1128:. Small, fast moving prey may be caught by a flick of the tongue while larger items are grabbed with the jaws. Having no teeth, it swallows food whole in a series of gulps. It does not recognise its prey as such but will try to consume any small, dark coloured, moving object it encounters at night. A research study showed that it would snap at a moving 1 cm (0.4 in) piece of black paper as if it were prey but would disregard a larger moving piece. Toads seem to use visual cues for feeding and can see their prey at low light intensities where humans are unable to discern anything. Periodically, the common toad sheds its skin. This comes away in tattered pieces and is then consumed.
4203:
1272:
1216:
1081:
944:
1396:
and they had reached 95% of their expected adult size. Some females that were on a biennial breeding cycle carried on growing rapidly for a longer time. Adjusting for differences in temperature and the length of the growing season, the toads grew and matured at much the same rate from the four colder localities. These juveniles reached maturity after 1.09 years for males and 1.55 years for females. However, the young toads from lowland France grew faster and longer to a much greater size taking an average 1.77 years for males and 2.49 years for females before reaching maturity.
1073:
1288:
and hence of prowess. Nevertheless, fights occur in some instances. In a study at one pond where males outnumbered females by four or five to one, it was found that 38% of the males won the right to mate by defeating rivals in combat or by displacing other males already mounted on females. Male toads generally outnumber female toads at breeding ponds. A Swedish study found that female mortality was higher than that of males and that 41% of females did not come to the breeding pond in the spring and missed a year before reproducing again.
1250:
1691:
1832:
1735:
102:
1319:) but they are a darker colour, being blackish above and dark grey below. They can be distinguished from the tadpoles of other species by the fact that the mouth is the same width as the space between the eyes, and this is twice as large as the distance between the nostrils. Over the course of a few weeks their legs develop and their tail gradually gets reabsorbed. By twelve weeks of age they are miniature toads measuring about 1.5 cm (0.6 in) long and ready to leave the pond.
1563:, special tunnels have been constructed so that toads can cross under roads in safety. In other places, local wildlife groups run "toad patrols", carrying the amphibians across roads at busy crossing points in buckets. The toads start moving at dusk and for them to travel far, the temperature needs to remain above 5 °C (41 °F). On a warm wet night they may continue moving all night but if it cools down, they may stop earlier. An estimate was made of the significance of
654:
228:
1328:
42:
1457:". This is because it has a wide distribution and is, over most of its range, a common species. It is not particularly threatened by habitat loss because it is adaptable and is found in deciduous and coniferous forests, scrubland, meadows, parks and gardens. It prefers damp areas with dense foliage. The major threats it faces include loss of habitat locally, the drainage of wetlands where it breeds, agricultural activities, pollution, and mortality on roads.
1374:
77:
1292:
4161:
1531:
1336:
1303:. The males are enthusiastic, will try to grasp fish or inanimate objects and often mount the backs of other males. Sometimes several toads form a heap, each male trying to grasp the female at the base. It is a stressful period and mortality is high among breeding toads. A successful male stays in amplexus for several days and, as the female lays a long, double string of small black
1353:. This slows growth rates and reduces stamina and fitness. Larger juveniles at metamorphosis always outgrow smaller ones that have been reared in more crowded ponds. Even when they have heavy worm burdens, large juveniles grow faster than smaller individuals with light worm burdens. After several months of heavy worm infection, some juveniles in a study were only half as heavy as
1064:. The common toad is found at altitudes of up to 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) in the southern part of its range. It is largely found in forested areas with coniferous, deciduous and mixed woodland, especially in wet locations. It also inhabits open countryside, fields, copses, parks and gardens, and often occurs in dry areas well away from standing water.
1268:. They find their way to these by using a suite of orientation cues, including olfactory and magnetic cues, but also visual cues help guide their journeys. Toads experimentally moved elsewhere and fitted with tracking devices have been found to be able to locate their chosen breeding pond when the displacement exceeded three kilometres (two miles).
1395:
juveniles from different altitudes and latitudes, the specimens studied being from Norway, Germany, Switzerland, the
Netherlands and France. At first the growth rates for males and females was identical. By the time they became mature their growth rate had slowed down to about 21% of the initial rate
884:
The common toad can reach about 15 cm (6 in) in length. Females are normally stouter than males and southern specimens tend to be larger than northern ones. The head is broad with a wide mouth below the terminal snout which has two small nostrils. There are no teeth. The bulbous, protruding
1287:
The males arrive first and remain in the location for several weeks while the females only stay long enough to mate and spawn. Rather than fighting for the right to mate with a female, male toads may settle disputes by means of the pitch of their voice. Croaking provides a reliable sign of body size
1538:
Many toads are killed by traffic while migrating to their breeding grounds. In Europe they have the highest rate of mortality from roadkill among amphibians. Many of the deaths take place on stretches of road where streams flow underneath showing that migration routes often follow water courses. In
1154:
When attacked, the common toad adopts a characteristic stance, inflating its body and standing with its hindquarters raised and its head lowered. Its chief means of defence lies in the foul tasting secretion that is produced by its paratoid glands and other glands on its skin. This contains a toxin
1521:
and reduced fitness as compared to nearby rural populations. The researchers demonstrated this by genetic analysis and by noting the greater number of physical abnormalities among urban as against rural tadpoles when raised in a controlled environment. It was considered that long term depletion in
1698:
The toad has long been considered to be an animal of ill omen or a connection to a spirit world. This may have its origins in the fact that it is at home both on land and in the water. It may cause repugnance because of its drab, wart-like skin, its slow movements and the way it emerges from some
1567:
in toad populations in the
Netherlands. The number of females killed in the spring migration on a quiet country road (ten vehicles per hour) was compared with the number of strings of eggs laid in nearby fens. A 30% mortality rate was found, with the rate for deaths among males likely to be of a
1263:
in spring and there is a mass migration towards the breeding sites. The toads converge on certain ponds that they favour while avoiding other stretches of water that seem eminently suitable. Adults use the same location year after year and over 80% of males marked as juveniles have been found to
1091:
The common toad usually moves by walking rather slowly or in short shuffling jumps involving all four legs. It spends the day concealed in a lair that it has hollowed out under foliage or beneath a root or a stone where its colouring makes it inconspicuous. It emerges at dusk and may travel some
1730:
tells how an old woman, a supposed witch, cursed her landlord and all his possessions when he demanded the unpaid rent for her cottage. Soon afterwards, a large toad fell on his wife and caused her to collapse. The toad was thrown into the fire but escaped with severe burns. Meanwhile, the old
1366:
of various strengths. It was found that at certain concentrations, which were well above any normally found in the field, growth was increased and metamorphosis accelerated, but at others, there was no significant difference between the experimental tadpoles and controls. Nevertheless, certain
897:
on the first three fingers. He uses these to grasp the female when mating. The hind legs are short relative to other frogs' legs and the hind feet have long, unwebbed toes. There is no tail. The skin is dry and covered with small wart-like lumps. The colour is a fairly uniform shade of brown,
963:
54:
51:
2384:
Recuero E.; Canestrelli D.; Voeroes J.; Szabó, K.; Poyarkov, N. A.; Arntzen, J. W.; Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J.; Kidov A. A.; Cogălniceanu, D.; Caputo, F. P.; Nascetti, G.; Martínez-Solano, I. (2012). "Multilocus species tree analyses resolve the radiation of the widespread
53:
1314:
hatch out after 10 days. At first they cling to the remains of the strings and feed on the jelly. They later attach themselves to the underside of the leaves of water weed before becoming free swimming. The tadpoles at first look similar to those of the common frog
893:. The head joins the body without a noticeable neck and there is no external vocal sac. The body is broad and squat and positioned close to the ground. The fore limbs are short with the toes of the fore feet turning inwards. At breeding time, the male develops
932:
Common toads can live for many years and have survived for fifty years in captivity. In the wild, common toads are thought to live for about ten to twelve years. Their age can be determined by counting the number of annual growth rings in the bones of their
811:) seems to have arisen more recently. It is believed that the range of the ancestral form extended into Asia but that isolation between the eastern and western species complexes occurred as a result of the development of the Central Asian Deserts during the
1307:, he fertilises them with his sperm. As the pair wander piggyback around the shallow edges of the pond, the gelatinous egg strings, which may contain 1,500 to 6,000 eggs and be 3 to 4.5 metres (10 to 15 ft) in length, get tangled in plant stalks.
