seizing "vital points ahead of
251:
238:
227:
177:
94:
2250:
Schuster, Carl (1999). "Brandenburg Division". In David T. Zabecki (ed.).
1879:
The Eastern Front, 1941–45: German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare
482:
before executing them. On 8 September 1939, in the upper Silesian city of
890:
277:. In the later course of the war, parts of the special unit were used in
270:
266:
159:
26:
815:
region of the Soviet Union. The battalion was formed of the émigrés and
1706:
932:
836:
752:
and returned to the Eastern front. The Brandenburgers were involved in
691:
644:
632:
576:
497:
On 15 December 1939, the company was expanded and re-designated as the
328:
313:
2485:
Military units and formations of Germany in Yugoslavia in World War II
2090:
2127:
Kaukasien 1942/43: Das deutsche Heer und Orientvölker der Sowjetunion
811:, composed of five German-officered companies of volunteers from the
699:
478:
from the town's secondary schools. They also tortured 29 citizens of
475:
411:
231:
881:
812:
761:
668:
502:
487:
471:
438:
372:
274:
2131:
Caucasus 1942–43: The German Army and Oriental Peoples of the USSR
869:
640:
596:
479:
415:
155:
16:
Members of the German Brandenburg special forces unit during WWII
291:
before the division was reclassified and merged into one of the
64:
2428:
Hitler's Brandenburgers: The Third Reich's Elite Special Forces
920:
899:
895:
877:
865:
804:
695:
660:
636:
628:
615:
611:
323:
246:
145:
1607:
1352:
1100:
The battalion also included motorcycle and paratroop platoons.
390:
The predecessor formation to the Brandenburg Division was the
1841:
Hitler's Sky Warriors: German Paratroopers in Action, 1939–45
2254:. Vol. 1. London and New York: Garland Publishing Inc.
2133:] (in German). Freiburg: Rombach Druck und Verlagshaus.
2078:
Science Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies
1778:
1754:
1742:
1342:
1340:
712:, an airborne operation to capture Yugoslav Partisan leader
679:
Units of the division were sent to the Balkans to engage in
1952:
1682:
1598:
664:
586:
along with its old training partner from 1940 to 1941, the
351:
and then again on 10 January 1940, the unit was called the
1556:
1544:
449:
2243:
Military activities of the OUN (B) in the years 1940–1942
1520:
1337:
1265:
950:
near Schlessig. On the Ukrainian side, the commander was
819:
687:
2245:] (in Ukrainian). Kiev: Shevchenko University Press.
1766:
1730:
1648:
1646:
1568:
1496:
1460:
1424:
1057:(September 1939 in Silesia) – p. 37 Paweł Dubiel – 1963.
914:, officially known as Special Group Nachtigall, and the
876:
area and conducted reconnaissance and subversion in the
1694:
1658:
1619:
1313:
1173:
1000:
14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician)
610:
in the South Sahara desert, on the western edge of the
367:
undercover as Serbian workers. During the night before
1532:
1436:
1400:
1301:
1212:
1190:
1188:
505:
supplies from Turkey. The battalion consisted of four
410:(fighting squads), which consisted of Polish-speaking
1643:
1508:
1484:
1412:
1388:
1325:
1289:
1277:
1253:
768:. While some survivors surrendered to the British in
2480:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
1981:
No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939-1945
1955:"Die Brandenburger" Kommandotruppe und Frontverband"
1718:
1670:
1580:
1472:
1448:
1364:
1243:
1241:
1239:
803:(meaning "miner") was a military unit of the German
321:, commander of the German Intelligence Service, the
1917:
Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War
1631:
1376:
1200:
1185:
1161:
1149:
905:
1224:
635:. Shortly after this, they captured the island of
457:, worn on the lower right sleeve from 1944 onwards
2475:Military units and formations established in 1939
2350:Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance
1236:
513:1st company - men from Baltic/Russian territories
2446:
2201:Kommando: German Special Forces of World War Two
2173:Nazi Crimes in the Polish Countryside, 1939–1945
1898:Hitler's Spy Chief: The Wilhelm Canaris Betrayal
437:(middle) now with Skorzeny's SS-Jagdverbände in
2309:Die Brandenburger: Eine deutsche Kommandotruppe
2169:Zbrodnie hitlerowske na wsi polskiej, 1939–1945
2166:
1358:
1085:The fate of Polish children during the last war
651:In early August 1942, a Brandenburg unit of 62
2430:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
888:in February 1943 and was dissolved—like other
835:, the unit received training at Neuhammer and
2179:
2007:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
311:, who, after having his idea rejected by the
2182:Brandenburg Division: Commandos of the Reich
2175:] (in Polish). Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza.
