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166:(copper and zinc) and bronzes of different metallic compositions, modern museum and scholarly descriptions of older artworks increasingly use the generalized term "copper alloy" instead of the names of individual alloys. This is done (at least in part) to prevent database searches from failing merely because of errors or disagreements in the naming of historic copper alloys.
1421:
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1825:. The tone ring is a heavy (usually 3 lb; 1.4 kg) folded or arched metal ring attached to a thick wood rim, over which a skin, or most often, a plastic membrane (or head) is stretched – it is the bell bronze that gives the banjo a crisp powerful lower register and clear bell-like treble register.
1926:
era
Hebrews are not thought to have had the capability to manufacture zinc (needed to make brass) and so it is likely that 'nehoshet' refers to copper and its alloys with tin, now called bronze. In the King James Version, there is no use of the word 'bronze' and 'nehoshet' was translated as 'brass'.
999:
properties. It was not only the most expensive building of its time — $ 36 million — but it was the first building in the world with floor-to-ceiling glass walls. Mies van der Rohe achieved the crisp edges that were custom-made with specific detailing by
General Bronze and "even the screws that hold
834:
owing to its combination of toughness and resistance to salt water corrosion. Bronze is still commonly used in ship propellers and submerged bearings. In the 20th century, silicon was introduced as the primary alloying element, creating an alloy with wide application in industry and the major form
678:
is bronze containing a mixture of copper, zinc, tin, lead, nickel, iron, antimony, arsenic and an unusually large amount of silver – between 22.5% in the base and 5.76% in the pan below the candle. The proportions of this mixture suggest that the candlestick was made from a hoard of old coins. The
794:
The melting point of bronze varies depending on the ratio of the alloy components and is about 950 °C (1,742 °F). Bronze is usually nonmagnetic, but certain alloys containing iron or nickel may have magnetic properties. Typically bronze oxidizes only superficially; once a copper oxide
697:
In the Bronze Age, two forms of bronze were commonly used: "classic bronze", about 10% tin, was used in casting; and "mild bronze", about 6% tin, was hammered from ingots to make sheets. Bladed weapons were mostly cast from classic bronze, while helmets and armor were hammered from mild bronze.
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1454:
1814:. The earliest bronze archeological finds in Indonesia date from 1–2 BC, including flat plates probably suspended and struck by a wooden or bone mallet. Ancient bronze drums from Thailand and Vietnam date back 2,000 years. Bronze bells from Thailand and Cambodia date back to 3600 BC.
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Before it became possible to produce glass with acceptably flat surfaces, bronze was a standard material for mirrors. Bronze was used for this purpose in many parts of the world, probably based on independent discoveries. Bronze mirrors survive from the
Egyptian
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1210:
1024:. Common bronze alloys have the unusual and desirable property of expanding slightly just before they set, thus filling the finest details of a mould. Then, as the bronze cools, it shrinks a little, making it easier to separate from the mould. The
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as the main alloying ingredient. They are commonly used in architectural applications. Plastic bronze contains a significant quantity of lead, which makes for improved plasticity, and was possibly used by the ancient Greeks in ship construction.
839:. Sculptors may prefer silicon bronze because of the ready availability of silicon bronze brazing rod, which allows color-matched repair of defects in castings. Aluminum is also used for the structural metal aluminum bronze. Bronze parts are
1871:" are known in contemporary times for being awarded for third place in sporting competitions and other events. The term is now often used for third place even when no actual bronze medal is awarded. The usage in part arose from the trio of
870:, where iron cannonballs would otherwise stick in the barrel. It is still widely used today for springs, bearings, bushings, automobile transmission pilot bearings, and similar fittings, and is particularly common in the bearings of small
1927:
Modern translations use 'bronze'. Bronze (nehoshet) was used widely in the
Tabernacle for items such as the bronze altar (Exodus Ch.27), bronze laver (Exodus Ch.30), utensils, and mirror (Exodus Ch.38). It was mentioned in the account of
621:
reduced the shipping of tin around the
Mediterranean and from Britain, limiting supplies and raising prices. As the art of working in iron improved, iron became cheaper and improved in quality. As later cultures advanced from
1283:
1491:
2961:"Andrew W. Mellon Memorial Fountain Restored by National Gallery of Art in Honor of 75th Anniversary with a Major Grant from Richard King Mellon Foundation —Monumental Bronze Fountain Operational on March 17—"
2174:
Thornton, C.; Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C.; Liezers, M.; Young, S.M.M. (2002). "On pins and needles: tracing the evolution of copper-based alloying at Tepe Yahya, Iran, via ICP-MS analysis of Common-place items".
1431:
mantel clock (pendule de cheminée); 1757–1760; gilded and patinated bronze, oak veneered with ebony, white enamel with black numerals, and other materials; 48.3 × 69.9 × 27.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of
991:-tinted glass building. The building looks like a "squarish 38-story tower clad in a restrained curtain wall of metal and glass." "Bronze was selected because of its color, both before and after aging, its
1325:
1128:
593:, which are documented in the inscriptions they carry and from other sources, the case is clear. These were made in enormous quantities for elite burials, and also used by the living for ritual offerings.
