3240:"Let us consider the case of a country composed of several national groups, e.g. Poles, Lithuanians and Jews. Each national group would create a separate movement. All citizens belonging to a given national group would join a special organisation that would hold cultural assemblies in each region and a general cultural assembly for the whole country. The assemblies would be given financial powers of their own: either each national group would be entitled to raise taxes on its members, or the state would allocate a proportion of its overall budget to each of them. Every citizen of the state would belong to one of the national groups, but the question of which national movement to join would be a matter of personal choice and no authority would have any control over his decision. The national movements would be subject to the general legislation of the state, but in their own areas of responsibility they would be autonomous and none of them would have the right to interfere in the affairs of the others".
4654:
106:
4642:
4163:
culture and the
Yiddish language. The activity of those with this new interest, sometimes called "neo-Bundism," alongside those with unbroken links to prewar Bundists, has led to a new visibility of interest in Bundist ideas in both political and cultural circles. And because Bundism offers an alternate historical vision of Jewish identity to Zionism, this development is sometimes a controversial one.
36:
3196:'hereness', from ××Ö¸ do 'here' plus Öž×ק -ik adjectival suffix plus ֞ק××× -kayt '-ness' suffix), is and was central to the Bundist ideology, expressing its focus on solving the challenges confronting Jews in the country in which they lived, versus the "thereness" of the Zionist movement, which posited the necessity of an independent Jewish polity in its ancestral homeland, i.e., the
3313:, which even took part in the 1959 Knesset elections, with a very low electoral result. Its publication, Lebns Fregyn, remained in publication until June 2014. It was one of the last surviving left-wing Yiddish-language publications. The organisation dissolved in 2019, with its assets being transferred to the Zionist-Yiddishist organisation Beit Shalom Aleichem.
4162:
Today we are witnessing a revival of the ideas of the Jewish Labor Bund, an organization which had been a powerful force in
Russian and Polish Jewish communities during the first half of the 20th century. The Bund focused on doikayt ("hereness"), libertarian socialism, and support for secular Jewish
3305:
and reaffirmed its support for a country under the control of superpowers and the UN. The 1948 New York Second World
Conference of the International Jewish Labor Bund condemned the proclamation of the Zionist state. The conference was in favour of a two nationsâ state built on the base of national
3446:
in
October 2023. The group published a manifesto in November of that year seeking to gain international support and cooperation, centreing Bundism as an alternative to Zionism within the modern Jewish diaspora. The group has drawn criticism from the aforementioned groups however, for its focus on
3216:
The Jewish Labour Bund did not advocate ethnic or religious separatism, but focused on culture, not a state or a place, as the glue of Jewish nationhood, within the context of a world of multi-cultural and multi-ethnic countries. In this the
Bundists borrowed extensively from the
3816:
3065:
While the Jewish Labour Bund was a trade union as well as a political party, its initial purpose was the organisation of the Jewish proletariat in
Belarus, Russia, Poland and Lithuania. It was criticised however by individuals like
3824:
3320:
decided that the creation of the Jewish state was an important event in Jewish history that might play a positive role in Jewish life, but felt that a few necessary changes were needed. The conference participants demanded that:
3415:
195:
4203:
154:
4317:
Jack Lester Jacobs (ed.), Jewish
Politics in Eastern Europe : The Bund at 100, Zydowski Instytut HistorycznyâInstytut Naukowo-Badawczy, New York, New York University Press, May 2001,
149:
3141:
as a Jewish national language in its own right; to some extent, the promotion of
Yiddish was part and parcel of the Bund's opposition to the Zionist movement and its project of reviving
3595:
3472:
144:
4378:
Antony
Polonsky, "The Bund in Polish Political Life, 1935-1939", in: Ezra Mendelsohn (ed.), Essential Papers on Jews and the Left, New York, New York University Press, 1997
1585:
230:
3410:
3343:
The World
Coordinating Council of the Jewish Labour Bund was quietly disbanded by a number of Bundists and representatives of related organizations, including
2163:
4358:
N. Levin, Jewish socialist movements, 1871â1917 : while Messiah tarried, London, Routledge & K. Paul (Distributed by Oxford University Press), 1978,
4368:
Y. Peled, Class and ethnicity in the pale: the political economy of Jewish workers' nationalism in late Imperial Russia, New York, St. Martin's Press, 1989,
1818:
1513:
1705:
5118:
4631:
3430:
away from support for Israel and posits that Antisemitism is "firmly anchored in the centre of German society". The organisation regularly takes part in
3118:
and the reduced political authority of religious institutions over Jewish life, some modern Bundist organizations do not consider this a primary focus.
2913:
4563:
3755:
677:
4959:
4888:
1700:
1948:
3048:
Though extant after the war and undergoing a revival in the 21st century, according to David Kranzler, the movement and its relatives (e.g. the
2202:
5019:
2996:
566:
3395:
3363:(founded in 1929) is considered the largest and most active existent organisation of the Bund. It organises a mix of events highlighting
3310:
3302:
3034:
3029:, more properly the "World Coordinating Council of the Jewish Labor Bund", was founded in New York, with affiliated groups in Argentina,
1187:
1150:
242:
4603:
3335:
d) Israel should foster peace with the Arabs. This required halting territorial expansion and resolving the Palestinian refugee problem.
3173:
as an explicit project (e.g., Bundist organisations in Australia sponsoring non-political Yiddish cultural centres for this purpose).
3889:
4494:, Les cosmopolites - Socialisme et judĂŠitĂŠ en Russie (1897â1917), Paris, Ăditions Syllpse, Collection "Utopie critique", fĂŠvr. 2004,
2126:
139:
134:
2149:
4440:
4394:
4178:
4908:
4624:
3398:. It does not consider itself Anti-Zionist, and has not participated in either pro-Israel or pro-Palestine rallies in Australia.
3394:, and has campaigned in favour of progressive social issues such as the rights of migrants, and in favour of a "Yes" vote in the
1499:
4393:, From Moses to Marx - The Marxists and the Jewish question: History of a debate 1843-1943, New Jersey, Humanities Press, 1996 (
3582:
3383:
2906:
2076:
2011:
1893:
514:
509:
4834:
4585:
4373:
4363:
4353:
4312:
4292:
4242:
3993:
3773:
3739:
3662:
1197:
185:
4609:
4781:
4776:
4673:
3427:
3011:
1635:
180:
4204:"German courts rule against criminalisation of solidarity with Palestine in two rulings, pressure on journalists persists"
54:
46:
4653:
3527:(1895â1943), member of the National Council of the Polish government-in-exile (March 1942 until his suicide in May, 1943)
3000:
1903:
1720:
1710:
950:
4384:
Henry Tobias, The origins and evolution of the Jewish Bund until 1901, Ann Arbor (Michigan), University Microfilms, 1958
4381:
C. Belazel Sherman, Bund, Galuth nationalism, Yiddishism, Herzl Institute Pamphlet no.6, New York, 1958, ASIN B0006AVR6U
4258:
4617:
4341:
Bernard K. Johnpoll, The politics of futility. The General Jewish Workers Bund of Poland, 1917â1943, Ithaca, New York,
3401:
The early 21st-century has witnessed a revival in the ideas of the Bund (sometimes called "neo-Bundism"). As such some
2299:
2249:
2214:
1908:
1773:
1640:
3329:
b) but it would mean that the affairs of the Jewish community in Israel should be subordinate to those of world Jewry.
