186:
821:
837:
1240:
43:
181:
640:
The
Swordbrothers had superiority in heavy cavalry. For that reason, natives tried to avoid pitched battles during the Livonian crusade. Most of the confrontations consisted of raids. The Order built a fortified line along the Daugava that created a peaceful time in the region. Livonian people began
494:
In the beginning, the main duty of the
Livonian Brothers was to protect priests and missionaries. The characteristics of the territory brought a moral challenge for the crusaders because the land of the Livs and Letts had not previously been Christian. Therefore, they did not have any justification
636:
on the north of the
Daugava. The Lithuanian army challenged the order to battle and was defeated by the Order. This victory served to show the value of the castle line along the river. The chain of castles allowed successful communication. Meanwhile, the local militia could assemble at the nearest
707:
further upstream. The last one grew as a fortress and Master Wenno located the
Headquarters of the Order there. Wickbert, a man loyal to Albert of Riga, was placed to manage the Wenden castle. Master Wenno removed him, but Wickbert fled to the protection of Albert of Riga and killed Wenno with an
719:
with the help of Bishop Albert. In 1222, Estonia was partitioned between
Valdemar II and Albert of Riga in an agreement unsatisfactory to the Swordbrothers. After that, they exploited the peasants until a revolt arose. The Pope rebuked the Order for the way they managed the conflict. Then, they
668:
Between 1211 and 1212, the
Swordbrothers realised that winter was the best season for warfare due to frozen swamps, weak undergrowth, and difficulty of their enemies to cover their tracks. Also, the knights could use frozen rivers as high-speed paths. The Order used these advantages in their
652:
In 1211, several threats around
Livonian prompted Albert of Riga to reinforce the defences. For safeguarding the northern flank, Albert organised an invasion of southern Estonia. The Swordbrothers were the core of the crusader army, allied with Russians, loyal Livs and Letts, and led by
539:) (or possibly Theoderich von Treyden) realised that a standing army in Livonia would be more useful than crusaders staying a short time. As rewards for secular knights in the Baltic area were not enough to ensure their long-term stance, Albert founded the Brotherhood in 1202 to aid the
508:
625:. The brotherhood was reluctant to go to war due to the absence of bishop Albert. However, Viesthard successfully persuaded the Swordbrothers. They prepared an ambush against the Lithuanians that were returning with the booty, where the Lithuanian leader was beheaded.
628:
In 1206, the Duke
Vladimir of Polozk demanded tribute from the inhabitants of the Daugava when the terms of service of the crusaders expired. The Swordbrothers, with the help of the remaining crusaders, beat the Russian troops that arrived suddenly to Daugava.
720:
tried to seize Danish land in
Estonia until a papal legate made them give it back. When the papal legate left, the Swordbrothers took the Danish land again. They also invaded the territory of Bishop Albert and levied tolls on traffic on the Daugava.
476:, requiring them to be of noble birth and to take vows of obedience, poverty, and celibacy. The order also included soldiers, artisans, and clerics as members. The Knights made up a general assembly, which selected a grandmaster and other officials.
723:
After the death of Albert of Riga in 1229, ecclesiastical authorities considered that the Order was no longer useful. The papal legate
Bernard of Aulne decided that they should be suppressed, and he tried to recapture the Danish Castle at
499:. However, garrison duties did not imply ownership. Albert of Riga established that one-third of any new territory could be retained by the order. Meanwhile, the rest of the territory was handed over to the bishop.
331:
156:
495:
to attack them. The division of conquered territory also was a problem faced by the order. Swordbrothers were to garrison the built castles to maintain control along the
654:
641:
to consider the Swordbrothers as efficient protectors. Despite that, some native leaders felt that the Order represented a challenge to their authority, as the case of
479:
The grandmaster served for life in the order. He chose a council and a military chief for each district castle, where the order's knights were living.
