Freedmen's Bureau - Knowledge

132: 2405:"A majority of the freedmen to whom this subsistence has been furnished are undoubtedly able to earn a living if they were removed to localities where labor could be procured. The necessity for issuing rations to this class of persons results from their accumulation in large numbers in certain places where the land is unproductive and the demand for labor is limited. As long as these people remain in the present localities, the civil authorities refuse to provide for the able-bodied, and are unable to care for the helpless and destitute among them, owing to their great number and the fact that very few are residents of the counties in which they have congregated during the war. The necessity for the relief extended to these people, both able-bodied and helpless, by the Government, will continue as long as they remain in their present condition, and while rations are issued to the able-bodied they will not voluntarily change their localities to seek places where they can procure labor.' 2290:, General Howard was asked to temporarily leave his duties as Commissioner of the Bureau to deal with Indian affairs in the west. Upon returning from his assignment in November 1872, General Howard discovered that the Bureau and all of its activities had been officially terminated by Congress, effective as of June. While General Howard was dealing with Indian affairs in the west, the Freedmen's Bureau was steadily losing its support in Congress. President Johnson had opposed the Freedmen's Bureau and his attitude encouraged many people, especially white Southerners, to challenge the Bureau. But insurgents showed that the war had not ended, as armed whites attacked black Republicans and their sympathizers, including teachers and officeholders. Congress dismantled the Bureau in 1872 due to pressure from white Southerners. The Bureau was unable to change much of the social dynamic as whites continued to seek supremacy over blacks, frequently with violence. 2279:

accused of being the leader of the purported insurrection, was shot and left to burn by whites, but he survived, badly hurt. Other freedmen were killed or driven from their land by Arkansas Desperadoes. Whites were anxious about their power as blacks were to receive the franchise, and tensions were rising over land use. In early October, blacks arrested two whites from Arkansas "accused of being part of a mob ... that killed several Negroes." The agent reported 14 blacks had been killed in this incident, then said that another eight to ten had been killed by the same Desperadoes. Blacks were reported to have killed the two white men in the altercation. The whites' Arkansas friends and local whites went on a rampage against blacks in the area, resulting in more than 150 blacks being killed.

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to read and write, and do simple arithmetic. Former slaves wanted public education while the wealthier whites opposed the idea. Freedmen had a strong desire to learn to read and write; some had already started schools at refugee camps; others worked hard to establish schools in their communities even prior to the advent of the Freedmen's Bureau. The Freedmen's Bureau schools were also open to poor whites, however, almost no whites attended because "Despite the absence of statewide systems in most Southern states, most parents preferred to consign their children to illiteracy rather than to see them educated alongside black children."

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found that half the teachers were southern whites; one-third were blacks (mostly southern), and one-sixth were northern whites. Few were abolitionists; few came from New England. Men outnumbered women. The salary was the strongest motivation except for the northerners, who were typically funded by northern organizations and had a humanitarian motivation. As a group, the black cohort showed the greatest commitment to racial equality; and they were the ones most likely to remain teachers. The school curriculum resembled that of schools in the north.

301:(AMA) was particularly active, establishing eleven "colleges" in Southern states for the education of freedmen. The primary focus of these groups was to raise funds to pay teachers and manage schools, while the secondary focus was the day-to-day operation of individual schools. After 1866, Congress appropriated some funds to operate the freedmen's schools. The main source of educational revenue for these schools came through a Congressional Act that gave the Freedmen's Bureau the power to seize Confederate property for educational use. 2346:

making arrests, imposing fines, and inflicting punishments. They were considered to be disregarding the local laws and especially the statute of limitations. Their activities resulted in resentment among whites toward the federal government in general. These powers invoked negative feelings in many southerners that sparked many to want the agency to leave. In their review, Steedman and Fullerton repeated their conclusion from Virginia, which was to withdraw the Bureau and turn daily operations over to the military.

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learn. After the Bureau was abolished, some of its achievements collapsed under the weight of white violence against schools and teachers for blacks. Most Reconstruction-era legislatures had established public education but, after the 1870s, when white Democrats regained power of Southern governments, they reduced funds available to fund public education, particularly for blacks. Beginning in 1890 in Mississippi, Democratic-dominated legislatures in the South passed new state constitutions

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blacks met secretly to conduct their own services away from white supervision or oversight. After the war, freedmen mostly withdrew from the white-dominated congregations of the Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian churches in order to be free of white supervision. Within a short time, they were organizing black Baptist state associations and organized a national association in the 1890s.

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African-American professionals, 50% of African-American public school teachers, and 70% of African-American dentists. In addition, 50% of African Americans who graduate from HBCUs pursue graduate or professional degrees. One in three degrees held by African Americans in the natural sciences, and half the degrees held by African Americans in mathematics, were earned at HBCUs.

262:, and by declaring that unemployed freedwomen should be treated as vagrants just as black men were. The Bureau did allow some exceptions, such as married women with employed husbands, and some "worthy" women who had been widowed or abandoned and had large families of small children to care for. Women considered "unworthy" by the Bureau, were often penalized. 2226:, sent missionaries to the South to help the freedmen and plant new congregations. By this time the independent black denominations were increasingly well organized and prepared to evangelize to the freedmen. Within a decade, the AME and AME Zion churches had gained hundreds of thousands of new members and were rapidly organizing new congregations. 2147:(HBCUs), which were the chief institutions of higher learning for blacks in the South through the decades of segregation into the mid-20th century. Under the direction and sponsorship of the Bureau, together with the American Missionary Association in many cases, from approximately 1866 until its termination in 1872, an estimated 25 institutions of 270:, the Bureau agents helped families reunite after the war. The Bureau had an informal regional communications system that allowed agents to send inquiries and provide answers. It sometimes provided transportation to reunite families. Freedmen and freedwomen turned to the Bureau for assistance in resolving issues of abandonment and divorce. 2275:

authority undermined at every turn by recalcitrant plantation owners. Murders of freedmen were common, and white suspects in these cases were not prosecuted. Bureau agents did negotiate labor contracts, build schools and hospitals, and aid freedmen, but they struggled against the violence of the oppressive environment.

69:(i.e., former slaves) in the South. It was established on March 3, 1865, and operated briefly as a federal agency after the War, from 1865 to 1872, to direct provisions, clothing, and fuel for the immediate and temporary shelter and supply of destitute and suffering refugees and freedmen and their wives and children. 307:, an African American, served as a teacher and school administrator and as a traveling inspector for the Bureau, observing local conditions, aiding in the establishment of black schools, and evaluating the performance of Bureau field officers. Blacks supported him, but planters and other whites opposed him. 2308:

depots in eight major cities. Counties were allocated aid in kind each month based on the number of poor reported. The counties were required to provide transportation from the depots for the supplies. The ration was larger in winter and spring, and reduced in seasons when locally grown food was available.

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General Saxton was head of the bureau operations in South Carolina; he was reported by Steedman and Fullerton to have made so many "mistakes and blunders" that he made matters worse for the freedmen. He was replaced by Brigadier General R. K. Scott. Steedman and Fullerton described Scott as energetic

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In his autobiography, General Howard expressed great frustration about Congress having closed down the bureau. He said, "the legislative action, however, was just what I desired, except that I would have preferred to close out my own Bureau and not have another do it for me in an unfriendly manner in

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parishes in the northwest part of the state. It had not suffered wartime devastation or Union occupation, but white hostility was high against the black majority population. Well-meaning Bureau agents were understaffed and weakly supported by federal troops, and found their investigations blocked and

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The building and opening by the AMA and other missionary societies of schools of higher learning for African Americans coincided with the shift in focus for the Freedmen's Aid Societies from supporting an elementary education for all African Americans to enabling African-American leaders to gain high

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and pay wages to their previously enslaved workers. It kept an eye on the contracts between the newly free laborers and planters, given that few freedmen had yet gained adequate reading skills, and pushed whites and blacks to work together in a free-labor market as employers and employees rather than

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For access and inquires about the use of the records, researchers should visit or write (e-mail) the Old Military and Civil Branch, 700 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20408. For the location of previously filmed and future Freedmen's Bureau microfilm publications, researchers should contact

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In North Carolina, the bureau employed: 9 contract surgeons, at $ 100 per month; 26 hospital attendants, at average pay each per month $ 11.25; 18 civilian employees, clerks, agents, etc., at an average pay per month of $ 17.20; 4 laborers, at an average pay per month of $ 11.90, for a total annual

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Even before the war, blacks had established independent Baptist congregations in some cities and towns, such as Silver Bluff and Charleston, South Carolina; and Petersburg and Richmond, Virginia. In many places, especially in more rural areas, they shared public services with whites. Often enslaved

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J. W. Alvord, an inspector for the Bureau, wrote that the freedmen "have the natural thirst for knowledge," aspire to "power and influence … coupled with learning," and are excited by "the special study of books." Among the former slaves, both children and adults sought this new opportunity to

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The Freedmen's Bureau published their own freedmen's textbook. They emphasized the bootstrap philosophy, encouraging freedmen to believe that each person had the ability to work hard and to do better in life. These readers included traditional literacy lessons, as well as selections on the life and

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was appointed as the first Freedmen's Bureau Commissioner. Through his leadership, the bureau set up four divisions: Government-Controlled Lands, Records, Financial Affairs, and Medical Affairs. Education was considered part of the Records division. Howard turned over confiscated property including

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The most widely recognized accomplishments of the Freedmen's Bureau were in education. Prior to the Civil War, no Southern state had a system of universal, state-supported public education; in addition, most had prohibited both enslaved and free blacks from gaining an education. This meant learning

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Some misconduct was reported to the bureau main office that bureau agents were using their posts for personal gains. Colonel E. Whittlesey was questioned but said he was not involved in nor knew of anyone involved in such activities. The bureau exercised what whites believed were arbitrary powers:

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The Bureau's humanitarian efforts had limited success. Medical treatment of the freedmen was severely deficient, as few Southern doctors, all of whom were white, would treat them. Much infrastructure had been destroyed by the war, and people had few means of improving sanitation. Blacks had little

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In South Carolina, the bureau employed nine clerks, at average pay each per month $ 108.33, one rental agent, at monthly pay of $ 75.00, one clerk, at monthly pay of $ 50.00, one storekeeper, at monthly pay of $ 85.00, one counselor, at monthly pay of $ 125.00, one superintendent of education, at

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The Bureau played a major role in Georgia politics. It was especially active in setting up, monitoring, and enforcing labor contracts for both men and women. It also set up a new system of healthcare for the freedmen. Although a majority of the agency's relief rations went to freedpeople, a large

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The Bureau began distributing rations in the summer of 1865. Drought conditions resulted in so much need that the state established its own Office of the Commissioner of the Destitute to provide additional relief. The two agencies coordinated their efforts starting in 1866. The Bureau established

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Most of these colleges, universities and normal schools combined what they believed were the best fundamentals of a college with that of the home, giving students a basic structure to build acceptable practices of upstanding lives. At many of these institutions, Christian principles and practices

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now has records of the field offices, marriage records, and records of the Freedmen's Branch of the Adjutant General on microfilm. They are being digitized and made available through online databases. These constitute a major source of documentation on the operations of the Bureau, political and

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In 1866, the depot at Huntsville provided five thousand rations a day. The food was distributed without regard to race. Corruption and abuse was so great that in October 1866, President Johnson ended in-kind aid in that state. One hundred twenty thousand dollars was given to the state to provide

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In addition to internal parish problems, this area was reportedly invaded by insurgents from Arkansas, described as Desperadoes by the Bureau agent in 1868. In September 1868, for example, whites arrested and convicted 21 blacks accused of planning an insurrection in Bossier Parish. Henry Jones,

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Written accounts by northern women and missionary societies resulted in historians' overestimating their influence, writing that most Bureau teachers were well-educated women from the North, motivated by religion and abolitionism to teach in the South. In the early 21st century, new research has