621:
Although toads are usually solitary animals, in the breeding season, large numbers of toads converge on certain breeding ponds, where the males compete to mate with the females. Eggs are laid in gelatinous strings in the water and later hatch out into
969:
967:
964:
968:
1440:
over time as measured by sperm motility. This type of sperm senescence does not occur at a genetically fixed rate, but rather is influenced by environmental conditions that include availability of mating partners and temperature.
1486:. Both otter and frog seem to be extending their ranges to higher altitudes. The common toad cannot be legally sold or traded in the United Kingdom but there is a slow decline in toad numbers and it has therefore been declared a
1645:
contains enough similar toxin to cause serious symptoms (or even death) in animals, including humans. Clinical effects include severe irritation and pain to eyes, mouth, nose and throat, cardiovascular and respiratory symptoms,
641:. It is threatened by habitat loss, especially by drainage of its breeding sites, and some toads get killed on the roads as they make their annual migrations. It has long been associated in popular culture and literature with
1711:, it was thought to possess magical powers. Even ordinary people made use of dried toads, their bile, faeces and blood. In some areas, the finding of a toad in a house was considered evidence that a witch was present. In the
1241:) is unusual in that it can climb up water plants and move around on its muscular foot. It sometimes clings to the toe of a common toad and this is believed to be one of the means by which it disperses to new locations.
921:). The former is usually smaller and has a yellow band running down its back while the latter has a distinctive mottled pattern. The paratoid glands of both are parallel rather than slanting as in the common toad. The
1722:
investigated witchcraft in the region and searched the houses of suspected witches for dressed toads. He found none. These witches were reputed to use undomesticated toads as ingredients in their liniments and brews.
1235:, attacks adult common toads. It lays its eggs on the toad's skin and when these hatch, the larvae crawl into the toad's nostrils and eat its flesh internally with lethal consequences. The European fingernail clam (
1361:
caused a decrease in food intake and some died. Another study investigated whether the use of nitrogenous fertilisers affects the development of common toad tadpoles. The toadlets were kept in dilute solutions of
4072:
2078:
Dubois, Alain; Bour, Roger (2010). "The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by
Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus
885:
eyes have yellow or copper coloured irises and horizontal slit-shaped pupils. Just behind the eyes are two bulging regions, the paratoid glands, which are positioned obliquely. They contain a noxious substance,
966:
1195:
have been observed to puncture the skin with their beak and then peck out the toad's liver, thus avoiding the toxin. The tadpoles also exude noxious substances which deter fish from eating them but not the
2281:
Garcia-Porta, J.; Litvinchuk, S. N.; Crochet, P. A.; Romano, A.; Lo-Valvo, M.; Lymberakis, P.; Carranza, S. (2012). "Molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography of the west-palearctic common toads
2043:
A General System of Nature,: Through the Three Grand
Kingdoms of Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, Systematically Divided Into Their Several Classes, Orders, Genera, Species, and Varieties (Volume 1)
52:
2159:
1139:, Scotland, observed a common toad moving along the bottom of the lake at a depth of 324 feet (99 m). They were surprised to find that an air-breathing animal could survive in such a location.
815:. The exact taxonomic relationships between these species remains unclear. A serological investigation into toad populations in Turkey undertaken in 2001 examined the blood serum proteins of
1753:
of the toad was considered poisonous and was known as "sweltered venom" and it was believed that it could spit or vomit poisonous fire. Toads were associated with devils and demons and in
1588:
and his colleagues in 1922, and they succeeded in identifying its structure about 20 years later. Meanwhile, other researchers succeeded in isolating the same compound (and its parent
1092:
distance in the dark while hunting. It is most active in wet weather. By morning it has returned to its base and may occupy the same place for several months. It is voracious and eats
1472:
There are parts of its range where the common toad seems to be in decline. In Spain, increased aridity and habitat loss have led to a diminution in numbers and it is regarded as "
3836:
Pettit, G. R.; Kamano, Y.; Drasar, P.; Inoue, M.; Knight, J. C. (1987). "Steroids and related natural products. 104. Bufadienolides. 36. Synthesis of bufalitoxin and bufotoxin".
1731:
witch's cottage had caught fire and she was badly burnt. By next day, both toad and witch had died, and it was found that the woman's burns exactly mirrored those of the toad.
965:
3316:
Goater, Cameron P.; Semlitsch, Raymond D.; Bernasconi, Marco V. (1993). "Effects of body size and parasite infection on the locomotory performance of juvenile toads,
749:. It is found in France, the Iberian Peninsula and the Maghreb and grows to a larger size and has a spinier skin than its more northern counterparts with which it
1016:), the common toad is the fourth most common amphibian in Europe. It is found throughout the continent with the exception of Iceland, the cold northern parts of
848:
were being uplifted, an event which isolated the populations in the
Iberian Peninsula from those in the rest of Europe. The remaining European lineage split into
1969:
Agasyan, A.; Avisi, A.; Tuniyev, B.; Isailovic, J. C.; Lymberakis, P.; Andrén, C.; Cogalniceanu, D.; Wilkinson, J.; Ananjeva, N.; Üzüm, N.; et al. (2009).
4006:
1715:, the familiars were believed to be toads wearing elegant robes. These were herded by children who were being trained as witches. Between 1610 and 1612, the
1408:
in various holes in the ground, sometimes in basements, often in droves with other amphibians. Rarely they spend the winter in flowing waters with the
2228:
Müller, L.; Hellmich, W. (1935). "Mitteilungenyüber die
Herpetofauna der Iberischen Halbinsel. Über Salamandra salamandra almanzoris, n. ssp. und
4432:
783:, a group of closely related species which cannot be clearly demarcated. Several modern species are believed to form an ancient group of related
614:. The toad is an inconspicuous animal as it usually lies hidden during the day. It becomes active at dusk and spends the night hunting for the
724:
have been recognized over the years. The
Caucasian toad is found in the mountainous regions of the Caucasus and was at one time classified as
4494:
4654:
823:. It found that the differences between the two were not significant and that therefore the former should be synonymized with the latter.
3292:
3267:
2695:
1662:. There is no known anti-venom. Treatment consists of supporting respiratory and cardiovascular functions, prevention of absorption and
1611:
had succeeded in synthesizing the toad toxin constituents bufotalin, bufalitoxin and bufotoxin. The chemical formula of bufotoxin is C
2569:
1347:
at three to seven years old but there is great variability between populations. Juveniles are often parasitised by the lung nematode
4600:
4393:
4613:
4445:
1979:
1517:
It has been found that urban populations of common toad occupying small areas and isolated by development show a lower level of
618:
on which it feeds. It moves with a slow, ungainly walk or short jumps, and has greyish-brown skin covered with wart-like lumps.
1707:, for whom a coat-of-arms was invented emblazoned with three toads. It was known that the toad could poison people and, as the
1373:
3586:
4664:
4618:
4128:
4099:
4023:
3989:
3959:
3927:
2838:
2673:
2649:
2468:
4450:
3233:
4669:
1132:
595:
4178:
902:
with the females being browner and the males greyer. The underside is a dirty white speckled with grey and black patches.
3979:
3949:
1631:, which, in small doses, increases the strength with which the heart muscle contracts; synthesized from foxglove plants (
1450:
943:
638:
2064:
Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin
Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum
1822:", that when worn as a necklace or ring would warn the wearer of attempts to poison them. Shakespeare mentioned this in
826:
A study published in 2012 examined the phylogenetic relationships between the
Eurasian and North African species in the
4587:
2345:(Anura, Bufonidae) populations in Southern Marmara (Manyas, Bahkesir) and Eastern Black Sea (Çamhhemşin, Rize) regions"
1704:
1299:
The males mount the females' backs, grasping them with their fore limbs under the armpits in a grip that is known as
4372:
3430:
Xu, Q.; Oldham, R. S. (1997). "Lethal and sublethal effects of nitrogen fertilizer ammonium nitrate on common toad (
2083:(Amphibia, Anura), comments on the taxonomy of this genus, and comments on some nomina created by Laurenti (1768)".
4533:
4406:
2719:
2062:
1938:
898:
olive-brown or greyish-brown, sometimes partly blotched or banded with a darker shade. The common toad tends to be
2515:
2252:
2203:
4499:
4385:
1712:
929:) is also similar in appearance but it has a less rounded snout, damp smooth skin, and usually moves by leaping.
689:
630:
into tiny toads. The juveniles emerge from the water and remain largely terrestrial for the rest of their lives.