60:
994:
688:, brought the Order into a confrontation with Bishop Albert. Albert wanted to extend to the south of the river and did not have an interest in
107:
632:
In 1207, the Swordbrothers faced an attack from Lithuania launched during the winter. The Swordbrothers and allies stayed at the castle of
79:
1463:
1458:
1298:
836:
742:
in his letter of November 24, 1232. However, no known information regarding the knights' possible activities in Finland has survived. (
86:
1488:
1156:
669:
campaigns until 1218, when they conquered southern Estonia, meanwhile they beat off counter-attacks from Russians and Lithuanians.
1453:
93:
1483:
970:
17:
75:
1195:
1106:
1328:
1080:
1473:
1420:
380:
661:
and negotiated a settlement with the condition that pagans accept baptism. The following year the order destroyed the
1044:
904:
346:
126:
820:
695:
Master Wenno advanced to the north without the permission of Bishop Albert. First, the Order took and occupied the
1478:
1498:
64:
1303:
1149:
1390:
621:
visited Riga to request the help of the Swordbrothers after a local Semigallian tribe was devastated by the
100:
782:, clothing and policy) as an autonomous branch of the Teutonic Order, headed by their own Master (himself
1351:
1224:
1068:
The Discovery of the Baltic The Reception of a Catholic World-System in the European North (AD 1075–1225)
684:
to the bishops. The desires of the Swordbrothers to expand to the north of the Daugava river, along the
1468:
935:
649:. King Vetseke massacred German workers who were rebuilding the fortress. He was punished after that.
1493:
1288:
1142:
739:
1268:
1202:
1174:
1093:
53:
1293:
1273:
1261:
827:
747:
712:
366:
1036:
Crusader castles of the Teutonic Knights. 2, The stone castles of Latvia and Estonia 1185–1560
1380:
1375:
395:
1190:
8:
1385:
1316:
1400:
1425:
1321:
1308:
1283:
1212:
988:
480:
185:
1229:
1219:
1050:
1040:
976:
966:
910:
900:
868:
540:
373:
770:. This disaster led the surviving Brothers to become incorporated into the Order of
1338:
1207:
863:
771:
350:
276:
1278:
1165:
1110:
1097:
873:
858:
759:
731:
573:, where the walls of the Master's castle still stand. Other strongholds included
547:
488:
473:
449:
343:
335:
226:
168:
160:
1395:
1311:
704:
376:
sanctioned the establishment in 1204 for the second time. The membership of the
1362:
1357:
853:
775:
716:
646:
524:
512:
457:
453:
391:
354:
322:
147:
31:
1239:
1101:
1447:
1343:
1084:
980:
779:
662:
532:
469:
271:
216:
1054:
914:
1256:
1248:
767:
680:
From its foundation, the indisciplined Order tended to ignore its supposed
614:
559:
445:
384:
960:
633:
894:
787:
763:
622:
441:
774:
in the following year, and from that point on they became known as the
582:
551:
398:
248:
590:
586:
256:
252:
936:"Order of the Brothers of the Sword | German organization of knights"
618:
555:
410:
1034:
42:
1430:
1182:
658:
566:
544:
377:
240:
1134:
574:
236:
1032:
805:
735:
725:
700:
696:
689:
642:
613:
In 1205, the first battle of the Livonian brothers occurred. The
598:
594:
578:
570:
536:
496:
484:
402:
303:
260:
244:
507:
180:
743:
681:
406:
358:
728:. However, the Order defeated him and took him as a prisoner.
799:
685:
657:, brother-in-law of Albert of Riga. After a siege, they took
605:
belonged to the five-member entourage of the Order's Master.
602:
435:+MAGISTRI ETFRM (et fratrum) MILICIE CRI (Christi) DE LIVONIA
297:
264:
1407:
672:
In 1230, Kurland was conquered and converted by the order.
528:
483:
was the first master of the order (1204–1209), followed by
387:
370:
362:
753:
842:
The Mecklenburgian swordbrother Helmold III. von Plesse.
