2037:. One scholar has recently suggested that there were a number of groups of six including one single tract, generally from the first third, two contiguous tracts generally in the second third, and three contiguous tracts from the third third. Each group of six is theorised as related to each other in various ways. The prologue ascribes the authorship of the book to a committee of nine appointed by St Patrick to revise the laws. It was composed of three kings, three bishops, and three professors of literature, poetry, and law. Chief among the latter was Dubthach. It became his duty to give a historical retrospect, and in doing so he exhibited "all the judgments of true nature which the Holy Ghost had spoken from the first occupation of this island down to the reception of the faith. What did not clash with the word of God in the written law and in the New Testament and with the consciences of believers was confirmed in the laws of the brehons by Patrick and by the ecclesiastics and chieftains of Ireland. This is the Senchus Mor."
2525:
2091:, a process by which one could, under certain circumstances, seize goods owned by another. In Brehon law one does not immediately own the property, rather animals are taken to an intermediary land to wait in case the original owner pays the debt. As time passes, the animals are slowly forfeited. This tract deals primarily with four types of distraint divided based on the waiting period. The waiting period apparently varies based on the circumstance although no one has yet determined what exactly those circumstances are. Other material present includes information on other aspects of legal procedure and a long section where the author asks and then answers multiple times, why the tract is called
1686:(law in accordance with proper order) occurs in some places, and even in the titles of certain texts. The laws tell stories of how truth could apparently cure a person and falsehood could cause blisters. These were two very real concepts to the jurists and the value of a given judgment with respect to them was apparently ascertainable. McLeod has also suggested that most of the specific laws mentioned have passed the test of time and thus their truth has been confirmed, while other provisions are justified in other ways because they are younger and have not been tested over time.
1556:(kin-land). Certain rights of use of land by the owner's kin seem to have existed. Moreover, it was possible that land could be redistributed if a certain branch of the family had few descendants and hence larger shares in the land per person. In such a case, even some more distant cousins could acquire the land, though they benefited less than closer kin. Apparently because of these potential claims it could apparently be difficult to alienate kin-land. Even when selling land that an individual had acquired separately from an inheritance, a portion went to his kin.
307:, a Christian Law, promulgated by the Synod of Birr in 697, sought to raise the status of women of that era, although the actual effect is unknown. Regardless, although Irish society under the Brehon Laws was male-dominated, women had greater freedom, independence and rights to property than in other European societies of the time. Men and women held their property separately. The marriage laws were very complex. For example, there were scores of ways of combining households and properties and then dividing the property and its increase when disputes arose.
3603:
243:, have been considered as survivals from earlier periods. More recently historians have come to doubt such attributions. While few historians argue that all Irish law comes from church influence, they are today much more wary as to what material is a survival and what has changed. A past may still be suggested for a certain legal concept based on Irish legal terms' being cognate with terms in other Celtic languages, although that information does not prove that the practice described by the legal term has not changed.
2225:) has been translated as both "The Ordering of Discipline" or "The Regulation of Proper Behavior". This tract describes the relationship between the Church and the people as a contract; the people have to donate tithes and first fruits and the like, while the church must provide services such as baptism and make sure that its members must be honest, devout, and qualified. This text has been used both to show church influence on Brehon law and also to point to certain aspects that canon lawyers would disapprove of.
1375:
the family be either unable or unwilling to pay, the victim's family took custody of the murderer. At this point, the victim's family had three options. They could await payment, sell the murderer into slavery, or kill the murderer. Even then, the monetary possibilities may have discouraged capital punishment in some cases. In certain cases, though, where the murderer and victim were relatives, capital punishment could not be carried out as it would make the executioner commit
1468:(head of the family). He apparently was a senior member selected from the kin group based on various qualifications. One of his main duties was to take responsibility for members of the kin-group, acting as a surety for some of the actions of members, making sure debts are paid (including for murder). If the member could not be made to pay, the fee was normally paid by members of the kin group. He was also responsible for unmarried women after the death of their fathers.
5942:
2461:. The text goes into details on the grades of commoners and nobility: what property should they own, how large should their house be, how should their clientship be arranged. The text presents a schema that could not have been used in actuality. For instance, it includes clientship information for even the highest nobility, who would not have acted as clients. The text also presents a certain amount of interesting information on the duties of a king.
2857:... the location of the Morisons was at Ness in Lewis, where the head of the Clan was Britheamh or Hereditary Judge long before Fifeshire colonists were heard of. It is not likely, as the late Captain Thomas put it, that any of the Brieves ever understood a word of English, and as the Scotch laws were never translated into Gaelic, it seems that the native or Brehon Laws must have been administered in this part of Scotland as late as the 17th century.
1191:. The lord made his client a grant of property (sometimes land, but more usually livestock) for a fixed period of time. The client owed service to his lord, and at the end of the grant period returned the grant with interest. Any increase beyond the agreed interest was his to keep. This allowed for a certain degree of social mobility as an astute free client could increase his wealth until he could afford clients of his own, thus becoming a lord.
1712:, the law tract that deals most with sureties, offers formulaic speeches the contractors may have recited ceremonially to appoint sureties and make the sureties swear to perform their duties properly. In addition to sureties appointed for specific contracts, relatives might be expected to act as sureties in cases where they were not specifically bound. There is also evidence that most sureties were either relatives or lords of the contractor.
2620:
38:
95:
1646:
while one law text tells us that they were used as a basis of judgment we know little else about them; we do not even know how exactly maxims could be used for judgment. A further complication is that we know very little about the origin of maxims (or even what the jurists thought was the origin) and similarly we do not know whether jurists were introducing new maxims regularly or whether all maxims were
783:(a man of middle huts), apparently, someone who occupied a hut on his father's land. These persons were semi-independent but did not have the full honour price of a free man until they reached 20. Even after a certain age, a "Son of a Living Father" was expected to be dutiful to his father and could only set up an independent household with his father's permission. In addition, those from outside a
1478:(kin-slaying) because it was against a group that had some right to trust. The killer had to give up their kin-land but was still liable for fines incurred by other members of the kin. An undutiful son might also be excluded from certain kin rights as well, especially as sons of a living father generally did not have significant rights of legal actions except as permitted by the father.
995:. These are given the same status as and the same honour prices as the lay grades, and hence have effectively the same rights. The qualifications for each grade is where the difference occurs. The qualifications fit into three categories, the status of the poet's parent or grandparent, their skill and their training. A particular number of compositions are given for each rank, with the
842:" who appears within the law texts. The three ranks of commoners, at least according to the status tract, vary in the type of clientship they undertook and the property they could hold, though it is unclear how this worked in practice. Commoners apparently had to co-operate in farming as they did not have enough property to own a whole plough-share or all the rights in a mill.
2445:, Fergus Kelly suggests that this might mean more loosely "court summary" or "synopsis of court procedure." The text deals with a number of topics for judicial procedure, but most importantly on the role of the various types of sureties. Interesting, it covers the ways that sureties were appointed to their duties, and hence it is informative on the way contracts were created.
521:(substitute churl) was enforced against instead, and the king was responsible for repaying the substitute churl. The laws also specified certain cases in which a king lost his honor price. These included doing the work of a commoner, moving around without a retinue, and showing cowardice in battle; again, though, it is unclear how often such stipulations were followed.
2006:, a collection of at least 47 separate tracts compiled into a single group sometime in the 8th century, though individual tracts vary in date. These tracts were almost certainly written by a variety of authors, though some suggest that certain authors wrote more than one of the included tracts. The collection was apparently made somewhere in the north midlands. The
1400:, Irish law demanded capital punishment in all cases of murder. Christianity was supposed to preach forgiveness. The two fines are apparently a compromise so that the murderer is both punished and forgiven. It is at least dubious whether or not this is a valid historical account, given the lateness of the story (originating hundreds of years after Patrick's time).
292:
of leadership, and women, like men, were
Brehons. Brehon Laws have a reputation among modern scholars as rather progressive in their treatment of women, with some describing the law as providing for equality between the sexes. The Laws generally reflect a patriarchal and patrilineal society in which the rules of inheritance were based on
1948:. Other overlaps have been suggested, in many cases where biblical references seem to appear in the Brehon law. Where both texts cite the same rule, it is not always clear which came up with the rule first. In addition to substantive law, other legal aspects appear in both, such as the propensity towards the use of analogy.
2072:
again" and "Let everyone who is a criminal suffer the death of a criminal" and the duality of the mortal person and their eternal soul was referenced at the closing of the
Judgement, sentencing Nuadh (the person) to death, but allowing his soul forgiveness to enter heaven, as his crime has been atoned for.
2393:
style of poetry. The first describes the roles and status of the church, poets and various other professionals. The final primarily with the status and duties of poets although it contains other material as well. The first is also one of the few early texts scholars have assigned an author to, namely
1956:
The above similarities have led scholars to ask what relationship did
Brehons have with clerics. Some scholars, known as anti-nativists, have suggested that the Brehons were nothing more than clerics who had training in secular law. In addition to the similarities and evidence of borrowing from Canon
1516:
suggests that the youngest son divided the land into equal parts. The eldest chose first, followed by the second and so on until the youngest received the remaining land. The intent was to make the division of land equal. Other laws suggested that the eldest son had automatic claims to the buildings.
1374:
price owed to the kin of the victim that varied according to the status of the kinsman to whom it was owed and the closeness of his relationship to the victim. Should the murderer be unable to pay by himself, his family was normally responsible for paying any amount the murderer could not pay. Should
1332:
does not mention anything about the practice being obsolete. It does mention that certain types of person could not be maintained because of the difficulty in doing so. Thus it was very hard to provision those of the highest rank and obviously impossible to find a substitute to do their work. Certain
1234:
According to that text, the payment was decided by a physician after nine days. Prior to that, the victim was cared for by his family and a physician. Some suggest that the effects of the wound would be clear to a physician at that point if not before. First, either the victim would have died if such
514:
cover is how the king fit within the rest of the legal system. The king was not supposed to be above the law. Some stipulations applied specifically to the king. With a king being the most powerful individual, and the one with the highest honour in an area, it was difficult to enforce the law against
2490:
was valid even though it was an uneven contract because Adam knew it was such. The second half deals with cases in which a contract may be overturned. The tract is also interesting because it is a collection of material from varying dates and places and as such much more uneven in content than other
2051:, but was actually a later addition that attempted to give historical background. There is also an original introduction distinct from this text. The Pseudo-Historical Prologue was concerned with the changes in the Brehon law, which it suggested occurred with the arrival of Christianity. In effect,
1871:
and ratified by a number of ecclesiastics and kings whose names appear in the text. The idea of the law was apparently to supplement the punishments of Brehon law for crimes against women, children, and clerics. In some ways it follows the ideas embodied in Brehon law although there are differences;
291:
Indications of women's status is indicated by the honour price system. A typical woman did not carry an honour price: a position shared with children, the insane, slaves, and others. However, there were many exceptions: for example, status was gained through inheritance. At times, some rose to ranks
265:
Another important aspect when considering the origins is that the early Irish law texts are not always consistent. Early Irish law is, like the Old Irish language, remarkably standard across an Island with no central authority; as one scholar wrote, "The edifice of the law stands above all local and
246:
Today, the legal system is assumed to contain some earlier law influenced by the church, and adaptation through methods of reasoning the Irish jurists would have sanctioned. There is a dispute as to just how large a role each of these aspects may have played in creating the legal texts. The evidence
2553:
created a glossary in which he quoted from many other sources. In many cases, it is the only text that includes certain quotes as well as information about certain whole law tracts. Its primary focus is to list and define certain words, particularly legal terms, and as such has provided significant
1965:
Scholars have found over 100 distinct texts, ranging from complete texts through various degrees of partial preservation—and in some cases only as a name in a list, and even, in one case, a tract that scholars have decided must have existed. Almost all of the secular legal texts existing in various
1471:
As mentioned above, the actions of a member could require other kin to pay a fine. In certain cases, the kin-group could refuse liabilities, although in some cases only after they been proclaimed as a non-member, which might occur if the member did not carry out his responsibilities to the kin. One
1251:
Early Irish law saw certain locations, known as the "twelve doors of the soul" were considered particularly severe. It has been suggested that this is because of the potential for such wounds to turn deadly, although the law texts do not suggest any reason. In such cases, the physician was entitled
857:
for each rank, and also increased the number of clients. In addition, when they travelled they were expected to maintain a retinue with them. A lord not only had greater ability but also needed to take greater steps to preserve their honour, lest they lose their lordship. The order of lords varies,
506:
giving advice to a king (in this case, advice that seems flawed but is actually correct) who then gives it as a judgment in a case. It is not clear how much kings made judgments by themselves and how much they had to follow professional advice. The kings do not appear to have stood as judges in all
313:
was provided for on a number of grounds (that ultimately deal with the inability to have a child), after which property was divided according to what contribution each spouse had made to the household. A husband was legally permitted to hit his wife to "correct" her, but if the blow left a mark she
2200:
This tract, the "Law of
Couples", deals with not only regulations for marriage but for other unions as well. It lists tens types of coupling including three types of formal marriage, five unions where there are sexual relations but no sharing of property or cohabitating, union by rape and union by
1645:
that "the misdeed of the guilty should not affect the innocent". These maxims do say more than one might think since legal systems often have problems balancing the interests of all. The majority of maxims treat with more specific problems. The main problem with our understanding of maxims is that
1302:
goes into great detail about this process, describing how the injurer had to find a suitable location and move the victim. Then the injurer had to pay for food for the victim and a retinue—which could be considerable depending on the victim's rank. The injurer also had to provide someone to fulfil
1212:
Although early Irish law recognised a distinction between intentional and unintentional injury, any type of injury was still normally unlawful and requiring compensation. The main exception is injuries received when the victim has gone into a place where an injury is likely. In all other cases, an
1194:
A poorer man could become a "base client" by selling a share in his honour price, making his lord entitled to part of any compensation due him. The lord could make him a smaller grant of land or livestock, for which the client paid rent in produce and manual labour. A man could be a base client to
776:
Others might be of less than full status, based on age or origin. The status of children was based on their parents, and they could not act independently. The rights of sons increased with age, but they did not fully increase until after the death of the father. A young son just out on his own was
2545:
The most voluminous legal material written after the 8th century takes the form of notes upon that earlier material. There have been numerous questions about the degree to which such glossators understood the material they worked on. It is also possible that in some cases jurists used the earlier
2115:
These two texts, "The
Regulation of Noble Fief" and "Regulation of Base Clientship", deal with the structure of lord client relations. These two tracts regulate the circumstances of entering into clientship as well as setting forth what goods and services were given by the lord in return for what
2067:
an assistant and charioteer to Saint
Patrick and then continued to recite the rest of the law leaving unaltered those laws acceptable to God and altering those that were not. This case is also given as the reason why Brehon law did not favour capital punishment. Although it states numerous times
1632:
The use and application of maxims is clearly a location where the principles of Irish law could be recorded. Any number of maxims may be found within the Early Irish Laws and perhaps the reason why we are unable to derive a coherent theory of law from them is that there are a great many different
1315:
also goes into the importance of keeping a proper environment for the victim during his sick-maintenances. Largely this means that anything that might cause loud noise was prohibited in the vicinity. This included fights by men as well as by dogs, the playing of games and even the disciplining of
296:
descent. It has sometimes been assumed that the patriarchal elements of the law are the result of influence by canon law or continental practice displacing an older, more egalitarian ancient Celtic tradition, but this is based mainly on conjecture and there is little hard evidence to support such
2243:
is a collection of "Heptads" or collections of seven related rules (although in some cases there are more than seven). This tract actually has no single theme, rather it is useful for what it can say about various aspects of Brehon law. The tract includes sixty-five heptads, although more appear
1508:
children, so any recognised, even those of concubines, received a portion. On the other hand, disobedient sons were automatically excluded. In addition, adopted children could receive a portion of kin land, though status as an inheritor and the inheritance amount had to be explicitly stipulated.
