1578:
5720:
83:
3471:
545:
5083:
4147:) to store matrices. The structure of the C array is well suited to this particular task. However, in early versions of C the bounds of the array must be known fixed values or else explicitly passed to any subroutine that requires them, and dynamically sized arrays of arrays cannot be accessed using double indexing. (A workaround for this was to allocate the array with an additional "row vector" of pointers to the columns.) C99 introduced "variable-length arrays" which address this issue.
5571:
10467:
8620:
5706:
3840:
4963:
3787:
10439:
4772:
both allocation and deallocation. The persistent nature of static objects is useful for maintaining state information across function calls, automatic allocation is easy to use but stack space is typically much more limited and transient than either static memory or heap space, and dynamic memory allocation allows convenient allocation of objects whose size is known only at run-time. Most C programs make extensive use of all three.
4087:); or they may be directly assigned an unsafe value using a cast, union, or through another corrupt pointer. In general, C is permissive in allowing manipulation of and conversion between pointer types, although compilers typically provide options for various levels of checking. Some other programming languages address these problems by using more restrictive
3961:. The run-time representation of a pointer value is typically a raw memory address (perhaps augmented by an offset-within-word field), but since a pointer's type includes the type of the thing pointed to, expressions including pointers can be type-checked at compile time. Pointer arithmetic is automatically scaled by the size of the pointed-to data type.
746:
4071:) point to objects of unspecified type, and can therefore be used as "generic" data pointers. Since the size and type of the pointed-to object is not known, void pointers cannot be dereferenced, nor is pointer arithmetic on them allowed, although they can easily be (and in many contexts implicitly are) converted to and from any other object pointer type.
4839:, which contains the prototypes of the functions contained within the library that may be used by a program, and declarations of special data types and macro symbols used with these functions. For a program to use a library, it must include the library's header file, and the library must be linked with the program, which in many cases requires
3023:
affected when C implementations started supporting these extensions to the programming language. Some standard headers do define more convenient synonyms for underscored identifiers. Some of those words were added as keywords with their conventional spelling in C23 and the corresponding macros were removed.
5216:
C has a very mature and broad ecosystem, including libraries, frameworks, open source compilers, debuggers and utilities, and is the de facto standard. It is likely the drivers already exist in C, or that there is a similar CPU architecture as a back-end of a C compiler, so there is reduced incentive
4818:
Conversely, it is possible for memory to be freed, but is referenced subsequently, leading to unpredictable results. Typically, the failure symptoms appear in a portion of the program unrelated to the code that causes the error, making it difficult to diagnose the failure. Such issues are ameliorated
5263:
by implementations of other languages. This approach may be used for portability or convenience; by using C as an intermediate language, additional machine-specific code generators are not necessary. C has some features, such as line-number preprocessor directives and optional superfluous commas at
4782:
for an example of dynamically allocated arrays.) Unlike automatic allocation, which can fail at run time with uncontrolled consequences, the dynamic allocation functions return an indication (in the form of a null pointer value) when the required storage cannot be allocated. (Static allocation that
4074:
Careless use of pointers is potentially dangerous. Because they are typically unchecked, a pointer variable can be made to point to any arbitrary location, which can cause undesirable effects. Although properly used pointers point to safe places, they can be made to point to unsafe places by using
4668:), an expression of array type is automatically converted to a pointer to the array's first element. This implies that an array is never copied as a whole when named as an argument to a function, but rather only the address of its first element is passed. Therefore, although function calls in C use
2065:
After the ANSI/ISO standardization process, the C language specification remained relatively static for several years. In 1995, Normative
Amendment 1 to the 1990 C standard (ISO/IEC 9899/AMD1:1995, known informally as C95) was published, to correct some details and to add more extensive support for
4810:
Heap memory allocation has to be synchronized with its actual usage in any program to be reused as much as possible. For example, if the only pointer to a heap memory allocation goes out of scope or has its value overwritten before it is deallocated explicitly, then that memory cannot be recovered
4775:
Where possible, automatic or static allocation is usually simplest because the storage is managed by the compiler, freeing the programmer of the potentially error-prone chore of manually allocating and releasing storage. However, many data structures can change in size at runtime, and since static
4771:
These three approaches are appropriate in different situations and have various trade-offs. For example, static memory allocation has little allocation overhead, automatic allocation may involve slightly more overhead, and dynamic memory allocation can potentially have a great deal of overhead for
3022:
Most of the recently reserved words begin with an underscore followed by a capital letter, because identifiers of that form were previously reserved by the C standard for use only by implementations. Since existing program source code should not have been using these identifiers, it would not be
2468:
Expressions can use a variety of built-in operators and may contain function calls. The order in which arguments to functions and operands to most operators are evaluated is unspecified. The evaluations may even be interleaved. However, all side effects (including storage to variables) will occur
3408:
to test for equality. The similarity between these two operators (assignment and equality) may result in the accidental use of one in place of the other, and in many cases, the mistake does not produce an error message (although some compilers produce warnings). For example, the conditional
2199:
The C11 standard adds numerous new features to C and the library, including type generic macros, anonymous structures, improved
Unicode support, atomic operations, multi-threading, and bounds-checked functions. It also makes some portions of the existing C99 library optional, and improves
5443:
The use of pointers and the run-time manipulation of these means there may be two ways to access the same data (aliasing), which is not determinable at compile time. This means that some optimisations that may be available to other languages are not possible in C. FORTRAN is considered
3936:
allow for efficient code to be generated, but can sometimes produce unexpected results. For example, a comparison of signed and unsigned integers of equal width requires a conversion of the signed value to unsigned. This can generate unexpected results if the signed value is negative.
4794:
Unless otherwise specified, static objects contain zero or null pointer values upon program startup. Automatically and dynamically allocated objects are initialized only if an initial value is explicitly specified; otherwise they initially have indeterminate values (typically, whatever
2195:
In 2007 work began on another revision of the C standard, informally called "C1X" until its official publication of ISO/IEC 9899:2011 on 2011-12-08. The C standards committee adopted guidelines to limit the adoption of new features that had not been tested by existing implementations.
5027:. A common practice is to use Lint to detect questionable code when a program is first written. Once a program passes Lint, it is then compiled using the C compiler. Also, many compilers can optionally warn about syntactically valid constructs that are likely to actually be errors.
4108:
types in C are traditionally of a fixed, static size specified at compile time. The more recent C99 standard also allows a form of variable-length arrays. However, it is also possible to allocate a block of memory (of arbitrary size) at run-time, using the standard library's
2498:: "C, like any other language, has its blemishes. Some of the operators have the wrong precedence; some parts of the syntax could be better." The C standard did not attempt to correct many of these blemishes, because of the impact of such changes on already existing software.
979:
indexing is a secondary notation, defined in terms of pointer arithmetic. Whole arrays cannot be assigned or compared using a single built-in operator. There is no "array" keyword in use or definition; instead, square brackets indicate arrays syntactically, for example
2262:
C2Y is a temporary informal name for the next major C language standard revision, after C23 (C2X), that is hoped to be released later in the 2020s decade, hence the '2' in "C2Y". An early working draft of C2Y was released in
February 2024 as N3220 by the working group
1882:
were not performed, although some compilers would issue a warning message if a local function was called with the wrong number of arguments, or if different calls to an external function used different numbers or types of arguments. Separate tools such as Unix's
4776:
allocations (and automatic allocations before C99) must have a fixed size at compile-time, there are many situations in which dynamic allocation is necessary. Prior to the C99 standard, variable-sized arrays were a common example of this. (See the article on
5226:
C enables programmers to create efficient implementations of algorithms and data structures, because the layer of abstraction from hardware is thin, and its overhead is low, an important criterion for computationally intensive programs. For example, the
3911:
C is often used in low-level systems programming where escapes from the type system may be necessary. The compiler attempts to ensure type correctness of most expressions, but the programmer can override the checks in various ways, either by using a
1465:. Pointers, the ability to generate pointers to other types, arrays of all types, and types to be returned from functions were all also added. Arrays within expressions became pointers. A new compiler was written, and the language was renamed C.
2245:
C23 is the informal name for the next (after C17) major C language standard revision. It was informally known as "C2X" through most of its development. C23 is expected to be published in early 2024 as ISO/IEC 9899:2024. The standard macro
5777:
The original example code will compile on most modern compilers that are not in strict standard compliance mode, but it does not fully conform to the requirements of either C89 or C99. In fact, C99 requires that a diagnostic message be
5364:, are both written in C. These web servers interact with the operating system, listen on TCP ports for HTTP requests, and then serve up static web content, or cause the execution of other languages handling to 'render' content such as
2046:
with a conforming C implementation, within its resource limits. Without such precautions, programs may compile only on a certain platform or with a particular compiler, due, for example, to the use of non-standard libraries, such as
2222:
Published in June 2018 as ISO/IEC 9899:2018, C17 is the current standard for the C programming language. It introduces no new language features, only technical corrections, and clarifications to defects in C11. The standard macro
4707:. Note, that if only a pointer to the first element is available as it is often the case in C code because of the automatic conversion described above, the information about the full type of the array and its length are lost.
1749:/* Another function declaration. Because this is an early version of C, there is an implicit 'int' type here. A comment shows where the explicit 'int' type specifier would be required in later versions. */
4803:, which might not even represent a valid value for that type). If the program attempts to access an uninitialized value, the results are undefined. Many modern compilers try to detect and warn about this problem, but both
4150:
The following example using modern C (C99 or later) shows allocation of a two-dimensional array on the heap and the use of multi-dimensional array indexing for accesses (which can use bounds-checking on many C compilers):
7522:
4929:. A stream is from this perspective a data flow that is independent of devices, while a file is a concrete device. The high-level I/O is done through the association of a stream to a file. In the C standard library, a
3621:
can be located using a search strategy that prefers headers provided with the compiler to other headers having the same name, as opposed to double quotes which typically include local or project-specific header files.
1761:/* This is a function definition, including the body of the code following in the { curly brackets }. Because no return type is specified, the function implicitly returns an 'int' in this early version of C. */
4866:
may provide only a subset of the standard library). This library supports stream input and output, memory allocation, mathematics, character strings, and time values. Several separate standard headers (for example,
6405:
1983:(ANSI) formed a committee, X3J11, to establish a standard specification of C. X3J11 based the C standard on the Unix implementation; however, the non-portable portion of the Unix C library was handed off to the
5145:
The language supports a rich set of operators, including bit manipulation, for integer arithmetic and logic, and perhaps different sizes of floating point numbers – it can process appropriately-structured data
2473:"; sequence points include the end of each expression statement, and the entry to and return from each function call. Sequence points also occur during evaluation of expressions containing certain operators (
1709:" to which C programmers restricted themselves when maximum portability was desired, since many older compilers were still in use, and because carefully written K&R C code can be legal Standard C as well.
5015:
A number of tools have been developed to help C programmers find and fix statements with undefined behavior or possibly erroneous expressions, with greater rigor than that provided by the compiler. The tool
2314:
specified by the C standard. Line endings are generally not significant in C; however, line boundaries do have significance during the preprocessing phase. Comments may appear either between the delimiters
5432:
Since the code generated by the compiler contains few checks itself, there is a burden on the programmer to consider all possible outcomes, to protect against buffer overruns, array bounds checking,
5135:
With its rich set of operators, the C language can use many of the features of target CPUs. Where a particular CPU has more esoteric instructions, a language variant can be constructed with perhaps
646:. It was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system. During the 1980s, C gradually gained popularity. It has become one of the most widely used programming languages, with C
5671:: syntax that involves preprocessing, expressions, function declarations, and function calls is inherited from C, while the syntax for object-oriented features was originally taken from Smalltalk.
967:) allow related data elements to be accessed and assigned as a unit. The contents of whole structs cannot be compared using a single built-in operator (the elements must be compared individually).
4139:
within the type system to declare arrays of arrays, which effectively accomplishes the same thing. The index values of the resulting "multi-dimensional array" can be thought of as increasing in
2491:). This permits a high degree of object code optimization by the compiler, but requires C programmers to take more care to obtain reliable results than is needed for other programming languages.
2042:
C89 is supported by current C compilers, and most modern C code is based on it. Any program written only in
Standard C and without any hardware-dependent assumptions will run correctly on any
1100:
The generated code after compilation has relatively straightforward needs on the underlying platform, which makes it suitable for creating operating systems and for use in embedded systems.
5474:
conventions; different byte ordering within larger integers (including endianness). In many language implementations, some of these options may be handled with the preprocessor directive
5142:
The language makes it easy to overlay structures onto blocks of binary data, allowing the data to be comprehended, navigated and modified – it can write data structures, even file systems.