217:
4297:
4008:
Popular romances of the West of
England; or, the drolls, traditions, and superstitions of Old Cornwall, Volume 2
2799:
4292:
1503:
3660:
Santos, X.; Llorente, G. A.; Montori, A.; Carretero, M. A.; Franch, M.; Garriga, N.; Richter-Boix, A. (2007).
4659:
4631:
4481:
3727:
Gelder, J. J. (1973). "A quantitative approach to the mortality resulting from traffic in a population of
4320:
4315:
2485:
1212:. These usually avoid the noxious secretion by puncturing the tadpole's skin and sucking out its juices.
2913:
Petkeviciute, R.; Stunzenas, V.; Staneviciute, G. (2004). "Cytogenetic and sequence comparison of adult
4193:
1942:
described the emergence of the common toad from hibernation as one of the most moving signs of spring.
698:
4538:
1719:
1271:
1380:
606:. It is one of a group of closely related animals that are descended from a common ancestral line of
17:
3661:
830:
group and indicated a long evolutionary history for the group. Nine to thirteen million years ago,
1638:
1608:
1487:
697:. It later became apparent that this genus should be divided, and in 1768, the Austrian naturalist
1993:
1970:
1868:
769:
and its colour tends to be blotched rather than uniform. It is now considered to be a synonym of
101:
4525:
1522:
numbers and habitat fragmentation can reduce population persistence in such urban environments.
1080:
633:
The common toad seems to be in decline in part of its range, but overall is listed as being of "
4437:
4219:
4473:
4520:
1585:
840:
from south Azerbaijan and Iran, split from the main lineage. Further divisions occurred with
196:
4463:
4341:
4266:
3740:
3540:
3443:
3380:
3329:
3315:
3160:
3040:"Magnetic orientation of the Common Toad: establishing an arena approach for adult anurans"
2871:
2398:
2295:
1597:
1367:
unusual swimming patterns and a few deformities were found among the experimental animals.
800:
741:
736:
2960:
Reading, C. J.; Loman, J.; Madsen, T. (1991). "Breeding pond fidelity in the common toad,
2917:(Digenea: Gorgoderidae) from the three-spined stickleback with larvae from two bivalves".
2577:
8:
4257:
4165:
3194:
Davies, N. B.; Halliday, T. R. (1979). "Competitive mate searching in male common toads,
2280:
1772:
1716:
1663:
1215:
914:
869:
837:
66:
3744:
3662:"Evaluating factors affecting amphibian mortality on roads: the case of the common toad
3637:
3616:
3544:
3447:
3384:
3333:
3164:
2875:
2402:
2299:
4116:
3807:
3764:
3688:
3642:
3563:
3528:
3506:
3467:
3412:
3396:
3345:
3215:
3176:
3129:
3074:
3039:
3020:
2977:
2942:
2895:
2750:
2366:
2140:
1633:
1354:
1231:
1221:
1197:
240:
96:
2733:
Ewart, J. P. (1987). "Neuroethology of releasing mechanisms: Prey-catching in toads".
2067:(in Latin). Viennae: Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern. pp. i–ii + 1–215, plates 1–5.
4574:
4328:
4124:
4095:
3985:
3955:
3923:
3799:
3756:
3568:
3459:
3404:
3241:
3211:
3147:
Davies, N. B.; Halliday, T. R. (1978). "Deep croaks and fighting assessment in toads
3121:
3079:
3061:
3012:
2934:
2887:
2834:
2768:
Larsen, Lis Olesen; Pedersen, Jan Nyholm (1981). "The snapping response of the toad,
2754:
2645:
2464:
2424:
2321:
1882:
1518:
1482:
1480:
mountain range is facing predation by otters and increased competition from the frog
1237:
899:
3811:
3768:
3659:
3646:
3471:
3416:
3219:
3133:
3024:
2946:
2899:
2370:
2144:
2012:
4579:
4565:
4411:
3863:
3845:
3791:
3748:
3692:
3680:
3632:
3594:
3558:
3548:
3498:
3451:
3388:
3337:
3207:
3180:
3168:
3113:
3069:
3051:
3004:
2973:
2926:
2879:
2781:
2742:
2611:
2598:
Hemelaar, A. S. M.; van Gelder, J. J. (1979). "Annual growth rings in phalanges of
2414:
2406:
2356:
2311:
2303:
2184:
Martens, R (1925). "Eine neue Eidechsengattung aus der Familie der Leposterniden".
2132:
2092:
1988:
1890:
toad and in the book he composes a ditty in his own praise which starts like this:
1887:
1477:
1458:
1363:
1358:
1349:
1037:
762:
603:
4333:
4271:
4031:
4507:
3553:
3245:
2041:
1873:
1743:
1708:
1548:
1473:
1344:
1265:
906:
861:
780:
626:. After several months of growth and development, these sprout limbs and undergo
611:
4486:
3894:
2541:
2410:
2307:
1249:
1072:
4380:
4367:
4184:
4046:
3234:"Studies conducted at Lund University on amphibian research recently published"
2047:
1968:
1824:
1675:
1577:
1556:
1507:
1466:
832:
812:
792:
766:
750:
3684:
2930:
2746:
2361:
2340:
2096:
4674:
4648:
4458:
4242:
3803:
3795:
3485:
Hemelaar, Agnes (1988). "Age, growth and other population characteristics of
3065:
3016:
2912:
2602:(Anura, Amphibia) from the Netherlands and their use for age determination".
2037:
1933:
1831:
1755:
1659:
1552:
1511:
1495:
1454:
1392:
1304:
693:
in 1758. In this work, he placed all the frogs and toads in the single genus
684:
634:
627:
449:
394:
213:
86:
81:
4592:
2785:
2615:
1461:, an infectious disease of amphibians, has been reported in common toads in
1142:
The annual life cycle of the common toad is divided into three periods: the
4207:
3782:
Chen, K. K.; Jensen, H.; Chen, A. L. (April 1932). "Action of Bufotoxins".
3760:
3572:
3408:
3083:
2938:
2891:
2428:
2383:
2325:
1839:
1651:
1188:
934:
678:
615:
3835:
3463:
3455:
3125:
3056:
2995:
L.) mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wanderung zu den Laichgewässern".
2833:(in Polish). Vol. 2: Płazy. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
1734:
4419:
4279:
4251:
1877:
1760:
1700:
1690:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1276:
1260:
1160:
1143:
1105:
1084:
1017:
1009:
1001:
993:
954:
922:
894:
857:
591:
227:
3849:
2419:
2316:
41:
4605:
4512:
4398:
4307:
3752:
3510:
3400:
3392:
3349:
3117:
3008:
2883:
2136:
1437:
1205:
905:
Other species with which the common toad could be confused include the
717:
653:
642:
599:
4424:
4284:
2767:
4354:
3529:"Post-meiotic intra-testicular sperm senescence in a wild vertebrate"
3172:
1819:
1818:
It was also believed that there was a jewel inside a toad's head, a "
1679:
1671:
1647:
1642:
1593:
1581:
1499:
1209:
1201:
1136:
1121:
1093:
890:
886:
710:
163:
143:
113:
4213:
3502:
3341:
1163:
seem to be unaffected by it. Other predators of adult toads include
4559:
4359:
4236:
4160:
3527:
Hettyey, A.; Vági, B.; Penn, D. J.; Hoi, H.; Wagner, R. H. (2012).
2597:
2115:
Birstein, V. J.; Mazin, A. L. (1982). "Chromosomal polymorphism of
1863:
1835:
1727:
1667:
1655:
1564:
1327:
1300:
1280:
1253:
1164:
1033:
976:
845:
133:
1044:
in Siberia and its southerly range includes parts of northwestern
4626:
1775:
1739:
1628:
1589:
1544:
1540:
1425:
1384:
1311:
1291:
1156:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1029:
980:
623:
587:
583:
3784:
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
3781:
3614:
2338:
2261:
Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.6
2232:, n. ssp., zwei neue Amphibienrassen aus der Sierra de Gredos".
2017:
Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.5
765:, a mountain range in central Spain. It has exceptionally large
4346:
2991:
Jungfer, Wolfgang (1943). "Beiträge zur Biologie der Erdkröte (
1778:
gave instructions on using a toad in the concoction of spells:
1750:
1560:
1491:
1117:
1101:
1045:
1020:, Ireland and a number of Mediterranean islands. These include
950:
729:
123:
2576:. The Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Trust. Archived from
1530:
1310:
The strings of eggs absorb water and swell in size, and small
1764:
1462:
1429:
1335:
1180:
1125:
1061:
1025:
1021:
784:
572:
3193:
3146:
1060:. A closely related variant lives in eastern Asia including
2114:
1200:. Aquatic invertebrates that feed on toad tadpoles include
1192:
1184:
1172:
1097:
607:
579:
173:
153:
3593:. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Trust. Archived from
4070:
4021:
2959:
2804:
1768:
1176:
1168:
1113:
1109:
3363:
Goater, C. P.; Ward, P. I. (1992). "Negative effects of
3362:
3100:
Sinsch, Ulrich (1987). "Orientation behaviour of toads (
1876:. This has been dramatized by several authors including
860:. Very occasionally the common toad hybridizes with the
3706:
2772:, towards prey dummies at very low light intensities".