2503:
The "Primer of
Stipulations" is a text on the status of poets. It includes information on compensation based on status, but it also includes information about the poetic craft such as the number of type of positions one must have to be a certain grade. It also describes the difference between a
2071:
While the murderer of
Patrick's assistant was killed and immediately sent to heaven because he was forgiven by Patrick, future murderers were to be pardoned as Patrick would not be around to assure their forgiveness and ascent to heaven, but also states "as long as they do not relapse into Evil
1541:
Finally, if a man died with no children, the property was distributed between his nearest kin—first the descendants of his father, and if there were no such descendants, then between the descendants of his grandfather, and so on. Any extra land that daughters could not inherit because of female
1247:
describes that the wound was measured according to how many grains of a certain plant fit in the wound. The higher the status one was, the smaller the grain used. Thus, there are nine grains mentioned in the text, from a grain of wheat to a bean. If the wound did not heal, and thus the physical
208:
to the time of St. Patrick while scholars have been able to determine that it was collected during the 8th century, at least three centuries after the time of St. Patrick. Some of the ideas in the tale may be correct, and it has been suggested by modern historians that the Irish jurists were an
916:
The ranking of lay grades has been seen by many scholars as rather schematic and not reflecting realities on the ground. Some of the texts give considerable detail on diet, tools owned, the number of livestock, and even the size of the house a person of a given status had. Modern scholars have
491:
has the names of many kings attached to it who apparently enacted and enforced the law. Additionally, a king could issue a temporary law in times of emergency. But kings could not, by their own authority, issue permanent law codes. Kings also acted as judges, although the extent of their power
1694:
The early Irish laws are devoid of a state-centred enforcement mechanism and at least some of the judges were outside the state apparatus. This did not mean that the laws were ineffective, rather the methods of enforcement of legal procedures worked in such a way to fit with the conditions of
1083:
Status in early
Ireland was not entirely rigid and it was possible for a family to raise its status. If three consecutive generations—grandfather, father, and son—had the property qualifications of a lord, or the poetic qualifications of a higher level poet, etc., then the member of the third
2420:("Small primer") is a text on status and has the greatest breadth in coverage, including not only commoners, kings, churchmen and poets, but also a variety of other professional groups, including judges. It does not go into as much detail for each group and level as do other status tracts.
1957:
law and the Bible, scholars who hold this position ask how any non-Clerics could have been sufficiently literate at this period to create the texts. Other scholars, known as nativists, have asked how the differences could arise if the authors of canon and secular law were indeed the same.
1395:
The origin of this particular legal provision is as unclear as the rest of Irish law. The so-called "Pseudo-Historical
Prologue to the Senchas Már", a late introduction to the main collection of Irish law, makes a claim on how this came about. It declares that prior to the coming of
607:
that was quantified in an honour-price to be paid to them if their honour was violated by certain crimes. The types of food one received as a guest in another's house, or while being cared for due to injury varied based on status. Lower honour prices limited the ability to act as
1325:
mentions some of what each individual is entitled to while being nursed according to his rank, it also mentions that the practice was no longer in use, and instead, an additional fine encompassed the same provisions the injurer would have had to pay for under sick maintenance.
1203:
On account of the structure of early Irish society, all law was essentially civil and offenders had to answer only to the victim or the victim's representative. This is important to point out, as in case of serious injury it is in stark contrast to most modern legal systems.
339:
While scholars have discovered a fair amount of information about how Irish Kingship worked, relatively little is actually related to early Irish laws. In particular, very little material survives regarding succession practices, which have been reconstructed as the system of
2268:"Bee-Judgments" and "Kinship of Conducted Water" are two tracts some scholars believe were written by the same author. These two tracts both present legal information about a relatively new animal and technological introductions to Irish law from elsewhere in Europe,
1668:. This is a concept apparently borrowed from, or at least akin with, European legal theory, and reflects a type of law that is universal and may be determined by reason and observation of natural action. Neil McLeod identifies concepts that law must accord with:
568:, the world had numerous problems before the creation of that text. Among those problems was that everyone was in a state of equality. Unequal status was of great import to early Irish Christian society and it is recorded in many places in the early Irish laws.
1573:
laws were entirely in the hands of the jurists. As such, some early scholars felt that the legal system was essentially unchanging and archaic. More recently scholars have noticed that some methods of change were laid out within the Brehon laws. In particular,
1517:
There are some hints that this only happened if a younger son challenged a division. The normal practice was that the eldest son both divided and chose first, but had to divide equally. More rarely, a father might divide the land for his sons in his lifetime.
2153:. It has appeared necessary to devote some space to this subject, inasmuch as that usually acute writer Sir Henry Maine has accepted the word " tenure " in its modern interpretation, and has built up a theory under which the Irish chief " developed " into a
1178:
for a limited time after the cessation of hostilities, although the details are unclear. A poet who had the skill and training of a rank, but not the proper familial qualifications received half the honour price that his skill and training otherwise earned.
266:
regional rivalries as a unified system." Even so, close examination has revealed some variations. Among these one can especially point to variations both in style and content between two of the major legal schools, as they are known: those that produced the
1826:
is a surety who became a hostage in the case of a default. Once the hostage was in captivity, the debtor had ten days to pay the debt to have the hostage released. If the hostage was not released by then, expenses to the debtor could become exorbitant. The
202:, whose speech was "dark" and incomprehensible, to the keeping of each group who had an interest in it. The story is extremely dubious as not only is it written many centuries after the events it depicts, but it also incorrectly dates the collection of the
909:, and higher kings had yet a higher status. Having the highest status, the king especially was expected to be careful to keep his honour. Cowardice, as demonstrated in flight from battle, as well as taking up manual labour might cost him his honour-price.
2068:
that the death penalty was an option in numerous cases, including failing to intervene in a murder or attempted murder, the legal killing of trespassers and the death of criminals who violated various other sections of the law in Heptad XXXV in Vol. IV.
732:
states "Who is nobler, the king or the bishop? The bishop is nobler, for the king rises up before him on account of the Faith; moreover, the bishop raises his knee before the king." This relative ranking is reflected elsewhere. In addition, according to
1345:
Early Ireland has the distinction of being one of the first areas to shun capital punishment. While a murderer might be killed for his/her crime, this was the option of last resort. Instead, the murderer typically had to pay two fines. One is the fixed
1850:
law was produced in the vernacular language by a group of professional jurists. The exact relationship of those jurists to the church is subject to considerable debate. Brehon law at times was at odds with and at times influenced by Irish canon law.
2536:
While most of the legal tracts were composed during the 7th and 8th centuries, there were some independent tracts, as well as a significant amount of glossing and commentary, often written within a century of when some of the tracts were composed.
151:
code, concerned with the payment of compensation for harm done and the regulation of property, inheritance and contracts; the concept of state-administered punishment for crime was foreign to Ireland's early jurists. They show Ireland in the early
912:
These grades are generally equated with the seven grades of clerics, although there is some discrepancy as to how the grades line up, with various texts doing it in different ways and selecting only certain lay grades and ignoring others.
2428:
A number of other texts have not been grouped together as coming from either the same author or from the same school. This doesn't mean no affiliation for authors of other texts exists, only that scholars have not been able to find them.
1088:, etc., who did not have the proper qualifications, did not have that status. The grandson of a person with a certain status could have that status themselves, assuming they had the proper qualifications, even if their father did not.
515:
him. Although it might have been possible to proceed against the king as against any other, the laws also had an innovative solution to this quandary. Instead of enforcing against the king directly, a dependent of the king known as an
571:
The Irish law texts describe a highly segmented world, in which each person had a set status that determined what legal tasks they could undertake and what recompense they could receive when a crime was committed against them.
2486:, deals with when contracts are binding and when they are not. The first section deals with general rules regarding when contracts are binding, including an analogy to the fact that Adam's trade of an apple for access to the
156:
period to have been a hierarchical society, taking great care to define social status, and the rights and duties that went with it, according to property, and the relationships between lords and their clients and serfs.
2546:
material for a legitimate method of explaining how the law had come to work. This material takes two main forms: glossing between the lines of a text, and mini texts that begin with a quote from earlier legal material.
1392:. It is unclear how often capital punishment was carried out in situations where it would be licit without any records other than the legal tracts. It is clear that that punishment could be avoided in most cases.
238:
as a method of shaming a wrongdoer to recover a debt, or to demand the righting of a wrong. Other legal institutions prominent in early Irish law but foreign to most contemporary legal systems, such as the use of
192:, the Saint supervised the mixing of native Irish law and the law of the church. A representative of every group came and recited the laws related to that group, and they were written down and collected into the
2768:
effectively outlawed Brehon Law. In one exceptional case, vestigial rights have been recognised in recent Irish case law, in reference to the survival of Brehon law-governed customary local fishery rights in
3401:, p. 25, 'Marriage Laws in the Early Middle Ages.' Historian Bart Jaski compares the earlier Pagan marriage law to early Roman 'manus' marriage, implying an improvement in the status of Irish women over time.
1816:
in contracts worth more than his honour-price, though it was possible that one might act as a ráth for only part of a contract, in which case they were responsible for payment only up to their honour-price.