692:, previously promised to King Valdemar II of Denmark.
472:
Livonian Brothers had a set of rules adopted from the
1090:
665:
resistance in a battle where 2,000 Saccalians fell.
637:fort to the raiders' return route and attack them.
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1445:
958:
558:living across the ancient trade routes from the
456:as an autonomous branch and became known as the
452:in 1236, the surviving Brothers merged into the
778:. They continued to function in all respects (
1150:
899:(2nd ed.). London: Penguin. p. x.
892:
515:on the left and a Swordbrother on the right.
1299:County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos
1120:
1118:
746:eventually conquered Finland following the
390:, mostly from northern Germany, who fought
1157:
1143:
1033:Turnbull, S. R. (Stephen Richard) (2004).
993:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1128:, (Cambridge University Press, 2011), 44.
413:. Alternative names of the Order include
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1115:
565:The Brotherhood had its headquarters at
506:
487:Schenk von Winterstein, who died in the
754:Incorporation into the Teutonic Knights
14:
1446:
1126:A Concise History of the Baltic States
1138:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
930:
928:
926:
924:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
1164:
27:Catholic military order (1204–1237)
24:
1464:Military orders (monastic society)
1459:History of Christianity in Estonia
808:(Schenk von Winterstein) 1209–1236
427:Order of the Brothers of the Sword
25:
1510:
1001:
921:
196:Coat of Arms of the Swordbrothers
173:Ordre des Chevaliers Porte-Glaive
1489:1237 disestablishments in Europe
1238:
835:
819:
786:subject to the Teutonic Order's
431:The Militia of Christ of Livonia
327:Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae
184:
179:
152:Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae
76:"Livonian Brothers of the Sword"
41:
1070:Blomkvist, Nils. 2004 (p. 539)
758:The Order was decimated in the
675:
463:
349:established in 1202 during the
52:needs additional citations for
1454:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
1370:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
1257:Latin Empire of Constantinople
1073:
1061:
952:
886:
440:Following their defeat by the
319:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
142:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
13:
1:
1484:1202 establishments in Europe
1304:Lordship of Argos and Nauplia
879:
734:asked the Brothers to defend
519:
965:. Frankopan, Peter. London.
962:A chronology of the Crusades
699:. In 1208, they founded the
645:, the original owner of the
585:. The commanders of Fellin,
7:
1352:State of the Teutonic Order
1225:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
1091:National Archive of Finland
1089:. (In Latin) Hosted by the
1081:"Letter by Pope Gregory IX"
893:Christiansen, Eric (1997).
847:
10:
1515:
812:
793:
760:Battle of Schaulen (Saule)
703:in the Aa valley, and the
608:
502:
401:in the area of modern-day
29:
1474:13th century in Lithuania
1416:
1337:
1247:
1236:
1181:
1172:
959:Venning, Timothy (2015).
655:Engelbert von Thisenhusen
543:in the conversion of the
287:
282:
270:
232:
222:
212:
204:
193:Seal of the Swordbrothers
178:
146:
141:
1289:Duchy of the Archipelago
802:(von Rohrbach) 1204–1209
30:Not to be confused with
1269:Kingdom of Thessalonica
1203:Principality of Antioch
1175:List of Crusader states
940:Encyclopedia Britannica
583:Ascheraden (Aizkraukle)
367:Theoderich von Treydend
249:Ascheraden (Aizkraukle)
1479:Livonian Confederation
1391:Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek
1294:Triarchy of Negroponte
1274:Principality of Achaea
1262:Duchy of Philippopolis
1103:Diplomatarium Fennicum
828:Livonian Confederation
748:Second Swedish Crusade
713:Valdemar II of Denmark
516:
339:
326:
172:
164:
151:
1499:Baltic-German history
1381:Bishopric of Courland
1376:Archbishopric of Riga
896:The northern Crusades
510:
18:Brothers of the Sword
1191:Kingdom of Jerusalem
591:Marienburg (Alūksne)
541:Bishopric of Livonia
257:Marienburg (Alūksne)
61:improve this article
1386:Bishopric of Dorpat
1317:Knights Hospitaller
740:Novgorodian attacks
697:fortress of Treiden
647:fortress of Koknese
603:Weißenstein (Paide)
587:Goldingen (Kuldīga)
272:Battle honours
265:Weißenstein (Paide)
253:Goldingen (Kuldīga)
1426:Crusading movement
1322:Hospitaller Rhodes
1284:Duchy of Neopatras
1109:2007-06-08 at the
1096:2010-09-15 at the
1039:. Oxford: Osprey.