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French
Neoclassical mantel clock ("Pendule Uranie"); 1764–1770; case: patinated bronze and gilded bronze, Dial: white enamel, movement: brass and steel; 71.1 × 52.1 × 26.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of
918:
and similar material for bearings. Aluminum bronze is hard and wear-resistant, and is used for bearings and machine tool ways. The
Doehler Die Casting Co. of Toledo, Ohio were known for the production of
1438:
1460:
Pair of
Chinese vases with French Rococo mounts; the vases: early 18th century, the mounts: 1760–70; hard-paste porcelain with gilt-bronze mounts; 32.4 x 16.5 x 12.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
1935:
including pillars, capitals, stands, wheels, bowls, and plates, some of which were highly decorative (see I Kings 7:13-47). Bronze was also widely used as battle armor and helmet, as in the battle of
2059:
1704:
had come into use, and
Western glass mirrors had largely taken over, bronze mirrors were still being made in Japan and elsewhere in the eighteenth century, and are still made on a small scale in
3009:"Out of all of our monumental projects, spread over two lifetimes, the Supreme Court doors are the only work that we ever signed – that's how important they were." – JOHN DONNELLY, JR., Sculptor
768:
may be slightly less dense. Bronze is a better conductor of heat and electricity than most steels. The cost of copper-base alloys is generally higher than that of steels but lower than that of
1510:
787:
of pure copper, low-friction properties of bearing bronze (bronze that has a high lead content— 6–8%), resonant qualities of bell bronze (20% tin, 80% copper), and resistance to corrosion by
1766:, which is roughly 20% tin, 80% copper, with traces of silver, or the tougher B8 bronze made from 8% tin and 92% copper. As the tin content in a bell or cymbal rises, the timbre drops.
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and medieval periods. Many of the most famous Greek bronze sculptures are known through Roman copies in marble, which were more likely to survive. In India, bronze sculptures from the
830:
Bronze, or bronze-like alloys and mixtures, were used for coins over a longer period. Bronze was especially suitable for use in boat and ship fittings prior to the wide employment of
1225:
638:. Steel is stronger and harder than bronze and holds a sharper edge longer. Bronze was still used during the Iron Age, and has continued in use for many purposes to the modern day.
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Indian bronze masterpieces: the great tradition: specially published for the
Festival of India, Asharani Mathur, Sonya Singh, Festival of India, Brijbasi Printers, Dec 1, 1988
822:
1642:
in Washington, DC. Another example of the massive, ornate design projects of bronze, and attributed to General Bronze/Roman Bronze Works were the massive bronze doors to the
589:
and an indicator of social status. In Europe, large hoards of bronze tools, typically socketed axes (illustrated above), are found, which mostly show no signs of wear. With
1931:
holding up a bronze snake on a pole in Numbers Ch.21. In First Kings, it is mentioned that Hiram was very skilled in working with bronze, and he made many furnishings for
42:
674:
and blades. Historical "bronzes" are highly variable in composition, as most metalworkers probably used whatever scrap was on hand; the metal of the 12th-century English
2470:"The Belgammel Ram, a Hellenistic-Roman BronzeProembolionFound off the Coast of Libya: test analysis of function, date and metallurgy, with a digital reference archive"
1542:
1392:
French or South Netherlandish Medieval caldron; 13th or 14th century; bronze and wrought iron; height: 37.5 cm, diameter: 34.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
547:
Tin bronze was superior to arsenic bronze in that the alloying process could be more easily controlled, and the resulting alloy was stronger and easier to cast. Also,
1785:, and guitar. Bronze strings are commonly reserved on pianoforte for the lower pitch tones, as they possess a superior sustain quality to that of high-tensile steel.
1122:—more often ceremonial vessels but including some figurine examples. Bronze continues into modern times as one of the materials of choice for monumental statuary.
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than steel or iron and are more readily produced from their constituent metals. They are generally about 10 percent denser than steel, although alloys using
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1311:
sculpture of Buddha offering protection; late 6th–early 7th century; copper alloy; height: 47 cm, width: 15.6 cm, diameter: 14.3 cm; from
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starting about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC, although bronze continued to be much more widely used than it is in modern times.
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1821:
from phosphor bronze (3.5 to 10% tin and up to 1% phosphorus content). Bell bronze/B20 is used to make the tone rings of many professional model
716:
has a composition of Si: 2.80–3.80%, Mn: 0.50–1.30%, Fe: 0.80% max., Zn: 1.50% max., Pb: 0.05% max., Cu: balance. Other bronze alloys include
155:
BC (~3500 BC), and to the early 2nd millennium BC in China; elsewhere it gradually spread across regions. The Bronze Age was followed by the
1485:
Pair of mounted vases (vase à monter); 1765–70; soft-paste porcelain and French gilt bronze; 28.9 x 17.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
569:
in the United Kingdom, one ancient site in Thailand and one in Iran), so serious bronze work has always involved trade with other regions.
3210:
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1415:; gilt bronze; dimensions of the first: 52.7 x 48.3 x 26.7 cm, of the second: 45.1 x 49.1 x 24.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
1899:. At the 1896 event, silver was awarded to winners and bronze to runners-up, while at 1900 other prizes were given rather than medals.
1837:
1032:(704–681 BC) claims to have been the first to cast monumental bronze statues (of up to 30 tonnes) using two-part moulds instead of the
3237:
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1204:; 713–664 BC; bronze, precious-metal leaf; height: 7.6 cm, width: 3.2 cm, depth: 3.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
440:
The discovery of bronze enabled people to create metal objects that were harder and more durable than previously possible. Bronze
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and other durable tools to be used in explosive atmospheres or in the presence of flammable vapors. Bronze is used to make
124:. These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as
1860:
Bronze has also been used in coins; most "copper" coins are actually bronze, with about 4 percent tin and 1 percent zinc.
573:
had a major influence on the development of cultures. In Europe, a major source of tin was the British deposits of ore in
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than cast iron. Copper and its alloys have a huge variety of uses that reflect their versatile physical, mechanical, and
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used bronze to create intricate statues via the lost-wax casting method with ornate detailing depicting the deities of
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799:. This can be seen on statues from the Hellenistic period. If copper chlorides are formed, a corrosion-mode called "
585:. In many parts of the world, large hoards of bronze artifacts are found, suggesting that bronze also represented a
2977:
Andrew W. Mellon Memorial Fountain, situated at the apex of the Federal Triangle complex in downtown Washington, DC
1959:
1219:
tripod base for a thymiaterion (incense burner); 475-450 BC; bronze; height: 11 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
428:
found in modern Germany. This was the top tool of the period, and also seems to have been used as a store of value.