2457:"Branched Purchase" is the title of what is perhaps the most well-known tract on status and certainly the most accessible, as a modern printed edition (though not a translation) has been published by the
1030:
Other professions could give status based on the profession and the skill, but no professions besides poets could have a status as high as the bishop, king, or highest poet. For instance, in one text the
708:
puts the lector in a third position. The seven grades are subsumed into the Irish law of status, but it is unclear to what degree they conformed to all of the various status stipulations. According to
2733:
In the centuries that followed, a cultural and military "Gaelic revival" eventually came to cover the larger portion of the island. The majority of Norman barons eventually adopted Irish culture and
379:
A fair amount of the material on kings relates to their position within the Irish laws of status, which see, of which the king is ranked at the top, parallel with the Bishops and the highest level of
262:
legal texts. On the other hand, this is not regarded as unquestionable evidence that the practices described by such terms are unchanged or even have their origins in the same period as do the terms.
1235:
was likely, or it would be clear that the patient was in danger. If the first was the case, the injurer had to face punishment for murder, and in the second he had to pay a heavy fine called a
1146:
had to open his house to any guests. This included feeding them, no matter how large the group—he could lose his status if he ever refused a guest. Because of that stipulation, the position of
1899:
At the same time, it is clear that the two legal systems have borrowed from each other. Much Latin terminology has entered into Old Irish and into the legal system, such as a type of witness
715:, the seven grades of the church are the basis for the theoretical seven lay and poetic grades (see below). At the same time it is clear that the number seven is an insular invention, in the
1496:
whereby each of the sons received equal portions, and any grandsons whose father predeceased their grandfather equally split their father's portion. When the Normans entered Ireland and saw
1134:
In addition, there were ways that, in an extraordinary circumstance, an individual could achieve higher status without having parents with such qualifications. Someone who chose to become a
182:, or judges, guided entirely by an oral tradition. Some of these laws were recorded in writing by Christian clerics. The earliest theory to be recorded is contained in the Prologue to the
747:
Irish law recognised a number of classes, from unfree to king, which were ranked within the status tracts. Little space was given to the unfree, which reflects the lack of dependence upon
132:
in parallel with English law. Early Irish law was often mixed with Christian influence and juristic innovation. These secular laws existed in parallel, and occasionally in conflict, with
1388:
Another situation where the murderer could be killed was when the murderer was at large and the fines had not been paid. The victim's family apparently was responsible to launch a blood
1333:
professionals could similarly be difficult. On the other hand, a number of persons could cause difficulty to the people maintaining the victim. Such troublesome individuals included the
331:
church law, women were still largely subject to their fathers or husbands and were not normally permitted to act as witnesses, their testimony being considered "biased and dishonest".
761:, became a broader currency term. As unfree, slaves could not be legal agents either for themselves or others. In addition to the wholly unfree, a few individuals were semi-free. The
1751:
s responsibility to attempt to make the contractor pay. If he does not act or does not put in sufficient effort he loses his honour price. In attempting to extract payment, the
362:. Likewise, the laws only once mention the practice of individuals being ineligible for kingship if they are blemished (a practice more widely evident elsewhere, especially in
1140:(hospitaller) could have twice the normal property qualifications of a lord of whatever grade (and this can extend, in theory, up to the qualifications of a king). Further, a
1550:
The potential for inheritance by even distant kin meant that, in Early Irish law, those kin all had some sort of right in the land. Land that had been inherited was known as
903:, but his prime claim to higher status was that he would one day be king. Kings held the highest status that the laws describe. The basic king had an honour price of seven
2149:
These arrangements did not in any way affect that which we understand by the word " tenure", that is, a man's farm, but they related solely to cattle, which we consider a
1706:
were the prime enforcers in early Irish law. They were not government officials, but rather sureties who were appointed to enforce a contract or other legal relationship.
2580:
afterwards. The text deals with how a court case should proceed based on the substance of the intended argument. It is not clear what distinctions are made in this text.
845:
Above these are a series of lords who apparently had clients of their own—the primary factor in lordship—as well as more property and a higher honour price. According to
2120:
1127:, these individuals had status in between a commoner and a full lord. In the case of poets, a poet with skill qualifications but who did not have proper training was a
4794:
1936:
There are a number of places where it is clear that law was borrowed in one direction or another. Large sections on the Church have been translated wholesale from the
3353:
1977:
1071:). Finally, a few professions received only meagre ranks, as with the lowest poets, and the authors may be actively making fun of some of the professions, such as
1091:
This created an interesting in-between stage. A commoner who had the property qualifications but not the parentage to become a lord is variously referred to as a
1804:
could mean a financial loss that might not be repaid, the law tracts apparently see the position as dangerous, as one of three "dark things of the world." The
2704:
in 1172, which required single marriages to partners that were not closely related, and exempted clergy from paying their share of a family's eraic payments.
923:
contains the fee a client paid to a lord, according to rank from the lowest free man through the noble ranks, even though no noble would be another's client.
1542:
inheritance limits also went to the wider kin. The head of a kin group was entitled to extra property since he was liable for debts a kinsman could not pay.
5176:
Senchus Mor Part II. Law of Distress (completed) ; Laws of Hostage-Sureties, Fosterage, Saer-Stock Tenure, Daer-Stock Tenure, and of Social Connexions
2075:
There is no reason to think that the events described actually occurred although they do provide insight into how the Brehons thought about their own law.
1421:(bright-kin)—descendants of a common grandfather (including the grandfather's relationships to his descendants and his children). This is followed by the
4524:, vol. 1: 90.33 – 93.30; vol. 2: 520.1 – 536.27; vol. 3: 903.37 – 905.5; 411–1479; vol. 5: 1812.33 – 1821.27; vol. 6: 2045.37 – 2046.28, 2045.37 – 2046.28
2464:
In addition to the main text, a poem immediately follows in the manuscript, but there has been debate as to whether this is actually a part of the tract.
2326:
only survives as a fragment. These tracts give us most of our knowledge on the law regarding injury, while a few other tracts cover specific situations.
2276:. Hence they show the Brehons adapting to new legal challenges. In particular, this is one area where it is possible to see a legal analogy in action.
1269:
324:
was also supported, and regulated with complex codes. Later it was justified by reference to the Old Testament although church authorities opposed it.
1833:
had to pay his own ransom by paying his body price, which was expensive, and the debtor had to pay twice that fee plus the surety's honour price. The
5125:
401:
524:
Finally, the laws commented on how the king was to arrange his life and holdings and how many individuals should be in his retinue. In particular,
250:
In one area, scholars have found material that is clearly old. A number of legal terms have been shown to have originated in the period before the
2700:. Following the Norman invasion (from 1171), areas under Anglo-Norman control were subject to English law. One of the first changes came with the
5338:
4894:
Six Volumes: Vol. I: Introduction + pages 1–337; Vol. II: 339–744; Vol. III: 745–1138; Vol. IV: 1139–1531; Vol. V: 1532–1925; Vol. VI: 1926–2343.
4360:, (1990) number 19 and Kim McCone, "Dubthach maccu Lugair and a Matter of Life and Death in the Pseudohistorical Prologue to the Senchas Már" in
2029:
The text has been arranged into thirds; three was apparently an important number to the Irish. A number of laws were grouped into threes, called
318:
in compensation and could, if she wished, divorce him. The property of a household could not be disposed of without the consent of both spouses.
739:
the ranking of the lay grades was modeled after the ecclesiastical grades in that there should be seven grades, a number rarely met perfectly.
198:, excepting that any law that conflicted with church law was replaced. The story also tells how the law transitioned from the keeping of the
350:
tract on status was apparently devoted to succession, although little survives. Most early material on succession was collected by Domhnal
2592:. What exists are a few brief references in a number of texts, both legal and non-legal, which reference the laws in action. For instance
2737:, married in with the native Irish, and adopted Irish legal custom. By the 15th century, in the areas outside of the English controlled
1187:
A member of the property-owning classes could advance himself by becoming a "free client" of a more powerful lord, somewhat akin to the
1810:, like other sureties, were paid a fee when hired, which potentially made up for the risk they undertook. A person could not act as a
1524:. In a case where there are no sons, some of the law tracts allow the daughter to inherit a limited portion. Unless her husband was a
2832:
2320:. The first two deal with the practice of sick maintenance (see above) and the third deals with payments for injuries. Unfortunately
2016:
and commentary in later manuscripts. Moreover, one of the few examples of Old Irish glossing has been given to the various texts of
1761:
the contractor's property, imprison or even violently attack the contractor. Apparently, as with witnessing, someone could not be a
1613:
1047:
was based on his skill and whether he knew all three components of law (here: traditional law, poetry, and canon law), or fewer. A
441:
2201:
two who are mentally incompetent. The text then goes on to deal with common property as well as how it is divided upon divorce.
5388:
3308:
2719:
1268:
If it seemed that the patient would recover but still needed nursing, the injurer was responsible for that. This was known as
5029:
5002:
2458:
1680:(right or entitlement). These two terms occur frequently, though Irish law never strictly defines them. Similarly, the term
128:
of 1169, but underwent a resurgence from the 13th until the 17th century, over the majority of the island, and survived into
4798:
5892:
3361:
2000:
A number of the legal texts may be categorised together on account of related authorship. The largest such grouping is the
3216:
Indo-European and Indo-Europeans: Papers Presented at the Third Indo-European Conference at the University of Pennsylvania
1538:
kin group. There was apparently pressure for a woman with land to marry a relative to keep the land within the kin group.
1786:
had to pay the debt from his own property. He could then attempt to extract the money from the contract. Assumedly, the
1241:, "blood-lying of death." If the victim had recovered but his wound was still present, it was measured and a fine paid.
475:
To a certain degree, kings acted as agents of the law. While other kings in Europe were able to promulgate law, such as
5058:
4984:
4778:
3223:
129:
2752:
Nevertheless, the Brehon Laws could never be adopted on an official basis by the English-controlled government of the
2524:
1161:
5283:
5165:
Senchus Mor. Introduction to Senchus Mor, and Athgabail; or, Law of Distress, as contained in the Harleian Manuscript
4878:
2667:
2141:
which had been called "tenure" had led to the false impression that the early Irish had already evolved or developed
2064:
2045:
A few specific texts may be usefully mentioned here. The Pseudo-Historical Prologue was not an original part of the
1624:(scriptural testimony)). It has not yet been studied in detail how exactly these three innovative methods were used.
170:. The oldest surviving law tracts were first written down in the seventh century and compiled in the eighth century.
81:
4411:
3028:
2874:
in about 1619. It is probable that it was the last operative in Lewis by about 1595 or so. See the later history of
2649:
63:
5971:
3941:
2972:
2641:
2576:(the Five Paths of Judgment) was originally written during the earliest period but received a number of subsequent
2383:
These two texts, the "First Judgment of Privileged Ones" and the "Final Judgment of Privileged Ones" are the later
1727:) refers to a surety who is expected to enforce payment from the contractor. Apparently, in standard contracts two
1061:
could achieve, and the honour price apparently did not vary based on skill. Other professionals, such as makers of
1051:
who worked with wood could have similar honour prices but these were based on his craftsmanship. A physician and a
137:
133:
125:
121:
5310:
1618:, a type of legal verse jurists were trained to create to mark a statement made by someone who knows the law and
1504:, the Jute inheritance in Kent to which it seemed similar. Early Irish law typically did not distinguish between
1004:
In addition to the seven main ranks, variously named ranks below these seem to be names for unskilled poets, the
1520:
While a daughter with brothers did not normally receive a portion of the inheritance in land, she could inherit
5010:
4965:
4916:
3183:
2645:
1745:
might also refer to the "binding" of a contract. If the contractor whom he is appointed for defaults it is the
48:
2800:, two cornerstones of the Brehon Laws, to be specifically outlawed in 1600. The extension of English law into
1859:
A number of law tracts that originated from the church were written in Old Irish. The most famous of these is
1534:
and had no land of his own, the land did not descend to her sons but instead went to the other members of her
1041:
had three ranks, and the highest was given an honour price only halfway up the other scales. The ranking of a
5767:
3442:
2956:
2952:
2718:
within his empire, and started to centralise the administration of justice and abolish local customary laws.
1883:
5101:
5091:
3269:
3059:
726:
Although the various groups were theoretically on par with each other, the church apparently had supremacy.
226:, the laws were held to be conservative and useful primarily for reconstructing the laws and customs of the
5363:
2789:
2570:
deals with extracting fines from a killer and dividing a dead man's property. Additionally, the legal text
530:
gives a highly schematized and unrealistic account of how the king spends his week: Sunday is for drinking
366:). That mention is only incidental to a regulation on the compensation for bee stings when the legal tract
231:
2345:, scholars have detected a few other legal schools that produced texts. The next most fully formed is the
2947:, which was still under the rule of native kings. It came into being in the late 13th century, when King
1303:
the victim's duties while he was incapacitated. He also had to pay a fine for the missed opportunity for
1131:. According to Breatnach poets who were not allied with the church were given this rank for that reason.