1822:Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence
298:
25:. For the residents of the German city, see
2287:
2222:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
1613:
1070:(which rescued Mussolini) and the Airborne
2084:(1). Vienna: University of Vienna: 37–57.
1933:
1526:
1003:SS-Freiwilligen-Schützen-Division Galizien
2236:
2089:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1748:
756:, until their withdrawal, along with the
547:A platoon of Brandenburgers took part in
347:, then later on 25 October it became the
2470:Foreign volunteer units of the Wehrmacht
2425:
2406:
2387:
2347:
2249:
2124:
2054:The Second World War: A Complete History
1998:
1857:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1664:
1406:
1346:
1319:
1218:
1089:Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Przemyślu,
595:
448:
425:
2306:
2268:
2252:World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia
2239:Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940–1942
2167:Jankowski, Joseph; Religa, Jan (1981).
2105:
2071:
2050:
1936:Geheimkommandos des Zweiten Weltkrieges
1914:
1895:
1736:
1652:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1514:
1502:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1370:
1307:
1206:
971:uniform with yellow armband with text "
967:Roland Battalion was outfitted in the
856:, where it saw its first action in the
69:Division "Brandenburg" Vehicle Insignia
2447:
2360:
2217:
2024:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies
1977:
1938:(in German). Wels: Verlag Welsermühl.
1876:
1838:
1800:
1724:
1676:
1586:
1394:
1331:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1155:
2325:
2292:. London: William Kimber Publishing.
2273:(in German). München: Herbig Verlag.
2198:
2147:
1819:
1637:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1382:
1259:
1247:
1230:
1194:
1179:
1167:
852:In August 1942, Bergmann went to the
788:
2288:Smith, Peter; Walker, Edwin (1974).
2072:Häusler, Hermann (1 December 2018).
2057:. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
2021:
1625:
860:in August 1942. The unit engaged in
780:where their skills proved an asset.
750:Panzergrenadier-Division Brandenburg
554:During the spring 1940 invasions of
509:, organised along linguistic lines:
433:(left) and the former Brandenburger
2465:Special forces units and formations
13:
2460:German World War II special forces
2381:
935:ethnicity directed to the unit by
14:
2496:
2411:. Solihull, UK: Helion & Co.
973:Im Dienst der Deutschen Wehrmacht
845:. Later a special 130-men-strong
783:
2005:The Oxford Guide to World War II
1881:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
992:201st Schutzmannschaft Battalion
978:The battalion was set up by the
906:Nachtigall and Roland Battalions
822:from the Caucasian republics at
708:, took part in the unsuccessful
705:SS-Fallschirmjäger-Bataillon 500
105:
87:
63:
2311:(in German). München: Angerer.
2269:Seidler, Franz Wilhelm (1999).
1843:. Staplehurst, UK: Spellmount.
1824:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
1793:
1715:, pp. 46–47, 56, 195, 267.
1125:
1116:
1103:
1094:
1077:
1060:
1047:
772:in May, others enlisted in the
623:The unit was again deployed in
600:June 1942, a first lieutenant (
303:The unit was the brainchild of
2363:Militärgeschichtliche Beiträge
2184:. Histoire & Collections.
694:island chain off the coast of
394:, which originated before the
1:
2407:Hamilton, A. Stephan (2016).
2220:Hitler's Wehrmacht, 1935–1945
2203:. Barnsley: Frontline Books.
1138:
998:and 14 of its members joined
527:who spoke Czech, Slovak, and
421:
363:. In 1941, they preceded the
353:Bau-Lehr-Bataillon z.b.V. 800
2218:Müller, Rolf-Dieter (2016).
2150:Canaris: Hitler's Master Spy
1839:Ailsby, Christopher (2000).
1143:
51:– February 1943 – March 1944
31:Brandenburg (disambiguation)
7:
2426:Paterson, Lawrence (2018).
1934:Brockdorff, Werner (1967).
1900:. New York: Pegasus Books.
1862:. London: Arms and Armour.
1359:Jankowski & Religa 1981
1008:
960:Federal Republic of Germany
655:and Sudeten Germans led by
556:Belgium and the Netherlands
10:
2501:
2333:. Philadelphia: Casemate.