3086:. Many modern iterations of the Bund have divested from explicit Marxism but retain a public stance of advocating for
4662:
4599:
4553:
4539:
4499:
4486:
4455:
4436:
4336:
4322:
3965:
2899:
1991:
1953:
1928:
1848:
1833:
1680:
1620:
1575:
72:
3890:"National-Cultural Autonomy and 'Neutralism': Vladimir Medem's Marxist Analysis of the National Question, 1903-1920"
4032:
3443:
2284:
2266:
2172:
2066:
1918:
1913:
1838:
1803:
1670:
559:
159:
5101:
4474:
Henri Minczeles, "La rĂŠsistance du Bund en France pendant l'occupation", Le Monde juif 51:154 (1995) : 138-53
3114:
students, who would live in poverty off charity and learn Torah instead of work, as "parasites." With the rise of
4705:
3877:. New York: Der Amerikaner Reprezentants fun Algemeynem Yidishn Arbeter-Bund (âBundâ) in Poyln. pp. 173â219.
3546:
3476:
3317:
3042:
3026:
2802:
2701:
2256:
2239:
2192:
2091:
2001:
1938:
1888:
1868:
1863:
1783:
1757:
1732:
1610:
1600:
1590:
1570:
1565:
211:
4546:
Le Pain de misère, Histoire du mouvement ouvrier juif en Europe - L'Europe centrale et occidentale jusqu'en 1945
3846:
4807:
4646:
3578:
3512:
3508:
3360:
3150:
3030:
2275:
2261:
2229:
2209:
2177:
2121:
2096:
2071:
2051:
2041:
2026:
2021:
2016:
1996:
1986:
1981:
1958:
1873:
1858:
1778:
1737:
1690:
1685:
1605:
1550:
225:
4348:
N. Levin, While Messiah tarried : Jewish socialist movements, 1871â1917, New York, Schocken Books, 1977,
3817:"Australian Shtetl: Inside Melbourne's Yiddish culture renaissance - Africa, Asia and Australia - Haaretz.com"
4898:
3332:
c) the policy of the state of Israel would be the same toward all citizens regardless of their nationalities.
3293:
of being responsible for recent anti-Semitic agitation in Poland by their campaign urging Jewish emigration.
2696:
2234:
2219:
2182:
2144:
2116:
2106:
2101:
2086:
2081:
2061:
2046:
2031:
2006:
1972:
1943:
1843:
1828:
1752:
1742:
1660:
1630:
1555:
1541:
456:
349:
3434:
demonstrations and positions itself as Anti-Zionist. In addition, as a result of their protests against the
3426:); an organisation of left-wing German Jews and Israeli immigrants that seeks to redefine the debate around
3225:; this approach alienated the Bolsheviks and Lenin, who was derisive of and politically opposed to Bundism.
5029:
4710:
4695:
4387:
Henry Tobias, The Jewish Bund in Russia from Its Origins to 1905, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1972
4297:
3500:
2304:
2224:
2187:
2111:
2056:
1923:
1898:
1823:
1798:
1788:
1727:
1650:
1645:
1625:
1615:
1595:
1580:
1473:
1177:
941:
936:
235:
4503:
3348:
3038:
2294:
2289:
2244:
2197:
1883:
1853:
1813:
1808:
1665:
971:
552:
495:
247:
5086:
105:
4849:
4753:
4715:
4013:
3538:
3534:
3468:
3464:
3255:
3222:
2937:
2768:
2613:
2321:
1715:
911:
901:
637:
540:
120:
2995:. Split along communist and social democratic lines throughout the Civil War, a faction supported the
5158:
4234:
3049:
2882:
2575:
2426:
2367:
1258:
4300:, Jewish politics and the Russian Revolution of 1905, Tel-Aviv, Tel Aviv University, 1982 (21 pages)
3684:
4948:
4844:
4824:
4720:
4342:
3988:. Studies on Polish Jewry. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University. pp. 200, 220â222, 331.
3894:
2585:
2565:
1675:
1155:
696:
395:
17:
5125:
4874:
4859:
3574:
3562:
3338:
e) Yiddish should be taught at all educational institutions and would be promoted in public life.
3052:) were relatively unsuccessful in accomplishing their goals in Europe, though they were popular.