1391:
A comparison was made between the growth rate of newly
582:
found throughout most of Europe (with the exception of
4172:
3816:
Wieland and Alles isolated bufotoxin from the skin of
3617:"Loss of genetic diversity and fitness in Common Toad
3436:
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
2486:"Toads of the world: first, (some) toads of the north"
2227:
1866:
is one of the main characters in the children's novel
4191:
2854:
Strijbosch, H. (1980). "Mortality in a population of
709:. The toads in this genus are included in the family
844:
splitting off about five million years ago when the
3429:
2458:
1510:, but during the 1990s, it became more abundant in
3981:Witch Hunts in Europe and America: An Encyclopedia
3951:Witch Hunts in Europe and America: An Encyclopedia
3526:
2997:Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere
2157:
4053:. The museum of science, art and human perception
2077:
1494:, it is considered to be a "Rare Species" in the
787:from preglacial times. These are the spiny toad (
4646:
3367:(Nematoda) on the growth and survival of toads (
2539:
2250:
2010:
3920:Pagan Channel Islands: Europe's Hidden Heritage
3484:
3037:
2036:
1159:and is enough to deter many predators although
561:, or in Anglophone parts of Europe, simply the
3984:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 20–21.
3522:
3520:
3099:
3095:
3093:
2853:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2050:. Lackington, Allen, and Co. pp. 648–649.
1650:and seizures, increased salivation, vomiting,
3943:
3941:
3939:
3726:
2671:
2463:. Harper Collins Publishers. pp. 73–74.
2461:Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe
856:less than three million years ago during the
4044:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3293:"Common toad (Bufo bufo) - British Reptiles"
3268:"Common toad (Bufo bufo) - British Reptiles"
2824:
2822:
2732:
2696:"Common toad (Bufo bufo) - British Reptiles"
2274:
1994:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T54596A11159939.en
1383:Tadpole development over a two-week period,
58:Common toad calls, recorded in Radnor, Wales
3615:Hitchings, S. P.; Beebee, T. J. C. (1998).
3517:
3090:
2642:The Observer's Book of British Wild Animals
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2499:
2339:Tosunoğlua, Murat; Taskavak, Ertan (2001).
987:
3936:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2183:
2110:
2108:
2106:
1149:
1067:
226:
75:
40:
3954:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 7.
3880:
3636:
3621:populations isolated by inimical habitat"
3562:
3552:
3489:from different latitudes and altitudes".
3073:
3055:
3038:Landler, Lukas; Gollmann, Günter (2011).
2819:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2483:
2418:
2360:
2315:
1992:
1627:. Its physical effects resemble those of
1322:
1146:, the time of mating and feeding period.
676:The common toad was first given the name
3973:
3971:
2828:
2622:
2459:Arnold, Nicholas; Denys Ovenden (2002).
2060:
2006:
2004:
1853:Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous,
1830:
1733:
1689:
1685:
1529:
1334:
1326:
1290:
1270:
1248:
1214:
1087:eating adult common toad, Czech Republic
1079:
1071:
652:
49:
4114:
4089:
2990:
2435:
2103:
2054:
1980:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1857:Wears yet a precious jewel in his head.
1637:), digoxin is used in the treatment of
1453:considers the common toad as being of "
1076:A common toad adopts a defensive stance
14:
4647:
3917:
3709:. Toad watch: Helping toads to survive
2658:
2639:
2071:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1580:and skin of the common toad is called
1331:Tadpoles, some with hind legs, Germany
1264:return to the pond at which they were
4218:
4217:
3977:
3968:
3947:
3104:) displaced from the breeding site".
2644:. Frederick Warne. pp. 213–217.
2477:
2391:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2288:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2119:: Karyotype and C-banding pattern of
2001:
1767:as a toad when he poured poison into
4632:967CCA7F-43E7-40F9-B0BA-571DB3F20210
4386:77277517-b91f-4f54-878e-37c6ec7c7b56
4004:
3673:Animal Biodiversity and Conservation
2676:. Surrey Amphibian and Reptile Group
2341:"A serological investigation of the
2263:. American Museum of Natural History
2019:. American Museum of Natural History
1682:may prove useful in its management.
1534:Tunnel under road for toads, Germany
1133:remotely operated underwater vehicle
701:placed the common toad in the genus
4655:IUCN Red List least concern species
4047:"Frogs: Frog myths across cultures"
3638:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1998.11030269.x
3106:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
2800:"Experts' 'important' find in loch"
2389:species group (Anura, Bufonidae)".
1951:
1808:Boil thou first i' the charmed pot.
1703:, the toad was associated with the
1451:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1419:
1179:. Birds that feed on toads include
1048:in the northern mountain ranges of
889:, which is used to deter potential
745:. The spiny toad was classified as
639:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
24:
4071:Shakespeare, William (1599–1600).
4022:Shakespeare, William (1605–1606).
2978:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03811.x
1923:But none of them know half as much
1904:But never a name went down to fame
657:Skeleton showing shoulder girdle;
25:
4686:
4153:
3290:
3265:
2693:
2550:Reptiles and Amphibians of the UK
2158:Kuzmin, Sergius L. (2008-09-19).
1742:showing a witch feeding her toad
1641:. The skin of the South American
1469:and may affect some populations.
4201:
4159:
1939:Some Thoughts on the Common Toad
1896:The world has held great heroes,
1780:
1576:The main substance found in the
1372:
1040:. Its easterly range extends to
961:
942:
100:
4137:
4108:
4083:
4064:
4038:
4015:
3998:
3911:
3856:
3829:
3775:
3720:
3699:
3653:
3625:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
3608:
3579:
3478:
3423:
3356:
3309:
3284:
3259:
3226:
3187:
3140:
3031:
2984:
2953:
2906:
2847:
2792:
2761:
2726:
2712:
2687:
2591:
2562:
2533:
2377:
2332:
2251:Frost, Darrel R. (2013-01-09).
2244:
2221:
2011:Frost, Darrel R. (2011-01-31).
1919:Know all there is to be knowed.
1849:Sweet are the uses of adversity
1792:In the poison'd entrails throw.
1444:
1399:
1244:
690:10th edition of Systema Naturae
4179:BBC Nature on the Common Toad.
4147:Secker and Warburg 1950 p. 202
2829:Juszczyk, Włodzimierz (1987).
2604:Netherlands Journal of Zoology
2196:
2177:
2151:
2121:B. b. verrucosissima
2030:
1800:Days and nights has thirty-one
1504:Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
879:
13:
1:
2735:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
1945:
1900:As history books have showed;
1804:Swelter'd venom sleeping got,
1259:The common toad emerges from
1131:In 2007, researchers using a
807:). The European common toad (
4665:Amphibians described in 1758
4077:, Act II, Scene I"
4028:, Act IV, Scene I"
3922:. Robert Hale. p. 118.
3838:Journal of Organic Chemistry
3554:10.1371/journal.pone.0050820
3244:. 2010-12-21. Archived from
3212:10.1016/0003-3472(79)90070-8
1788:Round about the cauldron go;
1699:dark hole. In Europe in the
1571:
602:, and in a small portion of
7:
4670:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4030:. Poets.org. Archived from
2411:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.008
2308:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.019
1908:Compared with that of Toad!
1886:. Mr. Toad is a conceited,
1796:Toad, that under cold stone
1771:'s ear. The First Witch in
1584:. It was first isolated by
1525:
648:
10:
4691:
3978:Burns, William E. (2003).
3948:Burns, William E. (2003).
3868:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
2349:Italian Journal of Zoology
1666:to monitor the condition.
699:Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti
598:), in the western part of
4549:
4226:
4115:Grahame, Kenneth (1908).
4090:Grahame, Kenneth (1908).
3685:10.32800/abc.2007.30.0097
2931:10.1017/S0031182004006109
2747:10.1017/S0140525X00023128
2720:"AmphibiaWeb - Bufo bufo"
2540:Fairchild, G. J. (2003).