502:
1721:
3267:
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1504:; 1787; bronze; 143.5 x 39.1 x 50.5 cm, height of the pedestal: 86.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
914:
are often made of bronze for its friction properties. It can be impregnated with oil to make the proprietary
185:
2772:"SEAGRAM'S PLANS PLAZA TOWER IN NEW YORK and Mies van der Rohe designs his first skyscraper office building"
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1974:
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strings. Unlike steel, bronze struck against a hard surface will not generate sparks, so it (along with
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1179:
1145:
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2633:"Resources: Standards & Properties – Copper & Copper Alloy Microstructures: Aluminum Bronzes"
1141:
874:. Phosphor bronze is particularly suited to precision-grade bearings and springs. It is also used in
811:
125:
2989:
2607:"Resources: Standards & Properties – Copper & Copper Alloy Microstructures: Phosphor Bronze"
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made of copper, zinc, tin, and lead, and traditionally golden brown in color. This was made for the
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210:(Beijing). This ding's name is based on the inscription in the bronze interior wall, which reads
33:
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2081:
Kahane, Henry; Kahane, Renée (1981). "Byzantium's Impact on the West: The Linguistic Evidence".
517:
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979:." The Seagram Building was the first time that an entire building was sheathed in bronze. The
910:. Phosphor bronze is used for ships' propellers, musical instruments, and electrical contacts.
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sleeping; 3rd–2nd century BC; bronze; 41.9 × 35.6 × 85.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
701:
Modern commercial bronze (90% copper and 10% zinc) and architectural bronze (57% copper, 3%
3956:
3613:
2418:"CDA UNS Standard Designations for Wrought and Cast Copper and Copper Alloys: Introduction"
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1083:. The art form survives to this day, with many silpis, craftsmen, working in the areas of
8:
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firedogs; 1760–1770; gilt bronze; height (each): 41.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
2703:(1st ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 105–106.
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from the 16th to 18th centuries. Annealed bronze continues to be made in the Himalayas
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The largest and most ornate bronze fountain known to be cast in the world was by the
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such as decorative tiles were harder and more durable than their stone and copper ("
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of tin in copper. Alpha bronze alloys of 4–5% tin are used to make coins, springs,
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of copper and the far rarer tin are not often found together (exceptions include
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795:(eventually becoming copper carbonate) layer is formed, the underlying metal is
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became the major non-copper ingredient of bronze in the late 3rd millennium BC.
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come from a Yahya Culture (Period V 3800-3400 BCE) site, at Tal-i-Iblis on the
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2352:. Thermec 2000. Las Vegas, Nevada: U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived from
2129:(in German). Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung. p. 1657.
1918:
There are over 125 references to bronze ('nehoshet'), which appears to be the
479:, and were smelted from native arsenical copper and copper-arsenides, such as
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4170:
4129:
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2671:
Woldman’s Engineering Alloys, 9th Edition 1936, American Society for Metals,
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Berthelot, M.P.E. (1888). "Sur le nom du bronze chez les alchimistes grecs".
1954:
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The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced
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Alavudeen, A.; Venkateshwaran, N.; Winowlin Jappes, J. T. (1 January 2006).
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2211:"Expedition Magazine | The Early Bronze Age of Iran as Seen from Tepe Yahya"
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in 1952. The material used for the fountain, known as statuary bronze, is a
705:, 40% zinc) are more properly regarded as brass alloys because they contain
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2347:"Ancient Blacksmiths, the Iron Age, Damascus Steels, and Modern Metallurgy"
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2005:
1997:, the first office building in the world to use extruded bronze on a facade
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As with coins, bronze has been used in the manufacture of various types of
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There are many different bronze alloys, but typically modern bronze is 88%
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Roman bronze nails with magical signs and inscriptions, 3rd-4th century AD.
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Etymologisches Wörterbuch der europäischen Wörter orientalischen Ursprungs
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3027:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 106.
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2236:"Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, c. 6500 years ago"
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are made from bronze, which gives a desirable balance of durability and
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in which bronze was the hardest metal in widespread use is known as the
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3211:"Nehoshet: Copper, Bronze or Brass? Which are Plausible in the Tanakh?"
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Bronzes of various metallurgical properties are widely used in struck
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or from naturally or artificially mixed ores of those metals, forming
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Hoard) have been found. Indian Hindu artisans from the period of the
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2013:(Tungum), a bronze alloy of copper, aluminium, nickel, tin, and zinc
1895:, the era of heroes. It was first adopted for a sports event at the
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mirrors followed the same pattern. Although other materials such as
509:), and believed to have been smelted from a natural tin-copper ore,
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Jewelry – Metalwork 1991 Survey: Visions – Concepts – Communication
2544:. The Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology Classroom. Archived from
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fabricated 3,200,000 pounds (1,600 tons) of bronze at its plant in
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Bronze statues were regarded as the highest form of sculpture in
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Industrial products of the Bunting Brass and Bronze Company, 1912
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Suspended Music: Chime-Bells in the Culture of Bronze Age China
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2808:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc. Publishers. p. 17.
460:") predecessors. Initially, bronze was made out of copper and
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Behind the Scenes of Tiffany Glassmaking: the Nash Notebooks
2146:. London: Maney Publishing, for the Institute of Materials.
1796:, cymbals, and other idiophones from Asia. Examples include
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1265:; 305–30 BC; solid cast of bronze; 4.8 × 10.3 cm;
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2280:"Metallurgy and Ecological Change in the Ancient Near East"
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1844:(1438). The legend reads, in Greek: "John the Palaiologos,
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This article is about the metal alloy. For other uses, see
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Metals technic: a collection of techniques for metalsmiths
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1902:
Bronze is the normal material for the related form of the
987:. The Seagram Building is a 38-story, 516-foot bronze-and-
3268:
Viking Bronze – Ancient and Early Medieval bronze casting
2818:
for a translation of his inscription see the appendix in
2759:
Seagram Building Marks Apex Of Mies van der Rohe's Career
1922:
word used for copper and any of its alloys. However, the
975:
is the "iconic glass box sheathed in bronze, designed by
907:
562:
558:
490:
The earliest tin-copper-alloy artifact has been dated to
89:
2681:
1692:
were making bronze mirrors in the sixth century BC, and
775:
Bronzes are typically ductile alloys, considerably less
634:
powered by water), blacksmiths also learned how to make
1106:; in Europe, Grecian bronzes typically of figures from
92:
and often with the addition of other metals (including
2910:"A Chronology of Louis C. Tiffany and Tiffany Studios"
1000:
in the fixed glass-plate windows were made of brass."