1580:
mentions five bases on which a judge must base judgment, and at least three offer some room for change:
483:, Irish kings had very little authority to do so. They could collaborate on law authored by the church.
5666:
5503:
5499:
2697:
812:
is a recent offshoot of the latter, who had less property but was still a freeman. In addition are the
17:
5838:
5279:
2831:) of Uig in Lewis, and Sliochd a' Bhreitheimh, later Morrison) continued to hold office as hereditary
2715:
789:
normally had a low status, as status was based not only on property but also on familial connections.
5808:
4452:
2982:
2785:
2562:
While the majority of legal texts were written before the 9th century, a few were written later. The
1188:
1415:, based on a belief that there was a common male ancestor. The closest kin group that is defined is
5966:
5568:
2871:
2630:
2598:
mentions the case of a king who lost his throne because he was blinded by a bee. Additionally, the
2129:
917:
generally assumed such details rarely match exactly what someone of a given rank had. In addition,
105:, was later occupied by the MacEgan juristic family and served as a school of Irish law under them.
5873:
5833:
3939:
Baumgarten 1985. It should be mentioned that the translation of the last name is uncertain in the
5465:
5398:
5383:
3339:
2634:
2060:
1505:
1022:
Their honour prices are no more than a pittance, and their poetry is apparently painful to hear.
59:
4935:
Baumgarten, Rolf (1985). "The Kindred Metaphors in 'Bechbretha' and 'Coibnes Uisci Thairidne'".
4840:
4672:, where it is misleadingly termed the Crith Gablach, and the translation attributed to D.Binchy.
1252:
to a greater share of the fine—one half. Similarly, if the wound is one of "the seven principal
632:) although their position in Ireland has been shaped by local thinking. The grades are given in
612:
and as witnesses. Those of higher status could "over-swear" the oaths of those of lower status.
5789:
5661:
5495:
5408:
5348:
4669:
3080:
2828:
2824:
2606:
refers to the case of a man who killed another and the subsequent punishment he was to endure.
2177:
relate solely to what we now call chattels, and did not in any way affect what we now call the
2056:
1982:
and a few texts left out of that work made it into another book intended as a companion to the
590:
landholders, the latter of which also briefly covers the status of skilled individuals and of
554:, and Saturday is for judging (a different word from Monday, but the distinction is unclear).
5818:
5538:
5476:
5273:
2911:
2907:
2850:
2765:
2357:
school, named after two of the texts it produced. This school, which has been referred to as
1493:
354:
in the 16th century. Another seemingly important omission is that the laws never mention the
5858:
5543:
3175:
3168:
897:, who was supposed to be heir to the throne. He had higher property qualifications than the
5922:
5843:
5654:
5649:
5403:
5378:
5343:
5186:
Senchus Mor (conclusion), being the Corus Bescna, or Customary Law. and The Book of Aichill
4093:
3207:
2797:
2761:
2722:
was assigned large parts of Leinster in 1170 under the Brehon law by his new father-in-law
1497:
1487:
1319:
It is clear from the law tracts that the practice of Sick Maintenance was being discarded.
1172:(lord of violence). Such a person helped individuals to avenge deaths committed in another
773:
had no independent status or land of his own, but could at least leave as he might desire.
355:
328:
227:
3331:
939:(poets). Each poetic rank corresponds to a particular lay (and ecclesiastical) rank, from
8:
5681:
5563:
5486:
5418:
5373:
5303:
5263:
4227:
Breatnach, Liam (1984). "Canon law and secular law in early Ireland: the significance of
2948:
2928:
2922:
2906:(early 16th century). They are also the underlying principles seen in such Irish saga as
2805:
2757:
2753:
2711:
2707:
2161:
to warrant this theory of social Darwinism, and believe further study will show that the
657:
55:
5533:
5214:
5204:
5917:
5828:
5578:
5080:
4479:
4442:
4434:
3148:
3104:
2013:
1862:
1152:
was potentially ruinous, and this outcome is portrayed in a number of tales such as in
547:
486:
302:
3495:, p. 207 quoting and translating Binchy 1978, p. 45, line 3, and p. 1421, line 30
1933:. The latter also suggests more substantive borrowing from Brehon Law into canon law.
234:. For instance, historians have seen similarities between Irish and Indian customs of
117:
5888:
5528:
5491:
5054:
5025:
5006:
4980:
4961:
4912:
4874:
4774:
4446:
4248:
3300:
3219:
3179:
3152:
2960:
2723:
2269:
2150:
1227:" goes into considerable detail in describing the fines based on the location of the
5194:
5184:
5163:
4647:
Binchy 1979. The only reliable translation of the text is Mac Neill 1923 pp. 265–316
3085:
5868:
5813:
5608:
5368:
4944:
4426:
4240:
3140:
3135:
2134:
1521:
1048:
476:
251:
210:
5433:
3030:
Ancient Laws of Ireland: Din tectugad and Certain Other Selected Brehon Law Tracts
755:. The laws discuss slaves, both male and female, and the term for a female slave,
5903:
5863:
5671:
5624:
5587:
5507:
5459:
5358:
5174:
4766:
2936:
2836:
2727:
2701:
2681:
2362:
2310:
1888:(Irish Collection of Canons), than with Vernacular Church law. Brehon law allows
1569:
Ireland had no regular central authority capable of making new law and hence the
1224:
1084:
generation became a lord. On the other hand, the son or grandson of a lord, or a
363:
5734:
373:
5945:
5823:
5705:
5614:
5553:
5518:
5471:
5423:
5413:
5333:
5296:
3211:
3203:
2959:. Since the two areas were often intermingled in the border regions, as in the
2944:
2891:
2887:
2816:
2734:
2685:
2487:
2415:
2178:
1513:
1248:
blemish was a problem for the victim's honour, further payments were required.
1214:
716:
635:
581:
259:
98:
5753:
5738:
5156:, on behalf of the Brehon Law Commission, edited by W.N. Hancock, T. O'Mahony
4902:. Early Irish law. Vol. 1. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
1639:
that "no-one is obliged to give something to another for nothing" and that in
5960:
5927:
5907:
5784:
5693:
5619:
5481:
5269:
5068:
4252:
3423:
2927:
March law was a set of laws and customs obtaining in the border areas of the
2895:
2875:
2820:
2477:
2052:
1893:
1597:
235:
209:
offshoot from the poetic class that had preserved the laws. According to the
5721:
2943:, which was the portion of Ireland ruled directly by the English crown, and
1055:, among other ranks, had an even lower honour price—less than half what the
458:
5911:
5853:
5601:
5548:
5245:
4994:
4080:
D.A. Binchy, "Linguistic and Historical Value of the Irish Law Tracts", in
3199:
3130:
3083:(1994). "An Edition of the Pseudo-historical Prologue to the Senchas Már".
2756:, although some modernised concepts have been readopted in the laws of the
2691:
2563:
2550:
2529:
2154:
2034:
1257:
752:
720:
629:
625:
551:
359:
351:
223:
161:
148:
5761:
5730:
5697:
5353:
4820:
836:("land man"). Either of the last, according to Binchy, may be the "normal
492:
compared to that of professional jurists has been debated. One law tract,
5711:
5701:
5641:
5513:
5235:
5111:
Power, Patrick C. (1976). "Sex and Marriage in Ancient Ireland", Mercier.
5071:(17 December 1923). "Ancient Irish Law: the law of status or franchise".
4948:
4866:
4773:. Translated by Sharpe, Richard. National Geographic Books. p. 189.
3202:(1971). "Celtic Suretyship, a Fossilized Indo-European Institution?". In
3144:
2932:
2142:
1971:
1967:
1665:
1607:
1587:
1525:
1397:
1304:
1253:
621:
315:
189:
144:
5084:
4637:
The Road to Judgment: From Custom to Court in Medieval Ireland and Wales
4244:
3468:
3399:
The Fragility of Her Sex: Medieval Irish Women in their European Context
2279:
767:(hereditary serf) was bound to work the land of his master, whereas the
5393:
5128:(2007). "The poetic Brehon lawyers of early sixteenth-century Ireland"
4911:. Early Irish Law. Vol. 4. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
4438:
2903:
2778:
2770:
2730:
could claim a continuous title that just predated the Lordship itself.
2158:
2063:, who then gave judgment on a particular case regarding the killing of
1633:
topics. Some do seem to represent a legal theory, such as the maxim in
1052:
677:
620:
In part, the seven ecclesiastical grades originate outside Ireland (as
587:
120:
meaning judge), comprised the statutes which governed everyday life in
1868:
1441:(end-kin), all of which contain the old Irish word for kin or family,
383:. Three levels of kings are referred to in the status tracts, such as
5848:
5757:
5689:
5594:
5428:
2977:
2812:
2577:
2273:
2138:
2088:
1896:) and divorce, among other actions that canon law expressly forbids.
1758:
1501:
1435:(after-kin)—descendants of a common great-great-grandfather, and the
480:
255:
5523:
4430:
2745:, and some notable areas of joint tradition in northern and eastern
2619:
801:
66:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
5039:
4747:
4279:
2940:
2881:
2793:
2774:
2738:
2589:
1889:
1872:
for instance, it uses capital punishment, which Brehon law avoids.
1424:
667:
537:
507:
cases, and in some cases, the professional jurists took that role.
341:
321:
153:
5715:
5558:
2368:
1349:
1166:. A commoner might also ascend to the status of a lord if he is a
409:
4847:, 2nd ed. (Oxford University Press, 2002 ), retrieved 2016-03-28.
2746:
2603:
2023:
1412:
1361:
1065:
or engravers, had still lower honour prices (less than that of a
1062:
719:
there were normally five or six grades (sometimes more), and the
455:(the ultimate king of every individual) who is known also as the
310:
293:
102:
94:
2361:, apparently was located in Munster, based on references to the
5744:
5726:
2899:
2801:
2742:
2680:
The first attempt to encroach on Brehon law in Ireland came in
2384:
1930:
1880:
More contradictions exist with Latin Canon Law, such as in the
1847:
1703:
1570:
1535:
1409:
1371:
1334:
1032:
931:
Paralleling the status of the lay grades are the grades of the
687:
647:
609:
604:
591:
501:
240:
179:
4330:
Neil McLeod "A True Companion to the Corpus Iuris Hibernici",
178:
Early Irish law consisted of the accumulated decisions of the
5898:
5749:
5449:
5319:
5116:
Gaelic military history and the later Brehon law commentaries
4650:
4605:
4196:
4053:
2811:
Elements of Brehon law operated in dwindling remnants in the
2599:
1867:, which was apparently created in 697 under the influence of
1340:
1228:
990:
748:
543:
4367:
3640:
2963:, the applicability and content of march law varied widely.
1842:
466:
449:
426:
417:
392:
5206:
Uraicecht Becc and Certain other selected Brehon Law Tracts
5040:"From Brouhahas to Brehon Laws: Poetic Impulse in the Law"
4264:
4262:
3443:"Polygyny and Multiple Marriages in Later Medieval Ireland"
3237:
3235:
2870:
The last Morrison to exercise the office was put down with
2513:
2507:
1389:
1128:
1085:
1072:
934:
380:
199:
188:. According to that text, after a difficult case involving
5196:
Din Techtugao and Certain other selected Brehon Law Tracts
3615:
3555:
3342:
from the original on 22 December 2021 – via YouTube.
2726:
that were then regranted by Henry. Landowners such as the
1951:
1337:
and women likely to cause trouble for those nursing them.
4711:
4593:
4569:
4539:
3170:
Erin's blood royal: the Gaelic noble dynasties of Ireland
1429:(certain-kin)—descendants of a common great-grandfather,
531:
398:, (the king of peaks) who is identified elsewhere as the
5288:
4312:
4300:
4259:
4184:
4172:
4148:
4102:
3996:
3921:
3839:
3742:
3232:
2387:
names of two texts are written primarily in the obscure
376:, who was deposed on account of being blinded by a bee.
4977:
Uraicecht na RĂar: the poetic grades in early Irish law
4890:
Corpus iuris Hibernici: ad fidem codicum manuscriptorum
3869:
3867:
3829:
3827:
3730:
3593:
3591:
3252:
3250:
2253:
603:
Much depended on status, and each rank was assigned an
4687:
4490:
3984:
3960:
3790:
3709:
3676:
3567:
3543:
3524:
3522:
2528:
Ruins of the O'Davoren law school at Cahermacnaghten,
2314:
are three contiguous tracts in the final third of the
4898:
Charles-Edwards, Thomas; Kelly, Fergus, eds. (1983).