2292:
extending the C language to address these issues by providing a common standard for all implementations to adhere to. It includes a number of features not available in normal C, such as
5152:
C has direct control over memory allocation and deallocation, which gives reasonable efficiency and predictable timing to memory-handling operations, without any concerns for sporadic
1507:
5213:
and linker structures are commonly used in conjunction with other high-level languages, with calls both to C and from C supported – it interoperates well with other high-level code.
1437:
compiler to facilitate porting to new machines. However, few utilities were ultimately written in B because it was too slow and could not take advantage of PDP-11 features such as
2433:
can be used within the loop. Break is used to leave the innermost enclosing loop statement and continue is used to skip to its reinitialisation. There is also a non-structured
1946:, together with the language popularity and the fact that not even the Unix compilers precisely implemented the K&R specification, led to the necessity of standardization.
7514:
4921:
File input and output (I/O) is not part of the C language itself but instead is handled by libraries (such as the C standard library) and their associated header files (e.g.
8658:
4933:(a memory area or queue) is temporarily used to store data before it is sent to the final destination. This reduces the time spent waiting for slower devices, for example a
6403:
5911:: "The scheme of type composition adopted by C owes considerable debt to Algol 68, although it did not, perhaps, emerge in a form that Algol's adherents would approve of."
4897:
Since many programs have been written in C, there are a wide variety of other libraries available. Libraries are often written in C because C compilers generate efficient
7272:
7462:
2039:
for parameter declarations was augmented to include the style used in C++, the K&R interface continued to be permitted, for compatibility with existing source code.
2008:
ANSI, like other national standards bodies, no longer develops the C standard independently, but defers to the international C standard, maintained by the working group
7374:
5414:
The use of pointers and the direct manipulation of memory means corruption of memory is possible, perhaps due to programmer error, or insufficient checking of bad data.
6217:
2062:
macro can be used to split the code into
Standard and K&R sections to prevent the use on a K&R C-based compiler of features available only in Standard C.
7675:
Languages and compilers for parallel computing : 16th international workshop, LCPC 2003, College
Station, TX, USA, October 2–4, 2003 : revised papers
2019:
of K&R C, incorporating many of the subsequently introduced unofficial features. The standards committee also included several additional features such as
3918:
to explicitly convert a value from one type to another, or by using pointers or unions to reinterpret the underlying bits of a data object in some other way.
1457:
kernel, and his requirements shaped the direction of the language development. Through to 1972, richer types were added to the NB language: NB had arrays of
7582:
5562:
that can mitigate against some of the drawbacks. Contemporary C compilers include checks which may generate warnings to help identify many potential bugs.
4941:. Low-level I/O functions are not part of the standard C library but are generally part of "bare metal" programming (programming that is independent of any
4124:
as an option. Array bounds violations are therefore possible and can lead to various repercussions, including illegal memory accesses, corruption of data,
2636:
C89 has 32 reserved words, also known as keywords, which are the words that cannot be used for any purposes other than those for which they are predefined:
2134:
C99 is for the most part backward compatible with C90, but is stricter in some ways; in particular, a declaration that lacks a type specifier no longer has
1449:
In 1971 Ritchie started to improve B, to use the features of the more-powerful PDP-11. A significant addition was a character data type. He called this
6023:
5149:
C is a fairly small language, with only a handful of statements, and without too many features that generate extensive target code – it is comprehensible.
10531:
7303:
599:
and remains very widely used and influential. By design, C's features cleanly reflect the capabilities of the targeted CPUs. It has found lasting use in
5340:
because of its speed, stability, and near-universal availability. It is no longer common practice for web development to be done in C, and many other
5128:
The C language statements and expressions typically map well on to sequences of instructions for the target processor, and consequently there is a low
4040:, or as an error indication from functions returning pointers. In appropriate contexts in source code, such as for assigning to a pointer variable, a
5924:
1890:
In the years following the publication of K&R C, several features were added to the language, supported by compilers from AT&T (in particular
10130:
8651:
5967:
5596:. The most pervasive influence has been syntactical; all of the languages mentioned combine the statement and (more or less recognizably) expression
1984:
8147:
5368:, which is itself primarily written in C. C's close-to-the-metal approach allows for the construction of these high-performance software systems.
5264:
the end of initializer lists, that support compilation of generated code. However, some of C's shortcomings have prompted the development of other
1994:
standard. In 1989, the C standard was ratified as ANSI X3.159-1989 "Programming
Language C". This version of the language is often referred to as
5649:
functionality with a C-like syntax. C++ adds greater typing strength, scoping, and other tools useful in object-oriented programming, and permits
4835:
as its primary method of extension. In C, a library is a set of functions contained within a single "archive" file. Each library typically has a
10536:
10171:
5506:
can hide troubling effects such as double evaluation and worse. This facility for tricky code has been celebrated with competitions such as the
2397:
new values. To modify the normal sequential execution of statements, C provides several control-flow statements identified by reserved keywords.
2080:
The C standard was further revised in the late 1990s, leading to the publication of ISO/IEC 9899:1999 in 1999, which is commonly referred to as "
2358:, or assign types to and perhaps reserve storage for new variables, usually by writing the type followed by the variable name. Keywords such as
1423:. The official description of BCPL was not available at the time, and Thompson modified the syntax to be less wordy and similar to a simplified
10526:
2002:
669:
9331:
6093:
4452:// Caution: checks should be made to ensure N*M*sizeof(float) does NOT exceed limitations for auto VLAs and is within available size of stack.
6594:
5034:
There are also compilers, libraries, and operating system level mechanisms for performing actions that are not a standard part of C, such as
2579:
Newline indicates the end of a text line; it need not correspond to an actual single character, although for convenience C treats it as one.
5667:
of C that permits object-oriented programming using a hybrid dynamic/static typing paradigm. Objective-C derives its syntax from both C and
10137:
8644:
5873:: "Thompson had made a brief attempt to produce a system coded in an early version of C—before structures—in 1972, but gave up the effort."
3736:, but it is silently discarded since it is not used. (A more careful program might test the return value to determine whether or not the
6655:
6627:
6499:
6120:
2005:(ISO) as ISO/IEC 9899:1990, which is sometimes called C90. Therefore, the terms "C89" and "C90" refer to the same programming language.
10455:
9717:
8093:
6777:
6679:
9954:
9326:
7618:
3957:
to access data stored at the address pointed to, or to invoke a pointed-to function. Pointers can be manipulated using assignment or
10521:
10516:
10511:
10097:
5228:
4980:
3804:
673:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9346:
9341:
9336:
8924:
9351:
7173:
7431:
10460:
5748:
5508:
2374:, sometimes called "curly brackets") to limit the scope of declarations and to act as a single statement for control structures.
359:
7211:
10541:
10501:
7264:
7242:
6177:
5583:
5265:
3643:
indicates that the value that is returned to the invoker (in this case the run-time environment) as a result of evaluating the
1716:
must be declared if used before the function definition; functions used without prior declaration were presumed to return type
1129:
426:
7454:
10450:
7492:
7397:
7366:
7044:
7014:
6915:
6851:
6725:
6447:
6367:
5990:
5753:
5626:
were two different extensions of C that provided object-oriented capabilities. Both languages were originally implemented as
5051:
4820:
1980:
1706:
1109:
665:
3988:
objects linked together using pointers. Pointers to other pointers are often used in multi-dimensional arrays and arrays of
730:
in mind can be compiled for a wide variety of computer platforms and operating systems with few changes to its source code.
8140:
6474:
5725:
5336:(CGI) as a "gateway" for information between the web application, the server, and the browser. C may have been chosen over
3492:, has become the model for an introductory program in most programming textbooks. The program prints "hello, world" to the
1887:
utility were developed that (among other things) could check for consistency of function use across multiple source files.
592:
6818:
6316:
5411:
is error prone. Bugs include: Memory leaks when memory is allocated but not freed; and access to previously freed memory.
2281:
Historically, embedded C programming requires nonstandard extensions to the C language to support exotic features such as
10191:
10164:
7808:
5743:
315:
103:
6983:
2012:/WG14. National adoption of an update to the international standard typically occurs within a year of ISO publication.
8667:
8460:
8051:
8032:
8013:
7994:
7968:
7942:
7916:
7890:
7682:
7649:
7149:
6209:
5456:
5129:
2737:
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2618:
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libraries, or to a reliance on compiler- or platform-specific attributes such as the exact size of data types and byte
1615:
835:
723:
7343:
5462:
There is limited standardisation in support for low-level variants in generated code, for example: different function
4901:; programmers then create interfaces to the library so that the routines can be used from higher-level languages like
2425:
statement has separate initialization, testing, and reinitialization expressions, any or all of which can be omitted.
2342:
C source files contain declarations and function definitions. Function definitions, in turn, contain declarations and
10491:
10196:
8624:
7861:
7824:
7093:
6561:
6531:
5855:
5023:
Automated source code checking and auditing are beneficial in any language, and for C many such tools exist, such as
5002:
3826:
3776:
3767:
statement was required.) This is interpreted by the run-time system as an exit code indicating successful execution.
3271:
2758:
502:
10506:
10201:
5600:
with type systems, data models or large-scale program structures that differ from those of C, sometimes radically.
5243:
are completely or partially written in C. Many languages support calling library functions in C, for example, the
2453:
to be executed based on the value of an integer expression. Different from many other languages, control-flow will
1411:
Thompson wanted a programming language for developing utilities for the new platform. At first he tried to write a
784:
7571:
8441:
8350:
8133:
7717:
5118:) can be configured and used with code written in C – it allows fullest control of the platform it is running on.
3896:
3059:
2798:
2166:
1908:
1878:
Since K&R function declarations did not include any information about function arguments, function parameter
963:
6150:
4727:
4036:. Null pointer values are useful for indicating special cases such as no "next" pointer in the final node of a
10470:
10402:
10275:
10157:
9222:
8559:
6015:
5178:
4984:
3946:
3887:
3808:
3483:
3365:
3341:
2386:
2335:
do not nest, and these sequences of characters are not interpreted as comment delimiters if they appear inside
1219:
1139:
1018:
792:
707:
450:
366:
67:
7295:
4032:
explicitly points to no valid location. Dereferencing a null pointer value is undefined, often resulting in a
1495:
was extensively re-implemented in C. By this time, the C language had acquired some powerful features such as
199:
10445:
10423:
10377:
10350:
10325:
10285:
9658:
9518:
6390:
5930:. The Research School of Computer Science at the Australian National University. June 3, 2010. Archived from
5305:
5244:
4910:
4593:// no need to free(p) since it will disappear when the function exits, along with the rest of the stack frame
3863:
3105:
3063:
2824:
2777:
2394:
1921:
1191:
898:
506:
1875:
type specifiers which are commented out could be omitted in K&R C, but are required in later standards.
10496:
10417:
10320:
10290:
8579:
8531:
5931:
5733:
5654:
5467:
4862:
standards and comes with every C implementation (implementations which target limited environments such as
4719:
and the objects that are stored in memory. C provides three principal ways to allocate memory for objects:
4673:
4136:
4088:
3950:
2664:
2343:
1416:
1393:, incorporating several ideas from colleagues. Eventually, they decided to port the operating system to a
1203:
1171:
1167:
1024:
931:
864:
722:. Despite its low-level capabilities, the language was designed to encourage cross-platform programming. A
695:
482:
478:
5959:
4740:, and this space is automatically freed and reusable after the block in which they are declared is exited.
10392:
10387:
10330:
10310:
8888:
8589:
8574:
8280:
7578:
5711:
5646:
5615:
5593:
5552:
5377:
5313:
5281:
5162:
4902:
4733:
4015:
3631:
1737:/* This is a function declaration, so the compiler can know the name and return type of this function. */
1705:
Even after the publication of the 1989 ANSI standard, for many years K&R C was still considered the "
1415:
compiler, but he soon gave up the idea. Instead, he created a cut-down version of the recently developed
1199:
1195:
1155:
1105:
973:
is a structure with overlapping members; it allows multiple data types to share the same memory location.
522:
510:
498:
466:
174:
42:
6931:
Feuer, Alan R.; Gehani, Narain H. (March 1982). "Comparison of the
Programming Languages C and Pascal".
10335:
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10214:
8536:
8265:
6429:
6349:
5738:
3488:
3032:
2744:
2158:, however, implements the C89 standard and those parts of C99 that are required for compatibility with
2058:
In cases where code must be compilable by either standard-conforming or K&R C-based compilers, the
2032:
1606:
1175:
656:
534:
530:
486:
402:
89:
17:
2131:, as in BCPL or C++. Many of these had already been implemented as extensions in several C compilers.