2953:
2850:
2234:
Radivojević, Miljana; Rehren, Thilo (December 2013).
1906:, normally a rectangular work of art with a scene in
1618:
by Gilbert Donnelly Sr. and his son John Donnelly Jr.
1144:
artwork; 2400–1900 BC; bronze; height: 10.8 cm;
71:
Various examples of bronze artwork throughout history
3244:"Lost Wax, Found Bronze": lost-wax casting explained
253:
2888:(1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. pp. 2–10.
2881:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2255:
Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations
1094:In antiquity other cultures also produced works of
923:, a high tensile corrosion resistant bronze alloy.
862:against dissimilar metals, making it important for
551:, metallic tin and the fumes from tin refining are
2570:A Textbook of Engineering Materials and Metallurgy
1939:in I Samuel 17:5-6;38 (also see II Chron. 12:10).
1769:Bronze is also used for the windings of steel and
690:is sometimes described as bronze and sometimes as
262:
3251:"Flash animation of the lost-wax casting process"
2875:
2542:"Bronze Disease, Archaeologies of the Greek Past"
2233:
2052:"British Museum, "Scope Note" for "copper alloy""
2038:China in the Early Bronze Age: Shang Civilization
1588:," and used bronze in their artisan work for his
617:after a serious disruption of the tin trade: the
151:and India is conventionally dated to the mid-4th
4278:
3020:
2724:
2169:
2167:
1792:around the world, notably bells, singing bowls,
1747:in the form of a high tin bronze alloy known as
1616:US Supreme Court Building's massive bronze doors
815:Bronze weight with an inscribed imperial order,
688:Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège
2902:
2862:The Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art
2749:. No. November 10, 1957. pp. 313, 320
2344:
162:Because historical artworks were often made of
1891:, where youth lasted a hundred years; and the
396:
390:
372:
366:
3289:
3050:
3048:
2477:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
2164:
1762:. Several types of bronze are used, commonly
1178:; bronze: height with handles: 25.4 cm;
381:
347:
341:
335:
319:
313:
234:
211:
147:. The beginning of the Bronze Age in western
2882:Eidelberg, Martin; McClelland, Nany (2001).
2659:"Doehler-Jarvis Company Collection, MSS-202"
2227:
2080:
619:population migrations of around 1200–1100 BC
3296:
3282:
3157:"What Is Bronze? | National Bell Festival"
3045:
1838:Medal of the Emperor John VIII Palaiologos
1098:using bronze. For example: in Africa, the
3054:
2488:
2108:
1803:, temple bells of many sizes and shapes,
803:" will eventually completely destroy it.
386:from "bir" (one) "birinç" (primary), and
306:), reputed for its bronze; or originally:
3130:
3079:
2139:
2124:
1879:and bronze to represent the first three
1832:
1731:
1715:
1681:(2040–1750 BC), and China from at least
1653:
1610:
1594:
946:
821:
810:
683:are in fact brass, and the 12th-century
645:
528:(Iran) and some ancient sites in China,
471:The earliest known arsenic-copper-alloy
431:
419:
173:
3208:
2316:Cramer, Clayton E. (10 December 1995).
2143:A History of Metallurgy, Second Edition
926:
601:Though bronze is generally harder than
424:Hoard of bronze socketed axes from the
4279:
2819:
2803:
2635:. Copper Development Association Inc.
2609:. Copper Development Association Inc.
2424:from the original on 24 September 2013
2398:from the original on 11 September 2013
2315:
2257:. London: Athlone Press. p. 169.
1913:
1711:
1606:
1574:Tiffany Glass Studios, made famous by
571:Tin sources and trade in ancient times
516:Other early examples date to the late
3277:
3135:. New York: Hal Leonard. p. 13.
2467:
2345:Sherby, O. D.; Wadsworth, J. (2000).
2252:
2035:
1887:, when men lived among the gods; the
1237:; 460-450 BC; bronze; height: 2.1 m;
596:
233:(1511), itself borrowed from Italian
3209:Meschel, Susan V. (2 October 2017).
2696:
1751:, which is typically about 23% tin.
1644:United States Supreme Court Building
1578:commonly referred to his product as
783:. Some common examples are the high
108:) and sometimes non-metals, such as
2999:. Washington, DC: The Supreme Court
2277:
2173:
2062:from the original on 18 August 2014
2040:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1828:
902:for woodworking applications where
348:
320:
13:
2939:Amon Carter Museum of American Art
2740:"Building is Designer's Testament"
1743:Bronze is the preferred metal for
1636:Andrew W. Mellon Memorial Fountain
1020:Bronze is widely used for casting
14:
4313:
3231:
3021:Von Falkenhausen, Lothar (1993).
2737:
2587:from the original on 10 June 2016
2573:. Firewall Media. pp. 136–.
2177:Journal of Archaeological Science
1840:during his visit to Florence, by
3041:from the original on 2016-05-26.
2516:from the original on 2016-08-28.
2242:from the original on 2014-02-05.
1960:Bronze and brass ornamental work
1541:
1509:
1490:
1478:
1465:
1453:
1437:
1420:
1397:
1385:
1359:
1324:
1301:
1282:
1250:
1224:
1209:
1187:
1157:
1127:
1114:, Chinese ritual bronzes of the
797:protected from further corrosion
61:
52:
41:
32:
3202:
3191:from the original on 2016-07-30
3149:
3124:
3098:
3073:
3014:
2927:
2841:
2812:
2797:
2764:
2665:
2651:
2639:from the original on 2013-12-05
2625:
2613:from the original on 2015-12-08
2599:
2534:
2520:
2461:
2436:
2410:
2384:
2371:
2338:
2309:
2304:Smithells Metals Reference Book
2297:
2271:
2246:
1975:Dezincification resistant brass
1722:Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng
88:, commonly with about 12–12.5%
2238:. Antiquity Publications Ltd.