3014:, becoming a major political force within Polish-Jewish communities. Bundists were active in the
2950:
2726:
2716:
2681:
2560:
2550:
2333:
1504:
1446:
1280:
959:
916:
631:
535:
175:
4525:
3566:
3387:
3368:
3107:
2845:
2580:
2494:
1560:
1112:
731:
701:
190:
4532:
Le Pain de misère, Histoire du mouvement ouvrier juif en Europe - L'empire russe jusqu'en 1914
4411:
4400:
A.K. Wildman, Russian and Jewish social democracy, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1973
4228:
3955:
3626:
5091:
4984:
4928:
4913:
4854:
4725:
4639:
3939:
3763:
3729:
3570:
3439:
2736:
2731:
2676:
2464:
1379:
1107:
1094:
989:
706:
4594:, Stuttgart/Munich, DVA, 2001, 445 p. (Schriftenreihe des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts, Leipzig),
4464:, Paris, Cahiers de la quinzaine (6e cahier de la 6e sĂŠrie), 1904, 155 pages ASIN B001C9XEME
3911:
3435:
3402:
2807:
2759:
2499:
2357:
1170:
1035:
1024:
982:
3170:
8:
4103:
3518:
3326:
a) the authorities of Israel should treat the state as property of the Jews of the world;
3290:
3191:
3138:
2988:
2860:
2555:
1233:
1100:
1003:
996:
926:
814:
689:
4328:
3110:. The Bundists reviled the religious Jews of the time; even going so far as to refer to
474:
5148:
5055:
4969:
4085:
3672:
3552:
3344:
3153:) was mostly spoken by educated Jewish men; Yiddish was a nearly universal language of
2976:
2972:
2711:
2661:
2608:
2603:
2517:
2387:
1655:
1484:
1243:
1163:
1017:
583:
5096:
4869:
3006:
Bundist movement continued to exist as a political party in independent Poland in the
5081:
4595:
4581:
4549:
4535:
4521:
4495:
4482:
4451:
4432:
4369:
4359:
4349:
4332:
4318:
4308:
4288:
4238:
4089:
4077:
3989:
3961:
3903:
3769:
3735:
3658:
3391:
3379:
3286:
3166:
3115:
2992:
2855:
2797:
2777:
2594:
2154:
1793:
1253:
1124:
1054:
931:
844:
711:
4129:
3137:, soon saw the language and the larger Yiddish culture as valuable and promoted the
5153:
4979:
4933:
4918:
4864:
4788:
4592:"Gegen den Strom". Der Allgemeine JĂźdische Arbeiterbund, "Bund" in Polen, 1918-1939
4580:, Wien : Europaverlag, 1982 (Materialien zur Arbeiterbewegung ; Nr. 26),
4069:
3542:
3524:
3274:
3182:
3103:
3015:
2968:
2941:
2825:
2706:
2666:
2630:
2328:
1878:
1389:
1145:
1049:
964:
854:
646:
530:
469:
318:
89:
5009:
4989:
5060:
4304:
4284:
3934:
3530:
3448:
3419:
3142:
3007:
2787:
2746:
2741:
2721:
2643:
2637:
2570:
2522:
2362:
2343:
1494:
1223:
1135:
1118:
662:
402:
335:
5004:
4999:
4429:
Notre libertĂŠ et La VĂ´tre - Le Mouvement ouvrier juif Bund en Pologne, 1939-1949
4938:
4903:
4688:
4424:
3870:
3278:
3254:
The Jewish Labour Bund, as an organization, was formed at the same time as the
3233:
3197:
3154:
3146:
3134:
3091:
3083:
3071:
2984:
2961:
2887:
2686:
2541:
2421:
2400:
2377:
2372:
2350:
2338:
1933:
1414:
1348:
1313:
1291:
1228:
1066:
1044:
906:
885:
861:
627:
609:
416:
409:
342:
298:
278:
273:
5050:
4305:
Prophecy and politics: socialism, nationalism, and the Russian Jews, 1862-1917
4073:
3789:
3703:
3371:), concern for Jewish rights in Australia and abroad, and the preservation of
5142:
5065:
4974:
4923:
4518:
100 anniversaire du Bund. Actes du Colloque, MinoritĂŠs, DĂŠmocratie, Diasporas
4491:
4390:
4081:
3907:
3759:
3725:
3409:
thought as an adaptation of Doikayt. One example of this is the Berlin-based
3406:
3218:
3158:
3079:
3067:
3019:
2835:
2830:
2036:
1963:
1489:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1318:
1296:
1248:
1010:
849:
754:
716:
667:
356:
313:
293:
283:
268:
4057:
4994:
4285:
Converging alternatives: the Bund and the Zionist Labor Movement, 1897-1985
4009:
3935:"Choose Your Own Nationality or The Forgotten History of Cultural Autonomy"
3627:"In the story of two Jewish Bunds, a stark generational divide over Israel"
3496:
3460:
3205:
2865:
2691:
2532:
2527:
2485:
2438:
1532:
1399:
1384:
1343:
1308:
921:
763:
363:
308:
263:
4743:
4028:
3382:. The Melbourne Bund also maintains the only existing wing of the Bundist
3133:
as anything more than a vehicle to exhort the masses of Jewish workers in
3504:
3482:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3201:
2850:
2792:
2457:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1323:
490:
450:
445:
370:
303:
288:
5034:
4771:
3490:
3162:
2508:
1522:
1451:
1409:
1238:
1218:
777:
684:
604:
440:
3309:
A branch of the Jewish Labour Bund was created in Israel in 1951, the
4683:
3442:
formed the "New Yiddish Bund of Binghamton" in coordination with the
3431:
3087:
3075:
2933:
2671:
2656:
1746:
1694:
1456:
1404:
1394:
1075:
1071:
1061:
976:
736:
423:
1424:
3405:
have adopted the aesthetics and ideology of the Bund; often adding
3267:
3200:, to secure Jewish life. Today this often manifests in the form of
2840:
2450:
2382:
1213:
721:
672:
464:
388:
4153:
3282:
3259:
3127:
3111:
2816:
2651:
2445:
1434:
1429:
1301:
1192:
1087:
1083:
1079:
828:
823:
800:
782:
657:
652:
642:
620:
595:
4641:
3454:
3145:. This preference for Yiddish over Hebrew also had an aspect of
2946:×Öˇ××ע××˛Öˇ× ×˘×¨ ××Ö´××׊ער ×֡ר×ע×ער֞××× × ××× ×××ע, פ××××× ××× ×¨×ץ××Öˇ× ×
4793:
4700:
3486:
3271:
3263:
3102:
A staunchly secular party, the Jewish Labour Bund took part in
2980:
2930:
2476:
2471:
2431:
2416:
1527:
1419:
839:
805:
791:
726:
4462:
Juifs russes : le Bund et le sionisme. Un voyage d'ĂŠtude.
4412:
The resolution of the tenth conference of the Bund, April 1917
4146:
3249:
1439:
868:
772:
741:
4578:
Der jĂźdische Arbeiter-Bund Russlands im Revolutionsjahr 1917
4479:
Histoire gĂŠnĂŠrale du Bund, Un mouvement rĂŠvolutionnaire juif
4230:
The Bolshevik revolution, 1917-1918: documents and materials
3556:
591:
3126:
The Jewish Labour Bund, while not initially interested in
2957:
Algemeyner yidisher arbeter-bund in Lite, Poyln un Rusland
2936:
movement whose first organizational manifestation was the
3873:(1943) . "Di sotsial-demokratie un di natsionale frage".
2967:
The Jewish Labour Bund was an important component of the
3503:
and also of the Central Council of Ukraine; member, as
3847:"How the Jewish Labor Bund Changed After World War II"
3596:
Jewish Social Democratic Workers Association "Zukunft"
2955:
4511:
De MoĂŻse Ă Marx - Les marxistes et la question juive
2455:
2436:
859:
5120:
Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus
4471:, Paris, Champion, 1969 (Memories of a Bund leader)
3165:adopted Russian as their main language. With the
5140:
3386:The Australian Bund today has ties to both the
3211:
3018:, and many of its members were murdered during
3754:
3734:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 49.
3316:The 1955 Montreal 3rd World Conference of the
3258:. The Bund eventually came to strongly oppose
2971:movement in the Russian empire until the 1917
4625:
4058:"The Bund Abroad in the Postwar Jewish World"
3455:Bundist members of parliaments or governments
2907:
560:
4227:Bunyan, James; Fisher, Harold Henry (1934).