10345:
10300:
9968:
9508:
8584:
8290:
8187:
8182:
8177:
6067:
5683:
5627:
5604:
5184:
4891:
4883:
4804:
4753:
4743:
3969:
3965:
3891:
3284:
2716:
2587:
2240:
2217:
2190:
1492:
1348:
1335:
1321:
1151:
1090:
997:
604:
462:
205:
180:
38:
5031:
is a proprietary set of guidelines to avoid such questionable code, developed for embedded systems.
4715:
One of the most important functions of a programming language is to provide facilities for managing
3066:
to specify the manipulations to be performed while evaluating that expression. C has operators for:
10382:
9495:
8962:
8564:
8275:
8223:
6293:(Note: The PDF is an OCR scan of the original, and contains a rendering of "IBM 370" as "IBM 310".)
6097:
5471:
5333:
5301:
4874:
Another common set of C library functions are those used by applications specifically targeted for
4723:
4019:
3926:
3901:
3255:
3053:
2582:
Additional multi-byte encoded characters may be used in string literals, but they are not entirely
2440:
2048:
1914:
1428:
1406:
1147:
1050:
635:
518:
458:
394:
6584:
6263:
4746:: blocks of memory of arbitrary size can be requested at run-time using library functions such as
4687:
to an expression of array type. The size of an element can be determined by applying the operator
1577:
9117:
8798:
8427:
8402:
5555:
attempt to count the ways C etc. has vulnerabilities, along with recommendations for mitigation.
5297:
5273:
5111:
4973:
4132:
3797:
2605:
The basic C execution character set contains the same characters, along with representations for
2590:) allows multi-national Unicode characters to be embedded portably within C source text by using
2147:
1550:
1527:
1510:
and also in recognition of the usefulness of the file-inclusion mechanisms available in BCPL and
1117:
1058:
811:
326:
1112:), these can be implemented or emulated, often through the use of external libraries (e.g., the
10251:
9949:
9550:
9203:
8445:
8387:
6258:
5426:
5380:
applications. However, such applications can also be written in newer, higher-level languages.
5232:
5206:, and may be called from assembly language – it interoperates well with other lower-level code.
5125:, and can be invoked from some boot code in a straightforward manner – it is simple to execute.
3855:
3249:
3092:
2454:
2398:
2293:
2282:
2155:
1005:
944:
924:
780:
760:
691:
687:
683:
680:
345:
237:
115:
111:
107:
7034:
2154:, and other C compilers now support many or all of the new features of C99. The C compiler in
619:
has been decreasing. C is commonly used on computer architectures that range from the largest
9807:
9295:
9089:
8893:
8086:
6841:
6644:
6616:
6503:
6500:"Rationale for American National Standard for Information Systems – Programming Language – C"
5883:
5800:
5548:
5514:
5341:
5260:
4413:
3999:
3981:
3867:
3707:
3605:
standard header, which contains declarations for standard input and output functions such as
3392:(used in mathematics to express equality) to indicate assignment, following the precedent of
2151:
2112:
2108:
1884:
1027:(subroutines not returning values) are a special case of function, with an empty return type
914:
651:
7119:
6770:
6672:
1072:
together, with control over which functions and data objects are visible to other files via
10180:
9977:
9789:
9672:
9616:
9527:
9453:
9415:
9236:
9180:
8971:
8688:
8407:
7608:
6713:
6435:
6355:
5499:
5437:
5337:
5188:
4946:
3728:
character, which on output signifies the end of the current line. The return value of the
3114:
2583:
2543:
1788:/* Again, note that 'int' is not required here. The 'int' type specifier */
1562:
819:
727:
616:
335:
98:
5399:
While C has been popular, influential and hugely successful, it has drawbacks, including:
4756:; these blocks persist until subsequently freed for reuse by calling the library function
4143:. Multi-dimensional arrays are commonly used in numerical algorithms (mainly from applied
3953:
that records the address or location of an object or function in memory. Pointers can be
1226:
with underlying type systems, data models, and semantics that can be radically different.
548:
8:
10256:
9388:
8422:
8417:
8379:
8270:
5758:
5650:
5638:
5463:
5210:
5091:
5058:
4832:
3672:
3433:
2548:
1891:
1640:
1566:
1094:
1065:
1039:
948:
322:
245:
144:
8079:
7423:
7181:
5539:
standard library functions have been used to implement a try-catch mechanism via macros.
4726:: space for the object is provided in the binary at compile-time; these objects have an
4116:
Since arrays are always accessed (in effect) via pointers, array accesses are typically
2621:
support for extended character sets has increased with each revision of the C standard.
1794:/* The 'register' keyword indicates to the compiler that this variable should */
1533:
Unix was one of the first operating system kernels implemented in a language other than
745:
9996:
9990:
9865:
9686:
9634:
9596:
9267:
9244:
9198:
9193:
9131:
8994:
8836:
8808:
8803:
8716:
8488:
8253:
8218:
7976:
6948:
6705:
6284:
6272:
6242:
5691:
5522:
5498:
There are few guards against inappropriate use of language features, which may lead to
5492:
5488:
using the standard library is code-intensive, with explicit memory management required.
5357:
5136:
4926:
4851:
4788:
4784:
4076:
4033:
3958:
2671:
2602:
denotes a hexadecimal character), although this feature is not yet widely implemented.
2043:
2028:
2020:
1961:
1943:
1558:
1215:
1069:
1035:
803:
699:
370:
264:
134:
8636:
5284:
that is not C, and those compilers support front ends for many languages including C.
2894:
C11 reserved seven more words: (‡ is an alternative spelling alias for a C23 keyword)
1960:
During the late 1970s and 1980s, versions of C were implemented for a wide variety of
1433:. He described B as "BCPL semantics with a lot of SMALGOL syntax". Like BCPL, B had a
10236:
9985:
9735:
9591:
9571:
9188:
8770:
8321:
8316:
8285:
8228:
8047:
8028:
8009:
7990:
7964:
7950:
7938:
7912:
7886:
7857:
7820:
7706:
7688:
7678:
7655:
7645:
7203:
7155:
7145:
7040:
7010:
6911:
6907:
6847:
6721:
6463:
6443:
6363:
6276:
6173:
5851:
5642:
5485:
5422:
5203:
5192:
5139:
to exploit those instructions – it can use practically all the target CPU's features.
5115:
5106:
The C language permits platform hardware and memory to be accessed with pointers and
5047:
4938:
4925:). File handling is generally implemented through high-level I/O which works through
4631:. Taking advantage of the compiler's knowledge of the pointer type, the address that
4100:
3879:
3866:. There are built-in types for integers of various sizes, both signed and unsigned,
3186:
2886:
2879:
2853:
C99 reserved five more words: (‡ is an alternative spelling alias for a C23 keyword)
2838:
2709:
2264:
2009:
1534:
1378:
1001:
871:
7234:
6288:
3635:
function serves a special purpose in C programs; the run-time environment calls the
1514:. Its original version provided only included files and simple string replacements:
10069:
9766:
9396:
8766:
7812:
7778:
7762:
7613:
6952:
6940:
6733:
6268:
5202:
Depending on the linker and environment, C code can also call libraries written in
5095:
4942:
4863:
4800:
4080:
3994:
3922:
3470:
3098:
3036:, which describes what became known as C89, Kernighan and Ritchie wrote, "The ...
2805:
2791:
2688:
2630:
2445:
2289:
1163:
1073:
859:
600:
568:
252:
7800:
7484:
6309:
A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the
Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986
5482:
calling convention. But the directive and options are not consistently supported.
2539:! " # % & ' ( ) * + , - . / : ; < = > ? ^ _ { | } ~
82:
10024:
9875:
9727:
9545:
9277:
9060:
8939:
8823:
8432:
8392:
8300:
8114:
8060:
7841:
7030:
6421:
6409:
6341:
5845:
5329:
5099:
5039:
5035:
5024:
5017:
4716:
4624:
4140:
4125:
4121:
4105:
3977:
3914:
3883:
3691:
3493:
3475:
3374:
2859:
2702:
2647:
2614:
2088:
1931:
1597:
1586:
1014:
987:
976:
788:
772:
711:
628:
624:
241:
122:
5960:"The name is based on, and pronounced like the letter C in the English alphabet"
4811:
for later reuse and is essentially lost to the program, a phenomenon known as a
3925:. (Ritchie's idea was to declare identifiers in contexts resembling their use: "
1618:
of the language. The version of C that it describes is commonly referred to as "
1614:
from the initials of its authors, the book served for many years as an informal
799:
is simulated in C by explicitly passing pointers to the thing being referenced.
9756:
9629:
9311:
9015:
8882:
8775:
8605:
8450:
8412:
8338:
8238:
7845:
7805:
The Second ACM SIGPLAN Conference on
History of Programming Languages (HOPL-II)
7746:
6814:
6425:
6345:
6307:
6246:
5947:
1980s: Verilog first introduced; Verilog inspired by the C programming language
5807:
to be supported, which is special treatment not afforded to any other function.
5503:
5433:
5425:, and the type checking can be trivially or inadvertently circumvented. It is
5196:
5154:
5122:
4662:
Furthermore, in most expression contexts (a notable exception is as operand of
4144:
4120:
checked against the underlying array size, although some compilers may provide
4011:
3706:
to know the length of the string).The NULL character can be also written as an
3699:
3684:
3358:
3086:
3040:, formerly reserved but never used, is no longer reserved." and "The stillborn
2606:
2488:
2470:
2390:
2336:
2311:
2120:
2104:
1934:(previously, preprocessor definitions for integer fixed values were used, e.g.
1601:
1590:
1503:
1485:
1469:
1397:. The original PDP-11 version of Unix was also developed in assembly language.
1386:
1046:
749:
719:
612:
608:
596:
351:
257:
127:
9137:
7924:
7898:
7067:
6979:
5578:
graph, showing a comparison of the popularity of various programming languages
4730:(or lifetime) as long as the binary which contains them is loaded into memory.
660:, co-authored by the original language designer, served for many years as the
10485:
10355:
10054:
9903:
9883:
9761:
9699:
9663:
9606:
9285:
9249:
9208:
9079:
9027:
9009:
8865:
8854:
8793:
8731:
8508:
8498:
8437:
7878:
7853:
7659:
7159:
6717:
6439:
6359:
6280:
5991:"After All These Years, the World is Still Powered by C Programming | Toptal"
5418:
5082:
5043:
4840:
4669:
3851:
3683:(provided with) a single argument, the address of the first character in the
3599:. This causes the compiler to replace that line with the entire text of the
3220:
2770:
2560:
2554:
2385:, consisting of an expression to be evaluated, followed by a semicolon; as a
1987:
1969:
1879:
1546:
1473:
1454:
1434:
1211:
940:
847:
620:
544:
10032:
7692:
7642:
Pillars of computing : a compendium of select, pivotal technology firms
7009:. Bangkok, Thailand: SE-EDUCATION PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED. pp. 225–230.
6467:
5300:
of other programming languages are often implemented in C. For example, the
1918:
types (previously only a single pointer, integer or float could be returned)
1214:(hardware description languages). These languages have drawn many of their
1134:
Many later languages have borrowed directly or indirectly from C, including
1104:
While C does not include certain features found in other languages (such as
829:
The language has a small, fixed number of keywords, including a full set of
10407:
10246:
10064:
9944:
9751:
9321:
9290:
9147:
8934:
8831:
8761:
8701:
8478:
8243:
8074:
7339:
6303:
5588:
C has both directly and indirectly influenced many later languages such as
5389:
the power of assembly language and the convenience of ... assembly language
5107:
4855:
4084:
4027:
3592:
3465:
3320:
2751:
1965:
1797:/* ideally be stored in a register as opposed to within the stack frame. */
1390:
1086:
830:
815:
753:
715:
340:
7816:
7767:
7750:
7144:(6th ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
6944:
6553:
6525:
5630:; source code was translated into C, and then compiled with a C compiler.
4871:) specify the interfaces for these and other standard library facilities.
4052:
macro defined by several standard headers or, since C23 with the constant
1218:
and other basic features from C. Most of them also express highly similar
733:
Since 2000, C has consistently ranked among the top four languages in the
294:
278:
10111:
9929:
9924:
9850:
9680:
9576:
9481:
9461:
9433:
9380:
9316:
9106:
8943:
8929:
8842:
8696:
8569:
8125:
6899:
5679:
5660:
5623:
5575:
5526:
5353:
5236:
4930:
4898:
4836:
4813:
4037:
3847:
3654:
The opening curly brace indicates the beginning of the definition of the
3080:
2001:
In 1990 the ANSI C standard (with formatting changes) was adopted by the
1222:
to C, and they tend to combine the recognizable expression and statement
1179:
1054:
920:
Functions may not be defined within the lexical scope of other functions.