2203:
2133:
2117:
2101:
2074:
2044:
2029:
1817:Some companies are now making
1257:Ancient Egyptian statuette of
1239:National Archaeological Museum
641:
577:, which were traded as far as
282:, 11th century), perhaps from
248:(13th century, transcribed in
198:
189:
1:
3303:
2023:
1682:
1409:
1319:); Metropolitan Museum of Art
1172:
1003:
747:
491:
224:(1730–1740) is borrowed from
3133:Siminoff's Luthiers Glossary
2806:A Concise History of Bronzes
1910:, for a collectors' market.
284:
272:
263:
169:
7:
3240:(archived 16 December 2006)
3131:Siminoff, Roger H. (2008).
2530:. ASTM International. 2015.
2468:Adams, Jonathan R. (2012).
2318:"What Caused The Iron Age?"
1970:Chinese bronze inscriptions
1942:
650:Bronze bell with a visible
391:
367:
342:
336:
314:
216:, meaning 'Queen Mother Wu'
212:
10:
4318:
2381:. Reed Library, Australia.
2083:Illinois Classical Studies
2001:General Bronze Corporation
1980:French Empire mantel clock
1669:
1662:bronze mirror, 120-80 BC,
1649:
1628:General Bronze Corporation
1557:, bronze sculpture, 1937,
1378:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1180:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1013:
1007:
981:General Bronze Corporation
943:General Bronze Corporation
940:
930:
791:of several bronze alloys.
415:
309:in its earliest form from
290:
278:
206:ever found; 1300–1046 BC;
18:
4302:Coinage metals and alloys
4233:
4195:
4138:
4060:
3831:
3768:
3707:
3669:
3662:
3622:
3524:
3478:
3471:
3311:
2253:Potts, Daniel T. (1997).
2036:Thorp, Robert L. (2013).
609:of 60–258 vs. 30–80, the
397:
373:
3270:(archived 16 April 2016)
3255:James Peniston Sculpture
3080:LaPlantz, David (1991).
1883:in Greek mythology: the
1754:Nearly all professional
1726:Spring and Autumn period
1569:
1529:bronze sculpture, 1934,
1354:, late 11th–12th century
208:National Museum of China
84:consisting primarily of
3798:Nickel silver (alpacca)
3185:Encyclopædia Britannica
3055:McCreight, Tim (1992).
2965:National Gallery of Art
2804:Savage, George (1968).
2499:10.1111/1095-9270.12001
2379:Copper, Silver and Gold
2287:Backdirt: Annual Review
2140:Tylecote, R.F. (1992).
2125:Lokotsch, Karl (1927).
1267:Cleveland Museum of Art
1061:Brahma from Mirpur-Khas
843:and typically used for
806:
785:electrical conductivity
549:unlike those of arsenic
362:, from which also came
229:
21:Bronze (disambiguation)
16:Alloy of copper and tin
3246:(archived 23 May 2009)
3215:Jewish Bible Quarterly
2528:ASTM B124 / B124M – 15
2197:10.1006/jasc.2002.0809
1857:
1740:
1729:
1667:
1619:
1603:
1602:table lamp with bronze
1176: 13th century BC
960:
827:
819:
676:Gloucester Candlestick
666:consists of the alpha
655:
591:Chinese ritual bronzes
437:
429:
382:
267:, back-formation from
254:
235:
217:
4139:Other natural objects
2700:Manhattan Skyscrapers
2377:Knapp, Brian. (1996)
2306:, 8th Edition, ch. 22
1985:List of copper alloys
1836:
1735:
1719:
1657:
1614:
1598:
1067:) and later periods (
985:Garden City, New York
950:
849:electrical connectors
835:used in contemporary
825:
814:
649:
630:(typically made with
435:
423:
204:Chinese ritual bronze
177:
141:archaeological period
3614:Wire wrapped jewelry
3594:Repoussé and chasing
3059:. Brynmorgen Press.
2935:"Roman Bronze Works"
2113:(in French): 294–98.
1897:1904 Summer Olympics
1867:for centuries, and "
1775:stringed instruments
1658:Decorated back of a
1408:firedogs (chenets);
995:resistance, and its
927:Architectural bronze
858:Bronze also has low
724:, manganese bronze,
4156:Ebonite (vulcanite)
3187:(Online ed.).
2779:Architectural Forum
2697:Nash, Eric (1999).
2548:on 26 February 2015
2215:Expedition Magazine
2189:2002JArSc..29.1451T
2111:Revue archéologique
1914:Biblical references
1812:musical instruments
1810:, and other bronze
1773:strings of various
1712:Musical instruments
1646:in Washington, DC.
1607:Fountains and doors
1502:Jean-Antoine Houdon
955:viewed from across
781:chemical properties
540:(Afghanistan), and
3501:Jewellery designer
2990:"The Bronze Doors"
2785:(4): 9. April 1955
2747:The New York Times
1858:
1741:
1730:
1668:
1624:Roman Bronze Works
1620:
1604:
1559:Rockefeller Center
1531:Rockefeller Center
1334:with his consorts
961:
937:Roman Bronze Works
886:) is used to make
828:
820:
656:
597:Transition to iron
454:building materials
438:
430:
218:
4274:
4273:
4191:
4190:
4061:Organic gemstones
3658:
3657:
3112:on 11 August 2014
3034:978-0-520-07378-4
2858:"Tiffany Studios"
2834:978-0-19-966226-5
2821:Dalley, Stephanie
2677:978-0-87170-691-1
2580:978-81-7008-957-5
2325:claytoncramer.com
2264:978-0-48593-001-6
2153:978-1-902653-79-2
1937:David and Goliath
1688:. In Europe, the
1234:Artemision Bronze
1167:tripod cauldron (
1065:Sultanganj Buddha
1041:Ancient Greek art
1022:bronze sculptures
977:Mies van der Rohe
518:4th millennium BC
243:bell metal, brass
4309:
3718:Britannia silver
3667:
3666:
3476:
3475:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3181:"bronze | alloy"
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3108:. Archived from
3102:
3096:
3095:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3004:
2994:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2967:. Washington, DC
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2776:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2744:
2735:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2694:
2679:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2492:
2474:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2444:"plastic bronze"
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2388:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2351:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2327:. Archived from
2322:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2278:Kaufman, Brett.
