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974:. He almost at once marched against Vannes. The siege dragged on and a French army was assembled to meet him, but on 19 January 1343, before any major engagements could be fought, the two kings agreed upon a new truce. Vannes was taken into papal custody. With John of Montfort in prison, his son an infant, and his wife recently gone mad, the places under Montfortist control were in practice administered from London, with a large permanent English garrison at Brest.
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for treason. During the summer and autumn, the
Montfortist party fell apart. Even those who had been John of Montfort's staunchest allies now considered it futile to continue the struggle. It, therefore, mattered little that in March 1345 John finally managed to escape to England. With no adherents of note of his own, he was now little more than a figurehead for English ambitions in Brittany.
1078:. The combat took place midway between the two towns on 26 March 1351. By nightfall the Anglo-Breton Montfortists had lost nine dead against six of the pro-French knights; the surviving Montfortists were forced to surrender. Though renowned at the time, and later highly romanticised, the combat had no effect on the outcome of the war.
881:. But in 1340, John III reconciled himself with his half-brother, and made a will that appointed John of Montfort the heir of Brittany. On 30 April 1341, John III died. His last words on the succession, uttered on his deathbed, were, "For God's sake leave me alone and do not trouble my spirit with such things".
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in early March 1344. The city fell by assault on 1 May and, as usual at that time, this meant the slaughter of civilians in huge numbers, estimated between 1,400 and 2,000. The
English prisoners were held for ransom, but the Breton and Norman captives were dispatched to Paris where they were executed
1193:
did not oppose the elevation of John, fearing that he might declare homage to Edward of
England, his protector and former father-in-law (Mary having died in 1361). In addition, France was clearly depleted in the context of the Hundred Years' War. He therefore recognized John as Duke. By this action,
1106:, who needed to continue the war between England and France to maintain his own power, decided to intervene by assassinating the Constable. He then switched his support to France in exchange for territory. The treaty was negated, but Charles of Blois had been freed, and returned to Brittany as Duke.
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The follow-up was less impressive. Further operations were delayed until July when
Montfort attempted the recapture of Quimper. However, news had reached the French government that Edward's main campaign had been canceled and they were able to send reinforcements from Normandy. With his strengthened
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in 1356. The French state was virtually paralysed. In 1362, when the younger John de
Montfort reached 22 years of age, King Edward permitted him to return to Brittany. His return was conditioned by a covenant not to marry without permission, given in pledge of several fortresses. On arrival, John
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In the end, Edward decided upon
Normandy as the landing spot for his 1346 campaign. Northampton was recalled and Thomas Dagworth was appointed as deputy lieutenant. It was during a tour through the English strongholds on 9 June that Dagworth and his escort were trapped by Charles of Blois and his
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Edward III signed the Treaty of
Westminster on 1 March 1353, accepting Charles of Blois as Duke of Brittany if the latter undertook to pay a ransom of 300,000 crowns, and that Brittany signed a treaty of alliance "in perpetuity" with England; this alliance was to be sealed by the marriage of the
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In Paris, John of
Montfort was released from prison on 1 September 1343 in return for a huge bond and a promise to stay on his estates in the east. The English coastal garrisons held firm, but the Montfortist party continued to crumble. They had some successes, such as the expulsion of the papal
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The truce was to last until 29 September 1346 with the hopes that in the meantime the disputes between the two kingdoms could be permanently settled, but in
Brittany it made little difference. The truce bound the two kings and their followers, but Charles of Blois claimed to be fighting his own
804:
due to the proxy involvement of the French and
English monarchs in the conflict; the French supported the Blois (female heir) whilst the English backed the Montforts (male heir). The rival kings supported the Sovereign Duke of the principle opposite to their own claims to the French throne—the
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During the winter, Northampton fought a long and hard campaign with the apparent objective of seizing a harbour on the north side of the peninsula. Edward III had probably planned to land here with his main force during summer 1346. However, the English achieved very little for their efforts.