2125:Hoffmann, Joachim (1991).
1068:Friedenthaler Jagdverbände
792:
20:
2307:Spaeter, Helmuth (1982).
2036:10.1080/13518040600697969
2030:(1). Routledge: 343–376.
1896:Bassett, Richard (2011).
1820:Adams, Jefferson (2009).
1803:Ukrainian Armies, 1914–55
754:heavy fighting near Memel
299:Background and membership
188:
183:
173:
165:
151:
141:
128:
118:
100:
82:
74:
62:
38:
2365:. Bonn: Mittler Verlag.
2237:Patrylyak, I.K. (2004).
2051:Gilbert, Martin (1989).
1040:
996:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
663:oilfields. Disguised as
55:Panzergrenadier-Division
2152:. New York: Doubleday.
2106:Higgins, David (2014).
1978:Davies, Norman (2008).
1915:Bellamy, Chris (2007).
1858:Axworthy, Mark (1995).
1614:Smith & Walker 1974
1055:Wrzesień 1939 na Śląsku
1015:Battle of Velikiye Luki
858:North Caucasus campaign
2388:Cavaleri, Leo (2017).
2180:Lefevre, Eric (1999).
1860:Third Axis Fourth Ally
1801:Abbott, P. E. (2004).
730:SS-Jäger-Bataillon 502
710:Operation Rösselsprung
620:
470:executed 17 people at
462:the Second World War.
458:
455:Division „Brandenburg“
446:
365:invasion of Yugoslavia
223:
29:. For other uses, see
2199:Lucas, James (2014).
2148:Höhne, Heinz (1979).
1877:Bartov, Omer (2001).
929:Wilhelm Franz Canaris
774:French Foreign Legion
608:Volkswagen Kübelwagen
599:
499:Brandenburg Battalion
452:
443:Operation Panzerfaust
429:
406:, put together small
349:Baulehr-kompagnie 800
317:, approached Admiral
1984:. New York: Viking.
1665:Dear & Foot 1995
962:.) Ex-Brandenburger
912:Nachtigall Battalion
739:, but mostly to the
736:SS-Jagdverband Mitte
657:Adrian von Fölkersam
549:Operation Weserübung
468:Freikorps Ebbinghaus
464:Freikorps Ebbinghaus
435:Adrian von Fölkersam
392:Freikorps Ebbinghaus
377:Straits of Gibraltar
369:Operation Barbarossa
199:Adrian von Fölkersam
1787:, pp. 371–382.
1763:, pp. 272–277.
1751:, pp. 271–278.
1691:, pp. 657–658.
1628:, pp. 362–370.
1616:, pp. 116–127.
1565:, pp. 250–273.
1553:, pp. 144–150.
1469:, pp. 414–415.
1274:, pp. 119–120.
1182:, pp. 376–377.
1072:Kampfgeschwader 200
1035:Kampfgeschwader 200
954:and on the German,
839:(Bavaria) with the
778:First Indochina War
283:operations against
2392:. Aachen: Helios.
2110:. Oxford: Osprey.
1805:. Oxford: Osprey.
956:Theodor Oberländer
833:Theodor Oberländer
801:Bergmann battalion
795:Bergmann Battalion
789:Bergmann Battalion
776:and fought in the
770:Schleswig-Holstein
742:SS-Jagdverband Ost
621:
459:
453:Cuff title of the
447:
400:Erwin von Lahousen
396:invasion of Poland
345:Deutsche Kompagnie
337:Army General Staff
309:Theodor von Hippel
226:) were members of
195:Theodor von Hippel
2437:978-1-68247-372-6
2418:978-1-910777-13-8
2399:978-3-86933-186-7
2372:978-3-81320-361-5
2340:978-1-61200-098-5
2318:978-3-92212-800-7
2299:978-0-71830-422-5
2290:War in the Aegean
2280:978-3-77662-139-6
2229:978-0-81316-738-1
2210:978-1-84832-737-5
2191:978-2-908182-73-6
2140:978-3-79300-194-2
2091:10.5787/46-1-1224
2014:978-0-19-534096-9
1991:978-0-67001-832-1
1926:978-0-375-72471-8
1919:. Vintage Books.
1907:978-1-60598-450-6
1888:978-0-33394-944-3
1850:978-1-86227-109-8
1831:978-0-81085-543-4
1812:978-1-84176-668-3
1739:, pp. 57–58.