2275:
2269:
2268:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2156:. Archived from
2137:
2131:
2130:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2033:
1995:Seagram Building
1933:Solomon's Temple
1829:Coins and medals
1687:
1684:
1640:Federal Triangle
1632:quaternary alloy
1576:Louis C. Tiffany
1545:
1513:
1494:
1482:
1469:
1457:
1441:
1424:
1414:
1411:
1401:
1389:
1363:
1328:
1305:
1286:
1254:
1228:
1213:
1195:Ancient Egyptian
1191:
1177:
1174:
1161:
1131:
1104:Kingdom of Benin
1010:Bronze sculpture
965:Seagram Building
953:Seagram Building
933:Seagram Building
884:beryllium copper
866:prior to modern
730:arsenical bronze
718:aluminium bronze
715:
714:
613:gave way to the
607:Vickers hardness
496:
493:
410:
407:
404:
401:), also meaning
400:
399:
394:
385:
376:
375:
370:
361:
358:
355:
351:
350:
345:
339:
333:
330:
327:
323:
322:
317:
305:
302:
297:
293:
292:
287:
281:
280:
275:
266:
257:
247:
244:
241:
238:
232:
215:
202:), the heaviest
200:
191:
65:
56:
45:
36:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4229:
4187:
4176:Spondylus shell
4134:
4056:
3827:
3813:Stainless steel
3764:
3748:Sterling silver
3708:Precious metal
3703:
3671:Precious metals
3654:
3618:
3520:
3467:
3307:
3302:
3259:
3257:
3249:
3234:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3207:
3203:
3194:
3192:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3165:
3163:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3106:"www.sax.co.uk"
3104:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3084:. S. LaPlantz.
3078:
3074:
3067:
3053:
3046:
3035:
3019:
3015:
3002:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2970:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2941:. Carter Museum
2933:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2916:
2914:Tiffany Studios
2908:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2817:
2813:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2752:
2750:
2742:
2738:Ennis, Thomas.
2736:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2695:
2682:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2581:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2490:10.1.1.738.4024
2472:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2392:"Copper alloys"
2390:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2251:
2247:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2183:(12): 1451–60.
2172:
2165:
2154:
2138:
2134:
2122:
2118:
2106:
2102:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
1945:
1916:
1856:of the Romans".
1831:
1714:
1685:
1674:
1652:
1609:
1572:
1565:
1546:
1537:
1514:
1505:
1495:
1486:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1458:
1449:
1444:Pair of French
1442:
1433:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1404:Pair of French
1402:
1393:
1390:
1381:
1380:, New York City
1364:
1355:
1329:
1320:
1306:
1297:
1287:
1278:
1255:
1246:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1205:
1197:statuette of a
1192:
1183:
1182:(New York City)
1175:
1162:
1153:
1146:National Museum
1132:
1108:Greek mythology
1063:, Akota Hoard,
1034:lost-wax method
1018:
1012:
1006:
945:
939:
931:Main articles:
929:
906:would discolor
872:electric motors
832:stainless steel
809:
750:
722:phosphor bronze
712:
711:
644:
599:
581:in the eastern
494:
477:Iranian plateau
418:
408:
405:
402:
359:
356:
353:
331:
328:
325:
303:
298:
295:
269:Byzantine Greek
258:) from either:
245:
242:
239:
172:
75:
74:
73:
72:
68:
67:
66:
58:
57:
48:
47:
46:
38:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4315:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4237:Related topics
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
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1679:Middle Kingdom
1670:Main article:
1651:
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1008:Main article:
1005:
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959:at 52nd Street
928:
925:
808:
805:
801:bronze disease
772:-base alloys.
758:melting points
749:
746:
738:bismuth bronze
734:speculum metal
713:Silicon bronze
668:solid solution
643:
640:
598:
595:
587:store of value
495: 4650 BC
466:arsenic bronze
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3161:www.bells.org
3158:
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3091:0-942002-05-9
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2359:on 2007-06-26
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1955:Bell founding
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1801:singing bowls
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1737:Singing bowls
1734:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686: 550 BC
1680:
1673:
1672:Bronze mirror
1665:
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1647:
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1641:
1637:
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1613:
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1597:
1593:
1591:
1590:Tiffany lamps
1587:
1586:
1585:Tiffany glass
1581:
1580:favrile glass
1577:
1564:
1563:New York City
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
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1539:
1536:
1535:New York City
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1290:Ancient Greek
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969:New York City
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786:
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778:
773:
771:
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763:
759:
755:
752:Copper-based
745:
743:
742:cymbal alloys
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
708:
704:
699:
695:
693:
689:
686:
682:
681:Benin Bronzes
679:13th-century
677:
673:
669:
665:
662:and 12% tin.