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By 1871, Northerners' interest in reconstructing the South had waned. Northerners were beginning to tire of the effort that Reconstruction required, were discouraged by the high rate of continuing violence around elections, and were ready for the South to take care of itself. All of the Southern

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Before the Civil War the enslaved could not marry legally, and most marriages had been informal, although planters often presided over "marriage" ceremonies for their enslaved. After the war, the Freedmen's Bureau performed numerous marriages for freed couples who asked for it. As many husbands,

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The Freedmen's Bureau had 58 clerks and superintendents of farms, paid average monthly wages $ 78.50; 12 assistant superintendents, paid average monthly wages 87.00; and 163 laborers, paid average monthly wages 11.75; as personnel in the state of Virginia. Other personnel included orderlies and

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The Bureau mission was to help solve everyday problems of the newly freed slaves, such as obtaining food, medical care, communication with family members, and jobs. Between 1865 and 1869, it distributed 15 million rations of food to freed African Americans and 5 million rations to impoverished

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The Bureau's powers were expanded to help African Americans find family members from whom they had become separated during the war. It arranged to teach them to read and write—skills considered critical by the freedmen themselves as well as by the government. Bureau agents also served as legal

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As of 2009, there exist approximately 105 HBCUs that range in scope, size, organization, and orientation. Under the Education Act of 1965, Congress officially defined an HBCU as "an institution whose principal missions were and are the education of Black Americans". HBCUs graduate over 50% of

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In 2000, the U.S. Congress passed the Freedmen's Bureau Preservation Act, which directed the National Archivist to preserve the extensive records of the Bureau on microfilm, and work with educational institutions to index the records. In addition to those records of the Bureau headquarters,

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During the war, slaves had escaped to Union lines and forts in the Tidewater, where contraband camps were established. Many stayed in that area after the war, seeking protection near the federal forts. The Bureau fed 9,000 to 10,000 blacks a month over the winter, explaining:

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school and college educations. Some white officials working with African Americans in the South were concerned about what they considered the lack of a moral or financial foundation seen in the African-American community and traced that lack of foundation back to slavery.

258:. One of the first actions black families took for independence was to withdraw women's labor from fieldwork. The Bureau attempted to force freedwomen to work by insisting that their husbands sign contracts making the whole family available as field labor in the 318:

Overall, the Bureau spent $ 5 million to set up schools for blacks. By the end of 1865, more than 90,000 former slaves were enrolled as students in such public schools. Attendance rates at the new schools for freedmen were about 80%. Brigadier General

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monthly pay of $ 150.00, one printer, at monthly pay of $ 100.00, one contract surgeon, at monthly pay of $ 100.00, and twenty-five laborers, at average pay per month $ 19.20. Total annual salaries of $ 25,679.64 which is $ 821,600 in 2024 dollars.

1882: 335:, excerpts from the Bible focused on forgiveness, biographies of famous African Americans with emphasis on their piety, humbleness, and industry; and essays on humility, the work ethic, temperance, loving one's enemies, and avoiding bitterness. 2367:

chapters were similarly started by veterans in the first years after the war.) When citizens were asked why the perpetrators had not been arrested, many answered that the Bureau, with the support of the military, had the primary authority.

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Northern mission societies raised funds for land, buildings, teachers' salaries, and basic necessities such as books and furniture. For years they used networks throughout their churches to raise money for freedmen's education and worship.

2444:. With the help of more than 25,000 volunteers, the project was completed on June 20, 2016. Information about millions of African Americans is now accessible, allowing families to build their family trees and connect with their ancestors. 2383:

Suffering much less damage in the war than some other Deep South states, Texas became a destination for some 200,000 refugee blacks from other parts of the South, in addition to 200,000 already in Texas. Slavery had been prevalent only in

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Most of the assistant commissioners, realizing that African Americans would not receive fair trials in the civil courts, tried to handle black cases in their own Bureau courts. Southern whites objected that this was unconstitutional. In

155:, relied inappropriately on the military in peacetime, gave blacks help that poor whites had never had, and would ultimately prevent freed slaves from becoming self-sufficient by rendering them dependent on public assistance. Though the 10991: 286:

planters' mansions, government buildings, books, and furniture to superintendents to be used in the education of freedmen. He provided transportation and room and board for teachers. Many Northerners came south to educate freedmen.

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salaries of $ 18,596.40, which is approximately $ 595,000 in 2024 dollars; enlisted men are detailed as orderlies, guards, etc., by commanding officers of the different military posts where officers of the Bureau were serving.

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states had created new constitutions that established universal, publicly funded education. Groups based in the North began to redirect their money toward universities and colleges founded to educate African-American leaders.

163:—overrode Johnson's veto, by 1869 Southern Democrats in Congress had deprived the Bureau of most of its funding, and as a result it had to cut much of its staff. By 1870 the Bureau had been weakened further due to the rise of 9880: 8359: 226:

whites, and set up a system by which planters could borrow rations in order to feed freedmen they employed. Although the Bureau set aside $ 350,000 for this latter service, only $ 35,000 (10%) was borrowed by planters.

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The investigators learned of reported murders of freedmen by a band of outlaws. These outlaws were thought to be people from other states, such as Texas, Kentucky and Tennessee, who had been part of the rebel army

4292: 2324:, the assistant commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau for Florida, was an astute politician who collaborated with the leadership of both parties in the state. He was warmly praised by observers on all sides. 7761: 2255:, the Bureau commissioned state and county judges as Bureau agents. They were to try cases involving blacks with no distinctions on racial grounds. If a judge refused, the Freedmen's Bureau could institute 2388:, and some freedmen hoped for the chance of new types of opportunity in the lightly populated but booming state. The Bureau's political role was central, as was close attention to the need for schools. 7598: 1877: 2210:

After the Civil War, control over existing churches was a contentious issue. The Methodist denomination had split into regional associations in the 1840s prior to the war, as had the Baptists, when

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for black youth were established. The leaders among them continue to operate as highly ranked institutions in the 21st century and have seen increasing enrollment. (Examples of HBCUs include

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social conditions in the Reconstruction Era, and the genealogies of freedpeople. The Freedmen's Bureau Project (announced on June 19, 2015) was created as a set of partnerships between

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Span, Christopher M. "'I Must Learn Now or Not at All': Social and Cultural Capital in the Educational Initiatives of Formerly Enslaved African Americans in Mississippi, 1862–1869,"

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my absence." All documents and matters pertaining to the Freedmen's Bureau were transferred from the office of General Howard to the War Department of the United States Congress.

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relief to the end of January 1867. Aid was ended in the state. Records show that by the end of the program, four times as many White people received aid than did Black people.

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Pearson, Reggie L. "'There Are Many Sick, Feeble, and Suffering Freedmen': the Freedmen's Bureau's Health-care Activities During Reconstruction in North Carolina, 1865–1868,"

3748: 8369: 8053: 8043: 7458: 7423: 96:, as Congress provided no funding for it. The War Department was the only agency with funds the Freedmen's Bureau could use and which had an existing presence in the South. 10501: 4225:

Parker, Marjorie H. "The Educational Activities of the Freedmen's Bureau" (PhD dissertation, The University of Chicago; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1951. T-01438).

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the nearest regional archives or visit the NARA online microfilm catalog. By 2014, under arrangement with the National Archives, records are available online through

11404: 11346: 11103: 10747: 2131:(from 1881). They said that black students should be able to leave home and "live in an atmosphere conducive not only to scholarship but to culture and refinement". 7996: 10471: 6786: 2465: 2433: 11306: 11208: 10742: 10291: 10261: 10021: 8374: 7991: 7835: 7778: 6241: 6236: 4383:

Farmer-Kaiser, Mary. "'Are They Not in Some Sorts Vagrants?' Gender and the Efforts of the Freedmen's Bureau to Combat Vagrancy in the Reconstruction South,"

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establishing legal segregation of public places. Segregated schools and other services for blacks were consistently underfunded by the Southern legislatures.

107:, the Bureau started operations in 1865. From the beginning, its representatives found its tasks very difficult, in part because Southern legislatures passed 10420: 7338: 6246: 10835: 2375:, many freedmen were destitute. Many had tried to cultivate the land and began businesses with little to no success in the social disruption of the period. 11424: 7688: 7007: 6896: 6881: 4725: 1752: 1124: 861: 7673: 6673: 6593: 5121: 4164: 4055: 1488: 1129: 11084: 7840: 7703: 4855: 124: 11414: 11079: 9922: 6701: 2437: 11017: 9713: 7967: 7931: 7766: 7331: 5116: 4617:

Texas, Freedmen's Bureau ...Office Records, 1865–1870, Sumpter, Roll 26, Letters sent, vol (158), June–Dec 1867, Apr–Dec 1868 .p. 112 Image 60

2198:, founded in Washington, D.C., in 1867, with the aid of the Freedmen's Bureau. It was named for the commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau, General 821: 11111: 8533: 8511: 8354: 7756: 6891: 6866: 6668: 6576: 5126: 4860: 2939: 119:

advocates for African Americans in both state and federal courts, mostly in cases dealing with family issues. The Bureau encouraged former major

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sponsored various educational and religious efforts for African Americans. Later efforts for higher education were supported by such leaders as

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was hostile to Howard's leadership and authority at the Bureau. Belknap aroused controversy among Republicans by his reassignment of Howard.

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By 1866, Northern missionary and aid societies worked in conjunction with the Freedmen's Bureau to provide education for former slaves. The

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Crouch, Barry A. (1997). "Black Education in Civil War and Reconstruction Louisiana: George T. Ruby, the Army, and the Freedmen's Bureau".

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Durrill, Wayne K. "Political Legitimacy and Local Courts: 'Politicks at Such a Rage' in a Southern Community during Reconstruction," in

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and a competent officer. It appeared that he took great pains to turn things around and correct the mistakes made by his predecessors.

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Map of abandoned or confiscated plantations in Louisiana and Mississippi offered for lease by the U.S. government during Reconstruction

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seized control of Southern Methodist buildings. Numerous northern denominations, including the independent black denominations of the

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Bickers, John M. "The Power to Do What Manifestly Must Be Done: Congress, the Freedmen's Bureau, and Constitutional Imagination",

167:(KKK) violence across the South; members of the KKK and other terrorist organizations, attacked both blacks and sympathetic white 151:

who had succeeded to the office following Lincoln's assassination in 1865, vetoed the bill, arguing that the Bureau encroached on

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Williams, Heather Andrea; "'Clothing Themselves in Intelligence': The Freedpeople, Schooling, and Northern Teachers, 1861–1871",

3399:"Parishes of Bossier and Caddo" Synopsis of Murder &c. Committed in Parishes of Caddo and Bossier September and October 1868" 2085: 62: 55: 5589: 210: 10980: 10026: 9633: 9601: 9390: 9350: 9189: 9082: 8988: 8834: 7171: 6916: 5659: 5654: 5329: 2111:

Generally, they believed that Blacks needed help to enter a free labor market and rebuild a stable family life. Heads of local

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Cimbala, Paul A. "On the Front Line of Freedom: Freedmen's Bureau Officers and Agents in Reconstruction Georgia, 1865–1868,"

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Jackson, L. P. "The Educational Efforts of the Freedmen's Bureau and Freedmen's Aid Societies in South Carolina, 1862–1872,"

3008: 2894: 2855: 2828: 2795: 2770: 2653: 2626: 2460: 1764: 1441: 1213: 267: 115:, nearly replicating the conditions of slavery. Also, the Freedmen's Bureau only controlled a limited amount of arable land. 4602: 4506:

Schwalm, Leslie A. "'Sweet Dreams of Freedom': Freedwomen's Reconstruction of Life and Labor in Lowcountry South Carolina,"

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Rodrigue, John C. "Labor Militancy and Black Grassroots Political Mobilization in the Louisiana Sugar Region, 1865–1868" in

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Review of Butchart, Ronald E., Schooling the Freed People: Teaching, Learning, and the Struggle for Black Freedom, 1861-1876

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In 1872 Congress abruptly abandoned the program, refusing to approve renewal legislation. It did not inform Howard, whom

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Todd L. Savitt, "Politics in Medicine: The Georgia Freedmen's Bureau and the Organization of Health Care, 1865–1866,"

10511: 10218: 10198: 9751: 9663: 9586: 9539: 9519: 9452: 9380: 9303: 9231: 9169: 9102: 9060: 9035: 8128: 7845: 7808: 7483: 7398: 7255: 7138: 7128: 6856: 6452: 6346: 6223: 5720: 5684: 5604: 5544: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5469: 4900: 4892: 4770: 4714: 4647: 4127: 4090: 4064: 4013: 3994: 3913: 3885: 3218: 3166: 2980: 2919: 2724: 1840: 1717: 1141: 910: 777: 4637: 3574: 10065: 10060: 9969: 9673: 9643: 9534: 9509: 9395: 9360: 9246: 9221: 9112: 8993: 8864: 8230: 7788: 7698: 7518: 7513: 7388: 5649: 5614: 5554: 5509: 4672: 4025: 2223: 1976: 1181: 1166: 1112: 797: 787: 782: 611: 467: 238:

along the river corridors, which broke out across the South and caused many fatalities, especially among the poor.

