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emissaries according to the
Christian laws. The Byzantine historians were outraged by the emperor's actions. They recorded that the "most Christian" ruler had to pour out water on the ground from a cup, to personally turn round horse saddles, to touch triple bridle and to lift grass high above the ground. Another historian added that Leo V had to even cut up dogs as witnesses to his vow.
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had a deep symbolic meaning. The pouring of water was a reminder that if the oath is broken, blood would pour out. In the same sense was explained the turning of the saddle - a warning that the violator would not be able to ride or would fall dead from his horse during battle. The triple bridle
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and the
Rhodope, even though some of them had never been subjects of the Bulgarian khans. The article then continued with details for the process of exchange. Notably, the Byzantines not only had to agree to exchange man for man, but also to give two heads of cattle for every released Byzantine
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In the beginning of 815 Omurtag sent emissaries to
Constantinople to negotiate the peace. The signing ceremony was a solemn event and performed in the presence of numerous people. The agreement envisaged that the Byzantine Emperor must vow according to the pagan Bulgarian customs and Omurtag's
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symbolized the toughness of the agreement and the lifting of grass reminded that no grass would remain in the enemy country if the peace was broken. The sacrifice of dogs was a common custom among the Turkic peoples which further strengthened the treaty.
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in 811, as well as the population captured during the later raids of Krum. The
Byzantines had to release the Slavs who had been captured by Leo V, as well as those who inhabited border regions of the Byzantine Empire around
99:. His son and successor Omurtag tried to continue Krum's aggressive policy but his campaign in 814 was stopped by the Byzantines. As both countries were exhausted by the sustained military effort, peace negotiations began.
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Although the treaty was in
Bulgaria's favour, it was a welcome respite by the Byzantines, who had to regroup their forces after successive defeats, and who faced another round of internal turmoil because of the revival of
194:(831–836) took possession of the city. With that article the expansion of the Bulgarian borders to the south was officially recognized although the Bulgarians had to return some of the occupied towns, notably Adrianople.
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seized the
Byzantine throne. Omurtag and Michael II additionally agreed to provide help to each other in case of danger. True to his word, in 823 Omurtag relieved the siege of Constantinople by the rebel
242:. Bulgaria on the other hand also faced religious problems, as the growing number of Christians disturbed Omurtag: the Khan began anti-Christian persecutions, to which his eldest son
275:(1971) . "Part I. The Huno-Bulgarian dominance (679-852). II. Territorial expansion and rising of political importance. 2. Change of the foreign and domestic policy of Bulgaria".
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soldier, on the condition that their soldiers would return in their homes. In that way the
Bulgarians ensured the reduction of the Byzantine border garrisons.
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also fell victim. The
Bulgarians also had to restore their economy following the bloody conflicts of the first decade of the century, while their capital
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Byzantine records for the conditions of the treaty have not been preserved, but the first two of the treaty's four articles survive in the Greek-language
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between the two countries. The
Bulgarians agreed to release the Byzantines captured during the disastrous campaign of Emperor
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which started in 756. For a little over a decade until his death in 814, Krum achieved significant successes over the
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coast and passed along the old trench of
Erkesiya up to the upper stream of the river Choban Azmak, a tributary of
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as a guarantee for the cession of Philippopolis, which were returned to the Byzantine Empire after Khan
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History of the Bulgarian state in the Middle Ages. Volume I. History of the First Bulgarian Empire
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throne in 803 began the last and decisive part of the prolonged succession of
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The Bulgarian ruler Omurtag sends delegation to the Byzantine emperor.
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281:(in Bulgarian) (2 ed.). Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo.
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The peace treaty was reaffirmed in 820, when Emperor
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and decisively defeating the Byzantine armies at the
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815 treaty between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire
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402:for the interpretation of the settlements see
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472:810s in the Byzantine Empire
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406:Notices for the Bulgarians
370:Balgarskite hanove i tsare
374:Българските ханове и царе
137:Syuleymankyoy Inscription
67:in the early 9th century.
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467:9th century in Bulgaria
262:and defeated his army.
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65:First Bulgarian Empire
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103:Signing of the treaty
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477:9th-century treaties
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112:Leo V the Armenian
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49:Leo V the Armenian
435:Zlatarski, p. 389
417:Zlatarski, p. 387
392:Zlatarski, p. 385
332:in appendices to
328:Ignatii Diaconi.
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63:Territory of the
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212:2nd Article
184:Sredna Gora
144:1st Article
446:Categories
266:References
255:Michael II
240:iconoclasm
188:Adrianople
172:Uzundzhovo
97:Versinikia
55:Background
295:Footnotes
233:Aftermath
225:Strandzha
156:Black Sea
154:near the
77:Bulgarian
45:Byzantine
37:Bulgarian
25:Bulgarian
287:67080314
244:Enravota
168:Harmanli
148:Bulgaria
47:Emperor
43:and the
347:Bulgars
204:Omurtag
192:Malamir
180:Plovdiv
164:Maritsa
160:Tundzha
95:and at
75:on the
41:Omurtag
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248:Pliska
152:Debelt
202:Khan
123:Terms
39:Khan
378:ISBN
283:OCLC
73:Krum
19:The
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