701:castle of Segewold
686:Livonian Aa stream
579:Segewold (Sigulda)
517:
489:Battle of Schaulen
481:Wenno von Rohrbach
433:. The seal reads:
340:Schwertbrüderorden
245:Segewold (Sigulda)
165:Schwertbrüderorden
1469:Northern Crusades
1441:
1440:
1408:Free City of Riga
1230:Kingdom of Cyprus
1220:County of Tripoli
1124:Andrejs Plakans,
972:978-1-317-49643-4
869:Northern Crusades
567:Fellin (Viljandi)
312:
311:
241:Fellin (Viljandi)
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
1506:
1494:Livonian Crusade
1401:Order of Dobrzyń
1329:Genoese colonies
1242:
1208:County of Edessa
1159:
1152:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1113:
1088:
1083:. Archived from
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1030:
999:
998:
992:
984:
956:
950:
949:
947:
946:
932:
919:
918:
890:
864:Livonian Crusade
839:
823:
772:Teutonic Knights
762:in 1236 against
717:north of Estonia
705:castle of Wenden
365:(or possibly by
351:Livonian Crusade
334:
277:Livonian Crusade
188:
183:
159:
139:
138:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1421:Military orders
1412:
1341:
1333:
1279:Duchy of Athens
1243:
1234:
1177:
1168:
1166:Crusader states
1163:
1133:
1132:
1123:
1116:
1111:Wayback Machine
1098:Wayback Machine
1079:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1047:
1031:
1002:
986:
985:
973:
957:
953:
944:
942:
934:
933:
922:
907:
891:
887:
882:
874:Order of Dobrin
859:Battle of Saule
850:
843:
840:
831:
824:
815:
796:
756:
732:Pope Gregory IX
678:
611:
595:Reval (Tallinn)
569:in present-day
522:
513:Teutonic Knight
505:
474:Knights Templar
466:
450:Battle of Saule
330:
315:
308:
289:
261:Reval (Tallinn)
227:Catholic Church
200:
199:
167:
155:
154:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1512:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1363:Livonian Order
1360:
1358:Teutonic Order
1348:
1346:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1114:
1087:on 2007-08-14.