2362:10.1080/11250000109356402
2097:10.11646/zootaxa.2447.1.1
1357:. Their parasite-induced
854:Bufo verrucosissimus
817:Bufo verrucosissimus
683:by the Swedish biologist
310:Müller and Hellmich, 1935
246:
239:
235:Range map of common toad
234:
225:
202:
195:
97:Scientific classification
95:
73:
64:
48:
39:
34:
3796:10.3181/00379727-29-6141
3666:, near a breeding place"
2061:Laurenti, J. N. (1768).
1927:As intelligent Mr. Toad!
1915:The clever men at Oxford
1694:The Devil's coat of arms
1639:congestive heart failure
1609:Arizona State University
1607:By 1986, researchers at
1488:Biodiversity Action Plan
1476:". A population in the
1343:The common toad reaches
1219:Infected with larvae of
988:Distribution and habitat
753:. It is now accepted as
4121:The Wind in the Willows
4092:The Wind in the Willows
2858:resulting from the fly
2786:10.1163/156853882X00248
2616:10.1163/002829680X00069
1869:The Wind in the Willows
1720:Alonso de Salazar Frías
1150:Predators and parasites
1068:Behaviour and lifecycle
761:, is restricted to the
739:and is now accepted as
4011:. Hotten. p. 105.
3918:Peddle, S. V. (2007).
3491:Journal of Herpetology
2640:Stokeo, W. J. (1980).
1931:
1861:
1843:
1812:
1746:
1695:
1535:
1496:Bashkortostan Republic
1340:
1332:
1323:Development and growth
1296:
1284:
1256:
1226:
1088:
1077:
673:
532:Guérin-Méneville, 1838
481:Bufo vulgaris cinereus
267:Bufo (Bufo) grediscola
59:
4521:Paleobiology Database
4045:Wanner, Noel (2011).
4005:Hunt, Robert (1865).
3456:10.1007/s002449900188
3057:10.1186/1742-9994-8-6
2230:Bufo bufo gredosicola
1987:: e.T54596A11159939.
1892:
1845:
1834:
1784:
1737:
1693:
1686:Cultural significance
1533:
1490:priority species. In
1338:
1330:
1294:
1274:
1252:
1218:
1083:
1075:
1006:Pelophylax esculentus
656:
596:Mediterranean islands
307:Bufo bufo gredosicola
270:Dubois and Bour, 2010
262:Dubois and Bour, 2010
57:
4660:Amphibians of Europe
4381:Fauna Europaea (new)
4173:Amphibians of Europe
4145:Shooting an Elephant
3044:Frontiers in Zoology
2831:Płazy i gady krajowe
2542:"Common Toad –
2162:Bufo verrucosissimus
1880:who called his play
1295:Egg strings, Belgium
1014:Lissotriton vulgaris
801:Japanese common toad
742:Bufo verrucosissimus
726:B. b. verrucosissima
529:Rana (Bufo) vulgaris
27:Species of amphibian
3850:10.1021/jo00392a014
3745:1973Oecol..13...93V
3545:2012PLoSO...750820H
3448:1997ArECT..32..298X
3385:1992Oecol..89..161G
3334:1993Oikos..66..129G
3165:1978Natur.274..683D
2876:1980Oecol..45..285S
2672:Daniel Winchester.
2403:2012MolPE..62...71R
2300:2012MolPE..63..113G
2286:species complex)".
1664:electrocardiography
915:European green toad
870:European green toad
833:Bufo eichwaldi
757:. The Gredos toad,
67:Conservation status
3753:10.1007/BF00379622
3393:10.1007/bf00317213
3118:10.1007/BF00605013
3009:10.1007/BF00421679
2966:Journal of Zoology
2884:10.1007/BF00346472
2860:Lucilia bufonivora
2570:"The common toad (
2488:. Tetrapod zoology
2234:Zool. Anz. Leipzig
2137:10.1007/BF00133292
1844:
1838:as illustrated by
1747:
1717:Spanish inquisitor
1696:
1634:Digitalis purpurea
1536:
1500:Tatarstan Republic
1341:
1333:
1297:
1285:
1257:
1232:Lucilia bufonivora
1227:
1222:Lucilia bufonivora
1198:great crested newt
1089:
1078:
900:sexually dimorphic
842:Bufo spinosus
821:Bufo spinosus
797:B. verrucosissimus
771:Bufo spinosus
728:. It has a larger
713:, the true toads.
674:
60:
4642:
4641:
4220:Taxon identifiers
4130:978-0-674-03447-1
4101:978-0-674-03447-1
4051:The Exploratorium
3991:978-0-313-32142-9
3961:978-0-313-32142-9
3929:978-0-7090-8248-4
3844:(16): 3573–3578.
3291:Trust, Woodland.
3266:Trust, Woodland.
3242:HighBeam Research
3159:(5672): 683–685.
2840:978-83-01-05696-4
2808:. BBC. 2007-05-05
2774:Amphibia-Reptilia
2694:Trust, Woodland.
2651:978-0-7232-1503-5
2470:978-0-00-219964-3
1883:Toad of Toad Hall
1816:
1815:
1519:genetic diversity
1483:Pelophylax perezi
1428:intra-testicular
1355:control juveniles
1238:Sphaerium corneum
1229:A parasitic fly,
970:
838:described species
759:B. b. gredosicola
732:and differs from
610:and which form a
551:
550:
541:
533:
525:
517:
509:
497:
485:
477:
469:
461:
453:
446:Bufo tuberculosus
442:
434:
426:
414:
406:
398:
391:Bufo ferruginosus
387:
379:
371:
363:
355:
343:
331:
319:
311:
303:
295:
287:
279:
271:
263:
90:
55:
16:(Redirected from
4682:
4635:
4634:
4622:
4621:
4609:
4608:
4596:
4595:
4583:
4582:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4542:
4541:
4529:
4528:
4516:
4515:
4503:
4502:
4490:
4489:
4487:NHMSYS0000080159
4477:
4476:
4467:
4466:
4454:
4453:
4441:
4440:
4428:
4427:
4415:
4414:
4402:
4401:
4389:
4388:
4376:
4375:
4363:
4362:
4350:
4349:
4337:
4336:
4324:
4323:
4311:
4310:
4301:
4300:
4288:
4287:
4275:
4274:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4215:
4214:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4164:Data related to
4163:
4148:
4143:Orwell, George
4141:
4135:
4134:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3975:
3966:
3965:
3945:
3934:
3933:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3891:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3670:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3640:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3566:
3556:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3365:Rhabdias bufonis
3360:
3354:
3353:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3206:(4): 1253–1267.
3200:Animal Behaviour
3191:
3185:
3184:
3173:10.1038/274683a0
3144:
3138:
3137:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3077:
3059:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3003:(1–3): 117–157.
2988:
2982:
2981:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2669:
2656:
2655:
2637:
2620:
2619:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2512:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2456:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2319:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2112:
2101:
2100:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2046:. Translated by
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1966:
1781:
1709:witch's familiar
1586:Heinrich Wieland
1478:Sierra de Gredos
1459:Chytridiomycosis
1420:Sperm senescence
1376:
1364:ammonium nitrate
1350:Rhabdias bufonis
1339:Tadpole close-up
1038:Balearic Islands
972:
971:
946:
763:Sierra de Gredos
672:
668:
664:
660:
604:Northwest Africa
539:
531:
523:
515:
507:
495:
483:
475:
467:
465:Bufo ventricosus
460:Bonnaterre, 1789
459:
457:Bufo ventricosus
448:
440:
432:
424:
412:
404:
393:
386:Steenstrup, 1846
385:
377:
369:
361:
353:
341:
329:
317:
315:Bufo carbunculus
309:
301:
293:
285:
277:
269:
261:
259:Bufo (Bufo) bufo
230:
208:
105:
104:
84:
79:
78:
56:
44:
32:
31:
21:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4630:
4625:
4617:
4612:
4604:
4599:
4591:
4586:
4578:
4573:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4545:
4537:
4532:
4524:
4519:
4511:
4508:Observation.org
4506:
4498:
4493:
4485:
4480:
4472:
4470:
4462:
4457:
4449:
4444:
4436:
4431:
4423:
4418:
4410:
4405:
4397:
4392:
4384:
4379:
4371:
4366:
4358:
4353:
4345:
4340:
4332:
4327:
4319:
4314:
4306:
4304:
4296:
4291:
4283:
4278:
4270:
4265:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4222:
4212:
4202:
4200:
4192:
4183:Information at
4177:Information at
4171:Information at
4156:
4151:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4088:
4084:
4069:
4065:
4056:
4054:
4043:
4039:
4020:
4016:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3946:
3937:
3930:
3916:
3912:
3903:
3901:
3893:
3892:
3881:
3872:
3870:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3834:
3830:
3780:
3776:
3725:
3721:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3668:
3658:
3654:
3613:
3609:
3600:
3598:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3525:
3518:
3503:10.2307/1564332
3483:
3479:
3428:
3424:
3361:
3357:
3342:10.2307/3545205
3314:
3310:
3301:
3299:
3289:
3285:
3276:
3274:
3264:
3260:
3251:
3249:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3192:
3188:
3145:
3141:
3098:
3091:
3036:
3032:
2989:
2985:
2958:
2954:
2911:
2907:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2827:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2766:
2762:
2731:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2704:
2702:
2692:
2688:
2679:
2677:
2670:
2659:
2652:
2638:
2623:
2596:
2592:
2583:
2581:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2538:
2534:
2525:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2500:
2491:
2489:
2484:Naish, Darren.