168: 1687: 11067: 10998: 10940: 10850: 10777: 10567: 10399: 10338: 10245: 10080: 10005: 9979: 9888: 8148: 7608: 7573: 7478: 7453: 7215: 7200: 7082: 7042: 6941: 6926: 6911: 6906: 6738: 6643: 5674: 5569: 5529: 5250: 5086: 3561: 3298: 2112: 1971: 1737: 543: 298: 93: 4578: 10121: 7793: 7593: 7543: 7523: 7498: 7488: 7473: 7463: 7448: 7428: 7403: 7393: 7383: 7240: 6559: 6323: 5679: 5644: 5549: 5255: 4785: 3342: 1436: 1424: 1004: 816: 462: 175: 86: 11394: 3250: 2259:

in his district. All but three judges accepted their unwanted commissions, and the governor urged compliance.

11187: 10886: 10752: 10377: 10271: 10075: 8672: 8443: 8001: 7880: 7875: 7588: 7493: 7433: 7408: 7378: 7368: 6598: 6519: 6336: 5802: 5260: 5068: 4513:

Smith, Solomon K. "The Freedmen's Bureau in Shreveport: the Struggle for Control of the Red River District,"

4264:

Tyack, David, and Robert Lowe. "The Constitutional Moment: Reconstruction and Black Education in the South,"

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Vaughn, William Preston, "Schools for All: The Blacks and Public Education in the South, 1865–1877" (1974).

2333:

number of whites also benefited. In Georgia, poor whites received almost one-fifth of the Bureau's rations.

10845: 10813: 10699: 10562: 10450: 10333: 10203: 10172: 10165: 10111: 10000: 9866: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 8153: 8006: 7751: 7728: 7713: 7665: 7443: 7373: 7354: 6871: 6613: 6403: 6378: 6090: 5165: 4870: 4810: 2944: 2018: 1857: 1727: 1388: 1156: 1136: 696: 664: 383: 11409: 11373: 11331: 10721: 10496: 10188: 10043: 10038: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8223: 8198: 8031: 7818: 7578: 7302: 7050: 6801: 6638: 6628: 6623: 6581: 6005: 5304: 4755: 4665: 4463:

May J. Thomas. "Continuity and Change in the Labor Program of the Union Army and the Freedmen's Bureau,"

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Under the Guardianship of the Nation: the Freedmen's Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia, 1865–1870

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Under the Guardianship of the Nation: the Freedmen's Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia, 1865–1870

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Goldhaber, Michael (1992). "A Mission Unfulfilled: Freedmen's Education in North Carolina, 1865–1870".

3065: 2791: 2470: 2421: 1932: 1784: 1769: 1660: 856: 526: 92:. It was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War. The Bureau became a part of the 82: 10537: 4362:

Crouch; Barry A. "The 'Chords of Love': Legalizing Black Marital and Family Rights in Postwar Texas,"

4215:

Myers, John B. "The Education of the Alabama Freedmen During Presidential Reconstruction, 1865–1867,"

3540:

Sara Rapport, "The Freedmen's Bureau as a Legal Agent for Black Men and Women in Georgia: 1865–1868,"

11234: 11124: 11044: 11004: 10674: 10382: 10230: 9974: 9944: 8364: 8158: 8011: 7312: 7225: 7181: 6987: 6769: 6571: 6544: 6524: 6425: 6231: 6136: 5434: 5349: 5265: 4915: 4840: 4563:, edited by Suzanne Stone Johnson and Robert Allison Johnson (2008), memoir by white Bureau official 3733:

Reginald Washington, "Sealing the Sacred Bonds of Holy Matrimony/ Freedmen's Bureau Marriage Records"

3639:

Charles F. Kovacik, and Robert E. Mason. "Changes in the South Carolina Sea Island Cotton Industry,"

2786: 2180: 2033: 1927: 1458: 1446: 1036: 1009: 514: 4591:

General Howard's report for 1869: The House of Representatives, Forty-first Congress, second session

2820:

The Racial Divide in American Medicine: Black Physicians and the Struggle for Justice in Health Care

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announced that Virginia would be the first state to index and digitize Freedmen's Bureau records.

684: 11336: 11155: 10933: 10917: 10808: 10649: 10486: 10425: 10116: 9895: 7978: 7921: 7176: 6796: 6764: 6759: 6457: 6430: 5822: 5319: 5309: 5081: 5076: 4930: 4371:

Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction

2912:

Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction

1998: 1732: 1682: 1610: 1383: 1161: 1105: 1088: 519: 4568:

Minutes of the Freedmen's Convention, Held in the City of Raleigh, North Carolina, October, 1866

4522: 4486: 4421: 4400:

Freedwomen and the Freedmen's Bureau: Race, Gender, and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation

4392: 4335: 3966: 3794: 2973:

Freedwomen and the Freedmen's Bureau: Race, Gender, and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation

2540:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875" 11311: 11200: 11034: 10819: 10476: 8438: 8021: 7985: 7643: 7161: 6861: 6435: 6025: 5862: 5837: 5369: 5270: 5185: 4925: 4834: 2592: 2475: 2143:

Despite the untimely dissolution of the Freedmen's Bureau, its legacy influenced the important

2071: 2040: 1540: 1281: 1193: 1041: 765: 731: 726: 255: 140: 3707: 3599: 2845: 2818: 2760: 2643: 11285: 11221: 10830: 10684: 10644: 10599: 9949: 8568: 7926: 7916: 7830: 7683: 7077: 6977: 6791: 6440: 6393: 6303: 6271: 5978: 5968: 5414: 5404: 5389: 5339: 5294: 4950: 4935: 4828: 4275: 3425: 3159:

Schooling the Freed People: Teaching, Learning, and the Struggle for Black Freedom, 1861–1876

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Christian Reconstruction: The American Missionary Association and Southern Blacks, 1861–1890

10146: 9861: 8538: 8464: 7813: 7678: 7235: 7087: 7060: 6529: 6291: 5948: 5444: 5429: 5424: 5394: 5379: 5359: 4977: 4881: 4765: 4535: 3971: 2491: 2124: 1944: 1907: 1835: 1779: 1648: 1605: 1419: 1349: 1024: 804: 706: 590: 497: 214: 4412:

Lieberman, Robert C. "The Freedmen's Bureau and the Politics of Institutional Structure,"

4105:

The struggle for equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction

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Bentley, George R. (1949). "The Political Activity of the Freedmen's Bureau in Florida".

2544: 2321: 1528: 1508: 1393: 1378: 1247: 1218: 1208: 1098: 1046: 1014: 811: 669: 637: 632: 585: 442: 160: 11097: 10925: 10909: 10871: 10762: 10679: 10664: 10654: 10593: 10547: 10327: 10316: 9907: 8716: 8246: 8193: 8168: 8120: 7066: 6936: 6462: 6447: 6328: 6286: 6258: 6095: 6060: 5907: 5867: 5384: 5354: 5344: 5220: 5215: 5195: 5190: 5170: 4920: 4823: 4740: 4688: 4625: 4445: 4116: 4079: 4074: 3950: 3891: 3601:

The United States Army and Navy Journal and Gazette of the Regular and Volunteer Forces

3503: 3315: 3211:

Reading, 'Riting, and Reconstruction: The Education of Freedmen in the South, 1861–1870

3127: 3119: 3082: 3041: 2713: 2574: 2199: 2172: 2128: 1774: 1620: 1595: 1585: 1550: 1545: 1513: 1478: 1471: 1412: 1405: 1262: 1081: 1076: 1066: 836: 689: 647: 642: 595: 563: 553: 490: 324: 282: 186: 59: 38: 6040: 4173:

Northern Schools, Southern Blacks, and Reconstruction: Freedmen's Education, 1862–1875

4006:

Citizens and Paupers: Relief, Rights, and Race, from the Freedmen's Bureau to Workfare

3294:"Welfare and Employment Policies of the Freedmen's Bureau in the District of Columbia" 711: 657: 11290: 11144: 10803: 10393: 10159: 9964: 8677: 8459: 7308: 6564: 6166: 6100: 6035: 5938: 5857: 5817: 5419: 5225: 5180: 4795: 4518: 4482: 4417: 4388: 4331: 4123: 4103: 4086: 4060: 4038: 4032: 4009: 3990: 3909: 3895: 3881: 3865: 3307: 3258: 3214: 3183: 3162: 3131: 3033: 3024: 2976: 2915: 2890: 2851: 2824: 2766: 2720: 2649: 2622: 2211: 2195: 2152: 2120: 1862: 1580: 1575: 1518: 1503: 1483: 1305: 1300: 1235: 1198: 1031: 997: 826: 679: 568: 447: 152: 148: 4566: 2567:

U.S., Statutes at Large, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America

230:

opportunity to become medical personnel. Travelers unknowingly carried epidemics of

11247: 11194: 11074: 11061: 11051: 11011: 10793: 10737: 10694: 10689: 10605: 10481: 10152: 9959: 8548: 8526: 8516: 8282: 7798: 7623: 6176: 6045: 6015: 6010: 5943: 5882: 5877: 5832: 5334: 5324: 5230: 5210: 5205: 4955: 4945: 4905: 4437: 3962: 3942: 3873: 3852: 3848: 3810:"Bringing Their Lives To Light: Virginia's Online Records Help Blacks ID Ancestors" 3111: 3074: 2283: 2184: 2148: 2057: 1630: 1625: 1615: 1590: 1555: 1523: 1493: 1366: 1354: 1332: 1310: 1257: 1093: 1061: 363: 178: 112: 104: 4494:

Overreached on All Sides: The Freedmen's Bureau Administrators in Texas, 1865–1868

3933:

Colby, I. C. (1985). "The Freedmen's Bureau: From Social Welfare to Segregation".