4735:
4723:
4699:
4617:
4581:
2890:
series of historical (7th century AD) crime books by
2172:
2164:
2012:
tracts have been subjected to the greatest amount of
1798:
was unable to make the debtor pay. Since acting as a
4897:
4753:
4527:
4379:
4160:
4114:
4098:
Dark Speech: the Performance of Law in Early Ireland
3909:
3888:
3864:
3824:
3688:
3588:
3280:
3247:
4391:
3972:
3948:
3766:
3754:
3664:
3652:
3519:
3507:
3404:
3042:
3040:
2100:
1453:is, by far, the kin-group most commonly mentioned.
4502:
4297:Charles-Edwards and Kelly 1983, pp. 27 and forward
3633:Binchy 1979 line 604–606. Partially translated by
3167:
1472:particularly heinous crime in early Irish law was
1408:Early Irish law recognised a number of degrees of
160:The secular legal texts of Ireland were edited by
5226:Thurneysen, Rudolf; Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (eds.),
5073:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section C
4900:Bechbretha: an Old Irish law-tract on bee-keeping
4134:The Concept of Law in Ancient Irish Jurisprudence
1715:Three types of sureties appear in Irish law. The
5958:
4222:
4220:
3037:
2882:Fictional references and Ulster cycle of legends
2588:Early Irish Law is almost completely lacking in
1767:to a contract worth more than his honour-price.
1456:The leader of the kin group was known either as
534:, Monday is for judging, Tuesday is for playing
5339:Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups
5225:
5144:
4765:
2137:, was commenting on how a system for borrowing
1917:also borrows terms found in Brehon law such as
1658:Early Irish law mentions in a number of places
423:(the king of bands) who is identified with the
3119:– via CELT (Corpus of Electronic Texts).
1564:
1512:The division of land is somewhat obscure. One
222:For some time, especially through the work of
5304:
4566:Charles-Edwards and Kelly 1983, p. 32 forward
4217:
2749:, Brehon law became the de facto legal writ.
2609:
2532:, which was occupied in the later Middle Ages
2055:is supposed to have blessed the mouth of the
2040:
594:. Other texts describe other groups, such as
254:split up, because they are preserved both in
4834:
4419:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
3301:"Women in the Brehon Law – An Seanchas Beag"
2339:In addition to the school that produced the
2237:At the beginning of the second third of the
2130:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
1231:, the severity, and in some cases the type.
4520:The text can be found in D.A. Binchy, ed.,
4462:
4460:
3360:. Courts Service of Ireland. Archived from
3075:
3073:
3011:
3003:
2951:drained resources from Ireland to fund his
2840:
2689:
2648:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2593:
2571:
2505:
2495:
2468:
2449:
2433:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2388:
2375:
2369:
2352:
2346:
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2321:
2315:
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2220:
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2192:
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2107:
2101:
2092:
2079:
2078:
2046:
2017:
2007:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1975:
1943:
1937:
1924:
1918:
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1681:
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1529:
1473:
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1442:
1436:
1430:
1422:
1416:
1376:
1365:
1355:
1347:
1327:
1320:
1310:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1260:the physician also received a greater fee.
1242:
1236:
1218:
1173:
1167:
1159:
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1141:
1135:
1122:
1116:
1110:
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946:
940:
932:
918:
904:
898:
892:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
852:
846:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
799:
793:
792:There are two main ranks of commoners, the
784:
778:
768:
762:
756:
734:
727:
710:
703:
697:
691:
681:
671:
661:
651:
641:
633:
595:
579:
573:
563:
535:
525:
516:
499:
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464:
456:
447:
439:
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424:
415:
407:
399:
390:
384:
367:
345:
300:
273:
267:
214:
203:
193:
183:
165:
5311:
5297:
5153:The Ancient Laws and Institutes of Ireland
4934:
4480:"Keltische talen en cultuur – Students UU"
4059:
2985:(15th century), Professor of Jurisprudence
2863:Dan Iain Ghobha: The poems of John Morison
1892:(albeit while citing the authority of the
1839:could enforce the debt to him by himself.
1341:Murder and avoidance of capital punishment
101:, County Tipperary, although built by the
4979:. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
4974:
4958:A Companion to the Corpus Iuris Hibernici
4955:
4717:
4693:
4656:
4611:
4575:
4557:Charles-Edwards and Kelly 1983, pp. 27–28
4545:
4496:
4373:
4318:
4285:
4226:
3748:
3736:
3621:
3268:
3159:
3058:
2886:The Brehon laws play a large role in the
2668:Learn how and when to remove this message
2540:
2400:, who are a bishop, a poet, and a judge.
1843:Relationship to the church and church law
1739:) were appointed by each party. The word
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
5067:
4457:
3597:
3329:
3070:
2523:
2022:. These glosses were apparently made in
1854:
1256:," or if it causes constant vomiting or
824:of quality who had an honour-price of 5
615:
600:, which focuses on the status of poets.
230:just as linguists had reconstructed the
93:
5172:
4843:, "March Law", in S. J. Connolly, ed.,
4412:"The History of Landholding in Ireland"
3440:
3298:
3133:(1975). "Irish History and Irish Law".
3026:
2804:became possible and led in part to the
2788:in the mid-16th century, ending in the
2554:help in understanding the oldest laws.
1952:Relationship of jurists with the church
1207:
806:("cow lord"), though Binchy thinks the
751:as opposed to other societies, such as
14:
5959:
5389:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652
4887:
4865:
4466:
4409:
3198:
3129:
1360:, that is either a "body fine" or a "
586:are two of the main texts focusing on
314:was entitled to the equivalent of her
124:. They were partially eclipsed by the
27:Legal system of early medieval Ireland
5292:
5048:
5019:
4993:
4906:
4845:The Oxford Companion to Irish History
4821:"Cora Harrison, The Burren Mysteries"
4741:
4729:
4705:
4623:
4599:
4587:
4533:
4508:
4397:
4385:
4306:
4202:
4190:
4178:
4166:
4154:
4120:
4108:
4002:
3990:
3978:
3966:
3954:
3927:
3915:
3894:
3873:
3845:
3833:
3796:
3772:
3760:
3715:
3694:
3682:
3670:
3658:
3646:
3634:
3609:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3528:
3513:
3492:
3466:
3410:
3286:
3256:
3241:
3165:
3079:
3046:
2865:, cit. – Arch. Scot., Vol. V., p. 366
2557:
2459:Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
2125:The History of Landholding in Ireland
1780:. Should the contractor default, the
1757:had a wide range of powers. He might
1545:
1213:injurer was responsible for paying a
562:According to the introduction to the
446:(overking), who in turn is below the
286:
5640:
5001:. Early Irish Law Series 3. Dublin:
3218:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2646:adding citations to reliable sources
2613:
2494:
2116:goods and services the client gave.
723:typically had eight or nine grades.
31:
5680:
5230:, Corpus of Electronic Texts (CELT)
5022:Early Irish Kingship and Succession
4795:"Brehon Law, Court Service Ireland"
4403:
4354:The two laws in Dubthach's judgment
3311:from the original on 16 August 2018
1263:
1078:
851:, each grade of lord increase by 5
247:leaves important scope for debate.
24:
5139:, 5th ed, Bloomsbury Professional.
3383:Duffy, Sean (ed.). "Brehon Laws".
2815:in the west of Ireland and in the
2432:
1689:
1198:
281:
25:
5983:
5284:Library of Trinity College Dublin
5264:The Brehon Laws: A Legal Handbook
5257:
5053:. Roundhall Sweet & Maxwell.
4358:Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies
3385:Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia
3382:
2568:The Distribution of CrĂł and Dibad
2403:
5941:
5940:
4813:
4787:
4759:
4754:Charles-Edwards & Kelly 1983
4675:
4662:
4641:
4629:
4560:
4551:
4514:
4472:
4343:Senchus Mor, Rolls ed. pp. 5–16.
3942:Dictionary of the Irish Language
3299:Unknown, Eoin (27 August 2017).
3274:Early Medieval Ireland, 400–1200
3064:Early Medieval Ireland, 400–1200
2973:Category:Customary legal systems
2773:, but these also amounted to an
2618:
2549:The 16th-century jurist Domnall
2467:
2448:
2365:and two monasteries in Munster.
2204:
1942:into a section of the Law tract
926:
891:After the normal lords were the
888:("lord of superior testimony").
882:("lord of precedence"), and the
830:). The highest commoner was the
36:
5106:Early Medieval Ireland 400–1200
5096:Early Medieval Ireland 400–1200
4346:
4337:
4324:
4291:
4208:
4139:
4126:
4087:
4074:
4065:
4044:
4035:
4026:
4017:
4008:
3933:
3900:
3879:
3851:
3811:
3802:
3778:
3721:
3706:Binchy 1979, pp. 76–77, 101–102
3700:
3627:
3579:
3534:
3504:Jaski 2013, Appendices 1 and 2.
3498:
3486:
3460:
3434:
3416:
3391:
3376:
3346:
3323:
3292:
3262:
2827:(earlier, Clann mhic Amhlaigh (
2823:. On Lewis, the chiefs of the
2191:
2033:—a practice also common in the
1559:
1506:"legitimate" and "illegitimate"
1025:
3192:
3123:
3097:
3052:
3020:
2995:
2935:. These regions were ruled by
2519:
2423:
2329:
2133:. Fisher, who coined the term
1991:
1960:
1776:is generally referred to as a
1653:
1481:
1195:several lords simultaneously.
13:
1:
4272:, "The Laws of the Irish" in
4136:, in "Irish Jurist" 17 (1982)
3330:Flannery, Pat (4 June 2007).
2989:
2181:, the possession of the land.
1939:Collectio Canonum Hibernensis
1914:Collectio Canonum Hibernensis
1884:Collectio canonum Hibernensis
1698:
1182:
1103:(a man of withdrawal), or an
742:
5145:Transcripts and translations
4084:, (Aberystwyth, 1971) p. 93.
3001:Historically referred to as
2916:
2301:Sections on Sick-Maintenance
2157:. I can find nothing in the
2087:Literally the four paths of
1875:
1650:to be from time immemorial.
542:, Wednesday is for watching
232:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
4888:Binchy, D. A., ed. (1978).
4668:This poem is translated at
3585:Binchy 1979 pp. 21, 37, 105
3469:"Marriage in Early Ireland"
2966:
2583:
2484:On the Binding of Contracts
2127:which was published in the
1565:Changes in the legal system
334:
62:the claims made and adding
10:
5988:
4999:A Guide to Early Irish Law
4853:
3473:Corpus of Electronic Texts
3017:(English: Law of Freemen).
3009:(English: Freeman-ism) or
2920:
2764:in 1367 and the policy of
2698:Norman Invasion of Ireland
2610:Decline of the Brehon laws
2475:
2228:
2041:Pseudo-historical Prologue
1485:
1462:(pillar of the family) or
1403:
1189:Roman system of clientship
173:
5936:
5881:
5800:
5633:
5577:
5442:
5326:
5318:
5266:by Laurence Ginnell, 1894
5135:Wylie, John C.W. (2013).
5020:Jaski, Bart (June 2013).
4453:Oxford English Dictionary
3447:Women's Museum of Ireland
3397:C. E. Meek and K. Simms,
3111:. University College Cork
3033:. H.M. Stationery Office.
2902:(investigating judge) of
2786:Tudor conquest of Ireland
2760:. The imposition of the
2305:Judgments of Blood-Lyings
1627:
557:
116:(from the old Irish word
5569:Gaelic Christian mission
5114:Katherine Simms (2004).
4975:Breatnach, Liam (1987).
4956:Breatnach, Liam (2005).
4683:Early Irish Contract Law
4205:, pp. 234–235, 281.
2872:Letter of Fire and Sword
2213:The vaguely named tract
2094:Cethairslicht Athgabálae
2081:Cethairslicht Athgabálae
1492:Early Ireland practised
1364:", and the other is the
798:(lit. "young lord") and
624:, later subdivided into
463:(king of overkings) and
5972:Customary legal systems
5839:Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh
5399:Jacobite rising of 1745
5216:Glossary to Volumes I–V
5038:Kleefeld, John (2010).
4410:Fisher, Joseph (1877).
4071:Kelly 1997, pp. 399–400
3885:Binchy 1979, pp. 91–92.
3649:, pp. 95, 112–113.
2853:into the 17th century.
2696:, which sanctioned the
2061:Dubhthach moccu Lughair
1155:Togail Bruidne Da Derga
1097:, (a commoner lord), a
219:was written in AD 438.
5049:Lyall, Andrew (2000).
4907:Kelly, Fergus (1997).