2482:
2478:
2471:
2457:
2436:
2382:
2378:
2337:
2333:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2249:
2245:
2226:
2222:
2213:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2186:Senckenbergiana
2182:
2178:
2169:
2167:
2156:
2152:
2113:
2104:
2076:
2072:
2059:
2055:
2038:von Linné, Carl
2035:
2031:
2022:
2020:
2009:
2002:
1967:
1952:
1948:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1888:anthropomorphic
1874:Kenneth Grahame
1860:
1855:
1851:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1688:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1574:
1568:similar order.
1549:the Netherlands
1539:some places in
1528:
1474:near threatened
1447:
1422:
1402:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1325:
1317:Rana temporaria
1247:
1152:
1124:and even small
1070:
998:Rana temporaria
990:
983:
973:
962:
957:
947:
927:Rana temporaria
907:natterjack toad
882:
862:natterjack toad
781:species complex
767:paratoid glands
737:morphologically
670:
666:
662:
659:1: suprascapula
658:
651:
612:species complex
547:
544:
433:Schneider, 1799
383:Bufo commutatus
362:Schneider, 1799
318:Bonaparte, 1835
286:Latreille, 1801
252:
251:
221:
210:
204:
191:
99:
91:
80:
76:
69:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4688:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4623:
4610:
4597:
4584:
4571:
4555:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4530:
4517:
4504:
4491:
4478:
4468:
4455:
4442:
4429:
4416:
4403:
4390:
4377:
4368:Fauna Europaea
4364:
4351:
4338:
4325:
4312:
4302:
4289:
4276:
4263:
4248:
4232:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4211:
4210:
4188:
4187:
4185:Astolinto form
4181:
4175:
4169:
4168:at Wikispecies
4155:
4154:External links
4152:
4150:
4149:
4136:
4129:
4107:
4100:
4082:
4075:As you like it
4063:
4037:
4034:on 2007-01-10.
4014:
3997:
3990:
3967:
3960:
3935:
3928:
3910:
3879:
3855:
3828:
3774:
3719:
3698:
3652:
3631:(3): 269–283.
3607:
3587:"Common Toad:
3578:
3539:(12): e50820.
3516:
3497:(4): 369–388.
3477:
3442:(3): 298–303.
3422:
3379:(2): 161–165.
3355:
3328:(1): 129–136.
3308:
3297:Woodland Trust
3283:
3272:Woodland Trust
3258:
3238:Science Letter
3225:
3186:
3139:
3112:(5): 715–727.
3089:
3030:
2983:
2972:(2): 201–211.
2952:
2925:(6): 771–778.
2915:Phyllodistomum
2905:
2870:(2): 285–286.
2846:
2839:
2818:
2791:
2780:(4): 321–327.
2760:
2741:(3): 337–405.
2725:
2711:
2700:Woodland Trust
2686:
2657:
2650:
2621:
2610:(1): 129–135.
2590:
2561:
2532:
2520:: Common toad"
2498:
2476:
2469:
2434:
2376:
2355:(2): 165–168.
2331:
2294:(1): 113–130.
2273:
2243:
2220:
2195:
2176:
2150:
2102:
2070:
2053:
2048:William Turton
2029:
2000:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1912:
1893:
1846:
1825:As You Like It
1814:
1813:
1785:
1713:Basque Country
1687:
1684:
1676:cholestyramine
1660:hallucinations
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1602:Bufo japonicus
1578:parotoid gland
1573:
1570:
1557:Northern Italy
1527:
1524:
1508:Irkutsk Oblast
1467:United Kingdom
1446:
1443:
1421:
1418:
1401:
1398:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1324:
1321:
1246:
1243:
1206:diving beetles
1151:
1148:
1069:
1066:
989:
986:
985:
984:
974:
960:
958:
948:
941:
881:
878:
850:Bufo bufo
828:Bufo bufo
813:Middle Miocene
809:Bufo bufo
793:Caucasian toad
747:B. b. spinosus
671:4: procoracoid
650:
647:
578:"toad"), is a
549:
548:
546:
545:
543:
542:
540:Linnaeus, 1758
534:
526:
518:
516:Laurenti, 1768
510:
498:
486:
478:
470:
468:Laurenti, 1768
462:
454:
443:
435:
427:
415:
407:
399:
388:
380:
372:
364:
356:
344:
332:
320:
312:
304:
299:Bufo bufo bufo
296:
288:
280:
272:
264:
255:
249:
248:
247:
244:
243:
237:
236:
232:
231:
223:
222:
211:
200:
199:
193:
192:
185:
183:
179:
178:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
93:
92:
74:
71:
70:
65:
62:
61:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4687:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4209:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4146:
4140:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4103:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4079:. Anvari.org.
4078:
4076:
4067:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4027:
4018:
4010:
4009:
4001:
3993:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3974:
3972:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3952:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3931:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3900:
3899:Textfiles.com
3896:
3895:"Toad toxins"
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3708:
3702:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3679:(1): 97–104.
3678:
3674:
3667:
3665:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3620:
3611:
3597:on 2011-09-05
3596:
3592:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3521:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3434:) tadpoles".
3433:
3426:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3248:on 2013-05-13
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3094:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2999:(in German).
2998:
2994:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2823:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2721:
2715:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2675:
2674:"Common Toad"
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2580:on 2008-11-21
2579:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2522:. AmphibiaWeb
2521:
2519:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2262:
2258:
2257:Daudin, 1803"
2256:
2255:Bufo spinosus
2247:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2210:. AmphibiaWeb
2209:
2207:
2206:Bufo spinosus
2199:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2166:. AmphibiaWeb
2165:
2163:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2005:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1936:in his essay
1935:
1934:George Orwell
1929:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:Shakespeare's
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1756:Paradise Lost
1752:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1598:Japanese toad
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:Great Britain
1550:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1512:Moscow Oblast
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:least concern
1452:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:Common toads
1397:
1394:
1393:metamorphosed
1386:
1381:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1337:
1329:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1210:water boatmen
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1189:birds of prey
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:domestic cats
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
982:
978:
959:
956:
952:
945:
940:
939:
938:
936:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
911:Bufo calamita
908:
903:
901:
896:
892:
888:
877:
875:
871:
867:
866:Bufo calamita
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
836:, a recently
835:
834:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:is part of a
778:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
755:Bufo spinosus
752:
748:
744:
743:
738:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:
686:
685:Carl Linnaeus
682:
680:
655:
646:
644:
640:
636:
635:least concern
631:
629:
628:metamorphosis
625:
619:
617:
616:invertebrates
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
574:
570:
569:
564:
560:
559:European toad
556:
538:
535:
530:
527:
522:
519:
514:
513:Bufo vulgaris
511:
508:Lessona, 1877
506:
505:obtusirostris
502:
501:Bufo vulgaris
499:
496:Lessona, 1877
494:
490:
489:Bufo vulgaris
487:
484:Lataste, 1880
482:
479:
474:
473:Bufo vinearum
471:
466:
463:
458:
455:
451:
447:
444:
441:Rivière, 1886
439:
438:Bufo spelaeus
436:
431:
428:
425:Lataste, 1880
423:
419:
416:
411:
410:Bufo palmarum
408:
403:
400:
396:
392:
389:
384:
381:
378:Günther, 1859
376:
375:Bufo communis
373:
368:
367:Bufo communis
365:
360:
359:Bufo cinereus
357:
352:
348:
347:Bufo cinereus
345:
340:
336:
335:Bufo cinereus
333:
328:
324:
323:Bufo cinereus
321:
316:
313:
308:
305:
300:
297:
292:
289:
284:
283:Bufo Rouselei
281:
276:
275:Bufo Roeselii
273:
268:
265:
260:
257:
256:
254:
253:
245:
242:
238:
233:
229:
224:
219:
215:
209:
207:
201:
198:
197:Binomial name
194:
190:
189:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
103:
98:
94:
88:
83:
82:Least Concern
72:
68:
63:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4550:
4227:
4189:
4144:
4139:
4120:
4117:"Chapter 10"
4110:
4091:
4085:
4074:
4066:
4055:. Retrieved
4050:
4040:
4032:the original
4025:
4017:
4007:
4000:
3980:
3950:
3919:
3913:
3902:. Retrieved
3898:
3871:. Retrieved
3867:
3858:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3822:B. bufo bufo
3821:
3817:
3815:
3790:(907): 907.