768:
734:
454:
233:
228:
10149:
5653:
via templates. Nearly a superset of C, C++ now supports most of C, with
4464:// auto VLA is held on the stack, and sized when the function is invoked
4079:; the objects they point to may continue to be used after deallocation (
863:. User-defined names are not distinguished from keywords by any kind of
10315:
10116:
10106:
10014:
9934:
9691:
9581:
9438:
9171:
9050:
8756:
8213:
8192:
5570:
5551:, in an attempt to reduce the opportunity for bugs. Databases such as
4987: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4934:
4737:
3811: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3755:
function, unlike any other function, will implicitly return a value of
3262:
3070:
2845:
2566:
2276:
2052:
1569:
served as the basis for several implementations of C on new platforms.
1159:
1093:
manipulation, and mathematical functions are consistently delegated to
970:
853:
776:
470:
8082:, publicly available official C documents, including the C99 Rationale
7710:
5884:"N3221 – Editor's Report, Post January 2024 Strasbourg France Meeting"
3839:
10412:
9893:
9860:
9827:
9797:
9639:
9555:
9476:
9127:
9084:
9076:
9071:
9004:
8919:
8898:
8860:
8847:
8711:
6589:
6146:
5668:
5663:
was originally a very "thin" layer on top of C, and remains a strict
4879:
3980:
to the data type of the data to be stored. Many data types, such as
3651:
as a parameter list indicates that this function takes no arguments.
3207:
2831:
2610:
2092:
1899:
1523:
1522:
of parameterless macros. Soon after that, it was extended, mostly by
807:
664:
standard for the language. C has been standardized since 1989 by the
639:
145:
ISO/IEC JTC 1 (Joint Technical Committee 1) / SC 22 (Subcommittee 22)
7398:"After All These Years, the World is Still Powered by C Programming"
6795:
5705:
4962:
3968:
are commonly manipulated using pointers into arrays of characters.
3786:
2506:
The basic C source character set includes the following characters:
1712:
In early versions of C, only functions that return types other than
10006:
9888:
9842:
9822:
9812:
9709:
9644:
9586:
9466:
9443:
9428:
9259:
9156:
9141:
9121:
9112:
9037:
9022:
8785:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8706:
8513:
8503:
8483:
8328:
8295:
8233:
7544:
5664:
5597:
5530:
5293:
5062:
4643:
bytes, but rather is defined to be the base address incremented by
3074:
2866:
2723:
2305:
2116:
2036:
2016:
1646:
1274:
1223:
841:
703:
647:
642:
by Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 to construct utilities running on
406:
8120:
6530:. International Organization for Standardization. March 30, 1995.
6384:
5543:
For some purposes, restricted styles of C have been adopted, e.g.
5251:
uses C for the high-performance and hardware-interacting aspects.
2084:". It has since been amended three times by Technical Corrigenda.
2015:
One of the aims of the C standardization process was to produce a
1526:
and then by John Reiser, to incorporate macros with arguments and
10305:
10295:
10059:
9898:
9624:
9503:
9471:
8870:
8736:
8197:
6846:(3rd ed.). Otsego, MI: PageFree Publishing Inc. p. 20.
5803:. The ISO C standard (section 5.1.2.2.1) requires both forms of
5544:
5268:
specifically designed for use as intermediate languages, such as
5028:
4007:
3724:
3601:
3393:
2812:
2572:
2366:
specify built-in types. Sections of code are enclosed in braces (
2170:
2159:
1681:) to remove the semantic ambiguity created by constructs such as
1538:
1412:
1207:
1143:
1113:
955:
526:
438:
414:
374:
6980:"Security Features: Compile Time Buffer Checks (FORTIFY_SOURCE)"
4882:
systems, especially functions which provide an interface to the
1468:
The C compiler and some utilities made with it were included in
10372:
10340:
10224:
10087:
10079:
9939:
9855:
9817:
9601:
9535:
9423:
9045:
8989:
8979:
8948:
8914:
8468:
8365:
8360:
8167:
6959:
6739:
5240:
5221:
5066:
4949:). With few exceptions, implementations include low-level I/O.
4859:
4778:
4764:
4758:
4748:
4664:
3921:
Some find C's declaration syntax unintuitive, particularly for
3667:
3307:
3299:
3030:
was reserved as a keyword. In the second edition of their book
2784:
1995:
1973:
1955:
1627:
1622:". As this was released in 1978, it is now also referred to as
1394:
1289:
474:
140:
5292:
A consequence of C's wide availability and efficiency is that
5065:
and linking with libraries containing special versions of the
3747:
The closing curly brace indicates the end of the code for the
2346:. Declarations either define new types using keywords such as
1791:/* in the comment would be required in later versions of C. */
577:
10280:
10270:
10241:
10219:
9780:
9560:
9152:
8999:
8984:
8875:
8813:
8726:
8721:
8679:
8554:
8493:
8473:
8397:
8345:
8333:
6867:
6751:
5675:
5634:
5619:
5589:
5361:
5248:
4887:
4048:, with or without explicit casting to a pointer type, as the
4003:
3859:
3440:
binds more tightly than (is executed prior to) the operators
3401:
2510:
Lowercase and uppercase letters of ISO Basic Latin Alphabet:
2124:
1991:
1554:
1424:
1382:
1135:
764:
514:
442:
330:
63:
4886:. These functions are detailed in various standards such as
4056:. In conditional contexts, null pointer values evaluate to
3751:
function. According to the C99 specification and newer, the
3702:(ASCII value 0) character to mark the end of the array (for
2285:, multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations.
825:
The C language also exhibits the following characteristics:
10362:
10046:
9908:
9832:
9540:
9226:
8355:
5687:
5608:
5491:
The language does not directly support object orientation,
5309:
5277:
5158:
garbage collection events – it has predictable performance.
5077:
4906:
4875:
3397:
2730:
2435:
2296:, named address spaces, and basic I/O hardware addressing.
1542:
1511:
1489:
1438:
1420:
1374:
1183:
643:
490:
430:
410:
398:
378:
8087:"C99 with Technical corrigenda TC1, TC2, and TC3 included"
7120:"Purify: Fast Detection of Memory Leaks and Access Errors"
6071:
5121:
The code generated after compilation does not demand many
1942:
The large number of extensions and lack of agreement on a
1373:
The origin of C is closely tied to the development of the
752:(right), the inventor of the C programming language, with
10397:
10367:
9802:
9406:
8172:
7455:"Pragma directives and the __pragma and _Pragma keywords"
6249:(1978). "Portability of C Programs and the UNIX System".
5365:
5317:
5269:
4796:
3241:
3237:
2483:
2081:
2075:
1307:
1187:
494:
446:
434:
7519:
Intel C++ Compiler Classic Developer Guide and Reference
3639:
function to begin program execution. The type specifier
994:
keyword. They are freely interconvertible with integers.
737:, a measure of the popularity of programming languages.
8666:
3878:
is often used for single-byte characters. C99 added a
907:
Function return values can be ignored, when not needed.
382:
6315:(Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. p. 10. 139.
1479:
8109:
4083:); they may be used without having been initialized (
1976:, as its popularity began to increase significantly.
1000:
are not a distinct data type, but are conventionally
779:(also called "functions", though not in the sense of
587:
574:
7328:. U.S.: Miller Freeman, Inc. November–December 1995.
5701:
3984:, are commonly implemented as dynamically allocated
3763:
that terminates the function. (Formerly an explicit
3698:, set up automatically by the compiler with a final
3436:
is not always intuitive. For example, the operator
2439:
statement which branches directly to the designated
2381:
to specify actions. The most common statement is an
2127:), and support for one-line comments beginning with
7424:"Dennis Ritchie: The Shoulders Steve Jobs Stood On"
7367:"Web development in C: crazy? Or crazy like a fox?"
5132:
demand on system resources – it is fast to execute.
4699:. Thus, the number of elements in a declared array
4610:
3998:) are useful for passing functions as arguments to
3459:
2165:In addition, the C99 standard requires support for
1561:made further changes to the language to facilitate
795:, i.e. the address of the first item in the array.
571:
87:Logotype used on the cover of the first edition of
7984:
7296:"What is PHP? How to Write Your First PHP Program"
6998:
5844:Prinz, Peter; Crawford, Tony (December 16, 2005).
5603:Several C or near-C interpreters exist, including
5161:C permits the use and implementation of different
4131:C does not have a special provision for declaring
3486:" example, which appeared in the first edition of
1626:. The second edition of the book covers the later
7906:
7332:
5839:
5837:
5069:can help uncover runtime errors in memory usage.
4635:points to is not the base address (pointed to by
4410:And here is a similar implementation using C99's
3536:A standard-conforming "hello, world" program is:
3496:, which is usually a terminal or screen display.
2494:Kernighan and Ritchie say in the Introduction of
2327:until the end of the line. Comments delimited by
923:Variables may be defined within a function, with
10483:
7840:
6965:
6873:
6801:
6757:
6745:
6340:
6121:"Annotated C / A Bibliography of the C Language"
5495:, run-time expression evaluation, generics, etc.
5323:
5254:
4791:, before the program can even begin execution.)
1903:functions (i.e., functions with no return value)
714:and language constructs that map efficiently to
7699:
6582:
5637:programming language (originally named "C with
5287:
3858:, which makes it similar to the type system of
3671:, which in this case is supplied from a system
2288:In 2008, the C Standards Committee published a
2087:C99 introduced several new features, including
1453:(NB). Thompson started to use NB to write the
1123:
1017:is possible by converting machine addresses to
7932:
7004:
6703:
6241:
6210:""A damn stupid thing to do"—the origins of C"
6016:"C Language Drops to Lowest Popularity Rating"
5834:
3625:The next line indicates that a function named
2181:) and suggests support for raw Unicode names.
2035:, and preprocessor enhancements. Although the
2003:International Organization for Standardization
1427:known as SMALGOL. Thompson called the result
670:International Organization for Standardization
10165:
8652:
8141:
6971:
6771:"ISO/IEC 9899:201x (ISO C11) Committee Draft"
5843:
5478:, and some with additional keywords e.g. use
5447:Some of the standard library functions, e.g.
4060:, while all other pointer values evaluate to
3972:is performed using pointers; the result of a
8022:
5799:, respectively, which can be used to handle
5222:Used for computationally-intensive libraries
5020:was the first such, leading to many others.
4916:
1506:was introduced around 1973 at the urging of
1444:
1377:operating system, originally implemented in
8003:
7672:
7639:
7023:
6977:For example, gcc provides _FORTIFY_SOURCE.
6930:
6763:
6237:
6235:
5102:applications. This is for several reasons:
3964:Pointers are used for many purposes in C.
2254:to indicate that C23 support is available.
2231:to indicate that C17 support is available.
2208:to indicate that C11 support is available.
2200:compatibility with C++. The standard macro
2146:to indicate that C99 support is available.
23:
10532:Programming languages with an ISO standard
10438:
10172:
10158:
9179:
8659:
8645:
8155:
8148:
8134:
7985:Griffiths, David; Griffiths, Dawn (2012).
7933:Harbison, Samuel; Steele, Guy Jr. (2002).
7907:Banahan, M.; Brady, D.; Doran, M. (1991).
7705:
7452:
7318:
6462:
6112:
6086:
5403:The standard dynamic memory handling with
4847:, shorthand for "link the math library").
4672:semantics, arrays are in effect passed by
4647:multiplied by the size of an element that
3882:. There are also derived types including
1894:) and some other vendors. These included:
1659:Compound assignment operators of the form
24:
10179:
7909:The C Book: Featuring the ANSI C Standard
7766:
7139:
7117:
6894:
6892:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6697:
6414:
6334:
6262:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6041:
5376:C has also been widely used to implement
5229:GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library
5003:Learn how and when to remove this message
4736:: temporary objects can be stored on the
3827:Learn how and when to remove this message
3591:The first line of the program contains a
3404:and its derivatives. C uses the operator
1565:of the Unix operating system. Johnson's
674:International Electrotechnical Commission
668:(ANSI) and, subsequently, jointly by the
8006:C Programming: Absolute Beginner's Guide
7606:
7142:Programming and problem solving with C++
7039:(3rd ed.). MIT Press. p. 432.
6833:
6807:
6617:"WG14-N3132 : Revised C23 Schedule"
6386:FreeBSD Miscellaneous Information Manual
6232:
5611:, which can also be used for scripting.
5569:
5371:
5081:
5078:Rationale for use in systems programming
4783:is too large is usually detected by the
4691:to any dereferenced element of an array
3838:
3665:(diverts execution to) a function named
3469:
2173:in the form of escaped characters (e.g.