3670:

Overreached on all sides: the Freedmen's Bureau Administrators in Texas, 1865–1868

11351: 11241: 11164:

The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution

11056: 10946: 10881: 10772: 10618: 10588: 10552: 10070: 8521: 8272: 7957: 7885: 7823: 7250: 6539: 6388: 6281: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6141: 6110: 6020: 5963: 5953: 5912: 4940: 4910: 4730: 4614: 4603:

Africana Archives: Freedmen's Bureau Records at the USF Africana Heritage Project

4585: 3842: 3755: 2676: 2287: 2176: 2160: 1966: 1852: 1847: 1600: 1570: 1565: 1288: 1252: 1051: 969: 674: 420: 332: 89: 4183: 3251:"Howard University Stares Down Challenges, and Hard Questions on Black Colleges" 11215: 11039: 10364: 8553: 8543: 8277: 7323: 6318: 6266: 6105: 6070: 6030: 5922: 5902: 5897: 5852: 5131: 4972: 4960: 4152:

Abbott, Martin. "The Freedmen's Bureau and Negro Schooling in South Carolina,"

2271: 2050: 1939: 831: 472: 430: 254:

Freedmen's Bureau agents initially complained that freedwomen were refusing to

144: 2645:

Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia

289: 11388: 11316: 11280: 11181: 10876: 10659: 10623: 10583: 8558: 8408: 8110: 7860: 7803: 6586: 6186: 6181: 6171: 6146: 6055: 6050: 5892: 5887: 5872: 5842: 5812: 5150: 4775: 3311: 3262: 3037: 1988: 1912: 1359: 1342: 1117: 947: 937: 721: 371: 344: 120: 4561:"Bitter Freedom:" William Stone's Record of Service in the Freedmen's Bureau 4228:

Parker, Marjorie H. "Some Educational Activities of the Freedmen's Bureau,"

3925:

The Freedmen's Bureau: Reconstructing the American South After the Civil War

3906:

The Freedmen's Bureau: Reconstructing the American South after the Civil War

3337: 293:

The Misses Cooke's school room, Freedmen's Bureau, Richmond, Virginia, 1866.

11356: 11326: 11118: 10757: 10669: 10445: 10208: 10085: 8563: 8501: 8486: 8481: 7055: 7032: 7022: 7017: 6554: 6496: 6408: 6383: 6296: 6276: 6075: 5973: 4648:

Joseph P. Reidy, "Slave Emancipation Through the Prism of Archives Records"

4530:

After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction, 1861–1877

4247:

Richardson, Joe M. "The Freedmen's Bureau and Negro Education in Florida,"

4210:

Soldiers of Light and Love: Northern Teachers and Georgia Blacks, 1865–1873

4050: 4042: 2685: 2516: 2512: 2364: 2267: 1993: 1825: 1801: 1707: 1700: 1431: 959: 932: 895: 873: 760: 477: 457: 435: 425: 415: 410: 400: 235: 164: 4554:

Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War

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Lowe, Richard (1993). "The Freedman's Bureau and Local Black Leadership".

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that restricted movement, conditions of labor, and other civil rights of

36:

A Bureau agent stands between a group of whites and a group of freedmen.

4193: 4157: 3657: 3545: 3529: 3507: 3482: 3477:

Joe M. Richardson, "An Evaluation of the Freedmen's Bureau in Florida,"

3319: 3293: 2587: 2262:

Perhaps the most difficult region reported by the Freedmen's Bureau was

202: 11275: 11131: 8163: 7210: 6085: 5847: 5048: 5043: 4449: 4269: 4252: 4233: 4220: 3980: 3856: 3123: 3086: 3045: 2385: 1983: 1275: 979: 846: 100: 8099: 4034:

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From Slavery to Future: the Freedmen's Bureau in Arkansas, 1865–1869

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was passed, which established the Freedmen's Bureau as initiated by

11341: 8491: 8469: 6479: 4350:

Time Full of Trial: The Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony, 1862–1867

3946: 3768: 1813: 1371: 1315: 1267: 927: 772: 627: 533: 66: 81:

was established. Two years later, as a result of the inquiry the

2252: 1796: 878: 558: 375: 231: 10127:

Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866

4109:. Princeton: Princeton University Press – via Archive.org. 217:

issued by the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands,

7277:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

2415:

assistant commissioners, and superintendents of education, the

1498: 1320: 900: 883: 745: 580: 548: 182: 4573: 4289:

Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom

2975:. Reconstructing America. New York: Fordham University Press. 8370:

United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction

7719:

Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863

4620: 3189: 755: 741: 716: 343:

by creating barriers to voter registration. They then passed

181:

had transferred to Arizona to settle hostilities between the

4999: 2745:

Carson, Clayborne; Lapsansky-Werner, Emma J.; Nash, Gary B.

327:

in Virginia in 1868. It is now known as Hampton University.

2889:. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 48. 2823:. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 35ff. 2320:

The Florida Bureau was assessed to be working effectively.

622: 452: 11138:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

3986:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

2618:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877

11347:

Technological and industrial history of the United States

4118:

The abolitionist legacy: From reconstruction to the NAACP

4037:. Vol. 2. New York: The Baker & Taylor Company. 3138: 2989: 2864: 2690: 250:

A certificate of marriage issued by the Freedmen's Bureau

206:

The Freedmen's Bureau office in Memphis, Tennessee, 1866.

4304:

Bethel, Elizabeth . "The Freedmen's Bureau in Alabama,"

2747:

The Struggle for Freedom: A History of African Americans

4081:

Yankee Stepfather: General O.O. Howard and the Freedmen

3604:. Army and Navy Journal Incorporated. 1865. p. 616 2434:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

11307:

African American founding fathers of the United States

11209:

The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan

8375:

United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction

2744: 3444: 3232: 3230: 3213:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 160. 9881:

The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women

7689:

Slavery in the colonial history of the United States

4632:

Freedmen of the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry

1753:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

4056:

Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery

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United States House Committee on Freedmen’s Affairs

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Freedmen's School, James Plantation, North Carolina