4226:
4179:"Pro-Palästina-Demos: Diese Gruppen gibt es"
3354:
3159:Russification policies of the Russian Empire
3157:. It was also promoted in opposition to the
3078:"; a claim rejected by Bundist leaders like
3932:
3624:
3303:the UNGA vote on the partition of Palestine
2940:in Lithuania, Belarus, Poland, and Russia (
1151:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
4632:
4618:
4516:Union progressiste des Juifs de Belgique,
4029:"The Anti-Zionism of the Bund (1947-1972)"
3875:Vladimir Medem: Tsum tsvantsikstn yortsayt
3250:Before the creation of the State of Israel
3230:Social democracy and the national question
2914:
2900:
567:
553:
4329:Bundist Counterculture in Interwar Poland
4259:"General Secretariat of the Central Rada"
3489:between 1922 and 1931 (twice reelected);
3447:Anti-Zionism and a lack of discussion of
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
3960:. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 273.
3887:
3438:a group of Jewish Students based out of
3244:
4534:, Paris, La DĂŠcouverte, 2002, (Vol. I)
4026:
4020:
3953:
3844:
3724:
3311:Arbeter-ring in Yisroel â Brith Haavoda
3167:decline of Yiddish as a spoken language
14:
5141:
4648:History of Jews and Judaism in Belarus
4055:
3718:
3705:An Introduction to Bundism (1897-1903)
3521:(1879â1938), successor of Moisei Rafes
4613:
4173:
4171:
4051:
4049:
3980:
3869:
3545:'s suicide; secretary general of the
3515:from 28 June 1917 to 22 January 1918)
3236:exposed his version of this concept:
3161:; once again with a class element as
2975:; the Bundists initially opposed the
5097:Minsk Ghetto resistance organization
4307:, Cambridge University Press, 1984,
3811:
3809:
3807:
3768:. Schreiber Publishing. p. 56.
3698:
3696:
3694:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3577:(2019âpresent), former Chair of the
3306:equality and democratic federalism.
3012:General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland
2979:, but ended up supporting it due to
29:
4562:, 1983, Kuiv productions & A2 (
4560:Les RĂŠvolutionnaires du Yiddishland
4331:, Syracuse University Press, 2009,
4002:
3947:
3186:
2999:and eventually was absorbed by the
2945:
24:
4548:, Paris, La DĂŠcouverte, (Vol. II)
4272:
4168:
4158:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
4121:
4046:
4027:Grabsky, August (10 August 2005).
3985:Agudat Yisrael in Poland 1916-1939
3791:The Revival of Hebrew? (1879-1908)
3748:
3731:The Rise of Modern Yiddish Culture
3625:Silverstein, Andrew (2024-02-21).
3163:upwardly-mobile, middle class Jews
45:tone or style may not reflect the
25:
5170:
5044:Extermination sites and massacres
3804:
3691:
3643:
3607:
3511:(the chief executive body of the
3424:JĂźdischer antifaschistischer Bund
942:Historical population comparisons
27:Secular Jewish socialist movement
4652:
4640:
4481:, Ăditions DenoĂŤl, Paris, 1999,
4127:
3888:Gechtman, Roni (December 2008).
3765:The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia
3499:(1883â1942), member of the 1917
3444:Democratic Socialists of America
3380:Jewish organisation in Australia
3169:, many Bundists now support the
1586:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1500:Historical population by country
104:
55:guide to writing better articles
34:
4251:
4220:
4196:
4096:
3974:
3926:
3881:
3547:International Jewish Labor Bund
3318:International Jewish Labor Bund
3208:and a focus on local politics.
3027:International Jewish Labor Bund
212:International Jewish Labor Bund
168:Interwar years and World War II
4558:movie: Nat Lilenstein (Dir.),
4448:Le Yiddishland rĂŠvolutionnaire
4104:"Jewish Labour Bund Melbourne"
3933:Plassereaud, Yves (May 2000).
3863:
3838:
3782:
3509:General Secretariat of Ukraine
3471:in the short-lived autonomous
13:
1:
4277:
3845:Metraux, Julia (2022-11-17).
3601:
3296:
3121:
3097:
1157:Christianity and Judaism
5030:Davidovka concentration camp
4570:
4418:
3823:. 2022-07-17. Archived from
3501:Russian Constituent Assembly
3477:Belarusian People's Republic
3212:National-cultural autonomism
7:
5092:SĹonim Ghetto Jewish revolt
4154:"Bundism's Influence Today"
4130:"Bund Membership 2022â2023"
3983:The politics of tradition.
3589:
3555:(1887â1965), member of the
3533:(1901â1977), member of the
3513:Ukrainian People's Republic
3473:Belarusian National Council
3349:Congress for Jewish Culture
3055:
2956:
2456:
2437:
2164:Latin America and Caribbean
860:
496:General Jewish Labour Party
10:
5175:
4939:Tomchei Tmimim â Lubavitch
4850:Choral synagogue (Vitebsk)
4754:General Jewish Labour Bund
4014:National Library of Israel
4010:"â¨â¨Lebns-fragn (Tel Aviv)"
3981:Bacon, Gershon C. (1996).
3539:Polish government-in-exile
3485:(1891â1956) member of the
3469:minister without portfolio
3465:Central Council of Ukraine
3256:World Zionist Organization
3223:national personal autonomy
3176:
3060:
2938:General Jewish Labour Bund
2769:Jewish political movements
2466:Conversion to Judaism
121:General Jewish Labour Bund
5114:
5074:
5043:
5018:
4958:
4947:
4887:
4833:
4817:
4806:
4764:
4736:
4672:
4661:
4520:, Bruxelles, UPJB, 1997,
4235:Stanford University Press
4074:10.2979/jss.2009.16.1.111
3655:Secular Jewish Ideologies
3355:Contemporary developments
3171:revitalisation of Yiddish
1172:Hinduism and Judaism
4845:Choral Synagogue (Brest)
4825:Great Synagogue (Grodno)
4343:Cornell University Press
3954:Laqueur, Walter (2003).
3384:SKIF Youth Organisation.
3264:immigration to Palestine
3181:The concept of Doikayt (
3045:, and other countries.
998:Temple in Jerusalem
691:Bar and bat mitzvah
433:Associated organisations
5127:List of Belarusian Jews
4875:Zaniomanskaja Synagogue
4860:Cold Synagogue, Mogilev
4450:, Paris, Balland, 1983
4263:Encyclopedia of Ukraine
4185:(in German). 2023-11-13
3657:. Feldheim Publishers.
3575:Parliament of Australia
3428:Antisemitism in Germany
3411:Jewish Antifascist Bund
3149:: Hebrew (prior to its
3050:Gordonia youth movement
960:Twelve Tribes of Israel
5087:Ĺachwa Ghetto uprising
4782:Jewish Communist Party
4056:Slucki, David (2009).