4635:Robin Chapman Stacey,
4522:Corpus Iuris Hibernici
4041:Kelly 1997 pp. 413–414
3808:Binchy 1979, pp. 70–72
3467:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh.
3012:
3004:
2868:
2841:
2690:
2688:issued the papal bull
2684:when the English pope
2594:
2572:
2541:Glosses and commentary
2533:
2506:
2496:
2469:
2450:
2434:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2389:
2377:Bretha Nemed DĂ©idenach
2376:
2370:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2331:
2322:
2316:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2261:
2255:
2246:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2215:
2206:
2193:
2189:
2171:
2163:
2108:
2102:
2093:
2080:
2057:Chief Ollam of Ireland
2047:
2018:
2008:
2002:
1993:
1985:Corpus Iuris Hibernici
1984:
1978:Corpus Iuris Hibernici
1976:
1944:
1938:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1882:
1861:
1835:
1829:
1822:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1772:
1763:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1721:(and in earlier texts
1717:
1708:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1660:
1641:
1635:
1620:
1612:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1576:
1552:
1530:
1474:
1464:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1423:
1417:
1377:
1366:
1356:
1348:
1328:
1321:
1311:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1272:, rendering variously
1243:
1237:
1219:
1174:
1168:
1162:Scela Mucce Meic Datho
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1067:
1057:
1043:
1037:
1018:
1012:
1006:
997:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
933:
919:
905:
899:
893:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
853:
847:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
800:
794:
785:
779:
769:
763:
757:
735:
728:
711:
704:
698:
692:
682:
672:
662:
652:
642:
634:
596:
580:
574:
564:
546:hunt, Thursday is for
536:
526:
517:
500:
494:
485:
472:(king of a province).
465:
457:
448:
440:
434:
425:
416:
408:
400:
391:
385:
368:
346:
301:
274:
268:
215:
204:
194:
184:
167:Corpus Iuris Hibernici
166:
138:early Christian period
122:Early Medieval Ireland
106:
5874:An Coimisinéir Teanga
5834:An Comunn GĂ idhealach
5539:Oireachtas na Gaeilge
5280:Brehon Law Manucripts
5274:Catholic Encyclopedia
5024:. Four Courts Press.
3564:, pp. 23–25, 52.
3208:Hoenigswald, Henry M.
3174:. Constable. p.
3166:Ellis, Peter (1999).
2855:
2851:MacLeod clan of Lewis
2766:Surrender and regrant
2527:
2443:Shearing of the Court
2262:Coibes Uisci Thairdne
2147:
1970:have been printed in
1855:Vernacular church law
1610:) (the other two are
1494:partitive inheritance
870:("lord of vassals"),
616:Ecclesiastical grades
510:One subject the laws
372:relates the story of
97:
5923:Kingdom of the Isles
5844:Seachtain na Gaeilge
5809:Údarás na Gaeltachta
5564:Insular Christianity
5379:Plantation of Ulster
5344:High King of Ireland
4949:10.1484/J.Peri.3.112
4841:GearĂłid Mac Niocaill
4268:Donnchadh Ó Corráin
4094:Robin Chapman Stacey
3540:Binchy 1979, 104–105
3441:O'Meara, Katherine.
3332:"Brehon Laws part 2"
3145:10.3828/sh.1975.15.1
3109:The Annals of Ulster
2983:William Ó Deorádhain
2792:(1594–1603), caused
2762:Statutes of Kilkenny
2642:improve this section
2371:Bretha Nemed ToĂsech
1488:Gavelkind in Ireland
1296:in different texts.
1208:Payment for wounding
414:), who is below the
356:High King of Ireland
228:Proto-Indo-Europeans
130:Early Modern Ireland
5419:Highland Clearances
5374:Flight of the Earls
5219:, vol. 6, 1901
5209:, vol. 5, 1901
5199:, vol. 4, 1879
5189:, vol. 3, 1873
5168:, vol. 1, 1865
5051:Land Law in Ireland
4909:Early Irish farming
4771:Life of St. Columba
4659:, pp. 242–243.
4614:, pp. 316–317.
4602:, pp. 268–269.
4451:, as quoted in the
4376:, pp. 286–287.
4309:, pp. 242–243.
4245:10.1484/J.Peri.3.78
4193:, pp. 172–173.
4181:, pp. 168–171.
4157:, pp. 171–172.
4111:, pp. 196–197.
4050:Jaski 2013, 119–120
4032:Kelly 1997, 416–417
4023:Kelly 1997, 412–413
4005:, pp. 102–105.
3930:, pp. 125–127.
3848:, pp. 129–130.
3727:Binchy 1979, p. xix
3244:, pp. 231–232.
2949:Edward I of England
2929:Lordship of Ireland
2923:March law (Ireland)
2849:) or judges of the
2806:Flight of the Earls
2758:Republic of Ireland
2754:Lordship of Ireland
2712:Lordship of Ireland
2123:'s 1877 article on
951:these are given as
344:. A section of the
5918:Kingdom of Munster
5859:Comunn na GĂ idhlig
5829:Conradh na Gaeilge
5466:Lebor Gabála Érenn
5120:Unity in diversity
5042:Law and Humanities
4469:, pp. 249–250
4145:Binchy 1979, p. 70
4062:, p. 312–313.
3906:Binchy 1979 p. 93.
3859:Bretha Déin Chécht
3819:Uraiccecht na RĂar
3786:Uraiccecht na RĂar
2894:, and in those of
2710:, who created the
2573:CĂłic Conara Fugill
2558:Later legal tracts
2534:
2294:Bretha Déin Chécht
1577:CĂłic Conara Fugill
1546:Land rights of kin
1498:the Irish practice
1244:Bretha Déin Chécht
1223:"The Judgments of
1220:Bretha Déin Chécht
1106:aire iter da airig
864:it is as follows:
705:Bretha Déin Chécht
702:(bishop) although
495:Gubretha Caratniad
287:Women and marriage
164:in his six-volume
107:
47:possibly contains
5954:
5953:
5889:Haplogroup R-M269
5780:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5529:Gaelic folk music
5492:Gaelic literature
5031:978-1-84682-426-5
4288:, Appendices 2–7.
4214:Binchy 1978, p ix
4082:Celtic Law Papers
3993:, pp. 80–81.
3969:, pp. 13–14.
3799:, pp. 36–37.
3718:, pp. 18–19.
3685:, pp. 81–82.
3624:, pp. 85–86.
3576:, pp. 25–26.
3552:, pp. 21–22.
3270:Ă“ CrĂłinĂn, DáibhĂ
3060:Ă“ CrĂłinĂn, DáibhĂ
2961:Wicklow Mountains
2953:conquest of Wales
2819:, notable on the
2724:Dermot McMurrough
2678:
2677:
2670:
2497:Uraicecht na RĂar
2482:A two-part text,
2244:elsewhere in the
1792:only paid if the
1217:. The legal text
948:Uraicecht na RĂar
597:Uraicecht na RĂar
92:
91:
84:
49:original research
16:(Redirected from
5979:
5944:
5943:
5882:Related subjects
5869:Clans of Ireland
5819:Bòrd na Gà idhlig
5814:Foras na Gaeilge
5678:
5677:
5662:Medical families
5638:
5637:
5609:Classical Gaelic
5534:Sean-nĂłs singing
5477:Gaelic astrology
5460:Gaelic mythology
5369:Statutes of Iona
5313:
5306:
5299:
5290:
5289:
5250:
5241:
5231:
5220:
5210:
5200:
5190:
5180:
5173:Ireland (1869),
5169:
5155:
5102:DáibhĂ Ă“ CrĂłinĂn
5092:DáibhĂ Ă“ CrĂłinĂn
5088:
5064:
5035:
5016:
4990:
4971:
4952:
4922:
4903:
4893:
4884:
4848:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4801:on 10 April 2018
4797:. Archived from
4791:
4785:
4784:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4670:ancienttexts.org
4666:
4660:
4654:
4648:
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4633:
4627:
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4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
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4567:
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4537:
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4506:
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4494:
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4476:
4470:
4464:
4455:
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4416:
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4395:
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4371:
4365:
4350:
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4341:
4335:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4266:
4257:
4256:
4224:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4137:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4091:
4085:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3862:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3822:
3817:Liam Breatnach,
3815:
3809:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3784:Liam Breatnach,
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3586:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3305:seanchasbeag.com
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3245:
3239:
3230:
3229:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3173:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3136:Studia Hibernica
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3035:
3034:
3027:Ireland (1879).
3024:
3018:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2957:wars in Scotland
2912:Táin Bó Cuailnge
2908:Táin Bó Flidhais
2866:
2844:
2695:
2673:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2622:
2614:
2597:
2575:
2511:
2499:
2472:
2453:
2437:
2419:
2408:
2399:
2394:three brothers,
2392:
2379:
2373:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2334:
2325:
2319:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2264:
2258:
2249:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2218:
2209:
2196:
2187:
2176:
2168:
2135:social Darwinism
2111:
2105:
2096:
2083:
2050:
2021:
2011:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1947:
1941:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1887:
1866:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1775:
1766:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1711:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1663:
1644:
1638:
1623:
1617:
1605:
1595:
1585:
1579:
1555:
1533:
1522:movable property
1477:
1467:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1420:
1380:
1369:
1359:
1353:
1331:
1324:
1314:
1307:if appropriate.
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1270:sick maintenance
1264:Sick maintenance
1246:
1240:
1222:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1126:
1121:). According to
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1079:Change in status
1070:
1060:
1046:
1040:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1000:
994:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
922:
908:
902:
896:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
856:
850:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
797:
788:
782:
772:
766:
760:
738:
731:
714:
707:
701:
695:
685:
675:
665:
655:
645:
639:
599:
585:
577:
567:
550:, Friday is for
541:
529:
520:
505:
497:
490:
477:Alfred the Great
471:
462:
454:
452:bunaid cach cinn
445:
437:
431:
422:
413:
405:
397:
388:
371:
349:
329:Western Catholic
306:
277:
271:
252:Celtic languages
218:
211:Annals of Ulster
207:
197:
187:
169:
143:The laws were a
87:
80:
76:
73:
67:
64:inline citations
40:
39:
32:
21:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5967:Early Irish law
5957:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5932:
5877:
5864:Columba Project
5802:
5796:
5772:
5676:
5629:
5625:Scottish Gaelic
5588:Primitive Irish
5573:
5504:Scottish Gaelic
5438:
5364:Nine Years' War
5327:General history
5322:
5317:
5270:The Brehon Laws
5260:
5255:
5244:
5234:
5213:
5203:
5193:
5183:
5162:
5151:
5147:
5142:
5126:Katherine Simms
5061:
5032:
5013:
4987:
4968:
4919:
4881:
4869:, ed. (1979) .
4856:
4851:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4802:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4781:
4767:Adomnan of Iona
4764:
4760:
4752:
4748:
4740:
4736:
4728:
4724:
4716:
4712:
4704:
4700:
4692:
4688:
4680:
4676:
4667:
4663:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4634:
4630:
4622:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4598:
4594:
4586:
4582:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4519:
4515:
4507:
4503:
4495:
4491:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4458:
4431:10.2307/3677953
4414:
4408:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4372:
4368:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4329:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4284:
4280:
4267:
4260:
4225:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4201:
4197:
4189:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4165:
4161:
4153:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4131:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4107:
4103:
4092:
4088:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4060:Baumgarten 1985
4058:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4014:Jaski 2013, 115
4013:
4009:
4001:
3997:
3989:
3985:
3977:
3973:
3965:
3961:
3953:
3949:
3938:
3934:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3872:
3865:
3856:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3832:
3825:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:, pp. 5–6.
3693:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3560:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3439:
3435:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3396:
3392:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3365:
3364:on 14 July 2015
3352:
3351:
3347:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3267:
3263:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3212:Senn, Alfred E.