10132:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 7704:Slave markets and slave jails in the United States 4115: 4102: 4078: 3242: 3227: 2712: 9923:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act 3623: 3621: 3619: 2438:Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society 48:Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands 11405:Defunct agencies of the United States government 11386: 7968:Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade 7353: 6963:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 4308:Vol. 14, No. 1, (February 1948) pp. 49–92 3922: 3326: 2844:Alexander, Leslie M.; Rucker, Walter C. (2010). 2194:Perhaps the best known of these institutions is 1868:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 18:Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands 7757:Slavery as a positive good in the United States 4626:"Freedmen's Bureau Marriage Records, 1815–1866" 4165:The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935 3975:. Vol. 87, no. 519. pp. 354–365. 2843: 2569:. Vol. 13. Boston. 1866. pp. 507–509. 2246:An 1866 poster attacking the Freedmen's Bureau. 10267:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 6787:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 4268:, Vol. 94#2 (February 1986), pp. 236–256 4251:, Vol. 31#4 (Autumn, 1962), pp. 460–467. 4141:. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 271–274. 3616: 3093: 143:renewed the charter for the Bureau. President 10241:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 8231: 7724:Slavery at American colleges and universities 7339: 4673: 3720:"African American Records: Freedmen's Bureau" 2970: 2937: 2079: 1957:List of slavery-related memorials and museums 7709:Kidnapping into slavery in the United States 4219:, Vol. 40#2 (Spring 1971), pp. 163–171 4192:, Vol. 76#4 (April, 1973), pp. 397–417 3847:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 3830:Bibliography of slavery in the United States 3338:"The Church in the Southern Black Community" 2876: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2426:National Archives and Records Administration 2145:historically black colleges and universities 1873:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 72: 11425:1872 disestablishments in the United States 8189:Family reunification ads after emancipation 4232:, Vol. 23#1 (Winter, 1954), pp. 9–21. 3749:"United States Freedmen’s Bureau Marriages" 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3335: 2810: 2282:In March 1872, at the request of President 8238: 8224: 7902:Slavery and the United States Constitution 7346: 7332: 4680: 4666: 3870:Sword and Olive Branch: Oliver Otis Howard 3467:. Birmingham: University of Alabama Press. 3412:On the Black Side of Shreveport: A History 2579:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2086: 2072: 10799:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 4156:, Vol. 57#2 (Apr., 1956), pp. 65–81 4122:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4113: 4100: 3864: 3099: 2733: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2641: 2595:: Freedmen & Southern Society Project 325:Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute 27:US agency assisting freedmen in the South 11415:1865 establishments in the United States 11322:History of the United States (1865–1917) 7992:Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution 4876:Treatment of slaves in the United States 4180:The Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction 4178:Cimbala, Paul, and Randall Miller, eds. 4008:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4003: 3908:. Anvil series. Malabar, Fla.: Krieger. 3572: 3385: 3291: 3156: 2882: 2847:Encyclopedia of African American History 2241: 2237: 1878:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 1743:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1723:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 309: 288: 245: 209: 201: 130: 31: 7694:Indentured servitude in British America 6619:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 4791:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 4282:The Journal of African American History 4259:The Journal of African American History 4146: 4073: 4049: 3961: 3903: 3840: 3493: 3248: 3059:West, Earle H. (1982). "Book review of 2816: 2765:. DK Publishing. 2015. pp. 338ff. 2675: 2642:Rodriguez, Junius P. (March 20, 2007). 2214:were founded. In some cities, Northern 2205: 185:and settlers. Grant's Secretary of War 14: 11387: 10981:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era 10027:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln 8245: 6604:Modern display of the Confederate flag 4687: 4357:The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Texans 4298: 4139:Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era 4136: 4030: 3872:. New York: Fordham University Press. 3807: 3683:The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Texans 3672:(Texas A&M University Press, 1991) 3450: 3236: 3208: 3144: 3021: 2995: 2870: 2710: 2662: 79:American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission 11266:Women's suffrage in the United States 9955:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction 8219: 8134:Slavery during the American Civil War 7947:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves 7327: 6822: 6211: 5775: 4998: 4801:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 4699: 4661: 4458:Northern Methodism and Reconstruction 3979: 3932: 3465:Poor But Proud: Alabama's Poor Whites 3462: 3182:Krowl, Michelle A. (September 2011), 3181: 2933: 2931: 2914:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2909: 2886:The Civil War and Reconstruction Eras 2796:Andrew Johnson National Historic Site 2753: 2719:. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 116. 2614: 2461:History of African-American education 2138: 1765:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1442:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 10373:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 10061:Confederates surrender at Appomattox 9873:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 4503:, Vol. 67 #1, 2001, pp. 115–45. 4427: 4380:, Vol. 70 #3, 2004 pp. 577–617. 4317:Roger Williams University Law Review 3282:Data from United Negro College Fund. 3058: 2648:. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury Academic. 2135:were also part of the daily regime. 1962:Slave marriages in the United States 1561:Human trafficking in the Middle East 197: 50:, usually referred to as simply the 11229:United Daughters of the Confederacy 10360:American Woman Suffrage Association 10355:National Woman Suffrage Association 10282:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson 8581:Women during the Reconstruction era 8139:End of slavery in the United States 6958:Committee on the Conduct of the War 6634:United Daughters of the Confederacy 3808:Cheney, Catherine (July 23, 2009). 2447:In October 2006, Virginia governor 2286:and the Secretary of the Interior, 1296:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 24: 11271:Labor history of the United States 10307:South Carolina readmitted to Union 10304:North Carolina readmitted to Union 10287:Impeachment managers investigation 10226:Constitutional conventions of 1867 9902:National Women's Rights Convention 8017:John Quincy Adams and abolitionism 7028:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 6823: 6367:impeachment managers investigation 4746:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 4634:, retrieved online September 2022. 4546: 4182:(Fordham University Press, 2020). 4154:South Carolina Historical Magazine 3844:A History of the Freedmen's Bureau 3758:, FamilySearch Historical Records. 3009:"Reconstruction: What Went Wrong?" 2928: 2442:California African American Museum 1950:last survivors of American slavery 25: 11436: 10512:United States expedition to Korea 10219:Reconstruction military districts 8184:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 8129:Origins of the American Civil War 7836:African American founding fathers 7779:Education during the slave period 6453:Reconstruction military districts 4901:Abolitionism in the United States 4856:Plantations in the American South 4771:Origins of the American Civil War 4596: 4190:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 3900:; full biography of Bureau leader 3685:(University of Texas Press, 2010) 3654:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 3573:Hatfield, Edward (July 1, 2009). 3432:. PBS Public Broadcasting Service 2971:Farmer-Kaiser, Mary (2010). "1". 2817:deShazo, Richard D., ed. (2018). 2615:Foner, Eric (December 13, 2011). 2409: 2349: 2336: 2297: 911:Field slaves in the United States 778:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 10066:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 8360:African-American representatives 7932:History of slavery by U.S. state 7699:Slave trade in the United States 7307: 7298: 7297: 6436:Enforcement Act of February 1871 6409:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 4510:, Vol. 9 #1, 1997 pp. 9–32. 4479:North Carolina Historical Review 4024:in the 1930s and welfare today. 3787:"What was the Freedmen's Bureau" 3249:Weiland, Noah (April 26, 2018). 3061:Freedmen's Schools and Textbooks 2224:African Methodist Episcopal Zion 2113:American Missionary Associations 788:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 783:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 612:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 382: 268:forcibly separated under slavery 11420:United States Department of War 11068:Black Reconstruction in America 10941:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 10851:1876 State of the Union Address 10778:1875 State of the Union Address 10705:1874 State of the Union Address 10629:1873 State of the Union Address 10568:1872 State of the Union Address 10517:1871 State of the Union Address 10456:1870 State of the Union Address 10405:1869 State of the Union Address 10400:First transcontinental railroad 10339:1868 State of the Union Address 10246:1867 State of the Union Address 10081:1865 State of the Union Address 10006:1864 State of the Union Address 9980:1863 State of the Union Address 9889:Woman in the Nineteenth Century 7221:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 7083:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 6644:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 4373:(Oxford University Press, 2012) 3801: 3779: 3761: 3742: 3726: 3712: 3701: 3688: 3675: 3662: 3646: 3633: 3592: 3566: 3550: 3534: 3514: 3487: 3471: 3456: 3423: 3417: 3404: 3376: 3367: 3358: 3336:Maffly-Kipp, Laurie F. (2001). 3299:The Journal of Southern History 3285: 3276: 3202: 3175: 3150: 3052: 3015: 3001: 2964: 2903: 2762:The Civil War: A Visual History 2504: 1738:Committee of Experts on Slavery 1289:East, Southeast, and South Asia 299:American Missionary Association 241: 192: 94:United States Department of War 10141:Petition for Universal Freedom 10122:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 7794:List of American slave traders 7674:Slavery among Native Americans 6324:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 3739:, Spring 2005, Vol. 37, No. 1. 3346:. University of North Carolina 3343:Documenting the American South 2779: 2704: 2635: 2608: 2559: 2532: 2371:In certain areas, such as the 1437:Slave raiding in Easter Island 13: 1: 11188:A Visit from the Old Mistress 10887:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 10753:Specie Payment Resumption Act 10378:Board of Indian Commissioners 10310:Louisiana readmitted to Union 10272:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 10136:Tennessee readmitted to Union 9970:Women's Loyal National League 8673:Straight-Out Democratic Party 8444:Confederate States of America 8002:George Washington and slavery 7881:American Colonization Society 7876:African-American slave owners 6739:Ladies' Memorial Associations 6441:Enforcement Act of April 1871 6337:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 6212: 4266:American Journal of Education 4137:Zuczek, Richard, ed. (2006). 4097:; biography of Bureau's head. 4022:Works Progress Administration 4020:Compares the Bureau with the 2526: 266:wives, and children had been 10814:Battle of the Little Bighorn 10298:Arkansas readmitted to Union 10204:Knights of the White Camelia 10166:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 10112:New Orleans Massacre of 1866 10086:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan 10044:Special Field Orders No. 15 9867:Slavery in the United States 8007:Thomas Jefferson and slavery 7752:American proslavery movement 7714:Slave states and free states 7355:Slavery in the United States 6872:Confederate revolving cannon 6614:Sons of Confederate Veterans 6485:South Carolina riots of 1876 6463:Indian Council at Fort Smith 6414:South Carolina riots of 1876 6379:Knights of the White Camelia 4871:Slavery in the United States 4638:Freedmen's Bureau in Georgia 4628:, 2007, Ancestry.com website 4467:17 (September 1971): 245–54. 4385:Georgia Historical Quarterly 4364:The Journal of Negro History 4328:Georgia Historical Quarterly 4200:The Journal of Negro History 4114:McPherson, James M. (1995). 4101:McPherson, James M. (1964). 4004:Goldberg, Chad Alan (2007). 3542:Georgia Historical Quarterly 3526:Georgia Historical Quarterly 3496:Florida Historical Quarterly 3479:Florida Historical Quarterly 3157:Butchart, Ronald E. (2010). 2945:Georgia Historical Quarterly 2938:Farmer-Kaiser, Mary (2004). 2850:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 777ff. 2787:"The Freedmen's Bureau Bill" 2711:Kelley, Robin D. G. (2002). 1728:Temporary Slavery Commission 1389:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 341:disenfranchising most blacks 273: 7: 11400:38th United States Congress 11332:Race (human categorization) 10722:United States v. Cruikshank 10313:Alabama readmitted to Union 10301:Florida readmitted to Union 8032:Abraham Lincoln and slavery 7226:New York City riots of 1863 7051:Battle Hymn of the Republic 6802:United Confederate Veterans 6639:Children of the Confederacy 6629:United Confederate Veterans 6624:Southern Historical Society 5776: 5256:Price's Missouri Expedition 4726:Timeline leading to the War 4700: 4501:Journal of Southern History 4430:Journal of American History 4378:Journal of Southern History 4306:Journal of Southern History 3841:Bentley, George R. (1955). 3769:"Freedmen's Bureau Project" 2454: 2391: 2220:African Methodist Episcopal 2165:Johnson C. Smith University 2102: 1748:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 793:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 354: 157:39th United States Congress 10: 11441: 10533:General Mining Act of 1872 10502:New York custom house ring 10492:Meridian race riot of 1871 10436:Naturalization Act of 1870 8106:Children of the plantation 8037:Andrew Johnson and slavery 8027:Zachary Taylor and slavery 7973:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 7942:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 7907:American slave court cases 7871:Amerindian slave ownership 7194:Confederate Secret Service 6782:Grand Army of the Republic 6674:Grand Army of the Republic 6492:Southern Claims Commission 4536:Freedmen's Bureau in Texas 4508:Journal of Women's History 4287:Williams, Heather Andrea. 4249:Journal of Negro Education 4230:Journal of Negro Education 4217:Journal of Negro Education 4202:(1923), vol 8#1, pp 1–40. 3834: 3827: 3823: 3754:November 22, 2015, at the 3209:Morris, Robert C. (1981). 