1601:Die Brandenburger
1577:, pp. 50–52.
1505:, pp. 38–39.
1433:, pp. 47–54.
1349:, pp. 55–60.
1262:, pp. 17–18.
1025:Operation Mammoth
982:and organized by
733:operating within
445:, 16 October 1944
398:in 1939. Colonel
333:Helmuth Groscurth
204:
203:
132:Company (initial)
2492:
2441:
2422:
2403:
2376:
2357:
2344:
2322:
2303:
2284:
2265:
2246:
2233:
2214:
2195:
2176:
2163:
2144:
2121:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2068:
2047:
2018:
1995:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1961:. Archived from
1949:
1930:
1911:
1892:
1873:
1854:
1835:
1816:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:Hague Convention
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1081:
1075:
1064:
1058:
1051:
1030:Robey Leibbrandt
1005:in spring 1943.
952:Roman Shukhevych
916:Roland Battalion
722:Standartenführer
625:Operation Marita
589:Grossdeutschland
583:Grossdeutschland
280:Bandenbekämpfung
218:
111:
109:
108:
93:
91:
90:
67:
36:
35:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2419:
2400:
2384:
2382:Further reading
2379:
2373:
2341:
2319:
2300:
2281:
2262:
2230:
2211:
2192:
2160:
2141:
2118:
2096:
2094:
2065:
2015:
2003:, eds. (1995).
1992:
1968:
1966:
1965:on 7 March 2016
1946:
1927:
1908:
1889:
1870:
1851:
1832:
1813:
1796:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1527:Brockdorff 1967
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1493:, p. 367n.
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1082:
1078:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1020:Special Staff F
1011:
969:Czechoslovakian
908:
874:Mineralnye Vody
864:actions in the
797:
791:
786:
766:Frische Nehrung
760:, via ferry to
758:Großdeutschland
714:Josip Broz Tito
569:Wilhelm Canaris
525:Sudeten Germans
424:
319:Wilhelm Canaris
301:
293:Panzergrenadier
263:northern Africa
214:
207:
197:
190:
158:
133:
106:
104:
88:
86:
70:
52:
45:
44:– December 1939
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2498:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2423:
2417:
2404:
2398:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2358:
2356:(12–1): 55–60.
2345:
2339:
2323:
2317:
2304:
2298:
2285:
2279:
2266:
2260:
2247:
2234:
2228:
2215:
2209:
2196:
2190:
2177:
2164:
2158:
2145:
2139:
2122:
2116:
2103:
2069:
2063:
2048:
2019:
2013:
1996:
1990:
1975:
1953:Bundesarchiv.
1950:
1944:
1931:
1925:
1912:
1906:
1893:
1887:
1874:
1868:
1855:
1849:
1836:
1830:
1817:
1811:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1785:Patrylyak 2004
1777:
1775:, p. 287.
1773:Patrylyak 2004
1765:
1761:Patrylyak 2004
1753:
1749:Patrylyak 2004
1741:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1703:, p. 109.
1693:
1681:
1669:
1667:, p. 122.
1657:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1599:Bundesarchiv,
1591:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1541:, p. 183.
1531:
1529:, p. 427.
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1481:, p. 415.
1471:
1459:
1457:, p. 414.
1447:
1445:, p. 191.
1435:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1397:, p. 121.
1387:
1375:
1363:
1361:, p. 100.
1351:
1336:
1334:, p. 247.
1324:
1322:, p. 657.
1312:
1310:, p. 177.
1300:
1298:, p. 128.
1288:
1286:, p. 120.
1276:
1264:
1252:
1235:
1223:
1221:, p. 658.
1211:
1199:
1197:, p. 377.
1184:
1172:
1170:, p. 376.
1160:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1102:
1093:
1076:
1059:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1007:
907:
904:
793:Main article:
790:
787:
785:
784:Sub-battalions
782:
573:Wilhelm Keitel
542:
541:
533:4th company -
531:
523:3rd company -
521:
516:2nd company -
514:
423:
420:
300:
297:
259:Eastern Europe
235:special forces
211:Brandenburgers
205:
202:
201:
192:
186:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
130:
126:
125:
123:Special forces
120:
116:
115:
102:
98:
97:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
68:
60:
59:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2497:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2352:(in Polish).