3787:
3783:
3777:
3739:(1): 93–95.
3736:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3711:. Retrieved
3707:"What we do"
3701:
3676:
3672:
3663:
3655:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3610:
3599:. Retrieved
3595:the original
3588:
3581:
3536:
3532:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3300:. Retrieved
3296:
3286:
3275:. Retrieved
3271:
3261:
3250:. Retrieved
3246:the original
3237:
3228:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2922:
2919:Parasitology
2918:
2914:
2908:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2830:
2810:. Retrieved
2803:
2794:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2714:
2703:. Retrieved
2699:
2689:
2678:. Retrieved
2641:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2582:. Retrieved
2578:the original
2571:
2564:
2553:. Retrieved
2549:
2543:
2535:
2524:. Retrieved
2517:
2490:. Retrieved
2479:
2460:
2420:10261/143470
2397:(1): 71–86.
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2334:
2317:10261/113807
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2265:. Retrieved
2260:
2254:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2212:. Retrieved
2205:
2198:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2168:. Retrieved
2161:
2153:
2131:(2): 93–98.
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2063:
2056:
2042:
2032:
2021:. Retrieved
2016:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1881:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1840:Paul Bransom
1823:
1817:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1754:
1748:
1725:
1697:
1652:hyperkalemia
1632:
1606:
1601:
1575:
1537:
1516:
1481:
1471:
1448:
1445:Conservation
1433:
1426:post-meiotic
1423:
1410:common frogs
1403:
1400:Winter sleep
1390:
1348:
1342:
1316:
1309:
1298:
1286:
1258:
1245:Reproduction
1236:
1230:
1228:
1220:
1161:grass snakes
1153:
1144:winter sleep
1141:
1130:
1106:caterpillars
1090:
1013:
1005:
997:
991:
931:
926:
919:Bufo viridis
918:
910:
904:
895:nuptial pads
883:
874:Bufo viridis
873:
865:
853:
849:
841:
831:
827:
825:
820:
816:
808:
805:B. japonicus
804:
796:
788:
776:
775:
770:
758:
754:
746:
740:
733:
725:
721:
715:
706:
705:, naming it
702:
694:
688:
677:
675:
632:
620:
575:
567:
566:
562:
558:
554:
552:
536:
528:
524:Gistel, 1868
521:Pegaeus bufo
520:
512:
504:
500:
493:acutirostris
492:
488:
480:
476:Lesson, 1841
472:
464:
456:
445:
437:
429:
421:
417:
413:Cuvier, 1829
409:
405:Schinz, 1833
402:Bufo minutus
401:
390:
382:
374:
366:
358:
350:
346:
338:
334:
326:
322:
314:
306:
298:
294:Schinz, 1833
291:Bufo alpinus
290:
282:
278:Daudin, 1802
274:
266:
258:
205:
203:
188:B. bufo
187:
186:
174:
35:Common toad
29:
4420:iNaturalist
4280:AmphibiaWeb
4252:Wikispecies
4123:. Methuen.
4094:. Methuen.
3864:"Bufotoxin"
3818:B. vulgaris
3619:(Bufo bufo)
2013:"Bufonidae"
1878:A. A. Milne
1761:John Milton
1726:An English
1701:Middle Ages
1596:) from the
1414:green frogs
1277:mating ball
1261:hibernation
1175:, and even
1085:Grass snake
1018:Scandinavia
1010:smooth newt
1002:edible frog
994:common frog
955:Oxfordshire
923:common frog
880:Description
858:Pleistocene
789:B. spinosus
751:intergrades
667:3: clavicle
594:, and some
592:Scandinavia
590:, parts of
555:common toad
430:Bufo rubeta
418:Bufo rubeta
370:Bruch, 1862
302:Poche, 1912
4649:Categories
4566:Q109525973
4057:2012-08-23
3904:2012-05-26
3873:2012-05-26
3713:2012-04-30
3601:2012-05-04
3302:2023-03-21
3277:2023-03-21
3252:2012-04-18
2812:2014-07-31
2705:2023-03-11
2680:2012-05-03
2584:2012-05-04
2555:2012-03-16
2526:2012-05-04
2492:2012-06-23
2267:2013-01-24
2214:2012-09-17
2192:: 170–171.
2170:2012-09-17
2023:2012-08-24
1946:References
1506:, and the
1438:senescence
1436:undergoes
1279:(multiple
1135:to survey
1122:earthworms
1008:) and the
992:After the
975:In a pond
949:Swimming,
913:) and the
799:) and the
718:subspecies
663:2: scapula
643:witchcraft
600:North Asia
354:Koch, 1872
342:Koch, 1872
330:Koch, 1872
4551:Rana bufo
4298:Bufo-bufo
4272:Bufo_bufo
4258:Bufo bufo
4228:Bufo bufo
4166:Bufo bufo
3804:1535-3699
3733:Oecologia
3729:Bufo bufo
3664:Bufo bufo
3589:Bufo bufo
3487:Bufo bufo
3432:Bufo bufo
3373:Oecologia
3369:Bufo bufo
3318:Bufo bufo
3196:Bufo bufo
3149:Bufo bufo
3102:Bufo bufo
3066:1742-9994
3017:0720-213X
2993:Bufo bufo
2962:Bufo bufo
2864:Oecologia
2856:Bufo bufo
2770:Bufo bufo
2755:144997714
2600:Bufo bufo
2572:Bufo bufo
2544:Bufo bufo
2518:Bufo bufo
2387:Bufo bufo
2343:Bufo bufo
2284:Bufo bufo
2117:Bufo bufo
1973:Bufo bufo
1820:toadstone
1763:depicted
1744:familiars
1728:folk tale
1680:lidocaine
1672:phenytoin
1648:paralysis
1643:cane toad
1594:bufotalin
1582:bufotoxin
1572:Bufotoxin
1202:dragonfly
1165:hedgehogs
1137:Loch Ness
935:phalanges
891:predators
887:bufotoxin
868:) or the
711:Bufonidae
707:Bufo bufo
637:" in the
568:Bufo bufo
537:Rana Bufo
422:robustior
206:Bufo bufo
182:Species:
164:Bufonidae
120:Kingdom:
114:Eukaryota
18:Bufo bufo
4560:Wikidata
4438:10193774
4305:BioLib:
4237:Wikidata
3812:87161465
3769:22706445
3761:28307986
3647:85117769
3573:23226542
3533:PLOS ONE
3472:35907368
3417:12236487
3409:28312868
3220:54259148
3134:26102029
3084:21418651
3050:(1): 6.
3025:46354366
2947:13313062
2939:15648700
2900:32817424
2892:28309542
2429:21964513
2371:83966131
2326:22214922
2240:: 49–57.
2145:37853177
2125:Genetica
2091:: 1–52.
2040:(1806).