3066:Journal of Negro Education 2792:U.S. National Park Service 2422:FamilySearch International 2327: 2315: 2302: 1933:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1770:Anti-Slavery International 1535:North Africa and West Asia 11369: 11299: 11258: 11174: 11125:Been in the Storm So Long 11045:William Archibald Dunning 11005:The American Commonwealth 10973: 10966: 10895: 10859: 10786: 10713: 10675:Election Massacre of 1874 10637: 10576: 10525: 10464: 10413: 10383:Public Credit Act of 1869 10347: 10322:Fourth Reconstruction Act 10254: 10231:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 10181: 10094: 10014: 9988: 9975:New York City draft riots 9945:Emancipation Proclamation 9937: 9854: 9847: 9797: 8819: 8773: 8727: 8620:National Union Convention 8600: 8593: 8452: 8429: 8365:Reconstruction Amendments 8355:African-American senators 8260: 8253: 8159:Emancipation Proclamation 8119: 8084:Sexual relations and rape 8062: 8012:James Madison and slavery 7894: 7742: 7664: 7657: 7636: 7622: 7361: 7293: 7269: 7182:Confederate States dollar 7154: 7096: 7041: 6993:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 6988:Emancipation Proclamation 6950: 6882:Medal of Honor recipients 6839: 6835: 6818: 6770:Confederate Memorial Hall 6752: 6731: 6689: 6661: 6652: 6572:Confederate Memorial Hall 6545:Confederate History Month 6525:Civil War Discovery Trail 6505: 6426:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 6257: 6232:Reconstruction Amendments 6222: 6218: 6207: 6129: 5998: 5991: 5931: 5795: 5788: 5784: 5771: 5713: 5460: 5453: 5284: 5140: 5099: 5067: 5034: 5027: 5023: 4994: 4891: 4841:Emancipation Proclamation 4809: 4710: 4706: 4695: 4540:Texas Handbook of History 4261:, 2002, pp. 196–222. 4085:. New York: W.W. Norton. 3904:Cimbala, Paul A. (2005). 3414:(1983; 2nd edition, 1993) 3292:Harrison, Robert (2006). 2883:Baptiste, Tracey (2015). 2860:– via Google Books. 2833:– via Google Books. 2775:– via Google Books. 2658:– via Google Books. 2631:– via Google Books. 2181:Virginia Union University 2034:Emancipation Proclamation 1701:Opposition and resistance 1459:Sex trafficking in Europe 1447:Blackbirding in Polynesia 1010:Trans-Saharan slave trade 73:Background and operations 10841:Safe burglary conspiracy 10728:Civil Rights Act of 1875 10507:Civil service commission 10107:Memphis massacre of 1866 10102:Civil Rights Act of 1866 9918:Confiscation Act of 1862 9913:Confiscation Act of 1861 8668:Liberal Republican Party 8350:Conservative Republicans 8144:Compensated emancipation 7256:U.S. Sanitary Commission 7167:Battlefield preservation 7073:Marching Through Georgia 6998:Hampton Roads Conference 6973:Confiscation Act of 1862 6968:Confiscation Act of 1861 6744:U.S. national cemeteries 6550:Confederate Memorial Day 6535:Civil War Trails Program 6404:New Orleans riot of 1866 4642:New Georgia Encyclopedia 4621:Freedmen's Bureau Online 4574:Freedmen's Bureau Online 4319:, Vol. 12, No. 70, 2006 4132:– via Archive.org. 4095:– via Archive.org. 4045:– via Archive.org. 3773:www.discoverfreedmen.org 3579:New Georgia Encyclopedia 3481:(1963) 41#3 pp. 223–238 3103:Journal of Negro History 2729:– via Archive.org. 2588:"Freedmen's Bureau Bill" 2497: 2378: 2169:Clark Atlanta University 2117:Samuel Chapman Armstrong 1809:Compensated emancipation 1020:Indian Ocean slave trade 321:Samuel Chapman Armstrong 219:Wilson County, Tennessee 11337:Reconstruction Treaties 11156:A Nation Under Our Feet 11104:From Slavery to Freedom 10934:Williams v. Mississippi 10918:United States v. Harris 10809:Great Sioux War of 1876 10748:Yazoo City Riot of 1875 10650:Battle of Liberty Place 10538:Crédit Mobilier scandal 10487:Alcorn State University 10426:Enforcement Act of 1870 10292:Articles of impeachment 10199:Indian Peace Commission 10117:Swing Around the Circle 10054:Freedmen's Bureau bills 9896:Seneca Falls Convention 8625:Radical Democracy Party 8576:Freedman's Savings Bank 7979:Partus sequitur ventrem 7922:Three-fifths Compromise 7177:Confederate war finance 6797:Southern Cross of Honor 6765:1938 Gettysburg reunion 6760:1913 Gettysburg reunion 6458:Reconstruction Treaties 6431:Enforcement Act of 1870 6314:Freedman's Savings Bank 4931:Lane Debates on Slavery 4756:Lincoln–Douglas debates 4584:August 5, 2020, at the 4026:Excerpt and text search 3967:"The Freedmen's Bureau" 3853:2027/mdp.39015002382383 3643:(1985) 25#2 pp: 77–104. 3641:Southeastern Geographer 2471:Freedmen's Savings Bank 2157:St. Augustine's College 1733:1926 Slavery Convention 1489:Germany in World War II 1106:North and South America 628:Contract of manumission 128:as masters and slaves. 11312:Forty acres and a mule 11035:Walter Lynwood Fleming 10820:United States v. Reese 10477:Second Enforcement Act 8707:Prohibition Convention 8439:Southern United States 8054:Supreme Court Justices 8022:John Tyler and slavery 7997:Presidents and slavery 7986:Dred Scott v. Sandford 7236:Richmond riots of 1863 7162:Baltimore riot of 1861 6942:U.S. Military Railroad 6862:Confederate Home Guard 6594:Historiographic issues 6560:Historical reenactment 5059:Revenue Cutter Service 4926:William Lloyd Garrison 4835:Dred Scott v. Sandford 4613:March 4, 2016, at the 4472:Forty Acres and a Mule 4414:Social Science History 4284:, 2002, pp. 372+. 4031:Howard, O. O. (1907). 2593:University of Maryland 2476:Forty acres and a mule 2247: 1214:British Virgin Islands 766:Circassian slave trade 732:Safavid imperial harem 727:Ottoman Imperial Harem 315: 294: 251: 222: 207: 136: 83:Freedmen's Bureau Bill 43: 11286:Civil rights movement 11222:The Birth of a Nation 10831:Centennial Exposition 10685:Black Hills Gold Rush 10600:Slaughter-House Cases 10472:Ku Klux Klan hearings 9950:General Order No. 143 8569:James Mitchell Ashley 7927:Slave and free states 7917:Fugitive Slave Clause 7831:List of abolitionists 7684:Slavery in New France 7201:Great Revival of 1863 7078:Maryland, My Maryland 6867:Confederate railroads 6530:Civil War Roundtables 6399:Meridian riot of 1871 6394:Memphis riots of 1866 4951:George Luther Stearns 4936:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 4829:Crittenden Compromise 4517:2000 41(4): 435–465. 4481:2002 79(2): 141–181. 4416:1994 18(3): 405–437. 4398:Farmer-Kaiser, Mary. 4330:1992 76(3): 577–611. 3929:; essays by scholars. 3878:10.1515/9780823296705 3861:; a scholarly history 3668:William Lee Richter, 3463:Flynt, Wayne (1989). 2245: 2238:Continuing insurgency 1453:Europe and North Asia 1413:Australia and Oceania 1113:Pre-Columbian America 685:Slave raid of Suðuroy 617:Slavery in al-Andalus 539:Black Sea slave trade 468:21st-century jihadism 313: 292: 249: 213: 205: 134: 58:agency of early post 35: 10867:Electoral Commission 10743:Clifton Riot of 1875 10497:Treaty of Washington 10189:Tenure of Office Act 10147:National Labor Union 9862:American Indian Wars 8712:Electoral Commission 8702:Greenback Convention 8465:Free people of color 8405:Federal bureaucracy 8345:Moderate Republicans 7953:Gag rule (1836–1840) 7814:Underground Railroad 7789:Domestic slave trade 7774:Mandatory illiteracy 7679:Slavery in New Spain 7630:District of Columbia 7088:Daar kom die Alibama 7003:National Union Party 6679:memorials to Lincoln 6599:Lost Cause mythology 6304:Eufaula riot of 1874 6292:Confederate refugees 5505:District of Columbia 5132:Union naval blockade 4978:Underground Railroad 4766:Nullification crisis 4579:Reports and Speeches 4492:Richter, William L. 4456:Morrow Ralph Ernst. 4171:Butchart, Ronald E. 4147:Supporting education 3972:The Atlantic Monthly 3560:28.1 (1982): 45–64. 3528:(1998) pp: 331–349. 2492:McHatton Home Colony 2483:Chalmette, Louisiana 2206:Church establishment 2125:Booker T. Washington 1908:Indentured servitude 1836:Underground Railroad 1636:United Arab Emirates 1025:Zanzibar slave trade 992:By country or region 805:Atlantic slave trade 707:Ma malakat aymanukum 591:Venetian slave trade 256:contract their labor 215:Marriage certificate 11216:D. W. Griffith 11201:The Leopard's Spots 11091:The American Crisis 11025:Columbia University 10992:The Prostrate State 10986:James Shepherd Pike 10903:Posse Comitatus Act 10826:Trader post scandal 10614:Coinage Act of 1873 10388:Black Friday (1869) 10236:Peonage Act of 1867 10214:Reconstruction Acts 10194:Command of Army Act 9929:Militia Act of 1862 8340:Radical Republicans 8288:Rutherford B. Hayes 8174:Radical Republicans 8121:Civil War and after 8049:Members of Congress 7866:List of plantations 7649:U.S. Virgin Islands 7246:Supreme Court cases 7013:Radical Republicans 6792:Old soldiers' homes 6776:Confederate Veteran 6702:artworks in Capitol 6421:Reconstruction acts 6282:Colfax riot of 1873 5246:Richmond-Petersburg 4851:Fugitive slave laws 4781:Popular sovereignty 4761:Missouri Compromise 4751:Kansas-Nebraska Act 4387:2004 88(1): 25–49. 4348:Click, Patricia C. 4299:Specialized studies 4240:Richardson, Joe M. 4208:Jones, Jacqueline. 4162:Anderson, James D. 4075:McFeely, William S. 3575:"Freedmen's Bureau" 3562:Project MUSE Online 3426:"Freedmen's Bureau" 3147:, pp. 270–277. 2998:, pp. 216–219. 2910:Downs, Jim (2012). 2873:, pp. 271–274. 2545:Library of Congress 2481:Freedmen's Cemetery 2322:Thomas Ward Osborne 1999:Slave Route Project 1125:Americas indigenous 1015:Red Sea slave trade 1005:Contemporary Africa 868:Topics and practice 638:Crimean slave trade 633:Bukhara slave trade 586:Genoese slave trade 463:Contemporary Africa 443:Forced prostitution 161:Radical Republicans 11410:Reconstruction Era 11235:Gone with the Wind 11098:John Hope Franklin 10954:Disenfranchisement 10926:Plessy v. Ferguson 10910:Civil Rights Cases 10872:Compromise of 1877 10763:Wheeler Compromise 10680:Vicksburg massacre 10665:Timber Culture Act 10655:Coushatta massacre 10594:Timber Culture Act 10548:Star Route scandal 10431:Justice Department 10328:Georgia v. Stanton 10317:Opelousas massacre 9908:American Civil War 8717:Compromise of 1877 8419:Justice Department 8383:Federal judiciary 8262:Federal government 8247:Reconstruction era 8169:Reconstruction era 7067:A Lincoln Portrait 7008:Politicians killed 6932:U.S. Balloon Corps 6927:Union corps badges 6707:memorials to Davis 6577:Disenfranchisement 6448:Reconstruction era 6329:Timber Culture Act 6287:Compromise of 1877 5251:Franklin–Nashville 4921:Frederick Douglass 4824:Cornerstone Speech 4741:Compromise of 1850 4689:American Civil War 4528:Williamson, Joel. 4184:online book review 3866:Carpenter, John A. 3722:. August 15, 2016. 3255:The New York Times 2621:. Harper Collins. 2487:Freedmen's Schools 2248: 2200:Oliver Otis Howard 2173:Dillard University 2139:Educational legacy 2129:Tuskegee Institute 1775:Blockade of Africa 1082:Somali slave trade 998:Sub-Saharan Africa 690:Turkish Abductions 648:Khivan slave trade 643:Khazar slave trade 596:Balkan slave trade 554:Prague slave trade 316: 295: 283:Oliver Otis Howard 252: 223: 208: 187:William W. Belknap 137: 60:American Civil War 44: 11395:Freedmen's Bureau 11382: 11381: 11365: 11364: 11291:American frontier 11145:Kenneth M. Stampp 10962: 10961: 10804:Ellenton massacre 10645:Brooks–Baxter War 10394:Ex parte McCardle 10160:Ex parte Milligan 10049:Freedmen's Bureau 9965:National Bank Act 9843: 9842: 8678:Victoria Woodhull 8589: 8588: 8460:African Americans 8431:State governments 8414:Freedmen's Bureau 8213: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8179:Freedmen's Bureau 7321: 7320: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7119:Italian Americans 7104:African Americans 7061:John Brown's Body 6814: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6727: 6726: 6565:Robert E. Lee Day 6309:Freedmen's Bureau 6272:Brooks–Baxter War 6203: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6194: 5987: 5986: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5176:Northern Virginia 5122:Trans-Mississippi 5095: 5094: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4882:Uncle Tom's Cabin 4819:African Americans 4652:Prologue Magazine 4608:Criminal Offenses 4552:Berlin, Ira, ed. 4515:Louisiana History 4470:Oubre, Claude F. 4465:Civil War History 4341:Cimbala, Paul A. 3963:Du Bois, W. E. B. 3797:on June 30, 2022. 3737:Prologue Magazine 3681:Barry A. Crouch, 3558:Civil War History 3520:Paul A. Cimbala, 3025:Louisiana History 2896:978-1-68048-041-2 2857:978-1-85109-769-2 2830:978-1-4968-1769-3 2772:978-1-4654-4065-5 2655:978-1-85109-544-5 2628:978-0-06-203586-8 2440:(AAHGS), and the 2417:National Archives 2212:Southern Baptists 2196:Howard University 2153:Howard University 2121:Hampton Institute 2096: 2095: 2046:Freedmen's Bureau 1863:Third Servile War 1858:International law 1425:Human trafficking 1187:Human trafficking 862:Thirteen colonies 680:Sack of Baltimore 448:Human trafficking 198:Day-to-day duties 149:Southern Democrat 123:to rebuild their 113:African Americans 52:Freedmen's Bureau 16:(Redirected from 11432: 11248:Race and Reunion 11195:Thomas Dixon Jr. 11085:William R. Brock 11075:C. Vann Woodward 11062:W. E. B. Du Bois 11052:Charles A. Beard 11012:Claude G. Bowers 10971: 10970: 10794:Hamburg massacre 10773:Pratt & Boyd 10738:Mississippi Plan 10695:Anti-Moiety Acts 10690:Sanborn incident 10482:Ku Klux Klan Act 10153:Ex parte Garland 9960:Ten percent plan 9852: 9851: 8598: 8597: 8549:Thaddeus Stevens 8534:Republican Party 8527:Samuel J. Tilden 8517:Bourbon Democrat 8512:Democratic Party 8283:Ulysses S. Grant 8258: 8257: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8217: 8216: 7895:Law and politics 7819:Freedmen's towns 7799:Runaway slave ad 7662: 7661: 7624:Federal district 7348: 7341: 7334: 7325: 7324: 7311: 7301: 7300: 7124:Native Americans 7109:German Americans 6902:Partisan rangers 6897:Official Records 6837: 6836: 6820: 6819: 6712:memorials to Lee 6659: 6658: 6220: 6219: 6209: 6208: 5996: 5995: 5793: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5773: 5772: 5746:Washington, D.C. 5540:Indian Territory 5500:Dakota Territory 5458: 5457: 5375:Chancellorsville 5166:Jackson's Valley 5156:Blockade runners 5032: 5031: 5025: 5024: 4996: 4995: 4956:Thaddeus Stevens 4946:Lysander Spooner 4906:Susan B. Anthony 4708: 4707: 4697: 4696: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4659: 4658: 4559:Stone, William. 4453: 4366:, Vol. 79, 1994. 4142: 4133: 4121: 4110: 4108: 4096: 4084: 4070: 4051:Litwack, Leon F. 4046: 4019: 4000: 3976: 3958: 3928: 3919: 3899: 3860: 3818: 3817: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3793:. Archived from 3783: 3777: 3776: 3765: 3759: 3746: 3740: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3716: 3710: 3705: 3699: 3692: 3686: 3679: 3673: 3666: 3660: 3650: 3644: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3570: 3564: 3554: 3548: 3538: 3532: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3491: 3485: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3421: 3415: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3383: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3333: 3324: 3323: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3225: 3224: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2742: 2731: 2730: 2718: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2677:Wormser, Richard 2673: 2660: 2659: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2584: 2578: 2570: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2536: 2520: 2508: 2284:Ulysses S. Grant 2185:Tougaloo College 2088: 2081: 2074: 2058:Emancipation Day 1886: 1853:Slave Trade Acts 544:Byzantine Empire 386: 359: 358: 323:created and led 179:Ulysses S. Grant 105:Oliver O. Howard 42:, July 25, 1868. 21: 11440: 11439: 11435: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11430: 11429: 11385: 11384: 11383: 11378: 11361: 11352:White supremacy 11295: 11254: 11242:David W. Blight 11170: 11080:Joel Williamson 11057:Howard K. Beale 10958: 10947:Giles v. Harris 10891: 10882:Desert Land Act 10855: 10782: 10709: 10633: 10619:Long Depression 10589:Colfax massacre 10572: 10553:Salary Grab Act 10521: 10460: 10441:Kirk–Holden war 10409: 10343: 10250: 10177: 10090: 10071:Shaw University 10010: 9996:Wade–Davis Bill 9984: 9933: 9839: 9793: 8815: 8769: 8723: 8603: 8585: 8522:Horatio Seymour 8448: 8432: 8425: 8273:Abraham Lincoln 8263: 8249: 8244: 8214: 8205: 8194:Freedmen's town 8115: 8094:Slave marriages 8067:and procreation 8066: 8064: 8058: 8044:Vice presidents 7958:Nullifier Party 7937:Fugitive slaves 7890: 7886:Slave narrative 7824:Black Canadians 7744: 7738: 7653: 7632: 7618: 7357: 7352: 7322: 7317: 7281: 7265: 7150: 7114:Irish Americans 7092: 7037: 6946: 6937:U.S. Home Guard 6877:Field artillery 6831: 6830: 6806: 6748: 6723: 6685: 6654: 6648: 6540:Civil War Trust 6507: 6501: 6389:Ethnic violence 6374:Kirk–Holden war 6253: 6214: 6191: 6125: 5983: 5927: 5780: 5755: 5709: 5462: 5449: 5280: 5261:Sherman's March 5241:Bermuda Hundred 5136: 5091: 5063: 5019: 5018: 4982: 4941:J. Sella Martin 4911:James G. Birney 4887: 4805: 4731:Bleeding Kansas 4719: 4702: 4691: 4686: 4615:Wayback Machine 4599: 4586:Wayback Machine 4549: 4547:Primary sources 4442:10.2307/2080411 4405:Finley, Randy. 