2351:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2261:0-8240-7029-1
2257:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2159:0-385-08777-2
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2117:9781782005995
2113:
2109:
2104:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2064:0-8050-0534-X
2060:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1945:3-88102-059-4
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1869:1-85409-267-7
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1786:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1727:, p. 47.
1726:
1721:
1714:
1713:Hoffmann 1991
1709:
1702:
1701:Hoffmann 1991
1697:
1690:
1689:Schuster 1999
1685:
1679:, p. 10.
1678:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1655:, p. 76.
1654:
1649:
1647:
1640:, p. 51.
1639:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1589:, p. 91.
1588:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1517:, p. 11.
1516:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1421:, p. 10.
1420:
1415:
1409:, p. 19.
1408:
1407:Axworthy 1995
1403:
1396:
1391:
1385:, p. 50.
1384:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1347:Warzecha 2003
1343:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1320:Schuster 1999
1316:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1233:, p. 10.
1232:
1227:
1220:
1219:Schuster 1999
1215:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1158:, p. 47.
1157:
1152:
1148:
1128:
1119:
1112:
1106:
1097:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
976:
974:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
927:
923:
922:
917:
913:
903:
901:
897:
893:
892:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:anti-partisan
859:
855:
854:Eastern Front
850:
848:
844:
843:
838:
834:
831:
830:
825:
821:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
796:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
743:
738:
737:
732:
731:
726:
725:Otto Skorzeny
723:
717:
715:
711:
707:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
683:operations.
682:
681:anti-partisan
677:
673:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:
598:
594:
592:
590:
585:
584:
581:Panzer Corps
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
557:
552:
550:
545:
540:
536:
535:Volksdeutsche
532:
530:
526:
522:
520:from Romania;
519:
518:Volksdeutsche
515:
512:
511:
510:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:, among them
473:
469:
465:
456:
451:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:Otto Skorzeny
428:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:
320:
316:
315:
310:
306:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:
276:
273:, and in the
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
248:
242:
240:
236:
233:
229:
225:
224:Brandenburger
221:
217:
212:
206:Military unit
200:
196:
193:
187:
182:
179:
176:
172:
169:'Brandenburg'
168:
164:
161:
157:
154:
150:
147:
144:
140:
136:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
114:
103:
99:
96:
85:
81:
77:
73:
66:
61:
57:
56:
50:
49:
43:
42:
37:
32:
28:
24:
23:Brandenburger
19:
2427:
2408:
2389:
2362:
2353:
2349:
2330:
2327:Stone, David
2308:
2289:
2270:
2251:
2242:
2238:
2219:
2200:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2149:
2130:
2126:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2081:
2077:
2053:
2027:
2023:
2004:
2001:Foot, M.R.D.
1980:
1969:28 September
1967:. Retrieved
1963:the original
1959:Bundesarchiv
1958:
1935:
1916:
1897:
1878:
1859:
1840:
1821:
1802:
1794:Bibliography
1780:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1737:Seidler 1999
1732:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1653:Higgins 2014
1633:
1621:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1582:
1575:Higgins 2014
1570:
1563:Spaeter 1982
1558:
1551:Spaeter 1982
1546:
1539:Bellamy 2007
1534:
1522:
1515:Higgins 2014
1510:
1503:Häusler 2018
1498:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1443:Bassett 2011
1438:
1431:Spaeter 1982
1426:
1419:Higgins 2014
1414:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1373:, p. 8.
1371:Gilbert 1989
1366:
1354:
1327:
1315:
1308:Bassett 2011
1303:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1250:, p. 5.
1226:
1214:
1209:, p. 9.
1207:Higgins 2014
1202:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1127:
1118:
1105:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1067:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1002:
987:
984:Richard Yary
979:
977:
972:
964:Oberleutnant
963:
945:
925:
919:
909:
889:
851:
842:Gebirgsjäger
840:
829:Oberleutnant
827:
809:World War II
798:
757:
749:
747:
740:
734:
729:
721:
718:
703:
685:
678:
674:
650:
622:
603:Oberleutnant
601:
588:
582:
564:
553:
546:
543:
498:
496:
491:
467:
463:
460:
454:
407:
403:
391:
389:
385:
380:
357:
352:
348:
344:
340:
322:
312:
304:
302:
278:
256:
245:
243:
239:World War II
237:unit during
228:Nazi Germany
210:
208:
178:World War II
142:Part of
95:Nazi Germany
58:– 1944–1945.