1864:Mr. Toad
1836:Mr. Toad
1668:Atropine
1656:cyanosis
1565:roadkill
1526:Roadkill
1465:and the
1359:anorexia
1345:maturity
1312:tadpoles
1301:amplexus
1281:amplexus
1254:Amplexus
1225:, Poland
1204:larvae,
1094:woodlice
1036:and the
1034:Sardinia
977:Burgwald
846:Pyrenees
716:Various
649:Taxonomy
624:tadpoles
327:hybridus
241:Synonyms
214:Linnaeus
160:Family:
144:Amphibia
134:Chordata
130:Phylum:
124:Animalia
110:Domain:
87:IUCN 3.1
4627:ZooBank
4619:1103349
4606:8415029
4539:1350162
4399:5217160
4243:Q146375
4026:Macbeth
3741:Bibcode
3693:4570914
3564:3513296
3541:Bibcode
3511:1564332
3464:9096079
3444:Bibcode
3401:4219866
3381:Bibcode
3350:3545205
3330:Bibcode
3181:4222519
3161:Bibcode
3126:3119823
3075:3072941
2872:Bibcode
2399:Bibcode
2296:Bibcode
2085:Zootaxa
1776:Macbeth
1740:woodcut
1629:digoxin
1590:steroid
1545:Belgium
1541:Germany
1434:B. bufo
1385:Germany
1266:spawned
1157:bufagin
1155:called
1118:spiders
1102:beetles
1058:Tunisia
1054:Algeria
1050:Morocco
1042:Irkutsk
1030:Corsica
1000:), the
981:Germany
791:), the
777:B. bufo
734:B. bufo
722:B. bufo
687:in the
588:Iceland
584:Ireland
571:, from
170:Genus:
150:Order:
140:Class:
85: (
4526:387464
4451:173480
4425:326296
4373:177878
4360:BUFOBU
4347:333310
4321:101499
4194:Portal
4127:
4098:
3988:
3958:
3926:
3810:
3802:
3767:
3759:
3691:
3645:
3571:
3561:
3509:
3470:
3462:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3348:
3240:. via
3218:
3179:
3153:Nature
3132:
3124:
3082:
3072:
3064:
3023:
3015:
2945:
2937:
2898:
2890:
2837:
2753:
2648:
2467:
2427:
2369:
2324:
2143:
1842:, 1913
1751:saliva
1561:Poland
1502:, the
1498:, the
1492:Russia
1406:winter
1181:herons
1046:Africa
951:Otmoor
730:genome
452:, 1826
397:, 1826
339:medius
4593:10882
4588:EUNIS
4580:4RDKJ
4534:WoRMS
4471:NAS:
4464:54596
4433:IRMNG
4208:Frogs
3808:S2CID
3786:. 7.
3765:S2CID
3689:S2CID
3669:(PDF)
3643:S2CID
3507:JSTOR
3468:S2CID
3413:S2CID
3397:JSTOR
3346:JSTOR
3322:Oikos
3216:S2CID
3177:S2CID
3130:S2CID
3021:S2CID
2943:S2CID
2896:S2CID
2751:S2CID
2367:S2CID
2141:S2CID
1872:, by
1765:Satan
1738:1579
1705:Devil
1463:Spain
1430:sperm
1193:Crows
1185:crows
1110:flies
1098:slugs
1062:Japan
1026:Crete
1022:Malta
608:toads
573:Latin
503:var.
491:var.
450:Risso
420:var.
395:Risso
351:minor
337:var.
325:var.
154:Anura
4675:Bufo
4614:ITIS
4601:GBIF
4500:8384
4495:NCBI
4459:IUCN
4446:ITIS
4412:1952
4407:GISD
4394:GBIF
4355:EPPO
4334:NP2D
4316:BOLD
4125:ISBN
4096:ISBN
3986:ISBN
3956:ISBN
3924:ISBN
3800:ISSN
3757:PMID
3731:L".
3569:PMID
3460:PMID
3405:PMID
3371:)".
3122:PMID
3080:PMID
3062:ISSN
3013:ISSN
2935:PMID
2888:PMID
2835:ISBN
2646:ISBN
2465:ISBN
2425:PMID
2322:PMID
2089:2447
2081:Bufo
1985:2009
1749:The
1678:and
1658:and
1559:and
1449:The
1424:The
1412:and
1305:eggs
1275:The
1208:and
1187:and
1173:mink
1169:rats
1126:mice
1114:ants
1056:and
852:and
819:and
785:taxa
703:Bufo
695:Rana
681:bufo
679:Rana
580:toad
576:bufo
563:toad
553:The
349:var.
250:List
218:1758
175:Bufo
4575:CoL
4513:442
4482:NBN
4342:EoL
4329:CoL
4308:322
4293:ASW
4285:127
4267:ADW
3846:doi
3820:or
3792:doi
3749:doi
3681:doi
3633:doi
3559:PMC
3549:doi
3499:doi
3452:doi
3389:doi
3338:doi
3320:".
3208:doi
3198:".
3169:doi
3157:274
3151:".
3114:doi
3110:161
3070:PMC
3052:doi
3005:doi
2974:doi
2970:225
2964:".
2927:doi
2923:129
2880:doi
2862:".
2805:BBC
2782:doi
2743:doi
2612:doi
2415:hdl
2407:doi
2357:doi
2312:hdl
2304:doi
2238:112
2133:doi
2123:".
2093:doi
1989:doi
1769:Eve
1604:.
1543:,
1432:of
876:).
720:of
4651::
4629::
4616::
4603::
4590::
4577::
4562::
4536::
4523::
4510::
4497::
4484::
4474:47
4461::
4448::
4435::
4422::
4409::
4396::
4383::
4370::
4357::
4344::
4331::
4318::
4295::
4282::
4269::
4254::
4239::
4119:.
4049:.
3970:^
3938:^
3897:.
3882:^
3866:.
3842:52
3840:.
3814:.
3806:.
3798:.
3788:29
3763:.
3755:.
3747:.
3737:13
3735:.
3687:.
3677:30
3675:.
3671:.
3641:.
3629:11
3627:.
3623:.
3567:.
3557:.
3547:.
3535:.
3531:.
3519:^
3505:.
3495:22
3493:.
3466:.
3458:.
3450:.
3440:32
3438:.
3411:.
3403:.
3395:.
3387:.
3377:89
3375:.
3344:.
3336:.
3326:16
3324:.
3295:.
3270:.
3236:.
3214:.
3204:27
3202:.
3175:.
3167:.
3155:.
3128:.
3120:.
3108:.
3092:^
3078:.
3068:.
3060:.
3046:.
3042:.
3019:.
3011:.
3001:40
2968:.
2941:.
2933:.
2921:.
2894:.
2886:.
2878:.
2868:45
2866:.
2821:^
2802:.
2776:.
2749:.
2739:10
2737:.
2698:.
2660:^
2624:^
2608:30
2606:.
2574:)"
2548:.
2501:^
2437:^
2423:.
2413:.
2405:.
2395:62
2393:.
2365:.
2353:68
2351:.
2347:.
2320:.
2310:.
2302:.
2292:63
2290:.
2259:.
2236:.
2188:.
2139:.
2129:59
2127:.
2105:^
2087:.
2015:.
2003:^
1983:.
1977:.
1953:^
1828::
1759:,
1674:,
1670:,
1654:,
1625:10
1617:60
1613:40
1600:,
1592:,
1555:,
1551:,
1547:,
1514:.
1416:.
1283:).
1191:.
1183:,
1171:,
1167:,
1120:,
1116:,
1112:,
1108:,
1104:,
1100:,
1096:,
1052:,
1032:,
1028:,
1024:,
979:,
953:,
937:.
773:.
669:,
665:,
661:,
645:.
586:,
557:,
216:,
4196::
4133:.
4104:.
4073:"
4060:.
4024:"
3994:.
3964:.
3932:.
3907:.
3876:.
3852:.
3848::
3824:.
3794::
3771:.
3751::
3743::
3716:.
3695:.
3683::
3649:.
3635::
3604:.
3591:"
3575:.
3551::
3543::
3537:7
3513:.
3501::
3474:.
3454::
3446::
3419:.
3391::
3383::
3352:.
3340::
3332::
3305:.
3280:.
3255:.
3222:.
3210::
3183:.
3171::
3163::
3136:.
3116::
3086:.
3054::
3048:8
3027:.
3007::
2980:.
2976::
2949:.
2929::
2902:.
2882::
2874::
2843:.
2815:.
2788:.
2784::
2778:2
2757:.
2745::
2722:.
2708:.
2683:.
2654:.
2618:.
2614::
2587:.
2558:.
2546:"
2529:.
2516:"
2495:.
2473:.
2431:.
2417::
2409::
2401::
2373:.
2359::
2328:.
2314::
2306::
2298::
2282:(
2270:.
2253:"
2217:.
2208:"
2204:"
2190:7
2173:.
2164:"
2160:"
2147:.
2135::
2099:.
2095::
2026:.
1997:.
1991::
1975:"
1971:"
1623:O
1621:4
1619:N
1615:H
1315:(
1012:(
1004:(
996:(
925:(
917:(
909:(
872:(
864:(
803:(
795:(
565:(
220:)
212:(
89:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.