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614:). Although Krum realized the defensive capabilities of the Byzantine capital, he ordered massive preparations for the attack on Constantinople to begin, which included Slavs, Avars and special siege equipment ("turtles", battle towers, "rams", flamethrowers, etc.). Worried by all these preparations, the emperor began to strengthen the city walls and defenses. But this grandiose plan of the Bulgarian ruler was not implemented. On April 13, 814 , Krum died, most likely of a hemorrhage and stroke.
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452:, describes the brutalities and atrocities of Nikephoros: "Nikephoros, emperor of the Byzantine empire, walked into the Bulgarians' land: he was victorious and killed great number of them. He reached their capital, seized it and devastated it. His savagery went to the point that he ordered to bring their small children, got them tied down on earth and made thresh grain stones to smash them."
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508:. From this position of strength, Krum offered a return to the peace treaty of 716. Unwilling to compromise from a position of weakness, the new Emperor Michael I refused to accept the proposal, ostensibly opposing the clause for exchange of deserters. To apply more pressure on the Emperor, Krum besieged and captured Mesembria (
601:
were making to the soldiers waiting in ambush, and although he was wounded, he managed to escape. Kavkhan was killed, and
Konstantin Patsik together with his son (Krum's nephew) were captured. Enraged by the baseness of the Romans, Krum ordered the looting and burning of churches and monasteries in
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While
Nikephoros I and his army pillaged and plundered the Bulgarian capital, Krum mobilized as many soldiers as possible, giving weapons to women and even to peasants. This army was assembled in the mountain passes to intercept the Byzantines as they returned to Constantinople. At dawn on 26 July,
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was led by Krum's brother, who continued the advance towards the
Byzantine capital. In front of the walls of the Byzantine capital, the ruler performed impressive pagan sacrifices of people and animals. This made a great impression on the inhabitants of Constantinople and was even described by
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but were immediately turned to flight. With Krum's cavalry in pursuit, the rout of
Michael I was complete, and Krum advanced on Constantinople. On the way, most of the fortresses, hearing about the strength of the Bulgarian army, surrendered without a fight. Only Adrianople resisted. The
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798:
Der Name des Fürsten, Grumbates, könnte ein alttürkisches *Qurum-pat = "Regierungsfürst" wiedergeben, denn *Qurum in der Form Krum ist als
Bezeichnung eines bulgarischen Khans sowohl in der Bulgarischen Fürstenliste als auch in der griechischen Überlieferung
336:. The Bulgarian name Krum comes from the Old Bulgarian krumen/krumen and means red. The Bulgarian ruler is depicted with red hair and a beard after the victory over Byzantium. Another possibility is that it comes from the Old Bulgarian kreme, meaning rock. .
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on 20 July, as only a small, hastily assembled army was in their way. Here
Nikephoros helped himself to the treasures of the Bulgarians while setting the city afire and turning his army on the population. A new diplomatic initiative from Krum was rebuffed.
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code, which ensured subsidies to beggars and state protection to all poor
Bulgarians. Drinking, slander, and robbery were severely punished. Through his laws he became known as a strict but just ruler, bringing Slavs and Bulgars into a centralized state.
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In
February 813 the Bulgarians raided Thrace but were repelled by the Emperor's forces. Encouraged by this success, Michael I summoned troops from the entire Byzantine Empire and headed north, hoping for a decisive victory. Krum led his army south
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started the peace negotiations, with a secret idea that during the negotiations Krum will be killed. The requirements for a meeting between the two camps is that both sides are small in number and unarmed. For this reason,
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are more a demonstration of strength than serious intentions to capture the city. The aim was to force the
Byzantine rulers to conclude a peace with which they would recognize the conquests of the Bulgarians.