3423:
3388:Australian Labor Party
3341:
3242:
3108:Second Polish Republic
2987:of the anti-communist
4929:Slutsk-Kletsk Yeshiva
4855:Cold Synagogue, Minsk
4062:Jewish Social Studies
3940:Le Monde diplomatique
3440:Binghamton University
3323:
3301:The Bund was against
3245:Opposition to Zionism
3238:
1706:SĂŁo TomĂŠ and PrĂncipe
1701:Republic of the Congo
1095:Second Temple Judaism
966:Kingdom of Judah
937:Modern historiography
457:Sotsyalistishe Kinder
350:Der yidisher arbeyter
4327:Jack Lester Jacobs,
4287:, SUNY Press, 2006,
3957:A History of Zionism
3403:new social movements
3375:. It is the largest
3359:The Melbourne-based
3351:in the early 2000s.
2808:World Agudath Israel
1949:United Arab Emirates
1036:Second Temple period
1026:Babylonian captivity
113:1890s to World War I
5021:Concentration camps
4513:, Paris, KimĂŠ, 1997
3914:on 27 February 2012
3519:Aleksandr Zolotarev
3493:city council member
3025:After the war, the
1101:Hellenistic Judaism
679:Land of Israel
638:Principles of faith
5056:Dzyatlava massacre
4899:Baranovich Yeshiva
4544:Nathan Weinstock,
4530:Nathan Weinstock,
4303:Jonathan Frankel,
4128:Bund, SKIF &.
3794:, 17 February 2023
3553:Michal Shuldenfrei
3505:General controller
3361:Jewish Labour Bund
3345:The Workers Circle
3151:successful revival
3039:the United Kingdom
3033:, Canada, France,
3016:anti-Nazi struggle
2977:October Revolution
2973:Russian Revolution
2960:), founded in the
2662:Jewish Koine Greek
2204:Dominican Republic
1485:Judaism by country
1164:Jews and Christmas
1019:Assyrian captivity
196:Argentina (Second)
5136:
5135:
5110:
5109:
5102:Zhetler Battalion
5082:Bielski partisans
4883:
4882:
4802:
4801:
4590:Gertrud Pickhan,
4586:978-3-203-50824-5
4477:Henri Minczeles,
4374:978-0-333-41255-8
4364:978-0-7100-8913-7
4354:978-0-8052-0616-6
4313:978-0-521-26919-3
4293:978-0-7914-6659-9
4244:978-0-8047-0344-4
4160:. New York City.
3995:978-965-223-962-4
3895:Socialist Studies
3775:978-1-887563-77-2
3741:978-0-8229-4272-6
3708:, 27 January 2023
3664:978-1-59826-962-8
3653:Kranzler, David.
3579:Australian Bund's
3392:Australian Greens
3287:Yitzhak Gruenbaum
3270:. After the 1936
3195:
3116:Jewish secularism
3106:elections in the
3043:the United States
2997:Soviet government
2993:Russian Civil War
2983:committed by the
2969:social democratic
2954:
2924:
2923:
2873:
2872:
2621:
2620:
2368:Reconstructionist
2312:
2311:
1464:
1463:
1271:
1270:
1108:JewishâRoman wars
1056:Hasmonean dynasty
972:Kingdom of Israel
876:
875:
577:
576:
541:Socialist parties
150:Argentina (First)
83:
82:
75:
49:used on Knowledge
47:encyclopedic tone
16:(Redirected from
5166:
5159:Jewish socialism
5128:
5121:
5022:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4934:Volozhin Yeshiva
4919:Novardok Yeshiva
4909:Kaminetz Yeshiva
4891:
4865:Slonim Synagogue
4837:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4789:Hashomer Hatzair
4701:Chabad-Lubavitch
4676:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4656:
4649:
4644:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4611:
4610:
4467:Vladimir Medem,
4298:Jonathan Frankel
4267:
4266:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4175:
4166:
4165:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4053:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4033:Workers' Liberty
4024:
4018:
4017:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3910:. Archived from
3885:
3879:
3878:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3813:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3756:Schiff, Alvin I.
3752:
3746:
3745:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3700:
3689:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3668:
3650:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3622:
3543:Szmul Zygielbojm
3535:National Council
3525:Szmul Zygielbojm
3475:(1917â1918) and
3463:, member of the
3436:Israel-Hamas War
3418:
3396:Voice Referendum
3365:left-wing ideals
3291:Ze'ev Jabotinsky
3228:In a 1904 text,
3190:
3188:
2959:
2949:
2947:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2765:
2764:
2646:
2467:
2461:
2442:
2406:
2405:
2353:
2300:New Zealand
2252:
2215:El Salvador
2205:
2137:Northern America
2129:
1723:
1479:
1478:
1390:Crimean Karaites
1286:
1285:
1264:
1262:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1146:Rabbinic Judaism
1127:
1121:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1057:
1050:Maccabean Revolt
1027:
1020:
1014:
1006:
999:
993:
985:
967:
891:
890:
865:
760:
759:
692:
680:
579:
578:
569:
562:
555:
475:Jutrzenka KrakĂłw
470:Tsukunft shturem
319:Szmul Zygielbojm
239:
108:
85:
84:
78:
71:
67:
64:
58:
57:for suggestions.
53:See Knowledge's
38:
37:
30:
21:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5126:
5119:
5106:
5070:
5061:Maly Trostenets
5039:
5020:
5014:
4960:
4949:
4943:
4889:
4879:
4870:WoĹpa Synagogue
4835:
4829:
4808:
4798:
4760:
4732:
4674:
4663:
4657:
4647:
4638:
4573:
4509:Enzo Traverso,
4446:Alain Brossat,
4421:
4280:
4275:
4273:Further reading
4270:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4237:. p. 735.
