173:
153:
252:
that the
Byzantines "fled to their ships" after their defeat, having lost 4,000 men killed and 1,000 captured. A substantial booty was also recovered. The ultimate fate of Adelchis is unknown. He disappears from the historical record after his defeat.
104:
Byzantine and
Frankish sources agree that the cause of the war was the canceling of the engagement between Charlemagne's daughter Rotrude and Constantine VI. They disagree on the initiative for the cancelation, with Theophanes crediting Irene and the
228:. His elder brother Romuald and his father died suddenly within weeks of each other in 788. Charlemagne released Grimoald on the promise that Frankish overlordship would be recognized in Benevento, including on charters and coins.
196:
In the words of
Theophanes, the purpose of the expedition was "to hold off Charles—if they could—and to detach some men from him." In addition to sending an expeditionary force, Irene ordered Theodore, the governor of
143:
in 774. He continued to be recognised as the legitimate king by the
Byzantine government. Had the expedition been successful, he would have been restored to rule in Italy under a Byzantine protectorate.
244:
credits victory to the Franks and
Lombards. Theophanes describes John as the commander "defeated by the Franks". He was captured in battle and "put to a cruel death". In a letter dated 790,
224:, "to oversee everything they did". The Frankish force was probably small. The actual commander was Grimoald. He had been a hostage of Charlemagne for the good behaviour of his father,
89:, the expedition probably took place no earlier than December 788, since the definitive rupture in Franco-Byzantine relations occurred in October 788 and Constantine VI's marriage to
588:
Borri, Francesco (2021a). "Troubled Times: Narrating
Conquest and Defiance between Charlemagne and Bernard (774–818)". In Christopher Heath; Robert Houghton (eds.).
256:
Following the battle, there is no recorded diplomatic contact between the two powers until
Constantine VI sent the strategos of Sicily, Niketas, on an embassy to
953:
260:
in 797. It probably dealt with the release of prisoners. One of these captives, not released at that time, was
Sisinnios, elder brother of Patriarch
948:
597:
Borri, Francesco (2021b). "The Duke of Istria, the Roman Past and the
Frankish Present". In Thomas J. MacMaster; Nicholas S. M. Matheou (eds.).
172:
660:
Fabbro, Eduard (2021). "Constructing the Enemy: Byzantium in Paul the Deacon". In Thomas J. MacMaster; Nicholas S. M. Matheou (eds.).
132:
113:
accepts the
Frankish account, which makes the Byzantine expedition into retaliation for Charlemagne cancelling the marriage alliance.
958:
684:
L'Italie meridionale et l'empire byzantin depuis l'avènement de Basile I jusqu'à la prise de Bari par les Normands (867–1071)
81:, which began on 1 September 788 and ended 31 August 789. Scholars generally date the invasion to 788 in accordance with the
860:
West, G. V. B. (2003). "Charlemagne's Involvement in Central and Southern Italy: Power and the Limits of Authority".
653:
The Life of the Patriarch Tarasios by Ignatios Deacon (BHG1698): Introduction, Edition, Translation and Commentary
815:Études sur l'histoire des principautés lombardes de l'Italie méridionale et de leurs rapports avec l'empire Franc
97:
believes the expedition landed in Italy in November 788, timed "to come just after" Constantine's marriage.
696:
140:
963:
729:
261:
205:
37:
201:, to provide support to the invasion. Theophanes says that Theodore was "with them" at the battle.
74:
933:
21:
662:
Italy and the East Roman World in the Medieval Mediterranean Empire: Cities and Elites, 476–1204
599:
Italy and the East Roman World in the Medieval Mediterranean Empire: Cities and Elites, 476–1204
669:
249:
209:
135:. Adelchis, called Theodotos by Theophanes, had been co-king of the Lombards with his father
69:
164:
of Benevento with Grimoald's effigy and Charlemagne's name (DOMS CAR RX = Lord King Charles)
43:
The cause of the war was the breakdown in 788 of the proposed marriage between the Emperor
852:
The Chronicle of Theophanes: An English Translation of Anni Mundi 6095–6305 (A.D. 602–813)
59:. Following the war, relations between the two empires were not re-established until 797.
8:
893:
86:
769:
824:
237:
78:
36:, was defeated in a major battle by a combined force of Lombards and Franks under Duke
703:. Vol. 1: The Early Middle Ages (5th–10th Centuries). Cambridge University Press.
850:
809:
909:
869:
846:
834:
759:
Marazzi, Federico (2021). "Byzantines and Lombards". In Salvatore Cosentino (ed.).
607:
94:
17:
813:
779:
692:
682:
623:
48:
152:
736:. Vol. VIII, Book IX. The Frankish Empire, 774–814. Russell & Russell.
245:
198:
160:
90:
44:
33:
927:
881:
717:
639:
110:
98:
873:
800:
Noyé, Ghislaine (2021). "Byzantine Calabria". In Salvatore Cosentino (ed.).