1693:by 10) instead of the possibly intended
1576:
1557:) in 1961. In around 1977, Ritchie and
744:
634:A successor to the programming language
32:This is an accepted version of this page
9342:Visual Studio Express for Windows Phone
8041:
7877:
7745:
7569:
7465:from the original on September 24, 2022
7364:
7068:"Man Page for lint (freebsd Section 1)"
7029:
6898:
6839:
6815:"10 Common Programming Mistakes in C++"
6665:
6661:from the original on February 26, 2024.
6389:(FreeBSD 13.0 ed.). May 30, 2011.
6302:
6153:from the original on September 18, 2024
6060:
6055:
5919:
5917:
5908:
5902:
5870:
5864:
5749:International Obfuscated C Code Contest
5509:International Obfuscated C Code Contest
5328:Historically, C was sometimes used for
1068:: files can be compiled separately and
901:may be performed in a single statement.
14:
10537:Statically typed programming languages
10484:
8110:comp.lang.c Frequently Asked Questions
8099:from the original on October 25, 2007.
7640:O'Regan, Gerard (September 24, 2015).
7621:from the original on February 15, 2017
7346:from the original on February 13, 2010
7232:
6879:
6783:from the original on December 22, 2017
6685:from the original on February 25, 2021
6645:"WG14-N3220 : Working Draft, C2y"
6564:from the original on February 12, 2018
6322:from the original on November 11, 2017
6207:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6180:from the original on December 12, 2019
6038:
5970:from the original on November 17, 2022
5584:List of C-family programming languages
5421:, but it does not apply to areas like
5177:; a more sophisticated mechanism with
1990:1003 to become the basis for the 1988
1636:introduced several language features:
1130:List of C-family programming languages
10527:Programming languages created in 1972
10153:
8640:
8129:
8023:Deitel, Paul; Deitel, Harvey (2015).
7723:from the original on February 2, 2019
7666:
7633:
7600:
7588:from the original on January 15, 2017
7214:from the original on November 5, 2012
7133:
7060:
6924:
6821:from the original on October 21, 2008
6637:
6609:
6576:
6518:
6456:
6393:from the original on January 21, 2021
6376:
6296:
6165:
5791:function actually has two arguments,
5754:List of C-based programming languages
5272:. Also, contemporary major compilers
3647:function, is an integer. The keyword
2138:implicitly assumed. A standard macro
1981:American National Standards Institute
1234:
870:It has a large number of arithmetic,
666:American National Standards Institute
650:available for practically all modern
8075:ISO C Working Group official website
7958:
7377:from the original on October 4, 2014
7293:
7275:from the original on August 12, 2013
7233:Conrad, Michael (January 22, 2018).
6986:from the original on January 7, 2007
6583:Andrew Binstock (October 12, 2011).
6546:
6480:from the original on August 24, 2014
6208:Jensen, Richard (December 9, 2020).
6118:
6026:from the original on August 22, 2022
5914:
5726:Free and open-source software portal
5565:
5110:, so system-specific features (e.g.
4985:adding citations to reliable sources
4956:
4710:
4113:function, and treat it as an array.
3809:adding citations to reliable sources
3780:
3448:(bitwise OR) in expressions such as
2389:of the evaluation, functions may be
2027:pointers, support for international
961:Heterogeneous aggregate data types (
593:general-purpose programming language
59:General-purpose programming language
8668:Integrated development environments
7801:"The Development of the C Language"
7776:
7775:By courtesy of the author, also at
7751:"The Development of the C Language"
7607:McMillan, Robert (August 1, 2013).
7570:Roberts, Eric S. (March 21, 1989).
7525:from the original on April 10, 2022
7434:from the original on April 12, 2022
7365:Perkins, Luc (September 17, 2013).
7342:. linuxjournal.com. March 1, 2005.
7306:from the original on August 4, 2022
7204:"1. Extending Python with C or C++"
7180:. November 13, 2018. Archived from
7140:Dale, Nell B.; Weems, Chip (2014).
6597:from the original on August 2, 2013
6220:from the original on March 28, 2022
6192:
6171:
6094:"TIOBE Programming Community Index"
5890:. Open Standards. February 21, 2024
5744:Comparison of programming languages
5559:
4805:false positives and false negatives
4752:from a region of memory called the
3740:function succeeded.) The semicolon
3690:. The string literal is an unnamed
3062:, which are symbols used within an
2421:iterative execution (looping). The
1949:
1480:Structures and Unix kernel re-write
958:) and compound types are possible.
208:(N3220) / February 21, 2024
56:
8004:Perry, Greg; Miller, Dean (2013).
7871:
7495:from the original on June 17, 2002
7235:"An overview of the Perl 5 engine"
6633:from the original on June 9, 2023.
6534:from the original on July 25, 2018
6273:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02141.x
5850:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 3.
5820:(not shown) slightly differs, too.
5436:, memory exhaustion, and consider
2405:... conditional execution and by
2377:As an imperative language, C uses
910:Function and data pointers permit
818:are used to group statements into
726:-compliant C program written with
147:/ WG 14 (Working Group 14) (ISO C)
57:
10553:
8068:
7545:"In praise of the C preprocessor"
7395:
7245:from the original on May 26, 2022
7174:"C – the mother of all languages"
6068:"Programming Language Popularity"
5988:
4952:
4850:The most common C library is the
3992:objects. Pointers to functions (
3777:C variable types and declarations
3613:. The angle brackets surrounding
2940:C23 reserved fifteen more words:
2629:The following reserved words are
2624:
1488:, released in November 1973, the
595:. It was created in the 1970s by
10522:Structured programming languages
10517:Procedural programming languages
10512:High-level programming languages
10466:
10465:
10437:
8619:
8618:
8121:C Library Reference and Examples
7961:C Programming: A Modern Approach
7489:GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection
7421:
7294:Para, Michael (August 3, 2022).
6147:"TIOBE Index for September 2024"
5964:the c programming language sound
5718:
5704:
4961:
4831:The C programming language uses
4611:Array–pointer interchangeability
3785:
2501:
1998:, Standard C, or sometimes C89.
1685:, which had been interpreted as
1537:. Earlier instances include the
1366:
1278:
1265:
654:and operating systems. The book
638:, C was originally developed at
567:
543:
81:
7563:
7537:
7507:
7477:
7446:
7415:
7389:
7358:
7287:
7257:
7226:
7196:
7166:
7111:
7086:
6492:
6139:
5810:
5781:
5771:
4972:needs additional citations for
3796:needs additional citations for
3456:if that is the coder's intent.
3413:might mistakenly be written as
1604:published the first edition of
930:A function may call itself, so
7911:(2 ed.). Addison-Wesley.
7673:Rauchwerger, Lawrence (2004).
7572:"Implementing Exceptions in C"
7485:"Pragmas (The C Preprocessor)"
7005:เอี่ยมสิริวงศ์, โอภาศ (2016).
6966:Kernighan & Ritchie (1988)
6874:Kernighan & Ritchie (1978)
6802:Kernighan & Ritchie (1988)
6758:Kernighan & Ritchie (1978)
6746:Kernighan & Ritchie (1988)
6119:Ward, Terry A. (August 1983).
6008:
5982:
5966:. English Chinese Dictionary.
5952:
5876:
5383:
5347:
4683:can be determined by applying
2066:international character sets.
1085:Complex functionality such as
787:are passed by value, although
13:
1:
10542:Systems programming languages
10502:C programming language family
9140:(aka Espresso, superseded by
7885:(1 ed.). Prentice Hall.
7711:"A History of C++: 1979–1991"
7453:corob-msft (March 31, 2022).
7340:"Using C for CGI Programming"
5827:
5521:C lacks standard support for
5324:Once used for web development
5255:C as an intermediate language
5165:schemes, including a typical
4799:happens to be present in the
3770:
3417:, which will be evaluated as
2270:
1541:system (which was written in
763:, procedural language in the
9332:Visual Web Developer Express
7963:(2 ed.). W. W. Norton.
7118:Hastings, Reed; Joyce, Bob.
6585:"Interview with Herb Sutter"
5645:as an approach to providing
5288:Other languages written in C
5052:automatic garbage collection
4854:, which is specified by the
4826:
4821:automatic garbage collection
3934:usual arithmetic conversions
3047:
2119:floating point, support for
1572:
1417:systems programming language
1124:Relations to other languages
767:tradition. It has a static
7:
8889:Rational Software Architect
7799:Ritchie, Dennis M. (1993).
7579:DEC Systems Research Center
7208:Python 3.10.7 documentation
7036:The New Hacker's Dictionary
5712:Computer programming portal
5697:
5694:are nearly supersets of C.
5616:object-oriented programming
5282:intermediate representation
5217:to choose another language.
5067:memory allocation functions
4734:Automatic memory allocation
4679:The total size of an array
4128:, and run-time exceptions.
3940:
3474:"Hello, World!" program by
3452:, which must be written as
2323:, or (since C99) following
1670:) were changed to the form
1630:standard, described below.
1038:to a program with calls to
947:; all data has a type, but
740:
157:; 52 years ago
10:
10558:
8532:Compatibility of C and C++
7850:The C Programming Language
7739:
7609:"Is Java Losing Its Mojo?"
6468:Sibling rivalry: C and C++
6431:The C Programming Language
6351:The C Programming Language
5739:Comparison of Pascal and C
5734:Compatibility of C and C++
5628:source-to-source compilers
5618:languages became popular,
5581:
5502:code. In particular, the
5259:C is sometimes used as an
5086:Some software written in C
4098:
3774:
3744:terminates the statement.
3499:The original version was:
3463:
3051:
3033:The C Programming Language
2586:. The latest C standard (
2496:The C Programming Language
2303:
2274:
2238:
2215:
2188:
2073:
1953:
1607:The C Programming Language
1583:The C Programming Language
1404:
1229:
1127:
657:The C Programming Language
185:; 6 years ago
90:The C Programming Language
61:
10433:
10210:
10187:
10125:
10096:
10078:
10045:
10023:
10005:
9976:
9967:
9917:
9874:
9841:
9788:
9779:
9744:
9726:
9708:
9671:
9657:
9615:
9526:
9517:
9509:R Tools for Visual Studio
9494:
9452:
9414:
9405:
9379:
9304:
9276:
9258:
9235:
9221:
9170:
9098:
9059:
9036:
8970:
8961:
8907:
8822:
8784:
8687:
8674:
8614:
8598:
8545:
8522:
8459:
8378:
8309:
8261:
8252:
8206:
8163:
7269:Ruby Programming Language
7094:"CS107 Valgrind Memcheck"
6554:"JTC1/SC22/WG14 – C"
6473:(Report). AT&T Labs.
6408:January 21, 2021, at the
5529:for error checking. The
5452:
5302:reference implementations
5195:, or integrated with the
5172:
5166:
5038:for arrays, detection of
4917:File handling and streams
4892:Single UNIX Specification
4744:Dynamic memory allocation
4659:th element of the array.
4623:designates a pointer) is
4094:
3970:Dynamic memory allocation
3342:reference and dereference
3058:C supports a rich set of
2299:
2241:C23 (C standard revision)
2218:C17 (C standard revision)
2191:C11 (C standard revision)
2178:
2174:
1707:lowest common denominator
1472:, which is also known as
1445:New B and first C release
1064:There is a basic form of
802:C program source text is
540:
425:
420:
393:
388:
365:
358:
321:
313:
273:
263:
251:
227:
223:
198:
173:
169:
151:
133:
121:
97:
80:
10492:C (programming language)
7989:(1 ed.). O'Reilly.
7265:"To Ruby From C and C++"
6840:Schultz, Thomas (2004).
5764:
5440:, thread isolation, etc.
5334:Common Gateway Interface
5112:Control/Status Registers
4724:Static memory allocation
4419:
4153:
4133:multi-dimensional arrays
3927:declaration reflects use
3870:, and enumerated types (
3538:
3501:
1725:
1407:B (programming language)
1362:
702:. It was designed to be
62:Not to be confused with
39:latest accepted revision
10507:Cross-platform software
9866:Visual Studio Community
9828:VisualFBEditor / WinFBE
9268:Visual Studio Community
9118:Sun Java Studio Creator
8809:Visual Studio Community
8799:Oracle Developer Studio
8046:(2 ed.). Manning.
8027:(8 ed.). Pearson.
7937:(5 ed.). Pearson.
7402:Toptal Engineering Blog
5995:Toptal Engineering Blog
5072:
4615:The subscript notation
4135:, but rather relies on
3722:that C translates to a
3593:preprocessing directive
3272:increment and decrement
3044:keyword is withdrawn."
2461:unless terminated by a
2339:or character literals.