3204:Cardona, George
3197:
3193:
3186:
3164:
3160:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3078:
3071:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3038:
3025:
3021:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2969:
2925:
2919:
2884:
2867:
2861:
2790:Nine Years' War
2728:Earl of Kildare
2702:Synod of Cashel
2674:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2639:
2623:
2612:
2586:
2560:
2543:
2522:
2501:
2480:
2474:
2455:
2439:
2435:Berrad Airechta
2426:
2410:
2381:
2363:King of Munster
2337:
2298:
2266:
2235:
2211:
2198:
2188:
2185:
2113:
2085:
2043:
1998:
1963:
1954:
1923:from Old Irish
1878:
1857:
1845:
1701:
1692:
1690:Legal procedure
1656:
1630:
1567:
1562:
1548:
1500:they called it
1490:
1484:
1406:
1343:
1281:folog n-othrusa
1266:
1210:
1201:
1199:Physical injury
1185:
1081:
1028:
929:
876:("high lord"),
745:
618:
560:
364:Irish mythology
337:
289:
284:
282:Substantive law
176:
136:throughout the
126:Norman invasion
110:Early Irish law
88:
77:
71:
68:
53:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5985:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5901:
5896:
5893:human genetics
5885:
5883:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5824:Culture Vannin
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5747:
5742:
5724:
5719:
5709:
5686:
5684:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5650:Royal families
5646:
5644:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5583:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5554:Highland games
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5519:Insular script
5516:
5511:
5489:
5484:
5482:Gaelic kinship
5479:
5474:
5472:Gaelic warfare
5469:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5443:Gaelic culture
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5424:Gaelic Revival
5421:
5416:
5414:Irish diaspora
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5384:1641 Rebellion
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5349:Irish kingdoms
5346:
5341:
5336:
5334:Gaelic Ireland
5330:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5316:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5277:
5267:
5259:
5258:External links
5256:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5242:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5211:
5201:
5191:
5181:
5170:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5137:Irish Land Law
5133:
5123:
5112:
5109:
5099:
5089:
5069:MacNeill, Eoin
5065:
5060:978-1858001999
5059:
5046:
5036:
5030:
5017:
5011:
4991:
4986:978-0901282897
4985:
4972:
4966:
4953:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4917:
4904:
4895:
4885:
4879:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4833:
4812:
4786:
4780:978-0140444629
4779:
4758:
4746:
4744:, p. 280.
4734:
4732:, p. 279.
4722:
4720:, p. 100.
4718:Breatnach 2005
4710:
4708:, p. 251.
4698:
4694:Breatnach 1987
4686:
4674:
4661:
4657:Breatnach 2005
4649:
4640:
4628:
4626:, p. 278.
4616:
4612:Breatnach 2005
4604:
4592:
4590:, p. 246.
4580:
4578:, p. 303.
4576:Breatnach 2005
4568:
4559:
4550:
4548:, p. 291.
4546:Breatnach 2005
4538:
4526:
4513:
4501:
4497:Breatnach 2005
4489:
4486:. 6 July 2023.
4484:students.uu.nl
4471:
4456:
4402:
4390:
4388:, p. 178.
4378:
4374:Breatnach 2005
4366:
4345:
4336:
4323:
4321:, p. 344.
4319:Breatnach 2005
4311:
4299:
4290:
4286:Breatnach 2005
4278:
4258:
4216:
4207:
4195:
4183:
4171:
4169:, p. 169.
4159:
4147:
4138:
4125:
4123:, p. 236.
4113:
4101:
4086:
4073:
4064:
4052:
4043:
4034:
4025:
4016:
4007:
3995:
3983:
3971:
3959:
3947:
3932:
3920:
3918:, p. 133.
3908:
3899:
3897:, p. 130.
3887:
3878:
3876:, p. 132.
3863:
3850:
3838:
3836:, p. 131.
3823:
3810:
3801:
3789:
3777:
3765:
3753:
3751:, p. 113.
3749:Breatnach 1987
3741:
3737:Breatnach 1987
3729:
3720:
3708:
3699:
3687:
3675:
3663:
3651:
3639:
3626:
3622:Breatnach 1987
3614:
3602:
3587:
3578:
3566:
3554:
3542:
3533:
3518:
3506:
3497:
3485:
3459:
3433:
3424:"Cáin Lánamna"
3415:
3403:
3390:
3375:
3345:
3322:
3291:
3289:, p. 242.
3279:
3261:
3259:, p. 232.
3246:
3231:
3225:978-0812275742
3224:
3191:
3184:
3158:
3122:
3096:
3069:
3051:
3036:
3019:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2975:
2968:
2965:
2945:Gaelic Ireland
2939:lords between
2921:Main article:
2918:
2915:
2892:Peter Tremayne
2888:Sister Fidelma
2883:
2880:
2859:
2817:Scottish Isles
2716:legal reformer
2676:
2675:
2626:
2624:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2585:
2582:
2559:
2556:
2542:
2539:
2521:
2518:
2500:
2493:
2488:Garden of Eden
2476:Main article:
2473:
2466:
2454:
2447:
2438:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2416:Uraicecht Becc
2409:
2406:Uraicecht Becc
2402:
2397:hua Búirecháin
2380:
2367:
2336:
2328:
2323:Slicht Othrusa
2297:
2288:Bretha CrĂłlige
2282:Slicht Othrusa
2278:
2265:
2252:
2234:
2227:
2210:
2203:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2112:
2103:Cáin Sóerraith
2099:
2084:
2077:
2042:
2039:
1997:
1990:
1974:'s six-volume
1962:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1877:
1874:
1856:
1853:
1844:
1841:
1709:Berad Airechta
1700:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1655:
1652:
1642:Bretha CrĂłlige
1629:
1626:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1547:
1544:
1483:
1480:
1405:
1402:
1342:
1339:
1329:Bretha CrĂłlige
1312:Bretha CrĂłlige
1299:Bretha CrĂłlige
1265:
1262:
1254:bone-breakings
1209:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1184:
1181:
1080:
1077:
1027:
1024:
928:
925:
744:
741:
721:Western Church
717:Eastern Church
696:(priest), and
636:Uraicecht Becc
617:
614:
582:Uraicecht Becc
559:
556:
518:aithech fortha
498:, describes a
336:
333:
288:
285:
283:
280:
175:
172:
147:rather than a
112:, also called
99:Redwood Castle
90:
89:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5984:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5947:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5929:
5928:Gaelicisation
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5803:organisations
5799:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5487:Bardic poetry
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5435:
5434:GĂ idhealtachd
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5314:
5309:
5307:
5302:
5300:
5295:
5294:
5291:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5179:, vol. 2
5178:
5177:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4995:Kelly, Fergus
4992:
4988:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4914:
4910:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4882:
4880:1-85500-002-4
4876:
4872:
4871:CrĂth gablach
4868:
4867:Binchy, D. A.
4864:
4863:
4859:
4858:
4846:
4842:
4837:
4822:
4816:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4782:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4756:, p. 68.
4755:
4750:
4743:
4738:
4731:
4726:
4719:
4714:
4707:
4702:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4681:Neil McLeod,
4678:
4671:
4665:
4658:
4653:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4625:
4620:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4589:
4584:
4577:
4572:
4563:
4554:
4547:
4542:
4536:, p. 42.
4535:
4530:
4523:
4517:
4510:
4505:
4498:
4493:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4468:
4463:
4461:
4454:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4400:, p. 29.
4399:
4394:
4387:
4382:
4375:
4370:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4340:
4333:
4327:
4320:
4315:
4308:
4303:
4294:
4287:
4282:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4221:
4211:
4204:
4199:
4192:
4187:
4180:
4175:
4168:
4163:
4156:
4151:
4142:
4135:
4132:Neil McLeod,
4129:
4122:
4117:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4083:
4077:
4068:
4061:
4056:
4047:
4038:
4029:
4020:
4011:
4004:
3999:
3992:
3987:
3981:, p. 13.
3980:
3975:
3968:
3963:
3957:, p. 12.
3956:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3924:
3917:
3912:
3903:
3896:
3891:
3882:
3875:
3870:
3868:
3860:
3857:D.A. Binchy,
3854:
3847:
3842:
3835:
3830:
3828:
3820:
3814:
3805:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:, p. 28.
3774:
3769:
3763:, p. 52.
3762:
3757:
3750:
3745:
3739:, p. 81.
3738:
3733:
3724:
3717:
3712:
3703:
3696:
3691:
3684:
3679:
3673:, p. 82.
3672:
3667:
3661:, p. 11.
3660:
3655:
3648:
3643:
3636:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3598:MacNeill 1923
3594:
3592:
3582:
3575:
3570:
3563:
3558:
3551:
3546:
3537:
3531:, p. 19.
3530:
3525:
3523:
3516:, p. 18.
3515:
3510:
3501:
3494:
3489:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3413:, p. 79.
3412:
3407:
3400:
3394:
3387:. p. 72.
3386:
3379:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3336:Irish history
3333:
3326:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3258:
3253:
3251:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3227:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3200:Binchy, D. A.
3195:
3187:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3162:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3131:Binchy, D. A.
3126:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2896:Cora Harrison
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2876:Clan Morrison
2873:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2825:Morrison clan
2822:
2821:isle of Lewis
2818:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2714:, was also a
2713:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2672:
2669:
2661:
2658:November 2010
2651:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2627:This section
2625:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2478:Di Astud Chor
2471:
2470:Di Astud Chor
2465:
2462:
2460:
2452:
2451:CrĂth Gablach
2446:
2444:
2436:
2430:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:poetico-legal
2355:
2349:
2343:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2309:Judgments of
2306:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2241:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2222:CĂłrus BĂ©scnai
2217:
2216:CĂłrus BĂ©sgnai
2208:
2207:CĂłrus BĂ©sgnai
2202:
2195:
2186:Joseph Fisher
2182:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2173:Cáin Aigillne
2167:
2166:
2165:Cáin Saerrath
2160:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2121:Joseph Fisher
2117:
2110:
2109:Cáin Aicillne
2104:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:Saint Patrick
2049:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1958:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1894:Old Testament
1891:
1886:
1885:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1863:Cáin Adomnáin
1852:
1849:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1824:
1820:Finally, the
1818:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1778:paying surety
1774:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1598:legal analogy
1594:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1557:
1554:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1479:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1323:
1322:CrĂth Gablach
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1205:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1124:CrĂth Gablach
1119:
1115:between two
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1094:flaith aithig
1089:
1087:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1034:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
999:
993:
992:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
936:
927:Poetic grades
924:
921:
920:CrĂth Gablach
914:
910:
907:
901:
895:
889:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
861:CrĂth Gablach
855:
849:
848:CrĂth Gablach
843:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
803:
796:
790:
787:
781:
774:
771:
765:
759:
754:
750:
740:
737:
736:CrĂth Gablach
730:
729:CrĂth Gablach
724:
722:
718:
713:
712:CrĂth Gablach
706:
700:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
638:
637:
631:
627:
623:
613:
611:
606:
601:
598:
593:
589:
584:
583:
576:
575:CrĂth Gablach
569:
566:
555:
553:
552:racing horses
549:
545:
540:
539:
533:
528:
527:CrĂth Gablach
522:
519:
513:
508:
504:
503:
496:
489:
488:
487:Cáin Adomnáin
482:
478:
473:
470:
468:
461:
460:
453:
451:
444:
443:
436:
430:
428:
421:
419:
412:
411:
404:
403:
396:
394:
387:
386:CrĂth Gablach
382:
377:
375:
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
343:
332:
330:
325:
323:
319:
317:
312:
308:
305:
304:
303:Cáin Adomnáin
298:
295:
279:
276:
270:
263:
261:
257:
253:
248:
244:
242:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
217:
212:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
171:
168:
163:
158:
155:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
104:
100:
96:
86:
83:
75:
72:November 2019
65:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
5912:Clan MacLeod
5854:ULTACH Trust
5735:Corcu LoĂgde
5607:
5602:Middle Irish
5600:
5593:
5586:
5549:Gaelic games
5500:Modern Irish
5464:
5454:
5409:Great Hunger
5282:held at the
5246:
5236:
5228:Cáin Lánamna
5227:
5215:
5205:
5195:
5185:
5175:
5164:
5157:
5152:
5136:
5132:57, 212–132.
5129:
5119:
5115:
5105:
5095:
5076:
5072:
5050:
5044:4(1): 21–61.
5041:
5021:
4998:
4976:
4957:
4940:
4936:
4908:
4899:
4889:
4870:
4844:
4836:
4824:. Retrieved
4815:
4803:. Retrieved
4799:the original
4789:
4770:
4761:
4749:
4737:
4725:
4713:
4701:
4689:
4682:
4677:
4664:
4652:
4643:
4636:
4631:
4619:
4607:
4595:
4583:
4571:
4562:
4553:
4541:
4529:
4521:
4516:
4504:
4492:
4483:
4474:
4422:
4418:
4405:
4393:
4381:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4352:John Carey,
4348:
4339:
4331:
4326:
4314:
4302:
4293:
4281:
4273:
4269:
4236:
4232:
4229:Bretha Nemed
4228:
4210:
4198:
4186:
4174:
4162:
4150:
4141:
4133:
4128:
4116:
4104:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4076:
4067:
4055:
4046:
4037:
4028:
4019:
4010:
3998:
3986:
3974:
3962:
3950:
3940:
3935:
3923:
3911:
3902:
3890:
3881:
3861:, pp. 22–23.
3858:
3853:
3841:
3821:, pp. 96–97.