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in 1346, and at Calais in 1347. Without French support, Charles of Blois gradually began to lose ground to the English captains. The memory of the massacre at Quimper increased his unpopularity, and Breton traders had an economic interest in strengthening links with England due to Brittany's
1139:, had some successes, but when Bertrand left to take control of strongholds in Navarre and Normandy, Charles's advance halted at the unsuccessful siege of BĂ©cherel. Another opportunity to negotiate an agreement arose, but again Joan blocked negotiations. John de Montfort moved to besiege
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that John of Montfort had received English agents, the French Crown naturally took a more direct interest in their small neighbors situation. Charles of Blois became the official French candidate. Whatever had been his original intentions, John of Montfort was now forced to support
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once the truce ran out. The major part of the French army was therefore withdrawn, and Charles of Blois was left to pursue his claim on his own. Charles soon proved himself to be an able soldier: Rennes and Vannes were taken and many of the Montfortist captains defected.
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between England and France had broken out four years earlier, in 1337. In 1341, there was a truce between the two countries, but there was little doubt that hostilities would be renewed when the truce ended in June 1342. Thus, when rumours reached
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was kidnapped by the Penthièvres in 1420, in violation of the treaty. The Montfortists declared that the treaty had been broken, and as such were no longer required to accept its succession provisions. This became significant when
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John III strongly disliked the children of his father's second marriage. He spent the first years of his reign attempting to have this marriage annulled and his half-siblings bastardized. When this failed, he tried to ensure that
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in 1347, Charles was taken prisoner as he tried to recapture the town, which had just been taken by the English. He was jailed for five years in the Tower of London. The English now controlled Brest, Quimper, and Vannes.
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Duke, but with significant territory still controlled by the Montfortists. Outside events again began to have an effect on the conflict. A plague struck France and the King himself was captured by the English at the
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Most of the nobility supported Charles of Blois, so if John of Montfort was to have any chance, it was dependent upon swift action before organized resistance could be made. John quickly took possession of the
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Edward III was bound by the truce not to take any offensive action in France. Nothing in it, however, hindered France from subduing rebellious vassals. In November, after a short siege and defeat at the
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on 29 September 1364. This battle marked the end of this long conflict: Charles of Blois was killed and Joan of Penthièvre, finding herself a widow, saw her cause collapse. Du Guesclin was captured and
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he won the friendship of the Breton nobility. In December 1366, he received the oath of the new duke who surprisingly did not pledge allegiance to Edward, recognizing Charles as his sovereign instead.
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Edward III decided to repudiate the truce in summer 1345, a year before it was due to run out. As part of his larger strategy, a force was dispatched to Brittany under the joint leadership of the
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Montfortist claimant John of Montfort (son of the earlier John of Montfort) with Edward's daughter Mary. The marriage required the approval of the King of France and a papal dispensation.
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army, Charles of Blois broke the siege. Routed, Montfort fled back to Hennebont where he fell ill and died on 16 September. The heir to the Montfortist cause was his five-year-old son,
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which established John of Montfort as Duke of Brittany. He did not reject completely the claims of the Penthièvre family, and established the following law of succession in Brittany:
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1058:, the English, French, and Bretons negotiated a peace, while both factions maintained an uneasy balance of power within the Sovereign Duchy. It was during this period that the
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1222:– John III dies without heirs. Joan of Penthièvre and Charles of Blois became Duchess and Duke of Brittany. John of Montfort refuses to accept and calls for the help of King
1262:, several minor battles are won and lost by both parts, several truces are signed and broken. Joanna of Flanders becomes mentally ill and is institutionalized in a convent.
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in 1364 but, in a surprising turn of events, pledged his loyalty to the King of France and not to the Plantagenet king of England who had supported him.
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on 18 August 1342. Northampton then made his way inland and besieged Morlaix after an unsuccessful initial attack. The siege was lifted after the
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attempted to reach agreement with Charles of Blois to make peace and share Brittany, but Charles's wife Joan urged him to resist and crush John.
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by the citizens. He was offered safe conduct to negotiate a settlement with Charles of Blois, but when this led nowhere he was thrown in prison.
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in western Brittany but was driven into Brest and besieged, the siege being broken by the arrival of an English army under the
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custodians from Vannes, but with no unifying leadership, mostly they were reduced to pleading for men and money from London.
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At this point events outside Brittany started to have an effect on the war. The French suffered a major defeat at the
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separate war and was therefore not bound by any truce. The brutal small-scale fighting continued at the same pace.
1236:, wife of Montfort. An English army relieves the siege and forces the Blois to a truce, broken shortly afterwards.