661:
653:
648:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
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616:
612:
608:
604:
594:
592:
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583:Mediterranean
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531:
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499:Vinča culture
488:
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226:Middle French
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187:
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134:machinability
131:
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91:
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83:
79:
64:
55:
44:
35:
26:
22:
4266:Wearable art
4261:Phaleristics
4256:Metalworking
4161:Gutta-percha
3937:Lapis lazuli
3782:
3723:Colored gold
3604:Stonesetting
3258:. Retrieved
3238:Bronze bells
3218:. Retrieved
3214:
3204:
3193:. Retrieved
3184:
3175:
3164:. Retrieved
3160:
3151:
3132:
3126:
3116:18 September
3114:. Retrieved
3110:the original
3100:
3081:
3075:
3056:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3001:. Retrieved
2996:
2984:
2976:
2969:. Retrieved
2964:
2955:
2943:. Retrieved
2938:
2929:
2917:. Retrieved
2913:
2904:
2884:
2877:
2865:. Retrieved
2861:
2852:
2843:
2824:
2814:
2805:
2799:
2787:. Retrieved
2782:
2778:
2766:
2758:
2751:. Retrieved
2746:
2714:. Retrieved
2699:
2667:
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2627:
2615:. Retrieved
2601:
2589:. Retrieved
2569:
2562:
2552:14 September
2550:. Retrieved
2546:the original
2536:
2527:
2522:
2483:(1): 60–75.
2480:
2476:
2463:
2451:. Retrieved
2447:
2438:
2428:14 September
2426:. Retrieved
2412:
2402:14 September
2400:. Retrieved
2386:
2378:
2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2354:the original
2340:
2329:the original
2324:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2290:
2286:
2273:
2254:
2248:
2229:
2218:. Retrieved
2214:
2205:
2180:
2176:
2158:the original
2142:
2135:
2126:
2119:
2110:
2103:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2066:14 September
2064:. Retrieved
2055:
2046:
2037:
2031:
2006:Tiffany lamp
1917:
1901:
1862:
1859:
1851:
1845:
1816:
1787:
1777:such as the
1768:
1753:
1742:
1728:(476–221 BC)
1675:
1621:
1583:
1573:
1548:
1516:
1497:
1429:Neoclassical
1371:
1232:
1137:Dancing Girl
1135:
1120:Zhou dynasty
1100:bronze heads
1093:
1073:Chola empire
1053:Chausa hoard
1045:Late Antique
1038:
1019:
962:
857:
829:
793:
774:
751:
700:
696:
664:Alpha bronze
663:
657:
632:trip hammers
624:wrought iron
603:wrought iron
600:
557:
546:
515:
489:
470:
458:Chalcolithic
439:
221:
219:
199:Hòumǔwù dǐng
197:
180:
161:
138:
77:
76:
25:
4203:Art jewelry
4027:Tiger's eye
3932:Labradorite
3882:Chrysocolla
3877:Chrysoberyl
3793:Mokume-gane
3770:Base metals
3542:centrifugal
3511:Silversmith
3386:Ferronnière
3336:Belt buckle
3331:Belly chain
3003:23 December
2971:23 December
2945:23 December
2919:17 December
2867:17 December
2789:21 December
2753:17 December
2716:16 December
2123:Originally
2107:Originally
1881:Ages of Man
1783:harpsichord
1779:double bass
1446:Chinoiserie
1413: 1750
1030:Sennacherib
973:Park Avenue
957:Park Avenue
900:bronze wool
868:tolerancing
817:Qin dynasty
756:have lower
652:crystallite
642:Composition
628:forged iron
626:to machine-
542:Mesopotamia
311:Old Persian
4297:Tin alloys
4281:Categories
4037:Tourmaline
3982:Prasiolite
3857:Aventurine
3728:Crown gold
3630:Draw plate
3579:Metal clay
3516:Watchmaker
3506:Lapidarist
3491:Clockmaker
3366:Collar pin
3361:Chatelaine
3260:2008-11-03
3195:2016-07-21
3166:2024-07-04
2220:2024-04-24
2089:(2): 395.
2024:References
2017:Yoruba art
2011:UNS C69100
1950:Art object
1893:Bronze Age
1889:Silver age
1885:Golden Age
1853:autokrator
1819:saxophones
1790:idiophones
1764:B20 bronze
1749:bell metal
1664:St Keverne
1555:Lee Lawrie
1518:Prometheus
1370:Statue of
1348:Tamil Nadu
1340:Satyabhama
1315:(probably
1292:statue of
1085:Swamimalai
1077:Tamil Nadu
1014:See also:
1004:Sculptures
941:See also:
904:steel wool
748:Properties
726:bell metal
685:Romanesque
654:structure.
611:Bronze Age
534:Tepe Sialk
481:algodonite
426:Bronze Age
291:Βρεντήσιον
285:Brentḗsion
279:βροντησίον
273:brontēsíon
153:millennium
145:Bronze Age
116:, such as
114:metalloids
110:phosphorus
4183:Toadstone
4120:Operculum
4047:Variscite
4042:Turquoise
4022:Tanzanite
3957:Moonstone
3952:Marcasite
3947:Malachite
3872:Carnelian
3847:Amazonite
3834:gemstones
3808:Pinchbeck
3753:Argentium
3743:Shibuichi
3684:Palladium
3663:Materials
3599:Soldering
3589:Polishing
3564:Engraving
3559:Enameling
3525:Processes
3496:Goldsmith
3431:Tie chain
3406:Neck ring
3396:Lapel pin
3305:Jewellery
3220:24 August
2643:24 August
2617:24 August
2485:CiteSeerX
2453:24 August
2363:24 August
1904:plaquette
1842:Pisanello
1781:, piano,
1708:, India.
1690:Etruscans
1666:, England
1271:Cleveland
1150:New Delhi
1112:east Asia
1059:periods (
997:extrusion
993:corrosion
847:, clips,
579:Phoenicia
553:not toxic
485:domeykite
473:artifacts
334:, modern
220:The word
170:Etymology
130:ductility
98:manganese
94:aluminium
4251:Gemology
4225:Fineness
4216:(purity)
4151:Bog-wood
4098:Precious
4078:Ammolite
4017:Sunstone
4007:Sodalite
4002:Sapphire
3962:Obsidian
3902:Fluorite
3892:Diopside
3852:Amethyst
3832:Mineral
3823:Tungsten
3818:Titanium
3733:Electrum
3689:Platinum
3574:Kazaziye
3569:Filigree
3547:lost-wax
3446:Toe ring
3436:Tie clip
3411:Pectoral
3401:Necklace
3376:Cufflink
3351:Bracelet
3346:Bolo tie
3326:Barrette
3189:Archived
3039:Archived
2823:(2013).