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Nikolov, A. Khan Krum in the
Byzantine tradition: terrible rumours, misinformation and political propaganda. – In: Studies in honour of Professor Vassil Gjuzelev (= Bulgaria Mediaevalis, 2). Sofia, 2011,
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Philologiae Turcicae fundamenta. T. 3, Philologiae et historiae Turcicae fundamenta / ed. Louis Bazin ; György Hazai. History of the Turkic peoples in the pre-Islamic period
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and pitched camp near Versinikia. Michael I lined up his army against the Bulgarians, but neither side initiated an attack for two weeks. Finally, on 22 June 813, the Byzantines
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432:). Here Krum attempted to negotiate on 11 July 811, but Nikephoros was determined to continue with his plunder. His army somehow avoided Bulgarian ambushes in the
548:(an anonymous Byzantine short chronicle describing the events of the period 811 – 820). In addition, Krum orders a moat with a rampart to be dug from the
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The discredited Michael was forced to abdicate and become a monk—the third Byzantine Emperor forced to give up the throne by Krum in as many years.
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to settle Anatolian populations along the frontier to protect it and to attempt to retake and refortify Serdica, although this enterprise failed.
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328:. His family background and the surroundings of his accession are unknown. It has been speculated that Krum might have been a descendant of Khan
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from sometime between 796 and 803 until his death in 814. During his reign the Bulgarian territory doubled in size, spreading from the middle
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Krum könnte auf türkisch qurum Regierung weisen, eine Bedeutung, die den Gebrauch des Wortes als Bezeichnung eines Fürsten erklären würde.
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was carried to safety by the imperial bodyguard after receiving a paralyzing wound to the neck. It is said that Krum had the Emperor's
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Staurakios was forced to abdicate after a brief reign (he died from his wound in 812), and he was succeeded by his brother-in-law
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Iratais and Krum's son-in-law Konstantin Pacik (who was most likely used as a translator) were present with Krum. In contrast,
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307:. His able and energetic rule brought law and order to Bulgaria and developed the rudiments of state organization.
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did not attend in person. Already at the beginning of the meeting, the Bulgarian ruler noticed the signs that the
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and the capture of 10,000 soldiers defending the city (including the parents of the future Emperor
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as a servant (right) brings the skull of Nikephoros I, fashioned into a drinking cup, full of wine.
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Pazmany Peter Catholic University and National Archaeological Institute with Museum – Sofia
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have been written on his life, such as by Dmityar Mantov (1973) and Ivan Bogdanov (1990).
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In early 811, Nikephoros I undertook a massive expedition against Bulgaria, advancing to
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into eastern Pannonia. This resulted in the establishment of a common border between the
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The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century
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Krum engaged in a policy of territorial expansion. In 807 Bulgarian forces defeated the
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Bulgaria under Khan Krum (new territories gained under his rule are in lighter orange)
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724:Токушев, Д. "История на българската средновековна държава и право", Сиби, С. 2009
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again, the traditional Bulgar name for the area north of the Danube across the
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Krum is being pursued by the army of Leo V. Miniature from the 12th century
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This article is about the 9th-century Khan of Bulgaria. For other uses, see
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Syrien, patriarch of the Syrians Jacobites, Michel le (1905). "t. III". In
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Krum was remembered for instituting the first known written Bulgarian
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The chronicle of the 12th-century patriarch of the Syrian Jacobites,
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928:Кой кой е в средновековна България (Who is Who in Medieval Bulgaria)
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912:, p. 3, Lyubomir Ivanov, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 2007
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and scaring the population of nearby fortresses to flee towards
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the Bulgarians managed to trap the retreating Nikephoros in the
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899:. Vol. 52. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi. 1988. p. 726.
1064:(II изд ed.). София: Наука и изкуство. pp. 321–376.
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1062:История на българската държава през средните векове, Част I
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Roemer, Hans Robert; Scharlipp, Wolfgang-Ekkehard (2000).
556:. Thus, the capital is surrounded on the land side. These
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valley. In 809 Krum besieged and forced the surrender of
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Andreev, Jordan; Lazarov, Ivan; Pavlov, Plamen (1999).
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56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1077:Khan Krum Featured on Bulgarian Commemorative Coin
773:"Personal names among Avars, Bulgars, and Khazars"
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16:Khan of the First Bulgarian Empire from 803 to 814
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1619:Bulgarian people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
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756:. Studienverlag Brockmeyer. 1984. p. 25: "
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958:. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.
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1048:(in French). Paris: J.-B. Chabot. p. 17.
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910:Essential History of Bulgaria in Seven Pages
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987:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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468:. The Byzantine army was wiped out in the
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116:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1056:, Chronicle, Ed. Carl de Boor, Leipzig.