3818:
3813:
3804:
3792:
3785:
3780:
3768:
3756:
3744:
3732:
3723:
3711:
3702:
3690:
3678:
3666:
3654:
3642:
3637:, p. 41
3629:
3617:
3605:
3581:
3569:
3557:
3545:
3536:
3509:
3500:
3488:
3476:. Retrieved
3472:
3462:
3450:. Retrieved
3446:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3406:
3398:
3393:
3384:
3378:
3366:. Retrieved
3362:the original
3357:
3354:"Brehon law"
3348:
3335:
3325:
3313:. Retrieved
3304:
3294:
3282:
3273:
3264:
3215:
3194:
3169:
3161:
3139:(15): 7–36.
3134:
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3108:
3099:
3090:
3084:
3063:
3054:
3029:
3022:
3013:DlĂ na FĂ©ine
3010:
3002:
2997:
2926:
2885:
2869:
2862:
2856:
2846:
2810:
2783:
2751:
2732:
2706:
2692:Laudabiliter
2679:
2664:
2655:
2640:Please help
2628:
2602:Life of St.
2587:
2567:
2564:Middle Irish
2561:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2530:County Clare
2502:
2483:
2481:
2463:
2456:
2442:
2440:
2427:
2411:
2382:
2358:
2354:Bretha Nemed
2338:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2267:
2236:
2212:
2199:
2194:Cáin Lánamna
2155:feudal baron
2148:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2086:
2074:
2070:
2044:
2030:
2028:
1999:
1964:
1955:
1945:Bretha Nemed
1935:
1929:, a type of
1898:
1879:
1858:
1846:
1819:
1777:
1769:
1714:
1702:
1693:
1674:(truth) and
1661:recht aicned
1657:
1647:
1631:
1568:
1560:Legal theory
1549:
1540:
1519:
1511:
1491:
1470:
1455:
1407:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1344:
1318:
1309:
1267:
1258:bloody urine
1250:
1238:crólige báis
1233:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1186:
1133:
1090:
1082:
1029:
1026:Other grades
1003:
1001:having 350.
945:to king. In
930:
915:
911:
900:aire forgill
890:
885:aire forgill
844:
815:bĂłaire febsa
791:
775:
753:Ancient Rome
746:
725:
630:major orders
626:minor orders
619:
602:
570:
561:
548:sexual union
523:
511:
509:
474:
406:(king of a
378:
374:Congal Cáech
338:
326:
320:
309:
299:
290:
269:Bretha Nemed
264:
249:
245:
224:D. A. Binchy
221:
177:
162:D. A. Binchy
159:
142:
113:
109:
108:
78:
69:
46:
29:
5904:Norse–Gaels
5754:Dál nAraidi
5739:Dál Fiatach
5712:Dalcassians
5702:Clan Donald
5514:Gaelic type
5496:Early Irish
5079:: 265–316.
4943:: 307–327.
4826:12 February
4467:Fisher 1877
4425:: 228–326.
4239:: 439–459.
3612:, p. .
3105:"Year U438"
3081:Carey, John
2937:Anglo-Irish
2933:Middle Ages
2931:during the
2520:Later texts
2424:Other texts
2342:Senchas Már
2317:Senchas Már
2247:Senchas Már
2240:Senchas Már
2159:Brehon laws
2143:land tenure
2065:Saint Odran
2048:Senchas Már
2019:Senchas Már
2009:Senchas Már
2003:Senchas Már
1994:Senchas Már
1972:D.A. Binchy
1968:manuscripts
1961:Legal texts
1905:from Latin
1733:(plural of
1666:natural law
1654:Natural law
1608:natural law
1588:legal maxim
1482:Inheritance
1398:St. Patrick
1383:kin-slaying
1305:procreation
1100:fer fothlai
894:tánaise rĂg
879:aire tuĂseo
780:fer midboth
764:senchléithe
673:subdeochain
622:holy orders
565:Senchas Már
358:centred at
347:Senchas Már
316:bride-price
275:Senchas Már
258:and in the
216:Senchas Már
205:Senchas Már
195:Senchas Már
190:St. Patrick
185:Senchas Már
5961:Categories
5722:EĂłganachta
5698:Clan Colla
5455:Brehon law
5404:Penal Laws
5394:Jacobitism
5240:(in Irish)
5108:, Longman.
5098:, Longman.
5012:0901282952
4967:1855001845
4918:1855001802
4742:Kelly 1988
4730:Kelly 1988
4706:Kelly 1988
4624:Kelly 1988
4600:Kelly 1988
4588:Kelly 1988
4534:Kelly 1988
4509:Kelly 1988
4398:Kelly 1988
4386:Kelly 1988
4307:Kelly 1988
4203:Kelly 1988
4191:Kelly 1988
4179:Kelly 1988
4167:Kelly 1988
4155:Kelly 1988
4121:Kelly 1988
4109:Kelly 1988
4003:Kelly 1988
3991:Kelly 1988
3979:Kelly 1988
3967:Kelly 1988
3955:Kelly 1988
3928:Kelly 1988
3916:Kelly 1988
3895:Kelly 1988
3874:Kelly 1988
3846:Kelly 1988
3834:Kelly 1988
3797:Kelly 1988
3773:Kelly 1988
3761:Kelly 1988
3716:Kelly 1988
3695:Kelly 1988
3683:Kelly 1988
3671:Kelly 1988
3659:Kelly 1988
3647:Kelly 1988
3635:Kelly 1988
3610:Kelly 1988
3574:Kelly 1988
3562:Kelly 1988
3550:Kelly 1988
3529:Kelly 1988
3514:Kelly 1988
3493:Kelly 1988
3411:Kelly 1988
3287:Kelly 1988
3257:Kelly 1988
3242:Kelly 1988
3185:0312230494
3047:Lyall 2000
3005:FĂ©ineachas
2990:References
2904:the Burren
2779:Common Law
2771:Tyrconnell
2595:Bechbretha
2578:recensions
2441:Literally
2311:DĂan CĂ©cht
2274:Watermills
2270:Honey Bees
2256:Bechbretha
1699:Suretyship
1636:Bechbretha
1593:cosmailius
1486:See also:
1367:Log nEnech
1316:children.
1225:DĂan CĂ©cht
1183:Clientship
1169:aire Ă©chta
1053:blacksmith
960:macfuirmid
743:Lay grades
678:sub-deacon
663:exarcistid
658:doorkeeper
459:rĂ ruirech
432:(king of
402:rĂ tĂşaithe
369:Bechbretha
114:Brehon law
56:improve it
18:Brehon law
5849:Gael Linn
5762:CĂarraige
5758:Conmaicne
5731:Dál Riata
5706:Uà Mháine
5690:Connachta
5672:Genealogy
5595:Old Irish
5429:Gaeltacht
5354:Dál Riata
4927:Secondary
4447:145423812
4334:19 (2005)
4253:0332-1592
3338:. 6m55s.
3153:242894003
2978:Kritarchy
2917:March law
2898:'s Mara,
2842:bretheamh
2829:Macaulays
2813:Gaeltacht
2808:in 1607.
2798:Gavelkind
2720:Strongbow
2686:Adrian IV
2629:does not
2551:O'Davoren
2139:livestock
2089:distraint
1876:Canon law
1695:society.
1621:teistimin
1526:foreigner
1502:gavelkind
1465:cenn fine
1459:ágae fine
1049:craftsman
1019:oblaires.
867:aire déso
777:called a
653:aistreĂłir
481:Doom book
352:O'Davoren
256:Old Irish
134:canon law
60:verifying
5946:Category
5908:UĂ ĂŤmair
5785:Scottish
5694:UĂ NĂ©ill
5667:Nobility
5579:Language
5122:, 51–67.
5104:(2013),
5094:(1995),
5085:25504234
4997:(1988).
4960:. DIAS.
4873:. DIAS.
4805:31 March
4769:(1995).
4364:5 (1986)
4276:3 (1984)
3478:30 April
3452:30 April
3358:Heritage
3340:Archived
3309:Archived
3272:(2013).
3214:(eds.).
3062:(2013).
2967:See also
2955:and his
2941:The Pale
2860:—
2794:Tanistry
2775:easement
2735:language
2708:Henry II
2590:case law
2584:Case law
2491:tracts.
2184:—
2179:freehold
2169:and the
2014:glossing
1890:polygyny
1759:distrain
1730:naidmain
1704:Sureties
1648:supposed
1450:derbfine
1425:derbfine
1075:makers.
1063:chariots
873:aire ard
833:mruigfer
683:deochain
668:exorcist
643:liachtor
610:sureties
538:fidchell
479:and his
342:Tanistry
335:Kingship
322:Polygamy
297:claims.
241:sureties
154:medieval
149:criminal
118:breithim
5906:(incl.
5801:Related
5752:(incl.
5729:(incl.
5714:(incl.
5692:(incl.
5276:article
5247:T102030
5237:G102030
4937:Peritia
4892:. DIAS.
4860:Primary
4854:Sources
4439:3677953
4362:Peritia
4332:Peritia
4274:Peritia
4233:Peritia
3093:: 1–32.
2833:brieves
2747:Munster
2741:around
2650:removed
2635:sources
2604:Columba
2385:scribal
2231:Sechtae
2151:chattel
2024:Munster
1869:Adomnán
1600:), and
1553:finntiu
1536:agnatic
1528:to the
1438:indfine
1432:iarfine
1418:gelfine
1413:kinship
1410:agnatic
1404:Kinship
1362:wergild
1275:crĂłlige
1058:brithem
1044:brithem
1038:brithem
1013:drisiuc
954:fochloc
858:but in
758:Cumhall
592:clerics
502:brithem
311:Divorce
294:agnatic
236:fasting
180:Brehons
174:Origins
103:Normans
54:Please
5768:Ulster
5760:, and
5745:Laigin
5741:, etc)
5727:Érainn
5708:, etc)
5544:Am Mòd
5524:Fáinne
5506:&
5083:
5057:
5028:
5009:
4983:
4964:
4915:
4877:
4777:
4445:
4437:
4270:et al.
4251:
3368:6 July
3315:29 May
3222:
3182:
3151:
3115:23 May
2900:Brehon
2847:brehon
2802:Ulster
2777:under
2743:Dublin
2566:text,
2512:and a
2390:roscad
2031:triads
1931:surety
1911:. The
1908:testis
1848:Brehon
1836:aitire
1830:aitire
1823:aitire
1677:dliged
1628:Maxims
1614:roscad
1603:aicned
1583:fásach
1571:Brehon
1475:fingal
1447:. The
1378:fingal
1372:honour
1335:insane
1293:othrus
1149:briugu
1143:briugu
1137:briugu
1068:bĂłaire
1033:jurist
1016:, and
987:, and
984:ánruth
942:BĂłaire
906:cumals
839:bĂłaire
821:bĂłaire
809:Ăłcaire
802:bĂłaire
795:Ăłcaire
770:fuidir
749:slaves
693:sacart
688:deacon
648:lector
605:honour
558:Status
544:hounds
469:cĂłicid
435:tĂşaths
420:buiden
327:Under
213:, the
5899:Celts
5750:Ulaid
5716:DĂ©isi
5655:Kings
5642:Irish
5634:Clans
5615:Irish
5559:TĂşath
5450:Ogham
5320:Gaels
5158:et al
5081:JSTOR
4443:S2CID
4435:JSTOR
4415:(PDF)
4356:, in
3149:S2CID
2837:Scots
2600:Latin
2348:Nemed
2335:texts
2332:Nemed
2035:Welsh
1902:teist
1795:naidm
1764:naidm
1754:naidm
1748:naidm
1742:naidm
1736:naidm
1718:naidm
1683:cĂłrus
1531:tĂşath
1514:maxim
1370:, an
1350:Ă©raic
1290:, or
1287:folog
1229:wound
1175:tĂşath
1118:aires
1007:taman
998:ollam
991:ollam
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786:tĂşath
699:escop
442:ruiri
438:) or
429:tĂşath
410:tĂşath
381:poets
260:Welsh
200:poets
145:civil
5910:and
5790:List
5682:List
5620:Manx
5508:Manx
5359:Alba
5130:Eiru
5055:ISBN
5026:ISBN
5007:ISBN
5003:DIAS
4981:ISBN
4962:ISBN
4913:ISBN
4875:ISBN
4828:2014
4807:2018
4775:ISBN
4249:ISSN
3480:2020
3454:2020
3428:CELT
3370:2015
3317:2021
3220:ISBN
3180:ISBN
3117:2021
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2910:and
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2796:and
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2633:any
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1920:rata
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1444:fine
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1215:fine
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1086:poet
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854:séts
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628:and
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360:Tara
272:and
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