4355:Crouch, Barry. 4301: 4149: 4130: 4093: 4067: 4016: 3997: 3916: 3888: 3837: 3832: 3826: 3821: 3814:Washington Post 3806: 3802: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3756:Wayback Machine 3747: 3743: 3731: 3727: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3702: 3693: 3689: 3680: 3676: 3667: 3663: 3651: 3647: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3571: 3567: 3555: 3551: 3544:(1989): 26–53. 3539: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3492: 3488: 3476: 3472: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3422: 3418: 3410:Burton, Wilie. 3409: 3405: 3397: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3334: 3327: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3228: 3221: 3207: 3203: 3194: 3192: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3116:10.2307/3031474 3098: 3094: 3079:10.2307/2294682 3057: 3053: 3020: 3016: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2936: 2929: 2922: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2773: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2743: 2734: 2727: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2674: 2663: 2656: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2586: 2572: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2550: 2548: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2523: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2457: 2412: 2394: 2381: 2352: 2339: 2330: 2318: 2305: 2300: 2288:Columbus Delano 2240: 2208: 2177:Shaw University 2161:Fisk University 2149:higher learning 2141: 2105: 2092: 2063: 2062: 1967:Slave narrative 1918:Fugitive slaves 1898: 1890: 1889: 1880: 1848:Slave rebellion 1703: 1693: 1692: 1651: 1641: 1640: 1463:United Kingdom 1399:Yankee princess 993: 985: 984: 712:Avret Pazarları 658:Avret Pazarları 527:Medieval Europe 493: 483: 482: 421:Forced marriage 396: 357: 333:Abraham Lincoln 276: 260:cotton industry 244: 200: 195: 159:—controlled by 90:Abraham Lincoln 75: 56:U.S. government 39:Harper's Weekly 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11438: 11428: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11380: 11379: 11377: 11376: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11303: 11301: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11262: 11260: 11256: 11255: 11253: 11252: 11244: 11239: 11231: 11226: 11218: 11213: 11205: 11197: 11192: 11184: 11178: 11176: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11168: 11160: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11134: 11129: 11121: 11116: 11108: 11100: 11095: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11048: 11047: 11040:Dunning School 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11018:The Tragic Era 11014: 11009: 11001: 10996: 10988: 10983: 10977: 10975: 10974:Historiography 10968: 10964: 10963: 10960: 10959: 10957: 10956: 10951: 10943: 10938: 10930: 10922: 10914: 10906: 10899: 10897: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10863: 10861: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10853: 10848: 10846:1876 elections 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10790: 10788: 10784: 10783: 10781: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10717: 10715: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10707: 10702: 10700:1874 elections 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10641: 10639: 10635: 10634: 10632: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10603: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10580: 10578: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10570: 10565: 10563:1872 elections 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10529: 10527: 10523: 10522: 10520: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10468: 10466: 10462: 10461: 10459: 10458: 10453: 10451:1870 elections 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10421:15th Amendment 10417: 10415: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10362: 10357: 10351: 10349: 10345: 10344: 10342: 10341: 10336: 10334:1868 elections 10331: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10311: 10308: 10305: 10302: 10299: 10296: 10295: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10269: 10264: 10262:14th Amendment 10258: 10256: 10252: 10251: 10249: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10222: 10221: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10185: 10183: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10175: 10173:1866 elections 10169: 10168: 10163: 10156: 10149: 10144: 10137: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10098: 10096: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10057: 10056: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10035: 10034: 10024: 10022:13th Amendment 10018: 10016: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10008: 10003: 10001:1864 elections 9998: 9992: 9990: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9941: 9939: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9931: 9926: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9899: 9893: 9885: 9877: 9869: 9864: 9858: 9856: 9849: 9845: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9801: 9799: 9798:U.S. elections 9795: 9794: 9792: 9791: 9790: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9711: 9703: 9698: 9689: 9688: 9687: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9627: 9626: 9625: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9555: 9554: 9553: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9498: 9497: 9496: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9411: 9410: 9409: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9344: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9210: 9209: 9208: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9128: 9127: 9126: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8957: 8956: 8955: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8895: 8894: 8893: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8823: 8821: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8777: 8775: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8731: 8729: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8721: 8720: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8683: 8682: 8681: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8649: 8648: 8647: 8646: 8641: 8630: 8629: 8628: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8595: 8591: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8572: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8554:Lyman Trumbull 8551: 8546: 8544:Charles Sumner 8541: 8531: 8530: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8478: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8456: 8454: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8446: 8441: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8423: 8422: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8278:Andrew Johnson 8275: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8255: 8251: 8250: 8243: 8242: 8235: 8228: 8220: 8211: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8154:Colored Troops 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8125: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8096: 8091: 8089:Slave breeding 8086: 8081: 8079:Female slavery 8076: 8074:Sexual slavery 8070: 8068: 8065:sexual slavery 8060: 8059: 8057: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8040: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7994: 7989: 7982: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7821: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7784:Slave quarters 7781: 7776: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7759: 7754: 7748: 7746: 7745:social history 7740: 7739: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7670: 7668: 7659: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7640: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7564:South Carolina 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7529:North Carolina 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7365: 7363: 7359: 7358: 7351: 7350: 7343: 7336: 7328: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7305: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7261:Women soldiers 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7216:Naming the war 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7186: 7185: 7184: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7047: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6852:Campaign Medal 6849: 6843: 6841: 6833: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6827:Related topics 6824: 6816: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6665: 6663: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6574: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6555:Decoration Day 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6511: 6509: 6508:Reconstruction 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6362:second inquiry 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6326: 6319:Homestead Acts 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6267:Alabama Claims 6263: 6261: 6259:Reconstruction 6255: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6247:15th Amendment 6244: 6242:14th Amendment 6239: 6237:13th Amendment 6228: 6226: 6216: 6215: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6002: 6000: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5868:J. E. Johnston 5865: 5863:A. S. Johnston 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5803:R. H. Anderson 5799: 5797: 5790: 5782: 5781: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5665:South Carolina 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5640:North Carolina 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5466: 5464: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5365:Fredericksburg 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5305:Wilson's Creek 5302: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5145: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5117:Lower Seaboard 5114: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5040: 5038: 5029: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4973:Harriet Tubman 4970: 4969: 4968: 4961:Charles Sumner 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4897: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4815: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4796:States' rights 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4711: 4704: 4703: 4693: 4692: 4685: 4684: 4677: 4670: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4644: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4618: 4605: 4598: 4597:External links 4595: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4576: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4533: 4526: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4436:(3): 989–998. 4425: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4381: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4339: 4324: 4321:online at SSRN 4313: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4293:online edition 4285: 4278: 4272: 4262: 4255: 4245: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4223: 4213: 4206: 4196: 4186: 4176: 4169: 4160: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4134: 4128: 4111: 4098: 4091: 4071: 4065: 4047: 4028: 4014: 4001: 3995: 3977: 3965:(March 1901). 3959: 3947:10.2307/274830 3941:(3): 219–230. 3930: 3920: 3914: 3901: 3886: 3862: 3836: 3833: 3828:Main article: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3800: 3778: 3760: 3741: 3725: 3711: 3708:114 Stat. 1924 3700: 3687: 3674: 3661: 3656:(1952): 1–24. 3645: 3632: 3615: 3591: 3565: 3549: 3533: 3513: 3486: 3470: 3455: 3453:, p. 447. 3443: 3416: 3403: 3384: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3325: 3284: 3275: 3241: 3226: 3219: 3201: 3174: 3167: 3149: 3137: 3092: 3051: 3032:(3): 287–308. 3014: 3000: 2988: 2981: 2963: 2927: 2920: 2902: 2895: 2875: 2863: 2856: 2836: 2829: 2809: 2778: 2771: 2752: 2749:. p. 256. 2732: 2725: 2715:Freedom Dreams 2703: 2661: 2654: 2634: 2627: 2607: 2558: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2453: 2411: 2410:Bureau records 2408: 2407: 2406: 2393: 2390: 2380: 2377: 2351: 2350:South Carolina 2348: 2338: 2337:North Carolina 2335: 2329: 2326: 2317: 2314: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2298:State programs 2296: 2239: 2236: 2207: 2204: 2140: 2137: 2104: 2101: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2090: 2083: 2076: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1940:List of slaves 1937: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1704: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1658: 1652: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1484:Dutch Republic 1481: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1416: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1109: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1001: 1000: 994: 991: 990: 987: 986: 983: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 956: 955: 951: 950: 945: 943:Child soldiers 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 919: 918: 908: 903: 898: 893: 892: 891: 886: 881: 870: 869: 865: 864: 859: 854: 852:Spanish Empire 849: 844: 839: 834: 832:Middle Passage 829: 824: 819: 814: 808: 807: 801: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 769: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 694: 693: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 662: 661: 660: 653:Ottoman Empire 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 614: 608: 607: 601: 600: 599: 598: 588: 583: 578: 577: 576: 571: 566: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 530: 529: 523: 522: 517: 512: 507: 501: 500: 494: 489: 488: 485: 484: 481: 480: 475: 473:Sexual slavery 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 439: 438: 433: 431:Child marriage 428: 418: 413: 408: 406:Child soldiers 403: 397: 392: 391: 388: 387: 379: 378: 368: 367: 356: 353: 275: 272: 243: 240: 199: 196: 194: 191: 176:U.S. President 153:states' rights 145:Andrew Johnson 87:U.S. President 74: 71: 63:Reconstruction 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11437: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11392: 11390: 11375: 11372: 11371: 11368: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11317:Habeas corpus 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11304: 11302: 11298: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11257: 11250: 11249: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11224: 11223: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11211: 11210: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11190: 11189: 11185: 11183: 11182:Winslow Homer 11180: 11179: 11177: 11173: 11166: 11165: 11161: 11158: 11157: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11140: 11139: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11127: 11126: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11114: 11113: 11112:After Slavery 11109: 11106: 11105: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11093: 11092: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11046: 11043: 11042: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11020: 11019: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11007: 11006: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10994: 10993: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10978: 10976: 10972: 10969: 10965: 10955: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10936: 10935: 10931: 10928: 10927: 10923: 10920: 10919: 10915: 10912: 10911: 10907: 10904: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10894: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10877:Nez Perce War 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10864: 10862: 