1072:
1060:
1045:
1000:
971:
951:
920:
905:
884:
883:
881:
878:
877:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
854:Teutonic Order
849:
846:
845:
844:
841:
834:
832:
825:
818:
814:
811:
810:
809:
803:
795:
792:
776:Livonian Order
755:
752:
715:conquered the
711:In 1219, King
677:
674:
610:
607:
575:Wenden (Cēsis)
521:
518:
504:
501:
465:
462:
458:Livonian Order
454:Teutonic Order
423:Sword Brethren
415:Christ Knights
347:military order
313:
310:
309:
307:
306:
300:
293:
291:
285:
284:
280:
279:
274:
268:
267:
237:Wenden (Cēsis)
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
176:
175:
144:
143:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
32:Livonian Order
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1511:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1046:1-84176-557-0
1042:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
996:
990:
982:
978:
974:
968:
964:
963:
955:
941:
937:
931:
929:
927:
925:
916:
912:
908:
906:0-14-026653-4
902:
898:
897:
889:
885:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
838:
833:
829:
822:
817:
816:
807:
804:
801:
798:
797:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
727:
721:
718:
714:
709:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
673:
670:
666:
664:
660:
656:
650:
648:
644:
638:
635:
630:
626:
624:
620:
616:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:Prince-Bishop
531:(also called
530:
526:
514:
509:
500:
498:
492:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
470:Baltic German
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:Swordbrothers
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:
393:
389:
386:
382:
379:
375:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
324:
320:
314:Military unit
305:
301:
299:
295:
294:
292:
286:
281:
278:
275:
273:
269:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
235:
231:
228:
225:
221:
218:
217:Terra Mariana
215:
211:
207:
203:
195:
192:
191:
187:
182:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
149:
145:
140:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1396:Dobrzyń Land
1369:
1312:Stato da Màr
1125:
1102:
1085:the original
1075:
1067:
1063:
1035:
961:
954:
943:. Retrieved
939:
895:
888:
788:Grand Master
783:
768:Semigallians
757:
730:
722:
710:
694:
679:
676:Indiscipline
671:
667:
651:
643:King Vetseke
639:
631:
627:
612:
564:
560:Gulf of Riga
527:, Bishop of
523:
493:
478:
467:
464:Organization
446:Semigallians
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
374:Innocent III
357:, the third
318:
316:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
764:Lithuanians
634:Lennewarden
623:Lithuanians
615:Semigallian
562:eastwards.
442:Samogitians
399:polytheists
233:Garrison/HQ
1448:Categories
945:2020-09-29
880:References
750:in 1249.)
597:, and the
552:Latgalians
520:Foundation
383:comprised
290:commanders
283:Commanders
223:Allegiance
117:March 2013
87:newspapers
989:cite book
981:908389545
738:from the
682:vassalage
663:Saccalian
619:Viesthard
556:Selonians
548:Livonians
491:in 1236.
411:Lithuania
378:crusading
332:‹See Tfd›
208:1204–1237
157:‹See Tfd›
1431:Crusades
1309:Venetian
1107:Archived
1094:Archived
1055:52783454
915:38197435
848:See also
830:in 1260.
344:Catholic
342:) was a
1344:Livonia
1339:Prussia
1196:vassals
813:Gallery
806:Volkwin
794:Masters
784:de jure
736:Finland
690:Estonia
609:Battles
599:bailiff
571:Estonia
537:Livonia
503:History
497:Daugava
485:Volkwin
448:in the
403:Estonia
385:warrior
304:Volquin
302:Master
296:Master
288:Notable
213:Country
101:scholar
1249:Greece
1213:Marash
1183:Levant
1100:. See
1053:
1043:
979:
969:
913:
903:
744:Sweden
659:Fellin
525:Albert
429:, and
407:Latvia
396:Finnic
392:Baltic
359:bishop
355:Albert
336:German
205:Active
169:French
161:German
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
800:Wenno
726:Reval
708:axe.
617:duke
545:pagan
388:monks
381:order
323:Latin
298:Wenno
148:Latin
108:JSTOR
94:books
1342:and
1051:OCLC
1041:ISBN
995:link
977:OCLC
967:ISBN
911:OCLC
901:ISBN
826:The
780:rule
766:and
581:and
554:and
529:Riga
468:The
444:and
409:and
394:and
371:Pope
363:Riga
317:The
80:news
790:).
601:of
535:of
369:).
361:of
353:by
63:by
1450::
1354:*
1117:^
1049:.
1003:^
991:}}
987:{{
975:.
938:.
923:^
909:.
593:,
589:,
577:,
550:,
511:A
460:.
437:.
425:,
421:,
417:,
405:,
338::
329:,
325::
263:,
259:,
255:,
251:,
247:.
243:,
239:,
171::
163::
150::
1372:*
1158:e
1151:t
1144:v
1057:.
997:)
983:.
948:.
917:.
321:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