2637:Archived
2611:Archived
2585:Archived
2511:Archived
2507:39339094
2422:Archived
2396:Archived
2240:Archived
2095:23062525
2060:Archived
1965:Bronzing
1943:See also
1847:basileus
1805:Javanese
1525:classic
1373:Nataraja
1217:Etruscan
1152:, India)
1142:Harappan
1096:high art
1081:Hinduism
1026:Assyrian
912:Bearings
896:wrenches
860:friction
845:bearings
837:statuary
789:seawater
762:aluminum
672:turbines
615:Iron Age
575:Cornwall
567:Cornwall
544:(Iraq).
538:Mundigak
536:(Iran),
532:(Iran),
530:Luristan
511:stannite
501:site in
388:Armenian
364:Georgian
300:Brindisi
264:bróntion
255:bronzium
179:Houmuwu
157:Iron Age
126:strength
4246:Fashion
4220:Finding
4068:Abalone
3977:Peridot
3942:Larimar
3927:Kyanite
3912:Howlite
3897:Emerald
3887:Diamond
3760:Tumbaga
3738:Shakudō
3694:Rhodium
3645:Mandrel
3584:Plating
3537:Casting
3532:Carving
3441:Tie pin
3416:Pendant
3391:Genital
3381:Earring
2827:. OUP.
2591:25 June
2185:Bibcode
1808:gamelan
1798:Tibetan
1756:cymbals
1650:Mirrors
1600:Tiffany
1427:French
1376:at the
1366:Bronze
1336:Rukmini
1332:Krishna
1202:pharaoh
1199:Kushite
1102:of the
1089:Chennai
1049:Kushana
921:Brastil
892:mallets
888:hammers
864:cannons
853:springs
777:brittle
766:silicon
605:, with
503:Pločnik
497:, in a
462:arsenic
446:weapons
416:History
379:Turkish
213:Hòumǔwù
186:Chinese
164:brasses
149:Eurasia
122:silicon
118:arsenic
4287:Bronze
4210:(mass)
4146:Bezoar
4052:Zircon
4012:Spinel
3987:Quartz
3922:Jasper
3907:Garnet
3803:Pewter
3788:Copper
3783:Bronze
3710:alloys
3699:Silver
3650:Pliers
3640:Hammer
3552:vacuum
3479:People
3472:Making
3456:pocket
3356:Brooch
3321:Anklet
3139:
3088:
3063:
3031:
2892:
2831:
2707:
2675:
2577:
2505:
2487:
2448:The 💕
2261:
2150:
2093:
1990:Ormolu
1920:Hebrew
1908:relief
1877:silver
1865:medals
1823:banjos
1760:timbre
1706:Kerala
1660:Celtic
1527:gilded
1498:Winter
1406:Rococo
1344:Garuda
1243:Athens
1165:Ritual
1055:) and
1016:Ormolu
916:Oilite
876:guitar
770:nickel
754:alloys
740:, and
660:copper
507:Serbia
452:, and
406:bronze
383:pirinç
374:ბრინჯი
368:brinǯi
357:copper
343:piring
340:) and
337:berenj
315:birinj
236:bronzo
230:bronze
222:bronze
196::
194:pinyin
188::
102:nickel
86:copper
80:is an
78:Bronze
4214:Carat
4208:Carat
4196:Terms
4171:Shell
4125:Pearl
4115:Nacre
4105:Ivory
4093:Black
4088:Coral
4083:Copal
4073:Amber
4032:Topaz
3991:smoky
3862:Beryl
3842:Agate
3778:Brass
3623:Tools
3461:strap
3451:Watch
3426:Tiara
3371:Crown
3341:Bindi
3313:Forms
2993:(PDF)
2775:(PDF)
2743:(PDF)
2514:(PDF)
2503:S2CID
2473:(PDF)
2357:(PDF)
2350:(PDF)
2332:(PDF)
2321:(PDF)
2293:: 86.
2283:(PDF)
2091:JSTOR
1929:Moses
1794:gongs
1771:nylon
1745:bells
1698:Roman
1694:Greek
1570:Lamps
1550:Atlas
1500:; by
1368:Chola
1352:India
1317:Bihar
1313:India
1309:Gupta
1277:, US)
1263:Horus
1140:, an
1116:Shang
1110:; in
1069:Hansi
1057:Gupta
1028:king
989:topaz
880:piano
841:tough
692:brass
636:steel
622:hand-
522:Egypt
450:armor
442:tools
398:բրինձ
392:brinj
329:brass
132:, or
112:, or
104:, or
82:alloy
4166:Hair
3997:Ruby
3972:Opal
3967:Onyx
3917:Jade
3679:Gold
3635:File
3421:Ring
3222:2022
3137:ISBN
3118:2014
3086:ISBN
3061:ISBN
3029:ISBN
3005:2023
2973:2023
2947:2023
2921:2023
2890:ISBN
2869:2023
2829:ISBN
2791:2023
2755:2023
2718:2023
2705:ISBN
2673:ISBN
2645:2022
2619:2022
2593:2013
2575:ISBN
2554:2014
2455:2022
2430:2014
2404:2014
2365:2022
2291:2011
2259:ISBN
2148:ISBN
2068:2014
1873:gold
1850:and
1696:and
1626:and
1582:or "
1338:and
1294:Eros
1275:Ohio
1261:and
1259:Isis
1231:The
1169:ding
1134:The
1118:and
1087:and
963:The
951:The
935:and
878:and
851:and
807:Uses
707:zinc
703:lead
563:Ores
526:Susa
483:and
349:پرنگ
321:برنج
190:后母戊鼎
181:ding
139:The
106:zinc
4110:Jet
3866:red
2783:102
2495:doi
2193:doi
1638:in
1553:by
1473:Art
1432:Art
1171:);
1075:in
971:'s
967:on
908:oak
764:or
559:Tin
520:in
377:),
318:, (
252:as
120:or
90:tin
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