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796:. Franciscum Steiner. p. 273: "
771:Stepanov, Tsvetelin (January 2014).
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480:lined with silver and used it as a
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677:. The name is derived from Turkic
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715:, Encyclopædia Britannica Online
673:His name is also rarely spelled
568:Conflict with Leo V the Armenian
496:. In 812 Krum invaded Byzantine
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142:A 14th-century depiction of Krum
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1022:Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775–831
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1060:Златарски, Васил Н. (1970).
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880:Хан Крум: Романизуван живот
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1004:. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.
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860:Димитър Мантов (1973).
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930:(in Bulgarian). Sofia.
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883:. Народна Младеж.
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61:Find sources:
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39:This article
37:
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28:
27:
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1549:Principality
1538:Rostislav II
1536:
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1484:Ivan Asen IV
1469:Ivan Stephen
1411:
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1375:Ivan Asen II
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1314:Petar Delyan
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1158:First Empire
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1042:J.-B. Chabot
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799:nachweisbar.
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482:drinking cup
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419:Nikephoros I
406:army in the
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368:Transylvania
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319:
281:Крум Страшни
272:
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197:13 April 814
112:
106:January 2023
103:
93:
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72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1568:Ferdinand I
1563:Alexander I
1499:Ivan Asen V
1401:Rostislav I
1360:Ivan Asen I
977:. Orenburg.
662:Annotations
586:new emperor
554:Golden Gate
364:Carpathians
320:Krum was a
163:Predecessor
1609:814 deaths
1593:Categories
1395:Mitso Asen
1307:Presian II
1298:Byzantines
700:References
608:Adrianople
550:Blacharnae
474:Staurakios
283:) was the
232:(possibly
76:newspapers
1578:Simeon II
1573:Boris III
1242:Presian I
1182:Kormisosh
1025:. Brill.
983:cite book
936:cite book
841:cite book
739:Fine 1991
500:, taking
426:Marcellae
404:Byzantine
366:covering
311:Biography
299:and from
277:Bulgarian
257:Bulgarian
193:814-04-13
173:Successor
1515:Ottomans
1355:Peter II
1267:Boris II
1257:Simeon I
1252:Vladimir
1105:803–814
1000:(1991).
952:(1991).
896:Belleten
835:. Sofia.
645:See also
602:Eastern
532:attacked
430:Karnobat
380:Bulgaria
326:Pannonia
289:Bulgaria
245:Tengrism
241:Religion
1554:Kingdom
1524:Fruzhin
1444:Ivan II
1439:Smilets
1365:Kaloyan
1328:Alusian
1321:Tihomir
1262:Peter I
1247:Boris I
1237:Malamir
1232:Omurtag
1217:Telerig
1167:Asparuh
1111:Omurtag
1044:(ed.).
920:Sources
656:Bulgars
612:Basil I
552:to the
544:and in
510:Nesebar
412:Serdica
316:Origins
303:to the
297:Dnieper
295:to the
216:Omurtag
205:Unknown
177:Omurtag
158:803–814
90:scholar
1424:Ivaylo
1277:Samuel
1222:Kardam
1192:Telets
1172:Tervel
1094:Kardam
1029:
1008:
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639:Novels
618:Legacy
604:Thrace
599:Romans
591:Kavhan
502:Develt
498:Thrace
442:Pliska
438:Moesia
428:(near
408:Struma
396:nobles
372:Danube
330:Kubrat
322:Bulgar
293:Danube
202:Spouse
167:Kardam
92:
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78:
71:
65:"Krum"
63:
1449:Chaka
1370:Boril
1272:Roman
1212:Pagan
1207:Toktu
1197:Sabin
1187:Vineh
1177:Sevar
1083:39–47
686:korum
680:kurum
675:Kroum
478:skull
360:Ongal
356:Avars
334:Kuber
301:Odrin
265:Greek
225:House
219:Budim
211:Issue
155:Reign
97:JSTOR
83:books
1227:Krum
1202:Umor
1027:ISBN
1006:ISBN
989:link
960:ISBN
942:link
847:link
803:ISBN
713:Krum
584:The
378:and
285:Khan
261:Крум
253:Krum
234:Dulo
187:Died
131:Krum
69:news
801:".
683:or
632:law
287:of
52:by
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