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Up to this point, the succession crisis had been a purely internal affair. But to complicate things further, the
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1298:. Surprisingly, the new duke declares himself as a vassal, not to the English king who helped him, but to King
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took place, a famous episode in medieval chivalry. Conflicts between the French and English strongholds of
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and John of Montfort. Within a week of their landing in June, the English had their first victory when Sir
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1294:– John IV is recognized as Duke of Brittany and Joan of Penthièvre gives up any claim to the duchy in the
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853:(d. 1331). From Yolande, Arthur had another son, also named John, who became Count of Montfort. (See
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She would also receive 10,000 livres of annual rent taken from the French territories of the enemy.
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Medieval Elite Women and the Exercise of Power, 1100–1400: Moving beyond the Exceptionalist Debate
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would never inherit the Sovereign Duchy. Since John III was childless, his heir of choice became
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In the absence of male offspring, it would switch to males of the family of Penthièvre;
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Northern Brittany was Joan of Penthièvre's home region and resistance there was stiff.
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Princely Power in Late Medieval France: Jeanne de Penthièvre and the War for Brittany
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To hamper communication between Brest and Vannes, Charles of Blois laid siege to
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and Charles of Blois are heavily defeated by John IV and the English warlord
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The situation remained in stalemate for some time, with Charles of Blois as
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The Duchy would be transmitted from male to male in the family of Montfort;
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failed to produce a male heir, allowing the duchy to pass to his daughter
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1242:– Charles takes Quimper with the help of a French army, courtesy of King
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Joan retained the prerogative of Penthièvre and the Viscouncy of Limoges.
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1288:. Charles is killed in action, ending the Blois pretensions in Brittany.
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777:. It was fought between 1341 and 12 April 1365. It is also known as the
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on 30 September. In Paris it was feared that Edward III would land at
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by male succession. Montfort was ultimately successful following the
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strategic position between the Atlantic and English Channel. At the
209:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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were resolved in a duel between thirty Montfortist knights led by
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845:. From his first marriage, he had three sons, including his heir
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A 19th-century painting depicting the "combat of the thirty" (
789:) due to the involvement of two rival duchesses of that name (
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Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe
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married twice, first to Mary of Limoges (1275–1291), then to
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The war resumed in 1363 when Charles de Blois, assisted by
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Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England, 1272–1485
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14th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
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In late November, Edward III arrived with his army at
841:(1263–1322), countess of Montfort and widow of king
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1074:, and thirty supporters of Charles de Blois led by
103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1354:Ronald H. Fritze; William Baxter Robison (2002).
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809:having claimed it by female succession, and the
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935:, John of Montfort was forced to surrender at
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800:The war formed an integral part of the early
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27:Part of the Hundred Years' War (1341 to 1365)
1168:Peace was concluded on 12 April 1365 by the
1383:"Mediaeval European History, A.D. 455–1453"
1360:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 231.
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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243:Learn how and when to remove this message
225:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1703:Lancaster's Normandy chevauchée of 1356
1409:Graham-Goering, Erika (31 March 2020).
1380:
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898:and then seized the Ducal treasury at
322:French strategic and political victory
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1389:Tanner, Heather J. (9 January 2019).
618:
486:
1332:List of wars of succession in Europe
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101:adding citations to reliable sources
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1798:Conflicts of the Hundred Years' War
1582:John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury
1485:Second War of Scottish Independence
1385:. E. Benn – via Google Books.
666:Second War of Scottish Independence
24:
1577:John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford
25:
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47:This article has multiple issues.
1246:, and slaughters 2000 civilians.
747:guerre de Succession de Bretagne
730:, depicted in the Chronicles of
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1381:Jenkins, Claude (13 May 1929).
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88:needs additional citations for
55:or discuss these issues on the
1415:. Cambridge University Press.
1374:
1143:with renowned English warlord
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942:It now fell upon John's wife,
112:"War of the Breton Succession"
13:
1:
1808:Civil wars of the Middle Ages
1337:
1317:Dukes of Brittany family tree
1213:
855:Dukes of Brittany family tree
820:
765:for control of the Sovereign
757:) was a conflict between the
755:Brezel hĂŞrezh dugelezh Breizh
1788:Military history of Brittany
1778:War of the Breton Succession
1672:War of the Breton Succession
1530:Armagnac–Burgundian conflict
1495:War of the Breton Succession
1204:Francis II, Duke of Brittany
739:War of the Breton Succession
706:Armagnac–Burgundian conflict
671:War of the Breton Succession
516:War of the Breton Succession
258:War of the Breton Succession
7:
1306:
1102:, negotiated the deal, but
1037:Capture of Charles of Blois
791:Jeanne (Joanna) of Flanders
205:the claims made and adding
10:
1854:
1087:Octave Penguilly L'Haridon
1048:Battle of La Roche-Derrien
1029:Tide turns against Charles
728:John III, Duke of Brittany
1685:
1662:Armagnacs and Burgundians
1644:
1635:
1590:
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1542:
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1425:– via Google Books.