2115:, improved support for
1528:conditional compilation
1240:Timeline of C language
1118:Boehm garbage collector
1059:conditional compilation
874:, and logic operators:
8537:Comparison with Pascal
8157:C programming language
8042:Gustedt, Jens (2019).
7883:The Standard C Library
6673:"TR 18037: Embedded C"
6096:. 2009. Archived from
6070:. 2009. Archived from
5888:ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14
5801:command-line arguments
5579:
5397:
5233:GNU Scientific Library
5183:; or a version for an
5087:
4000:higher-order functions
3945:C supports the use of
3868:floating-point numbers
3843:
3694:with elements of type
3629:is being defined. The
3479:
3460:"Hello, world" example
3429:after the assignment.
3366:subexpression grouping
3238:conditional evaluation
3054:Operators in C and C++
2399:Structured programming
2294:fixed-point arithmetic
2283:fixed-point arithmetic
2257:
2234:
2211:
2184:
2142:is defined with value
2113:flexible array members
2109:variable-length arrays
2069:
1593:
1581:The cover of the book
1553:(which was written in
1547:Master Control Program
990:are possible with the
781:functional programming
756:
692:lexical variable scope
688:structured programming
652:computer architectures
210:; 7 months ago
10181:Programming languages
9808:Microsoft Small Basic
7935:C: A Reference Manual
7817:10.1145/154766.155580
7768:10.1145/155360.155580
7326:Dr. Dobb's Sourcebook
6982:. fedoraproject.org.
6945:10.1145/356869.356872
6933:ACM Computing Surveys
6710:C: A Reference Manual
6704:Harbison, Samuel P.;
6654:. February 21, 2024.
5925:"Verilog HDL (and C)"
5573:
5515:Underhanded C Contest
5387:
5372:End-user applications
5352:The two most popular
5342:web development tools
5338:interpreted languages
5261:intermediate language
5090:C is widely used for
5085:
4703:can be determined as
4042:null pointer constant
3842:
3675:. In this call, the
3473:
2544:Whitespace characters
2443:within the function.
2393:and variables may be
2023:(borrowed from C++),
1580:
915:run-time polymorphism
748:
686:language, supporting
9955:Visual Basic Express
9327:Visual Basic Express
7811:. pp. 201–208.
7033:(October 11, 1996).
6804:, pp. 192, 259.
6714:Englewood Cliffs, NJ
6436:Englewood Cliffs, NJ
6356:Englewood Cliffs, NJ
4981:improve this article
4947:embedded programming
3862:descendants such as
3805:improve this article
3732:function is of type
3421:unless the value of
3388:C uses the operator
3115:augmented assignment
2598:encoding (where the
2537:Graphic characters:
2383:expression statement
2156:Microsoft Visual C++
2123:(macros of variable
1906:functions returning
1641:Standard I/O library
1585:, first edition, by
1400:
1057:file inclusion, and
1013:Low-level access to
949:implicit conversions
775:is contained within
716:machine instructions
617:application software
603:code (especially in
346:Microsoft Visual C++
10497:American inventions
9389:Adobe Flash Builder
9367:Express for Windows
9357:Express for Desktop
8117:, by Dennis Ritchie
8008:(3 ed.). Que.
7959:King, K.N. (2008).
7842:Kernighan, Brian W.
7777:Ritchie, Dennis M.
7761:(3). ACM: 201–208.
7755:ACM SIGPLAN Notices
7178:ICT Academy at IITK
6422:Kernighan, Brian W.
6342:Kernighan, Brian W.
6251:Bell System Tech. J
6074:on January 16, 2009
5937:on November 6, 2013
5759:List of C compilers
5651:generic programming
5464:calling conventions
5211:calling conventions
5137:intrinsic functions
5092:systems programming
4705:sizeof A / sizeof A
3434:operator precedence
2021:function prototypes
1962:mainframe computers
1567:Portable C Compiler
1241:
785:Function parameters
718:, all with minimal
265:Filename extensions
152:First appeared
77:
29:Page version status
9991:Visual Studio Code
9635:Visual Studio Code
9597:Visual Studio Code
9347:Visual C++ Express
9245:Visual Studio Code
9194:Visual Studio Code
9012:Community Edition
8925:Visual C++ Express
8804:Visual Studio Code
7846:Ritchie, Dennis M.
7747:Ritchie, Dennis M.
7707:Stroustrup, Bjarne
7127:Pure Software Inc.
7007:Programming with C
6464:Stroustrup, Bjarne
6426:Ritchie, Dennis M.
6383:"C manual pages".
6346:Ritchie, Dennis M.
6022:. August 9, 2016.
5692:Unified Parallel C
5641:") was devised by
5580:
5523:exception handling
5423:variadic functions
5358:Apache HTTP Server
5320:are written in C.
5193:interrupt handlers
5088:
4852:C standard library
4819:in languages with
4651:points to. Thus,
4077:pointer arithmetic
4044:can be written as
4034:segmentation fault
3959:pointer arithmetic
3844:
3759:upon reaching the
3574:"hello, world
3519:"hello, world
3480:
3444:(bitwise AND) and
3248:equality testing:
2103:type to represent
1594:
1559:Stephen C. Johnson
1354:ISO/IEC 9899:2024
1340:ISO/IEC 9899:2018
1327:ISO/IEC 9899:2011
1313:ISO/IEC 9899:1999
1299:ISO/IEC 9899:1990
1239:
1235:Early developments
1216:control structures
1114:GLib Object System
1110:garbage collection
1106:object orientation
757:
700:static type system
586:– like the letter
371:Unified Parallel C
75:
35:
10479:
10478:
10461:Non-English-based
10147:
10146:
10041:
10040:
9963:
9962:
9775:
9774:
9653:
9652:
9490:
9489:
9375:
9374:
9352:Visual C# Express
9337:Visual J# Express
9217:
9216:
9166:
9165:
8957:
8956:
8634:
8633:
8374:
8373:
8064:
8025:C: How to Program
7981:
7955:
7929:
7903:
7783:www.bell-labs.com
7551:. August 13, 2007
7046:978-0-262-68092-9
7016:978-616-08-2740-4
6917:978-1-4493-2714-9
6853:978-1-58961-237-2
6727:978-0-13-089592-9
6449:978-0-13-110362-7
6369:978-0-13-110163-0
6348:(February 1978).
6172:Ritchie, Dennis.
5643:Bjarne Stroustrup
5566:Related languages
5472:structure packing
5266:C-based languages
5247:-based framework
5204:assembly language
5163:memory allocation
5096:operating systems
5013:
5012:
5005:
4939:solid-state drive
4711:Memory management
4639:) incremented by
4101:C string handling
4081:dangling pointers
3995:function pointers
3923:function pointers
3880:Boolean data type
3874:). Integer type
3837:
3836:
3829:
3263:calling functions
2469:before the next "
2265:ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22
2010:ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22
1695:i = -10
1687:i =- 10
1379:assembly language
1371:
1370:
1008:character arrays.
797:Pass-by-reference
615:, but its use in
601:operating systems
557:
556:
229:Typing discipline
47:29 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
10549:
10469:
10468:
10441:
10440:
10174:
10167:
10160:
10151:
10150:
10070:Powerflasher FDT
9974:
9973:
9786:
9785:
9718:Delphi Community
9669:
9668:
9524:
9523:
9412:
9411:
9397:Powerflasher FDT
9233:
9232:
9177:
9176:
8968:
8967:
8685:
8684:
8661:
8654:
8647:
8638:
8637:
8622:
8621:
8259:
8258:
8254:Standard library
8150:
8143:
8136:
8127:
8126:
8104:
8100:
8098:
8091:
8058:
8057:
8038:
8019:
8000:
7975:
7974:
7949:
7948:
7923:
7922:
7897:
7896:
7867:
7852:(2nd ed.).
7837:
7835:
7833:
7793:
7791:
7789:
7772:
7770:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7728:
7722:
7715:
7703:
7697:
7696:
7670:
7664:
7663:
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7631:
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7628:
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7604:
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7541:
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7530:
7511:
7505:
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7500:
7481:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7470:
7450:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7439:
7419:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7362:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7336:
7330:
7329:
7322:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7311:
7291:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7280:
7261:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7250:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7200:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7170:
7164:
7163:
7137:
7131:
7130:
7124:
7115:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7098:web.stanford.edu
7090:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7079:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7031:Raymond, Eric S.
7027:
7021:
7020:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6975:
6969:
6963:
6957:
6956:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6896:
6877:
6871:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6837:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6826:
6811:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6782:
6775:
6767:
6761:
6755:
6749:
6743:
6737:
6731:
6712:(5th ed.).
6701:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6684:
6677:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6649:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6626:. June 4, 2023.
6621:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6506:on July 17, 2024
6502:. Archived from
6496:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6479:
6472:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6434:(2nd ed.).
6418:
6412:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6354:(1st ed.).
6338:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6321:
6314:
6300:
6294:
6292:
6266:
6257:(6): 2021–2048.
6239:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6205:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6174:"BCPL to B to C"
6169:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6081:
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6064:
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6053:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6012:
6006:
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6001:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5956:
5950:
5949:
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5942:
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5929:
5921:
5912:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5880:
5874:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5841:
5821:
5819:
5814:
5808:
5806:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5785:
5779:
5775:
5728:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5714:
5709:
5708:
5655:a few exceptions
5537:
5533:
5525:and only offers
5481:
5477:
5454:
5450:
5410:
5406:
5395:
5296:, libraries and
5280:both feature an
5176:
5175:
5170:
5169:
5094:in implementing
5008:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4988:
4965:
4957:
4943:operating system
4924:
4870:
4864:embedded systems
4846:
4781:
4767:
4761:
4751:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4667:
4658:
4654:
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4459:
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4406:
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4400:
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4178:
4175:
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4169:
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4163:
4160:
4157:
4112:
4070:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
3991:
3987:
3975:
3907:
3899:
3877:
3873:
3832:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3812:
3789:
3781:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3717:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3688:"hello, world\n"
3678:
3670:
3657:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3391:
3384:
3371:
3361:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3285:member selection
3281:
3277:
3268:
3258:
3252:
3244:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3217:
3213:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3111:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2934:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2869:
2862:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2643:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2540:
2534:
2530:
2527:Decimal digits:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2401:is supported by
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2290:technical report
2253:
2249:
2248:__STDC_VERSION__
2230:
2226:
2225:__STDC_VERSION__
2207:
2203:
2202:__STDC_VERSION__
2180:
2176:
2145:
2141:
2140:__STDC_VERSION__
2137:
2130:
2102:
2098:
2089:inline functions
2061:
2026:
1972:, including the
1950:ANSI C and ISO C
1944:standard library
1937:
1932:enumerated types
1927:
1917:
1911:
1902:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:calling_function
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1719:
1715:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1649:
1521:
1517:
1498:
1464:
1460:
1441:addressability.
1297:ANSI X3.159-1989
1242:
1238:
1095:library routines
1081:
1076:
1040:library routines
1030:
993:
988:Enumerated types
983:
966:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
629:embedded systems
625:microcontrollers
623:to the smallest
584:
583:
580:
579:
576:
573:
547:
354:
348:
338:
309:
306:
304:
302:
300:
298:
296:
291:
288:
286:
284:
282:
280:
218:
216:
211:
193:
191:
186:
183:/ June 2018
165:
163:
158:
123:Designed by
85:
78:
74:
21:
10557:
10556:
10552:
10551:
10550:
10548:
10547:
10546:
10482:
10481:
10480:
10475:
10429:
10206:
10183:
10178:
10148:
10143:
10121:
10092:
10074:
10037:
10019:
10001:
9959:
9913:
9870:
9837:
9771:
9740:
9722:
9704:
9662:
9649:
9611:
9513:
9486:
9448:
9401:
9371:
9362:Express for Web
9300:
9272:
9254:
9213:
9162:
9130:(superseded by
9120:(superseded by
9094:
9055:
9032:
8953:
8940:Borland Turbo C
8903:
8818:
8780:
8670:
8665:
8635:
8630:
8610:
8594:
8547:
8541:
8525:other languages
8524:
8523:Comparison with
8518:
8455:
8393:Borland Turbo C
8370:
8310:Implementations
8305:
8248:
8202:
8159:
8154:
8102:
8096:
8089:
8085:
8071:
8054:
8035:
8016:
7997:
7971:
7945:
7919:
7893:
7874:
7872:Further reading
7864:
7831:
7829:
7827:
7798:
7787:
7785:
7742:
7737:
7736:
7726:
7724:
7720:
7713:
7704:
7700:
7685:
7671:
7667:
7652:
7638:
7634:
7624:
7622:
7605:
7601:
7591:
7589:
7585:
7574:
7568:
7564:
7554:
7552:
7543:
7542:
7538:
7528:
7526:
7513:
7512:
7508:
7498:
7496:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7468:
7466:
7459:Microsoft Learn
7451:
7447:
7437:
7435:
7420:
7416:
7406:
7404:
7396:Munoz, Daniel.