943:
938:
236:
The Byzantines landed in Calabria and marched towards the border with the
627:
123:
56:
914:
897:
454:
225:
136:
826:
Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories
674:
La dominazione bizantina nell'Italia meridionale dal IX all'XI secolo
421:
752:
Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
268:, in 798, after Constantine's death, Irene negotiated his release.
180:
128:
29:
184:
of Frankish type bearing the monograms of Grimoald and Charlemagne
240:. The main battle took place in Calabria, near the frontier. The
217:
190:
Coins from the period of Grimoald III's submission to the Franks.
52:
25:
793:
The Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State, 680–825
539:
537:
444:
442:
886:
Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society, 400–1000
522:
466:
344:
342:
257:
213:
121:
The Byzantine expeditionary force was under the command of the
712:. Translated by Giuseppe Albertoni. Arnoldo Mondadori Editore.
73:, "there was war between the Greeks and the Lombards" in 788.
534:
439:
354:
566:
564:
339:
310:
308:
306:
304:
302:
131:. John was a eunuch who had commanded the army against the
485:
483:
481:
606:
Brown, Thomas S. (2019). "Byzantine Italy (680–876)". In
561:
510:
500:
498:
299:
478:
427:
395:
329:
327:
325:
323:
289:
287:
285:
283:
281:
898:"The Date of the Creation of the Theme of Peloponnese"
632:
Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era, c. 680–850: A History
385:
383:
381:
366:
549:
495:
320:
278:
378:
93:in November, and no later than the spring of 789.
20:invaded southern Italy in an effort to detach the
691:
590:Conflict and Violence in Medieval Italy, 568–1154
528:
472:
460:
925:
618:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 433–464.
612:The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire,
592:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 117–147.
77:places the conflict under the year 6281 of the
622:
543:
448:
348:
722:Women in Purple: Rulers of Medieval Byzantium
116:
668:
784:King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne
650:
570:
32:. The expeditionary army, supported by the
845:
314:
913:
833:
808:
707:
489:
401:
372:
47:, still under the regency of his mother,
954:Battles involving the Carolingian Empire
892:
433:
360:
880:
758:
728:
638:
413:
333:
231:
28:domination and restore the exiled king
949:Battles involving the Byzantine Empire
926:
822:
778:
767:
749:
716:
710:Carlo Magno: Il signore dell'Occidente
659:
596:
587:
555:
516:
504:
417:
389:
293:
823:Scholz, Bernhard Walter, ed. (1970).
790:
651:Efthymiadis, Stephanos, ed. (2016) .
605:
133:Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor in 781
859:
799:
740:
248:, Charlemagne's confidant, wrote to
55:, the daughter of the Frankish king
855:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
795:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
754:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
680:
13:
14:
975:
420:, pp. 302–303, call John a
171:
151:
829:. University of Michigan Press.
580:
959:Battles involving the Lombards
839:The Byzantine Revival, 780–842
802:A Companion to Byzantine Italy
761:A Companion to Byzantine Italy
601:. Routledge. pp. 234–244.
407:
220:was sent, in the words of the
204:The Lombards were led by Duke
16:In late 788 or early 789, the
1:
724:. Princeton University Press.
634:. Cambridge University Press.
529:Grierson & Blackburn 1986
473:Grierson & Blackburn 1986
461:Grierson & Blackburn 1986
841:. Stanford University Press.
791:Noble, Thomas F. X. (1984).
664:. Routledge. pp. 70–94.
7:
708:Hägermann, Dieter (2011) .
127:John and the Lombard exile
109:Charlemagne. The historian
10:
980:
804:. Brill. pp. 434–452.
763:. Brill. pp. 169–199.
544:Brubaker & Haldon 2011
449:Brubaker & Haldon 2011
349:Brubaker & Haldon 2011
262:Tarasios of Constantinople
117:Commanders and contingents
701:Medieval European Coinage
206:Grimoald III of Benevento
38:Grimoald III of Benevento
768:Minois, Georges (2014).
750:Kreutz, Barbara (1991).
271:
75:Theophanes the Confessor
874:10.1111/1468-0254.00052
141:conquest of the kingdom
139:prior to Charlemagne's
62:
22:kingdom of the Lombards
734:Italy and Her Invaders
670:Falkenhausen, Vera von
862:Early Medieval Europe
676:. Ecumenica Editrice.
463:, p. 68–70, 576.
363:, p. 152, n. 56.
250:Colcu of Clonmacnoise
210:Hildeprand of Spoleto
70:Royal Frankish Annals
741:King, P. D. (1986).
687:. Albert Fontemoing.
232:Battle and aftermath
67:In the words of the
915:10.12681/byzsym.863
902:Byzantina Symmeikta
681:Gay, Jules (1904).
519:, pp. 302–303.
158:Traditional golden
964:Duchy of Benevento
818:. Honoré Champion.
416:, p. 72, and
238:Duchy of Benevento
212:. A contingent of
101:places it in 789.