4225:
4221:
4212:
4210:
4208:Civicus Monitor
4202:
4201:
4197:
4188:
4186:
4177:
4176:
4169:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4138:
4136:
4134:SKIF & Bund
4126:
4122:
4113:
4111:
4108:Aleph Melbourne
4102:
4101:
4097:
4054:
4047:
4037:
4035:
4025:
4021:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3952:
3948:
3931:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3886:
3882:
3868:
3864:
3855:
3853:
3843:
3839:
3830:
3828:
3815:
3814:
3805:
3797:
3795:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3723:
3719:
3711:
3709:
3702:
3701:
3692:
3680:
3679:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3651:
3644:
3635:
3633:
3623:
3608:
3604:
3592:
3531:Emanuel Scherer
3457:
3414:
3373:Yiddish culture
3367:(especially in
3357:
3299:
3262:, arguing that
3252:
3247:
3214:
3179:
3124:
3100:
3063:
3058:
3008:interwar period
3001:Communist Party
2920:
2875:
2874:
2762:
2752:
2751:
2742:Judeo-Malayalam
2722:Judaeo-Georgian
2642:
2633:
2623:
2622:
2523:Yiddish theatre
2465:
2403:
2393:
2392:
2351:
2324:
2314:
2313:
2250:
2203:
2127:
1721:
1505:Genetic studies
1476:
1466:
1465:
1283:
1273:
1272:
1260:
1259:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1161:
1156:
1138:and Middle Ages
1136:Rabbinic period
1123:
1117:
1110:
1098:
1069:
1055:
1025:
1018:
1009:
1001:
997:
988:
983:in Judaism
980:
965:
888:
878:
877:
757:
747:
746:
690:
678:
623:
573:
483:Splinter groups
461:
458:
403:In Zaltsikn Yam
336:Arbeiter Fragen
233:
79:
68:
62:
59:
52:
43:This article's
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5172:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5123:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4953:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4904:Grodno Yeshiva
4901:
4895:
4893:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4821:
4819:
4812:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4689:Musar Movement
4680:
4678:
4667:
4659:
4658:
4637:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4588:
4576:Arye Gelbard,
4572:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4556:
4542:
4528:
4514:
4507:
4489:
4475:
4472:
4465:
4460:Ălie Eberlin,
4458:
4444:
4425:Daniel Blatman
4420:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4366:
4356:
4346:
4339:
4325:
4315:
4301:
4295:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4250:
4243:
4219:
4195:
4167:
4145:
4120:
4095:
4068:(1): 111â144.
4045:
4019:
4001:
3994:
3973:
3966:
3946:
3925:
3880:
3862:
3837:
3803:
3781:
3774:
3760:Klenicki, Leon
3747:
3740:
3726:Fishman, David
3717:
3690:
3663:
3642:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3560:
3550:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3494:
3480:
3467:in 1917, then
3456:
3453:
3356:
3353:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3298:
3295:
3279:Henryk Ehrlich
3266:was a form of
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3234:Vladimir Medem
3219:Austro-Marxist
3213:
3210:
3198:Land of Israel
3178:
3175:
3155:Ashkenazi Jews
3147:class struggle
3139:use of Yiddish
3135:Eastern Europe
3123:
3120:
3099:
3096:
3092:social justice
3084:Vladimir Medem
3072:Vladimir Lenin
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
2989:White movement
2985:Volunteer Army
2962:Russian Empire
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2820:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2803:Territorialism
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2772:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2687:Judaeo-Spanish
2684:
2682:Judaeo-Iranian
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2128:United Kingdom
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1561:Bilad-el-Sudan
1558:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1514:Land of Israel
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1372:Related groups
1369:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1229:Jewish atheism
1226:
1221:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:IslamicâJewish
1175:
1168:
1153:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1105:
1092:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1045:Yehud Medinata
1039:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1007:
994:
986:
974:
969:
962:
954:
953:
951:Ancient Israel
947:
946:
945:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
907:Land of Israel
904:
896:
895:
889:
884:
883:
880:
879:
874:
873:
872:
871:
866:
862:Shulchan Aruch
857:
852:
847:
842:
834:
833:
832:
831:
826:
818:
817:
811:
810:
809:
808:
803:
795:
794:
788:
787:
786:
785:
780:
775:
767:
766:
758:
753:
752:
749:
748:
745:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
687:
682:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
640:
635:
628:God in Judaism
624:
619:
618:
615:
614:
613:
612:
607:
599:
598:
588:
587:
575:
574:
572:
571:
564:
557:
549:
546:
545:
544:
543:
538:
536:Jewish history
533:
525:
524:
520:
519:
518:
517:
512:
506:
505:
503:Communist Bund
499:
498:
493:
485:
484:
480:
479:
478:
477:
472:
467:
459:Farband (SKIF)
455:
454:
453:
448:
443:
435:
434:
430:
429:
428:
427:
420:
417:Arbeter Froyen
413:
410:Daloy Politsey
406:
399:
392:
382:
381:
377:
376:
375:
374:
367:
360:
353:
346:
343:Arbeiterstimme
339:
329:
328:
324:
323:
322:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
299:Vladimir Medem
296:
291:
286:
281:
279:Esther Frumkin
276:
274:Henryk Ehrlich
271:
266:
258:
257:
253:
252:
251:
250:
248:United Kingdom
245:
240:
228:
222:
221:
215:
214:
206:
205:
201:
200:
199:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
170:
169:
165:
164:
163:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
131:
130:
124:
123:
115:
114:
110:
109:
101:
100:
94:
93:
81:
80:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5171:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5129:
5124:
5122:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5066:Slutsk affair
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5017:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4950:The Holocaust
4946:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4924:Radin Yeshiva
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4886:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4643:
4635:
4630:
4628:
4623:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4605:
4604:French review
4601:
4600:3-421-05477-0
4597:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4565:
4564:French review
4561:
4557:
4555:
4554:2-7071-3811-8
4551:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4540:2-7071-3810-X
4537:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4500:2-84797-080-0
4497:
4493:
4492:Claudie Weill
4490:
4488:
4487:2-207-24820-8
4484:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4457:
4456:2-7158-0433-4
4453:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4441:French review
4438:
4437:2-204-06981-7
4434:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4391:Enzo Traverso
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4337:0-8156-3226-6
4334:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4323:0-8147-4258-0
4320:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4283:Yosef Gorni,
4282:
4281:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4223:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4172:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4050:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4015:
4011:
4005:
3997:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3977:
3969:
3967:9781860649325
3963:
3959:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3929:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3884:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3827:on 2022-07-17
3826:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3793:
3792:
3785:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3707:
3706:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3686:
3674:
3666:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3647:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3606:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3449:labour issues
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3080:Arkadi Kremer
3077:
3073:
3069:
3068:Julius Martov
3053:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3020:the Holocaust
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2929:is a secular
2928:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:Judeo-Aramaic
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Judeo-Italian
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
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2596:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2584:
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2579:
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2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
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2444:
2441:
2440:
2435:
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2425:
2423:
2420:
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2415:
2414:
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2412:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
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2389:
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2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
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2361:
2359:
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2354:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:Denominations
2318:
2317:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:United States
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:Guinea-Bissau
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:Lists of Jews
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1265:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:The Holocaust
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
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1204:
1199:
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1189:
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1137:
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1126:
1120:
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1028:
1023:
1021:
1016:
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1005:
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987:
984:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
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905:
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893:
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881:
870:
867:
864:
863:
858:
856:
853:
851:
850:Mishneh Torah
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
836:
835:
830:
827:
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822:
821:
820:
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812:
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651:
648:
644:
641:
639:
636:
633:
629:
626:
625:
622:
617:
616:
611:
610:Who is a Jew?