7394:
7390:
7380:
7378:
7363:
7359:
7349:
7347:
7338:
7337:
7333:
7324:
7323:
7319:
7309:
7307:
7292:
7288:
7278:
7276:
7263:
7262:
7258:
7248:
7246:
7231:
7227:
7217:
7215:
7202:
7201:
7197:
7187:
7185:
7184:on May 31, 2021
7172:
7171:
7167:
7152:
7138:
7134:
7122:
7116:
7112:
7102:
7100:
7092:
7091:
7087:
7077:
7075:
7066:
7065:
7061:
7051:
7049:
7047:
7028:
7024:
7017:
7003:
6999:
6989:
6987:
6978:
6976:
6972:
6964:
6960:
6929:
6925:
6918:
6897:
6880:
6872:
6868:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6838:
6834:
6824:
6822:
6813:
6812:
6808:
6800:
6796:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6773:
6769:
6768:
6764:
6756:
6752:
6744:
6740:
6728:
6702:
6698:
6688:
6686:
6682:
6675:
6671:
6670:
6666:
6658:
6647:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6630:
6619:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6600:
6598:
6581:
6577:
6567:
6565:
6552:
6551:
6547:
6537:
6535:
6524:
6523:
6519:
6509:
6507:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6470:
6461:
6457:
6450:
6420:
6419:
6415:
6410:Wayback Machine
6396:
6394:
6382:
6381:
6377:
6370:
6339:
6335:
6325:
6323:
6319:
6312:
6301:
6297:
6240:
6233:
6223:
6221:
6206:
6193:
6183:
6181:
6170:
6166:
6156:
6154:
6145:
6144:
6140:
6130:
6128:
6117:
6113:
6103:
6101:
6092:
6091:
6087:
6077:
6075:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6054:
6039:
6029:
6027:
6014:
6013:
6009:
5999:
5997:
5989:Munoz, Daniel.
5987:
5983:
5973:
5971:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5927:
5923:
5922:
5915:
5907:
5903:
5893:
5891:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5869:
5865:
5858:
5847:C in a Nutshell
5842:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5824:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5804:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5772:
5767:
5724:
5719:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5700:
5674:In addition to
5647:object-oriented
5586:
5568:
5535:
5531:
5486:String handling
5479:
5475:
5457:buffer overruns
5448:
5438:race conditions
5434:stack overflows
5408:
5404:
5396:
5393:
5386:
5374:
5350:
5330:web development
5326:
5290:
5257:
5224:
5173:
5167:
5123:system features
5100:embedded system
5080:
5075:
5040:buffer overflow
5036:bounds checking
5009:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4978:
4966:
4955:
4922:
4919:
4868:
4844:
4829:
4777:
4763:
4757:
4747:
4713:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4663:
4656:
4655:designates the
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4625:syntactic sugar
4620:
4616:
4613:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
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4586:
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4457:
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4427:
4424:
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4408:
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4401:
4398:
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4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
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4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
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4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
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4290:
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4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
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4260:
4257:
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4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
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4209:
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4200:
4197:
4194:
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4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4141:row-major order
4126:buffer overruns
4122:bounds checking
4110:
4103:
4097:
4068:
4067:Void pointers (
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4012:dispatch tables
3989:
3985:
3973:
3943:
3905:
3895:
3875:
3871:
3833:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3802:
3790:
3779:
3773:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3720:escape sequence
3715:
3711:
3708:escape sequence
3703:
3695:
3687:
3676:
3666:
3655:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3596:
3595:, indicated by
3589:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3547:<stdio.h>
3546:
3543:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3494:standard output
3476:Brian Kernighan
3468:
3462:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3411:if (a == b + 1)
3410:
3405:
3389:
3378:
3375:type conversion
3369:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3321:order relations
3312:
3306:
3298:
3292:
3288:
3279:
3275:
3266:
3256:
3250:
3242:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3215:
3211:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3109:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3056:
3050:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
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2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
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2830:
2823:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2627:
2615:carriage return
2599:
2595:
2591:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2444:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2302:
2279:
2273:
2260:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2187:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2121:variadic macros
2105:complex numbers
2100:
2096:
2078:
2072:
2059:
2024:
1958:
1952:
1936:#define GREEN 3
1935:
1925:
1913:
1907:
1898:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1717:
1713:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1598:Brian Kernighan
1587:Brian Kernighan
1575:
1551:Burroughs B5000
1519:
1515:
1496:
1482:
1462:
1458:
1447:
1409:
1403:
1298:
1293:
1285:
1254:
1249:
1237:
1232:
1132:
1126:
1079:
1074:
1028:
1015:computer memory
1006:null-terminated
991:
981:
962:
945:weakly enforced
939:Data typing is
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
773:executable code
743:
720:runtime support
613:protocol stacks
570:
566:
350:
344:
334:
316:implementations
293:
292:
277:
219:
214:
212:
209:
200:Preview release
194:
189:
187:
184:
161:
159:
156:
93:
71:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10555:
10545:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10477:
10476:
10474:
10473:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10434:
10431:
10430:
10428:
10427:
10420:
10415:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10395:
10390:
10385:
10380:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10359:
10358:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10262:
10261:
10260:
10259:
10254:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10228:
10227:
10217:
10211:
10208:
10207:
10205:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10188:
10185:
10184:
10177:
10176:
10169:
10162:
10154:
10145:
10144:
10142:
10141:
10134:
10126:
10123:
10122:
10120:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10102:
10100:
10094:
10093:
10091:
10090:
10084:
10082:
10076:
10075:
10073:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10051:
10049:
10043:
10042:
10039:
10038:
10036:
10035:
10029:
10027:
10021:
10020:
10018:
10017:
10011:
10009:
10003:
10002:
10000:
9999:
9994:
9988:
9982:
9980:
9971:
9965:
9964:
9961:
9960:
9958:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9921:
9919:
9915:
9914:
9912:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9880:
9878:
9872:
9871:
9869:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9847:
9845:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9794:
9792:
9783:
9777:
9776:
9773:
9772:
9770:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9757:Virtual Pascal
9754:
9748:
9746:
9742:
9741:
9739:
9738:
9732:
9730:
9724:
9723:
9721:
9720:
9714:
9712:
9706:
9705:
9703:
9702:
9697:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9677:
9675:
9666:
9655:
9654:
9651:
9650:
9648:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9630:PythonAnywhere
9627:
9621:
9619:
9613:
9612:
9610:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9566:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9532:
9530:
9521:
9515:
9514:
9512:
9511:
9506:
9500:
9498:
9492:
9491:
9488:
9487:
9485:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9458:
9456:
9450:
9449:
9447:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9420:
9418:
9409:
9403:
9402:
9400:
9399:
9394:
9391:
9385:
9383:
9377:
9376:
9373:
9372:
9370:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9312:Xamarin Studio
9308:
9306:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9282:
9280:
9274:
9273:
9271:
9270:
9264:
9262:
9256:
9255:
9253:
9252:
9247:
9241:
9239:
9230:
9219:
9218:
9215:
9214:
9212:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9185:
9183:
9174:
9168:
9167:
9164:
9163:
9161:
9160:
9150:
9145:
9135:
9125:
9115:
9110:
9102:
9100:
9096:
9095:
9093:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9074:
9069:
9065:
9063:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9053:
9048:
9042:
9040:
9034:
9033:
9031:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9019:
9018:
9016:Android Studio
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8976:
8974:
8965:
8959:
8958:
8955:
8954:
8952:
8951:
8946:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8911:
8909:
8905:
8904:
8902:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8885:
8883:LabWindows/CVI
8880:
8879:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8857:
8852:
8851:
8850:
8845:
8834:
8828:
8826:
8820:
8819:
8817:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8790:
8788:
8782:
8781:
8779:
8778:
8773:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8693:
8691:
8682:
8672:
8671:
8664:
8663:
8656:
8649:
8641:
8632:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8615:
8612:
8611:
8609:
8608:
8606:Dennis Ritchie
8602:
8600:
8596:
8595:
8593:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8551:
8549:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8539:
8534:
8528:
8526:
8520:
8519:
8517:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8465:
8463:
8457:
8456:
8454:
8453:
8448:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8384:
8382:
8376:
8375:
8372:
8371:
8369:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8342:
8341:
8331:
8326:
8325:
8324:
8313:
8311:
8307:
8306:
8304:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8281:Dynamic memory
8278:
8273:
8268:
8262:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8210:
8208:
8204:
8203:
8201:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8164:
8161:
8160:
8153:
8152:
8145:
8138:
8130:
8124:
8123:
8118:
8115:A History of C
8112:
8107:
8106:
8105:
8103:(3.61 MB)
8083:
8070:
8069:External links
8067:
8066:
8065:
8053:978-1617295812
8052:
8039:
8034:978-0133976892
8033:
8020:
8015:978-0789751980
8014:
8001:
7996:978-1449399917
7995:
7982:
7970:978-0393979503
7969:
7956:
7944:978-0130895929
7943:
7930:
7918:978-0201544336
7917:
7904:
7892:978-0131315099
7891:
7873:
7870:
7869:
7868:
7862:
7838:
7825:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7749:(March 1993).
7741:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7698:
7684:978-3540246442
7683:
7665:
7651:978-3319214641
7650:
7632:
7599:
7562:
7536:
7506:
7476:
7445:
7414:
7388:
7357:
7331:
7317:
7286:
7256:
7239:Opensource.com
7225:
7195:
7165:
7151:978-1449694289
7150:
7132:
7110:
7085:
7074:. May 24, 2001
7059:
7045:
7022:
7015:
6997:
6970:
6968:, p. 122.
6958:
6923:
6916:
6908:O'Reilly Media
6904:21st Century C
6878:
6866:
6852:
6843:C and the 8051
6832:
6817:. Cs.ucr.edu.
6806:
6794:
6762:
6750:
6748:, p. 192.
6738:
6736:grammar for C.
6726:
6706:Steele, Guy L.
6696:
6664:
6636:
6608:
6575:
6545:
6517:
6491:
6455:
6448:
6428:(March 1988).
6413:
6375:
6368:
6333:
6304:McIlroy, M. D.
6295:
6247:Ritchie, D. M.
6243:Johnson, S. C.
6231:
6191:
6164:
6138:
6111:
6100:on May 4, 2009
6085:
6059:
6056:Ritchie (1993)
6037:
6007:
5981:
5951:
5913:
5909:Ritchie (1993)
5901:
5875:
5871:Ritchie (1993)
5863:
5856:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5809:
5780:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5715:
5699:
5696:
5582:Main article:
5567:
5564:
5541:
5540:
5519:
5504:C preprocessor
5500:unmaintainable
5496:
5489:
5483:
5460:
5455:, can lead to
5445:
5441:
5430:
5417:There is some
5415:
5412:
5394:Dennis Ritchie
5391:
5385:
5382:
5373:
5370:
5349:
5346:
5325:
5322:
5289:
5286:
5256:
5253:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5197:virtual memory
5187:that may suit
5159:
5155:stop-the-world
5150:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5057:Tools such as
5050:tracking, and
5048:dynamic memory
5011:
5010:
4969:
4967:
4960:
4954:
4953:Language tools
4951:
4918:
4915:
4841:compiler flags
4828:
4825:
4769:
4768:
4741:
4731:
4712:
4709:
4612:
4609:
4420:
4154:
4145:linear algebra
4096:
4093:
4020:event handlers
3942:
3939:
3835:
3834:
3793:
3791:
3784:
3775:Main article:
3772:
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7581:. SRC-RR-40.