79:Byzantine calendar
847:Turtledove, Harry
835:Treadgold, Warren
971:
919:
917:
889:
877:
856:
842:
830:
819:
805:
796:
787:
780:Nelson, Janet L.
775:
764:
755:
746:
737:
725:
713:
704:
693:Grierson, Philip
688:
677:
665:
656:
647:
635:
624:Brubaker, Leslie
619:
608:Jonathan Shepard
602:
593:
574:
571:Efthymiadis 2016
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559:
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541:
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393:
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364:
358:
352:
346:
337:
331:
318:
312:
297:
291:
264:. According the
175:
155:
95:Warren Treadgold
18:Byzantine Empire
979:
978:
974:
973:
972:
970:
969:
968:
924:
923:
922:
894:Živković, Tibor
810:Poupardin, René
730:Hodgkin, Thomas
697:Blackburn, Mark
628:Haldon, John F.
583:
578:
577:
569:
562:
554:
550:
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371:
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359:
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347:
340:
332:
321:
315:Turtledove 1982
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279:
274:
234:
194:
193:
192:
191:
187:
186:
185:
176:
167:
166:
165:
156:
119:
85:. According to
65:
12:
11:
5:
977:
967:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
934:780s conflicts
921:
920:
890:
882:Wickham, Chris
878:
868:(3): 341–367.
857:
843:
831:
820:
806:
797:
788:
776:
765:
756:
747:
738:
726:
718:Herrin, Judith
714:
705:
689:
678:
666:
657:
648:
640:Collins, Roger
636:
620:
603:
594:
584:
582:
579:
576:
575:
560:
558:, p. 114.
548:
546:, p. 259.
533:
521:
509:
507:, p. 241.
494:
490:Treadgold 1988
477:
465:
453:
451:, p. 258.
438:
436:, p. 152.
426:
406:
404:, p. 156.
402:Hägermann 2011
394:
377:
373:Treadgold 1988
365:
353:
351:, p. 173.
338:
319:
317:, p. 148.
298:
296:, p. 240.
276:
275:
273:
270:
246:Alcuin of York
233:
230:
189:
188:
177:
170:
169:
168:
157:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
118:
115:
91:Maria of Amnia
87:Tibor Živković
64:
61:
45:Constantine VI
34:Sicilian theme
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
976:
965:
962:
960:
957:
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731:
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723:
719:
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686:
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671:
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663:
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641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
600:
595:
591:
586:
585:
573:, p. 10.
572:
567:
565:
557:
552:
545:
540:
538:
531:, p. 58.
530:
525:
518:
513:
506:
501:
499:
492:, p. 92.
491:
486:
484:
482:
475:, p. 67.
474:
469:
462:
457:
450:
445:
443:
435:
434:Živković 1999
430:
423:
419:
415:
410:
403:
398:
392:, p. 91.
391:
386:
384:
382:
375:, p. 91.
374:
369:
362:
361:Živković 1999
357:
350:
345:
343:
336:, p. 72.
335:
330:
328:
326:
324:
316:
311:
309:
307:
305:
303:
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183:
182:
174:
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142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:
114:
112:
111:Roger Collins
108:
102:
100:
99:Judith Herrin
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
905:
901:
888:. Macmillan.
885:
865:
861:
851:
838:
825:
814:
801:
792:
783:
770:
760:
751:
742:
733:
721:
709:
700:
683:
673:
661:
655:. Routledge.
652:
646:. Macmillan.
643:
631:
615:
611:
598:
589:
581:Bibliography
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524:
512:
468:
456:
429:
414:Collins 1998
409:
397:
368:
356:
334:Collins 1998
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255:
241:
235:
221:
203:
195:
179:
159:
122:
120:
107:Royal Annals
106:
103:
82:
68:
66:
42:
15:
908:: 141–155.
771:Charlemagne
743:Charlemagne
644:Charlemagne
556:Herrin 2001
517:Minois 2014
505:Nelson 2019
418:Minois 2014
390:Herrin 2001
294:Nelson 2019
124:sakellarios
57:Charlemagne
928:Categories
786:. Penguin.
745:. Methuen.
616:. 500–1492
226:Arechis II
137:Desiderius
774:. Perrin.
732:(1967) .
422:logothete
208:and Duke
24:from the
896:(1999).
884:(1981).
849:(1982).
837:(1988).
812:(1907).
782:(2019).
720:(2001).
699:(1986).
672:(1978).
642:(1998).
630:(2011).
181:denarius
129:Adelchis
30:Adelchis
26:Frankish
610:(ed.).
218:Winigis
178:Silver
161:solidus
53:Rotrude
266:Annals
258:Aachen
242:Annals
222:Annals
216:under
214:Franks
199:Sicily
83:Annals
51:, and
272:Notes
49:Irene
63:Date
944:789
939:788
910:doi
870:doi
930::
906:13
904:.
900:.
864:.
695:;
626:;
563:^
536:^
497:^
480:^
441:^
380:^
341:^
322:^
301:^
280:^
40:.
918:.
912::
876:.
872::
866:8
614:c
424:.
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