54:
53:
47:
46:
40:
39:
18:
1999:Dear, Ian;
1725:Abbott 2004
1677:Bartov 2001
1587:Ailsby 2000
1395:Witzel 1990
1332:Davies 2008
1296:Witzel 1990
1284:Witzel 1990
1272:Witzel 1990
1156:Müller 2016
891:Ostlegionen
484:Siemanowice
414:and ethnic
271:Middle East
267:Afghanistan
252:Third Reich
174:Engagements
166:Nickname(s)
160:Friedenthal
152:Garrison/HQ
113:German Army
27:Brandenburg
2449:Categories
1638:Adams 2009
1491:Stone 2011
1479:Höhne 1979
1467:Höhne 1979
1455:Höhne 1979
1383:Adams 2009
1260:Lucas 2014
1248:Lucas 2014
1231:Lucas 2014
1195:Höhne 1979
1180:Höhne 1979
1168:Höhne 1979
1139:References
837:Mittenwald
692:Dodecanese
645:Daugavpils
633:Iron Gates
577:Iron Cross
560:Guderian's
539:Yugoslavia
503:chrome ore
492:Ebbinghaus
476:Boy Scouts
422:Operations
329:Bolsheviks
314:Reichswehr
307:(captain)
289:Yugoslavia
191:commanders
184:Commanders
2097:28 August
2044:144383512
1626:Eyre 2006
1144:Citations
948:Neuhammer
933:Ukrainian
824:Neuhammer
700:Luftwaffe
529:Ruthenian
507:companies
412:Silesians
305:Hauptmann
285:partisans
232:Wehrmacht
216:‹See Tfd›
137:(at peak)
78:1939–1945
41:Battalion
2329:(2011).
1009:See also
943:orders.
882:Red Army
847:Georgian
813:Caucasus
669:Red Army
591:Division
488:Katowice
472:Pszczyna
439:Budapest
408:K-Trupps
373:Red Army
361:invasion
341:Abwehr's
275:Caucasus
135:Division
48:Division
937:Bandera
870:Nalchik
807:during
690:in the
641:Daugava
567:Chief,
480:Orzesze
416:Germans
189:Notable
156:Stendal
83:Country
2455:Abwehr
2434:
2415:
2396:
2369:
2337:
2315:
2296:
2277:
2258:
2226:
2207:
2188:
2156:
2137:
2114:
2061:
2042:
2011:
1988:
1942:
1923:
1904:
1885:
1866:
1847:
1828:
1809:
988:Abwehr
980:Abwehr
926:Abwehr
921:Abwehr
900:Poland
896:Greece
886:Crimea
878:Grozny
866:Mozdok
817:Soviet
805:Abwehr
762:Pillau
696:Turkey
661:Maikop
653:Baltic
637:Euboea
629:Vardar
616:Hamada
612:Basalt
565:Abwehr
441:after
404:Abwehr
381:Abwehr
324:Abwehr
269:, the
247:Abwehr
220:German
146:Abwehr
110:
101:Branch
92:
75:Active
2241:[
2171:[
2129:[
2040:S2CID
1083:See:
1041:Notes
799:The
619:Chad.
537:from
261:, in
2432:ISBN
2413:ISBN
2394:ISBN
2367:ISBN
2335:ISBN
2313:ISBN
2294:ISBN
2275:ISBN
2256:ISBN
2224:ISBN
2205:ISBN
2186:ISBN
2154:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2099:2024
2059:ISBN
2009:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1971:2016
1940:ISBN
1921:ISBN
1902:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1864:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1826:ISBN
1807:ISBN
910:The
898:and
820:POWs
665:NKVD
209:The
129:Size
119:Type
2086:doi
2032:doi
941:OUN
939:'s
727:'s
720:SS-
716:.
688:Kos
643:in
287:in
230:'s
2451::
2082:46
2080:.
2076:.
2038:.
2028:19
2026:.
1957:.
1645:^
1339:^
1238:^
1187:^
1074:.
902:.
593:.
265:,
241:.
222::
2440:.
2421:.
2402:.
2375:.
2354:3
2343:.
2321:.
2302:.
2283:.
2264:.
2232:.
2213:.
2194:.
2162:.
2143:.
2120:.
2101:.
2088::
2067:.
2046:.
2034::
2017:.
1994:.
1973:.
1948:.
1929:.
1910:.
1891:.
1872:.
1853:.
1834:.
1815:.
1604:.
872:-
868:-
614:-
213:(
33:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