1405:– via Google Books.
1156:by Charles V for 100,000
1118:The Battle of Auray, 1364
843:Alexander III of Scotland
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319:Montfort military victory
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1728:Battle of La Brossinière
1199:John V, Duke of Brittany
1170:First Treaty of Guérande
374:House of Châtillon-Blois
18:Breton War of Succession
1562:Edward the Black Prince
787:guerre des deux Jeannes
348:House of Dreux-Montfort
1818:14th-century conflicts
1803:14th century in France
1738:Battle of the Herrings
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933:Battle of Champtoceaux
885:First stage of the war
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779:War of the Two Jeannes
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403:Commanders and leaders
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1327:War of the Two Peters
1260:Between 1346 and 1364
1224:Edward III of England
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1104:Charles II of Navarre
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956:naval battle of Brest
925:Edward III of England
763:Montforts of Brittany
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681:War of the Two Peters
1813:Politics of Brittany
1693:Battle of Saint-Omer
1282:Bertrand du Guesclin
1267:Combat of the Thirty
1137:Bertrand du Guesclin
1060:Combat of the Thirty
1054:Under pressure from
795:Jeanne de Penthièvre
291:1341 – 12 April 1365
97:improve this article
1753:Battle of Castillon
1713:Battle of Agincourt
1677:Castilian Civil War
1515:Despenser's Crusade
1505:Castilian Civil War
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1244:Philip VI of France
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927:as King of France.
920:Philip VI of France
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1748:Battle of Formigny
1733:Battle of Verneuil
1708:Battle of Poitiers
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1234:Joanna of Flanders
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1274:29 September 1364
1072:Robert Bemborough
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960:battle of Morlaix
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114: –
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86:This article
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1395:. Springer.
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1286:John Chandos
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1164:Peace treaty
1145:John Chandos
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529:Champtoceaux
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334:Belligerents
263:Part of the
239:
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159:
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133:
126:
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95:Please help
90:verification
87:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
29:
1657:Chevauchées
1623:Joan of Arc
1618:Charles VII
1110:Final phase
871:la Boiteuse
807:Plantagenet
726:Funeral of
153:August 2012
1772:Categories
1613:Charles VI
1557:Edward III
1338:References
1214:Chronology
1021:army near
821:Background
584:The Thirty
215:March 2021
199:improve it
123:newspapers
52:improve it
1667:Jacquerie
1608:Charles V
1598:Philip VI
1210:in 1488.
948:Hennebont
849:and Guy,
831:Yorkshire
769:, then a
594:Montmuran
544:Hennebont
203:verifying
58:talk page
1307:See also
1154:ransomed
1124:de facto
1068:Ploërmel
1064:Josselin
1003:Josselin
894:capital
847:John III
761:and the
549:Guérande
301:Brittany
296:Location
1686:Battles
1652:Battles
1645:General
1603:John II
1572:Henry V
1550:English
1543:Leaders
1478:General
1089:, 1857)
987:Quimper
954:at the
900:Limoges
833:. Duke
773:of the
569:Cadoret
564:Morlaix
554:Quimper
470:†
197:Please
137:scholar
1638:events
1591:French
1471:Phases
1419:
1399:
1364:
1158:francs
1098:, the
964:Calais
937:Nantes
908:Vannes
904:Rennes
896:Nantes
811:Valois
783:French
751:Breton
743:French
599:Rennes
589:Mauron
539:Vannes
534:Nantes
466:
308:Result
139:
132:
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118:
110:
1636:Major
1189:King
1141:Auray
972:Brest
892:ducal
604:Auray
559:Brest
144:JSTOR
130:books
1417:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1292:1365
1254:John
1250:1345
1240:1344
1230:1343
1066:and
1011:John
906:and
793:and
771:fief
737:The
449:Sir
288:Date
116:news
857:.)
829:in
797:).
201:by
99:by
1774::
1407:;
1387:;
1346:^
1315:–
1280:.
1276:–
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