608:
606:
603:
602:
601:
600:
597:
593:
590:
589:
585:
581:
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570:
565:
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365:
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359:
358:
357:Folkstsaytung
354:
352:
351:
347:
345:
344:
340:
338:
337:
333:
332:
331:
330:
326:
325:
320:
317:
315:
314:Anna Rozental
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
294:Mikhail Liber
292:
290:
287:
285:
284:Arkadi Kremer
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
269:Marek Edelman
267:
265:
262:
261:
260:
259:
255:
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210:
209:
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203:
202:
197:
194:
192:
191:Soviet Russia
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
172:
171:
167:
166:
161:
158:
156:
155:United States
153:
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148:
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143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
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122:
119:
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111:
107:
103:
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96:
95:
91:
87:
86:
77:
74:
66:
63:December 2023
56:
50:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4748:
4651:
4645:
4591:
4577:
4559:
4545:
4531:
4517:
4510:
4504:presentation
4478:
4468:
4461:
4447:
4428:
4262:
4253:
4229:
4222:
4211:. Retrieved
4207:
4198:
4187:. Retrieved
4182:
4161:
4157:
4148:
4137:. Retrieved
4133:
4123:
4112:. Retrieved
4110:. 2020-07-30
4107:
4098:
4065:
4061:
4036:. Retrieved
4022:
4004:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3956:
3949:
3938:
3928:
3916:. Retrieved
3912:the original
3899:
3893:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3854:. Retrieved
3850:
3840:
3829:. Retrieved
3825:the original
3820:
3796:, retrieved
3790:
3784:
3764:
3750:
3730:
3720:
3710:, retrieved
3704:
3654:
3634:. Retrieved
3630:
3559:in 1947-1948
3497:Moisei Rafes
3461:Moshe Gutman
3400:
3358:
3342:
3315:
3308:
3300:
3253:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3215:
3206:Anti-Zionism
3180:
3130:
3125:
3101:
3064:
3047:
3024:
3005:
2966:
2926:
2925:
2866:Post-Zionism
2782:
2737:Judeo-Berber
2732:Judeo-Arabic
2692:Judeo-Gascon
2439:Pidyon haben
2358:Conservative
1904:Saudi Arabia
1722:South Africa
1711:Sierra Leone
1533:Israeli Jews
1447:Mosaic Arabs
1400:Kaifeng Jews
1261:ArabâIsraeli
1234:Emancipation
1113:Great Revolt
922:Anti-Judaism
917:Antisemitism
912:Name "Judea"
707:Baal teshuva
502:
422:
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
369:
364:Lodzer veker
362:
355:
348:
341:
334:
309:Moisei Rafes
264:Victor Alter
218:
160:Thessaloniki
127:
97:
69:
60:
44:
5051:Bronna GĂłra
4914:Mir Yeshiva
4038:10 November
3851:JSTOR Daily
3681:|work=
3631:The Forward
3581:youth wing
3569:member for
3565:(b. 1987),
3549:(1961â1977)
3483:Noah Meisel
3479:(1918â1919)
3377:Non-Zionist
3277:elections,
3221:concept of
3202:Non-Zionism
2991:during the
2861:Revisionist
2851:Neo-Zionism
2458:Zeved habat
2251:Puerto Rico
2077:Netherlands
1909:South Korea
1894:Philippines
1774:Afghanistan
1641:Ivory Coast
1415:Crypto-Jews
1380:Bnei Anusim
1359:Bene Israel
1324:Beta Israel
1281:Communities
1188:Middle Ages
927:Persecution
702:Bereavement
491:Komtsukunft
451:Morgnshtern
446:Kultur Lige
371:Lebns Fragn
304:Noah Meisel
289:Pati Kremer
234: [
5143:Categories
5075:Resistance
5035:Koldichevo
4809:Synagogues
4777:Komverband
4772:Poale Zion
4711:Lechovitch
4278:In English
4213:2024-01-31
4189:2024-01-31
4139:2023-06-28
4114:2023-06-25
3918:2 December
3856:2023-06-30
3831:2023-06-30
3798:2023-06-30
3712:2023-06-30
3636:2024-02-25
3602:References
3563:Josh Burns
3491:Daugavpils
3407:decolonial
3297:After 1947
3122:Yiddishism
3098:Secularism
3037:, Mexico,
2846:Maximalism
2798:Secularism
2778:Autonomism
2595:Literature
2388:Humanistic
1992:Azerbaijan
1954:Uzbekistan
1929:Tajikistan
1849:Kyrgyzstan
1834:Kazakhstan
1681:Mozambique
1656:Madagascar
1576:Cape Verde
1528:New Yishuv
1523:Old Yishuv
1474:Population
1452:Subbotniks
1410:Samaritans
1349:Romanyotim
1292:Ashkenazim
1239:Old Yishuv
1219:Sabbateans
1206:Modern era
1198:Golden Age
1125:Bar Kokhba
845:Beit Yosef
712:Philosophy
523:Categories
441:Klain Bund
204:After 1945
5149:Communism
4980:Dzyatlava
4684:Misnagdim
4571:In German
4526:0770-5476
4419:In French
4405:Documents
4090:162240406
4082:1527-2028
3908:1918-2821
3871:Medem, V.
3683:ignored (
3673:cite book
3571:Macnamara
3507:, of the
3432:Nakba Day
3416:âšSee Tfdâş
3369:Australia
3187:××Ö¸×ִק×××
3088:socialism
3076:Economism
3031:Australia
2964:in 1897.
2951:romanized
2934:socialist
2856:Religious
2712:Zarphatic
2702:Bukharian
2672:Judeo-Tat
2657:Yeshivish
2631:Languages
2586:Sephardic
2576:Israelite
2566:Ethiopian
2556:Ashkenazi
2495:Religious
2285:Australia
2267:Venezuela
2173:Argentina
2155:Greenland
2067:Lithuania
1919:Sri Lanka
1914:Singapore
1839:Kurdistan
1804:Indonesia
1794:Hong Kong
1747:Abayudaya
1671:Mauritius
1405:Igbo Jews
1395:Krymchaks
1314:Sephardim
1182:relations
1076:Sadducees
1072:Pharisees
1062:Sanhedrin
977:Jerusalem
737:Synagogue
605:Etymology
424:Vakht Oyf
226:Australia
128:Offshoots
4890:Yeshivas
4744:Haskalah
4716:Koidanov
4675:Orthodox
4431:, 2002,
4183:ZDFheute
3762:(2003).
3728:(2005).