10858: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10821: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10785: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10768:Delano affair 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10723: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10712: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10660:Red River War 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10636: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10624:Comstock laws 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10608: 10604: 10602: 10601: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10584:Panic of 1873 10582: 10581: 10579: 10575: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10524: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10469: 10467: 10463: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10418: 10416: 10412: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10395: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10367: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10346: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10329: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10312: 10309: 10306: 10303: 10300: 10297: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10274: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10253: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10220: 10217: 10216: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10186: 10184: 10180: 10174: 10171: 10170: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10161: 10157: 10155: 10154: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10142: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10099: 10097: 10093: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10076:New Departure 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10055: 10052: 10051: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10033: 10030: 10029: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10019: 10017: 10013: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9993: 9991: 9987: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9936: 9930: 9927: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9903: 9900: 9897: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9886: 9883: 9882: 9878: 9875: 9874: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9853: 9850: 9846: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9796: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9717: 9712: 9710: 9709: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9690: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9559: 9557: 9556: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9499: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9412: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9345: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9278: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9211: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9077: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8958: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8896: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8820:Gubernatorial 8818: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8772: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8726: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8611: 8608: 8607: 8605: 8599: 8596: 8592: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8559:Benjamin Wade 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8536: 8535: 8532: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8482:Carpetbaggers 8480: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8451: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8428: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8409:Edwin Stanton 8407: 8406: 8404: 8403: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8259: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8241: 8236: 8234: 8229: 8227: 8222: 8221: 8218: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8118: 8112: 8111:Shadow family 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8101: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8061: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7987: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7912:Freedom suits 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7861:Planter class 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7804:Slave catcher 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7741: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7667: 7663: 7660: 7656: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7604:West Virginia 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7509:New Hampshire 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7469:Massachusetts 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7349: 7344: 7342: 7337: 7335: 7330: 7329: 7326: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7304: 7296: 7295: 7292: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7231:Photographers 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7206:Gender issues 7204: 7202: 7199: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7034: 7033:War Democrats 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7023:Union Leagues 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6922:Turning point 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6892:Naval battles 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6751: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6720: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6655:and memorials 6651: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6515:Commemoration 6513: 6512: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6357:first inquiry 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6335: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6277:Carpetbaggers 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6206: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5700:West Virginia 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5620:New Hampshire 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5580:Massachusetts 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5320:Hampton Roads 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5310:Fort Donelson 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5283: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5206:Morgan's Raid 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5151:Anaconda Plan 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5127:Pacific Coast 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4861:Positive good 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4776:Panic of 1857 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4736:Border states 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4678: 4676: 4671: 4669: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4129:9780691100395 4125: 4120: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4099: 4094: 4092:9780393311785 4088: 4083: 4082: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4066:9780394743981 4062: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4015:9780226300764 4011: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3996:9780060158514 3992: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3915:9781575240947 3911: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3887:9780823296705 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3831: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3757: 3753: 3750: 3745: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3704: 3697: 3691: 3684: 3678: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3608:September 18, 3603: 3602: 3595: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3466: 3459: 3452: 3451:Howard (1907) 3447: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3413: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3379: 3370: 3361: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3332: 3330: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3306:(1): 75–110. 3305: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3288: 3279: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3245: 3238: 3237:Howard (1907) 3233: 3231: 3222: 3220:9780226539287 3216: 3212: 3205: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3178: 3170: 3168:9780807834206 3164: 3160: 3153: 3146: 3145:Zuczek (2006) 3141: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3018: 3010: 3004: 2997: 2996:Zuczek (2006) 2992: 2984: 2982:9780823232116 2978: 2974: 2967: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2934: 2932: 2923: 2921:9780199758722 2917: 2913: 2906: 2898: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2879: 2872: 2871:Zuczek (2006) 2867: 2859: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2840: 2832: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2813: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2782: 2774: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2748: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2728: 2726:9780807009789 2722: 2717: 2716: 2707: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2657: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2638: 2630: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2611: 2596: 2594: 2589: 2585:published at 2582: 2576: 2568: 2562: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2389: 2387: 2376: 2374: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2356: 2347: 2343: 2334: 2325: 2323: 2313: 2309: 2295: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2100: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1989:Slave catcher 1987: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1913:Forced labour 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1884: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1758:Abolitionists 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1645: 1644: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1360:comfort women 1358: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1343:Chukri System 1341: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1231:Latin America 1229: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1182:interregional 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1167:prison labour 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1137:United States 1135: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1002: 999: 996: 995: 989: 988: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 957: 953: 952: 949: 948:White slavery 946: 944: 941: 939: 938:Slave raiding 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 917: 914: 913: 912: 909: 907: 906:Corvée labour 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 876: 875: 872: 871: 867: 866: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 809: 806: 803: 802: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 722:Abbasid harem 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 699: 698: 695: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 667: 666: 665:Barbary Coast 663: 659: 656: 655: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 618: 615: 613: 610: 609: 606: 603: 602: 597: 594: 593: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 561: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 531: 528: 525: 524: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 502: 499: 496: 495: 492: 487: 486: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 423: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 398: 395: 390: 389: 385: 381: 380: 377: 373: 372:Forced labour 370: 369: 365: 361: 360: 352: 348: 346: 345:Jim Crow laws 342: 336: 334: 328: 326: 322: 312: 308: 306: 302: 300: 291: 287: 284: 280: 271: 269: 263: 261: 257: 248: 239: 237: 233: 227: 220: 216: 212: 204: 190: 188: 184: 180: 177: 172: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 133: 129: 126: 122: 116: 114: 110: 106: 102: 97: 95: 91: 88: 84: 80: 77:In 1863, the 70: 68: 64: 61: 57: 53: 49: 41: 40: 34: 30: 19: 11357:Whitecapping 11327:Paramilitary 11300:Other topics 11281:Jim Crow era 11246: 11233: 11220: 11207: 11199: 11186: 11162: 11154: 11136: 11123: 11119:Leon Litwack 11110: 11102: 11089: 11066: 11030:John Burgess 11016: 11003: 10990: 10945: 10932: 10924: 10916: 10908: 10818: 10758:Whiskey Ring 10720: 10670:White League 10606: 10598: 10446:Shoffner Act 10392: 10365: 10326: 10209:Pulaski riot 10158: 10151: 10139: 10048: 9887: 9879: 9871: 9715: 9707: 8602:Presidential 8564:John Bingham 8502:White League 8487:Ku Klux Klan 8413: 8254:Participants 8178: 8098: 7984: 7977: 7846:Field slaves 7809:Abolitionism 7743:Cultural and 7734:Bibliography 7569:South Dakota 7559:Rhode Island 7554:Pennsylvania 7534:North Dakota 7172:Bibliography 7155:Other topics 7097:By ethnicity 7065: 7018:Trent Affair 6917:Signal Corps 6774: 6497:White League 6384:Ku Klux Klan 6308: 6297:Confederados 6224:Constitution 6096:D. D. Porter 5949:Breckinridge 5660:Rhode Island 5655:Pennsylvania 5410:Spotsylvania 5370:Stones River 5350:2nd Bull Run 5300:1st Bull Run 5186:Stones River 5087:Marine Corps 5054:Marine Corps 4893:Abolitionism 4880: 4833: 4651: 4641: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4539: 4529: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4478: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4433: 4429: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4369:Downs, Jim. 4363: 4356: 4349: 4342: 4327: 4316: 4305: 4288: 4281: 4265: 4258: 4248: 4241: 4229: 4216: 4209: 4199: 4189: 4179: 4172: 4163: 4153: 4138: 4117: 4104: 4080: 4054: 4033: 4005: 3984: 3970: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3905: 3869: 3855:– via 3843: 3813: 3803: 3795:the original 3791:FamilySearch 3790: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3744: 3736: 3728: 3714: 3703: 3690: 3682: 3677: 3669: 3664: 3653: 3648: 3640: 3635: 3606:. Retrieved 3600: 3594: 3582:. Retrieved 3578: 3568: 3557: 3552: 3541: 3536: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3502:(1): 28–37. 3499: 3495: 3489: 3478: 3473: 3464: 3458: 3446: 3434:. Retrieved 3429: 3419: 3411: 3406: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3348:. Retrieved 3341: 3303: 3297: 3287: 3278: 3266:. Retrieved 3254: 3244: 3210: 3204: 3193:, retrieved 3184: 3177: 3158: 3152: 3140: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3070: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3003: 2991: 2972: 2966: 2956:February 19, 2954:. Retrieved 2949: 2943: 2911: 2905: 2885: 2878: 2866: 2846: 2839: 2819: 2812: 2800:. Retrieved 2790: 2781: 2761: 2755: 2746: 2714: 2706: 2694:. Retrieved 2686:Thirteen.org 2684: 2644: 2637: 2617: 2610: 2598:. Retrieved 2591: 2566: 2561: 2549:. Retrieved 2543: 2534: 2513:FamilySearch 2506: 2446: 2428:(NARA), the 2413: 2399: 2395: 2382: 2370: 2365:Ku Klux Klan 2361: 2357: 2353: 2344: 2340: 2331: 2319: 2310: 2306: 2292: 2281: 2277: 2261: 2249: 2232: 2228: 2209: 2193: 2189: 2142: 2133: 2110: 2106: 2097: 2045: 1994:Slave patrol 1826:Freedom suit 1802:Sierra Leone 1792:Colonization 1708:Abolitionism 1688:Baháʼí Faith 1661:Christianity 1611:Saudi Arabia 1467:Penal Labour 1432:Blackbirding 1338:Debt bondage 1326:penal system 1152:Contemporary 1142:Field slaves 1130:U.S. Natives 1089:South Africa 960:Galley slave 933:Slave market 923:House slaves 896:Blackbirding 874:Conscription 798:21st century 761:Umm al-walad 605:Muslim world 574:Emancipation 478:Wage slavery 458:Penal labour 436:Wife selling 426:Bride buying 411:Conscription 401:Child Labour 394:Contemporary 349: 337: 329: 317: 303: 296: 281: 277: 264: 253: 242:Gender roles 236:yellow fever 228: 224: 193:Achievements 173: 165:Ku Klux Klan 138: 117: 98: 76: 65:, assisting 51: 47: 45: 37: 29: 11150:Steven Hahn 10999:James Bryce 10558:Amnesty Act 10039:Black Codes 8728:U.S. Senate 8475:Politicians 8397:Waite Court 8392:Chase Court 8387:Taney Court 8269:Presidents 7963:Fire-Eaters 7856:Task system 7851:Gang system 7841:Plantations 7644:Puerto Rico 7637:Territories 7484:Mississippi 7399:Connecticut 6978:Copperheads 6690:Confederate 6582:Black Codes 5908:E. K. 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