3590:See also
3347:and the
3285:leaders
3281:accused
3268:escapism
3104:kehillot
3056:Ideology
2883:Category
2841:Kahanism
2788:Feminism
2760:Politics
2644:Biblical
2614:American
2561:Bukharan
2551:American
2451:Shidduch
2427:Clothing
2383:Haymanot
2329:Orthodox
2257:Suriname
2240:Paraguay
2193:Colombia
2092:Portugal
2002:Bulgaria
1939:Thailand
1889:Pakistan
1869:Mongolia
1864:Malaysia
1784:Cambodia
1758:Zimbabwe
1733:Tanzania
1611:Eswatini
1601:Ethiopia
1591:Djibouti
1571:Cameroon
1566:Botswana
1495:Diaspora
1457:Noahides
1430:Marranos
1354:Cochinim
1339:Bukharim
1329:Gruzinim
1319:Teimanim
1309:Mizrahim
1297:Galician
1263:conflict
1224:Hasidism
1214:Haskalah
1119:Diaspora
990:timeline
902:Timeline
815:Rabbinic
722:Kabbalah
697:Marriage
673:Tzedakah
663:Holidays
621:Religion
584:a series
582:Part of
465:Tsukunft
396:Barikadn
389:Di Shvue
219:Branches
135:Bukovina
90:a series
88:Part of
18:Bundists
5154:Bundism
4961:Ghettos
4818:Current
4765:Zionist
4749:Bundism
4737:Secular
4696:Hasidim
3821:Haaretz
3573:in the
3537:of the
3283:Zionist
3275:kehilla
3260:Zionism
3194:
3183:Yiddish
3177:Doikayt
3128:Yiddish
3112:Yeshiva
3090:and/or
3061:Marxism
3010:as the
2981:pogroms
2953::
2942:Yiddish
2927:Bundism
2826:General
2817:Zionism
2793:Leftism
2783:Bundism
2707:Knaanic
2667:Yevanic
2652:Yiddish
2609:Yiddish
2604:Israeli
2581:Mizrahi
2571:Israeli
2542:Cuisine
2518:Ancient
2500:Secular
2446:Kashrut
2422:Wedding
2409:Customs
2401:Culture
2378:Science
2373:Renewal
2363:Karaite
2344:Hasidic
2276:Oceania
2262:Uruguay
2230:Jamaica
2210:Ecuador
2178:Bolivia
2122:Ukraine
2097:Romania
2072:Moldova
2052:Hungary
2042:Germany
2037:Georgia
2027:Finland
2022:Estonia
2017:Denmark
2012:Czechia
1997:Belarus
1987:Austria
1982:Armenia
1959:Vietnam
1874:Myanmar
1859:Lebanon
1779:Bahrain
1738:Tunisia
1716:Somalia
1691:Nigeria
1686:Namibia
1676:Morocco
1606:Eritrea
1551:Algeria
1435:Neofiti
1344:Italkim
1334:Juhurim
1244:Zionism
1193:Khazars
1088:Sicarii
1084:Zealots
1080:Essenes
1067:Schisms
932:Leaders
894:General
886:History
829:Tosefta
824:Midrash
801:Mishnah
783:Ketuvim
778:Nevi'im
727:Customs
658:Shabbat
653:Halakha
645: (
643:Mitzvot
630: (
596:Judaism
531:Bundism
515:Ukraine
186:Romania
140:Galicia
98:Bundism
5010:Slonim
4990:Lakhva
4985:Kobryn
4975:Grodno
4836:Former
4794:Tarbut
4721:Slonim
4706:Karlin
4664:Groups
4598:
4584:
4552:
4538:
4524:
4498:
4485:
4469:Ma vie
4454:
4435:
4395:review
4372:
4362:
4352:
4345:, 1967
4335:
4321:
4311:
4291:
4241:
4088:
4080:
3992:
3964:
3906:
3772:
3738:
3661:
3541:after
3487:Saeima
3420:German
3272:Warsaw
3143:Hebrew
3131:per se
3035:Israel
2931:Jewish
2888:Portal
2747:Domari
2677:Shassi
2638:Hebrew
2533:Humour
2477:Hiloni
2472:Aliyah
2432:Niddah
2417:Minyan
2352:Reform
2339:Haredi
2334:Modern
2235:Mexico
2220:Guyana
2183:Brazil
2145:Canada
2117:Sweden
2107:Serbia
2102:Russia
2087:Poland
2082:Norway
2062:Latvia
2047:Greece
2032:France
2007:Cyprus
1973:Europe
1944:Turkey
1934:Taiwan
1844:Kuwait
1829:Jordan
1819:Israel
1753:Zambia
1743:Uganda
1661:Malawi
1631:Guinea
1621:Gambia
1556:Angola
1542:Africa
1425:DĂśnmeh
1420:Anusim
1364:Berber
1302:Litvak
1254:Israel
1160:
1097:
1011:Second
979:
840:Targum
806:Gemara
792:Talmud
764:Tanakh
717:Ethics
668:Prayer
510:Poland
256:People
243:Israel
231:France
181:Poland
176:Latvia
145:Sweden
5005:Pinsk
5000:RakaĹ
4995:Minsk
4970:Brest
4726:Amdur
4086:S2CID
3902:(1).
3567:Labor
3074:for "
2836:Labor
2831:Green
2528:Dance
2486:Music
2305:Palau
2225:Haiti
2188:Chile
2112:Spain
2057:Italy
1964:Yemen
1924:Syria
1899:Qatar
1879:Nepal
1824:Japan
1799:India
1789:China
1728:Sudan
1651:Libya
1646:Kenya
1626:Ghana
1616:Gabon
1596:Egypt
1581:Benin
1440:Xueta
1385:Lemba
1004:First
869:Zohar
773:Torah
755:Texts
742:Rabbi
732:Rites
632:names
380:Songs
327:Press
238:]
4596:ISBN
4582:ISBN
4550:ISBN
4536:ISBN
4522:ISSN
4496:ISBN
4483:ISBN
4452:ISBN
4433:ISBN
4370:ISBN
4360:ISBN
4350:ISBN
4333:ISBN
4319:ISBN
4309:ISBN
4289:ISBN
4239:ISBN
4078:ISSN
4040:2009
3990:ISBN
3962:ISBN
3920:2009
3904:ISSN
3770:ISBN
3736:ISBN
3685:help
3659:ISBN
3583:SKIF
3557:Sejm
3390:and
3289:and
3192:lit.
3082:and
3070:and
2295:Guam
2290:Fiji
2245:Peru
2198:Cuba
1884:Oman
1854:Laos
1814:Iraq
1809:Iran
1766:Asia
1695:Igbo
1666:Mali
685:Brit
594:and
592:Jews
4070:doi
3900:III
3204:or
2509:Art
855:Tur
647:613
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