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5849:
5848:
5840:
5838:
5833:
5813:
5802:
5784:
5774:
5770:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5716:
5713:
5707:
5702:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5577:
5572:
5563:
5561:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5538:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5493:introspection
5490:
5487:
5484:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5419:type checking
5416:
5413:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5390:
5381:
5379:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5191:, use within
5190:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5116:I/O registers
5113:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5084:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5044:serialization
5041:
5037:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5021:
5019:
5007:
5004:
4996:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4970:This section
4968:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4950:
4948:
4945:such as most
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4824:
4822:
4817:
4815:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4708:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4670:pass-by-value
4666:
4660:
4626:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4107:
4102:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4085:wild pointers
4082:
4078:
4072:
4065:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3983:
3979:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3841:
3831:
3828:
3820:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3794:This section
3792:
3788:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3745:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3710:, written as
3709:
3701:
3693:
3686:
3682:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3652:
3633:
3623:
3603:
3594:
3537:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3457:
3435:
3430:
3403:
3400:, but unlike
3399:
3395:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3356:
3343:
3340:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3313:typeof_unqual
3309:
3304:
3301:
3297:object size:
3296:
3286:
3283:
3273:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3222:
3221:Boolean logic
3219:
3209:
3206:
3188:
3187:bitwise logic
3185:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3045:
3035:
3034:
3024:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2996:typeof_unqual
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2976:static_assert
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2933:_Thread_local
2931:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2526:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:Character set
2499:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2472:
2466:
2456:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2313:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2255:
2242:
2232:
2219:
2209:
2197:
2192:
2182:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2097:long long int
2094:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1988:working group
1986:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:minicomputers
1963:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1933:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1806:some_function
1731:some_function
1724:
1723:For example:
1721:
1710:
1708:
1674:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1616:specification
1613:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1474:Research Unix
1471:
1466:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:bootstrapping
1432:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:SystemVerilog
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
989:
986:
978:
975:
972:
969:
965:
960:
959:
957:
953:
951:are possible.
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:is supported.
933:
929:
926:
922:
919:
916:
913:
909:
906:
905:
903:
900:
896:
873:
869:
866:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
832:
828:
827:
826:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
755:
751:
747:
738:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:
582:
565:
561:
550:
549:C Programming
546:
542:
541:
539:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:Influenced by
387:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:
357:
353:
347:
342:
337:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:
312:
308:
290:
276:
272:
268:
266:
262:
259:
256:
254:
250:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:
230:
226:
222:
207:
203:
201:
197:
182:
178:
176:
172:
168:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
136:
132:
129:
126:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:
100:
96:
92:
91:
84:
79:
73:
69:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
10456:Generational
10446:Alphabetical
10442:
10422:
10265:
10247:Visual Basic
10136:
10129:
10065:Sublime Text
9950:Visual Basic
9945:SharpDevelop
9918:Discontinued
9752:Turbo Pascal
9745:Discontinued
9393:FlashDevelop
9322:SharpDevelop
9305:Discontinued
9109:Pro for Java
9099:Discontinued
8935:SharpDevelop
8908:Discontinued
8702:Code::Blocks
8675:
8623:
8479:Code::Blocks
8451:Watcom C/C++
8239:Preprocessor
8219:Header files
8156:
8080:ISO/IEC 9899
8059:
8043:
8024:
8005:
7987:Head First C
7986:
7977:
7960:
7951:
7934:
7925:
7908:
7899:
7882:
7849:
7830:. Retrieved
7804:
7786:. Retrieved
7782:
7758:
7754:
7725:. Retrieved
7701:
7677:. Springer.
7674:
7668:
7644:. Springer.
7641:
7635:
7623:. Retrieved
7612:
7602:
7590:. Retrieved
7565:
7553:. Retrieved
7548:
7539:
7527:. Retrieved
7518:
7509:
7497:. Retrieved
7488:
7479:
7467:. Retrieved
7458:
7448:
7436:. Retrieved
7427:
7422:Metz, Cade.
7417:
7407:November 17,
7405:. Retrieved
7401:
7391:
7379:. Retrieved
7370:
7360:
7348:. Retrieved
7334:
7325:
7320:
7308:. Retrieved
7300:freeCodeCamp
7299:
7289:
7277:. Retrieved
7268:
7259:
7247:. Retrieved
7238:
7228:
7216:. Retrieved
7207:
7198:
7186:. Retrieved
7182:the original
7177:
7168:
7141:
7135:
7126:
7113:
7101:. Retrieved
7097:
7088:
7076:. Retrieved
7071:
7062:
7050:. Retrieved
7035:
7025:
7006:
7000:
6988:. Retrieved
6973:
6961:
6939:(1): 73–92.
6936:
6932:
6926:
6903:
6900:Klemens, Ben
6876:, p. 6.
6869:
6859:February 10,
6857:. Retrieved
6842:
6835:
6823:. Retrieved
6809:
6797:
6785:. Retrieved
6765:
6760:, p. 3.
6753:
6741:
6709:
6699:
6687:. Retrieved
6667:
6652:open-std.org
6651:
6639:
6624:open-std.org
6623:
6611:
6601:September 7,
6599:. Retrieved
6588:
6578:
6566:. Retrieved
6557:
6548:
6536:. Retrieved
6526:
6520:
6508:. Retrieved
6504:the original
6494:
6482:. Retrieved
6458:
6430:
6416:
6395:. Retrieved
6385:
6378:
6350:
6336:
6324:. Retrieved
6308:
6298:
6254:
6250:
6222:. Retrieved
6214:Ars Technica
6213:
6182:. Retrieved
6167:
6155:. Retrieved
6141:
6129:. Retrieved
6124:
6114:
6102:. Retrieved
6098:the original
6088:
6076:. Retrieved
6072:the original
6062:
6028:. Retrieved
6019:
6010:
5998:. Retrieved
5994:
5984:
5974:November 17,
5972:. Retrieved
5963:
5954:
5946:
5939:. Retrieved
5932:the original
5904:
5892:. Retrieved
5887:
5878:
5866:
5846:
5812:
5783:
5773:
5673:
5659:
5632:
5613:
5602:
5587:
5557:
5542:
5527:return codes
5513:
5507:
5470:; different
5427:weakly typed
5398:
5388:
5375:
5351:
5327:
5298:interpreters
5291:
5258:
5225:
5179:
5153:
5146:effectively.
5108:type punning
5089:
5056:
5033:
5022:
5014:
4999:
4990:
4979:Please help
4974:verification
4971:
4920:
4896:
4873:
4849:
4830:
4812:
4809:
4793:
4774:
4770:
4714:
4697:n = sizeof A
4678:
4661:
4614:
4411:
4409:
4149:
4130:
4117:
4115:
4104:
4073:
4066:
4041:
4028:null pointer
4026:
4024:
3993:
3966:Text strings
3963:
3955:dereferenced
3954:
3949:, a type of
3944:
3933:
3931:
3920:
3913:
3910:
3856:weakly typed
3845:
3823:
3817:October 2012
3814:
3803:Please help
3798:verification
3795:
3746:
3723:
3719:
3680:
3679:function is
3662:
3660:
3653:
3624:
3590:
3535:
3498:
3487:
3484:hello, world
3481:
3466:Hello, world
3431:
3387:
3380:
3357:sequencing:
3315:
3057:
3031:
3025:
3021:
2981:thread_local
2939:
2893:
2852:
2635:
2628:
2604:
2581:
2578:
2571:
2565:
2561:vertical tab
2559:
2553:
2547:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2467:
2457:to the next
2455:fall through
2382:
2378:
2376:
2341:
2309:
2287:
2280:
2261:
2244:
2221:
2198:
2194:
2164:
2133:
2086:
2079:
2064:
2057:
2041:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1979:In 1983 the
1978:
1959:
1941:
1889:
1877:
1870:
1722:
1711:
1704:
1672:
1662:
1654:unsigned int
1633:
1632:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1605:
1595:
1582:
1532:
1504:preprocessor
1501:
1483:
1467:
1450:
1448:
1429:
1410:
1391:Ken Thompson
1372:
1133:
1103:
1053:definition,
1047:preprocessor
911:
833:primitives:
831:control flow
824:
816:curly braces
801:
796:
771:. In C, all
758:
754:Ken Thompson
732:
678:
661:
655:
633:
585:
563:
559:
558:
551:at Wikibooks
139:ANSI X3J11 (
88:
72:
46:
37:This is the
31:
10451:Categorical
10112:Eclipse Che
9978:Open source
9930:MonoDevelop
9925:CA-Realizer
9851:FutureBASIC
9790:Open source
9767:QuickPascal
9681:Free Pascal
9673:Open source
9617:Proprietary
9577:Komodo Edit
9551:Light Table
9528:Open source
9482:Zend Studio
9462:Codelobster
9454:Proprietary
9434:Komodo Edit
9416:Open source
9317:MonoDevelop
9237:Open source
9181:Open source
9138:Visual Café
9107:CodeWarrior
9105:Metrowerks
8972:Open source
8930:MonoDevelop
8843:CodeWarrior
8697:Arduino IDE
8689:Open source
8570:Objective-C
8351:Windows CRT
7832:November 4,
7310:October 11,
7279:October 11,
7249:October 11,
7218:October 11,
7188:October 11,
6732:Contains a
6560:. ISO/IEC.
6527:C Integrity
6397:January 15,
6326:February 1,
6131:January 31,
6078:January 16,
5818:print_array
5680:Objective-C
5661:Objective-C
5624:Objective-C
5598:syntax of C
5576:TIOBE index
5384:Limitations
5354:web servers
5348:Web servers
5237:Mathematica
4899:object code
4837:header file
4814:memory leak
4807:can occur.
4797:bit pattern
4569:print_array
4360:print_array
4038:linked list
3976:is usually
3848:type system
3409:expression
3016:_Decimal128
2387:side effect
2167:identifiers
2095:(including
1880:type checks
1689:(decrement
1610:. Known as
1563:portability
1508:Alan Snyder
1294:ISO C, C90
1224:syntax of C
1180:Objective-C
1164:transpilers
1162:(including
1082:attributes.
1055:source code
1002:implemented
904:Functions:
777:subroutines
769:type system
735:TIOBE index
728:portability
706:to provide
455:Objective-C
10486:Categories
10316:JavaScript
10192:Comparison
10131:Comparison
10117:SourceLair
10107:Cloud9 IDE
10015:Cloud9 IDE
9935:QuickBASIC
9692:Dev-Pascal
9582:Komodo IDE
9565:PyScripter
9439:Komodo IDE
9296:Understand
9172:JavaScript
9148:Visual J++
9090:Understand
9051:JDeveloper
8894:Understand
8832:C++Builder
8776:OpenWatcom
8757:Qt Creator
8546:Descendant
8418:Norcroft C
8244:Data types
8193:Embedded C
7779:"Chistory"
7592:January 4,
7350:January 4,
5941:August 19,
5828:References
5797:char *argv
5558:There are
5332:using the
5209:C and its
4935:hard drive
4099:See also:
3771:Data types
3658:function.
3464:See also:
3229:&&
3106:assignment
3071:arithmetic
3064:expression
3011:_Decimal64
3006:_Decimal32
2887:_Imaginary
2596:\UXXXXXXXX
2475:&&
2449:selects a
2379:statements
2344:statements
2277:Embedded C
2271:Embedded C
2179:\U0001f431
2093:data types
2053:endianness
1928:data types
1922:assignment
1677:(that is,
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1066:modularity
1025:Procedures
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812:statements
810:terminate
808:Semicolons
761:imperative
710:access to
684:procedural
681:imperative
564:pronounced
503:Processing
471:JavaScript
421:Influenced
341:C++Builder
215:2024-02-21
116:structured
112:procedural
108:imperative
18:C language
10413:Smalltalk
9894:PureBasic
9798:Basic-256
9640:SlickEdit
9556:Ninja-IDE
9477:SlickEdit
9128:VisualAge
9085:SlickEdit
9077:JetBrains
9072:MyEclipse
9005:Greenfoot
8920:VisualAge
8899:SlickEdit
8861:JetBrains
8848:MyEclipse
8548:languages
8380:Compilers
8322:libhybris
8224:Operators
8214:Functions
7978:(archive)
7952:(archive)
7788:March 29,
7660:922324121
7529:April 10,
7521:. Intel.
7515:"Pragmas"
7438:April 19,
7160:894992484
7052:August 5,
6990:August 5,
6590:Dr. Dobbs
6558:Home page
6484:April 14,
6281:0005-8580
6259:CiteSeerX
6224:March 28,
6030:August 1,
5778:produced.
5669:Smalltalk
5294:compilers
5185:OS kernel
4993:July 2014
4880:Unix-like
4833:libraries
4827:Libraries
4674:reference
4417:feature:
4137:recursion
4089:reference
4016:callbacks
4002:(such as
3951:reference
3915:type cast
3765:return 0;
3316:since C23
3182:>>=
3175:<<=
3060:operators
3048:Operators
2961:constexpr
2922:_Noreturn
2611:backspace
2567:form feed
1779:/* int */
1752:/* int */
1740:/* int */
1666:(such as
1656:data type
1650:data type
1620:K&R C
1573:K&R C
1524:Mike Lesk
1275:K&R C
1255:standard
1142:, Unix's
1049:performs
1036:allocated
932:recursion
804:free-form
724:standards
708:low-level
698:, with a
696:recursion
648:compilers
640:Bell Labs
519:V (Vlang)
297:.open-std
285:/standard
135:Developer
10471:Category
10237:Assembly
10197:Timeline
10138:Category
10007:Freeware
9993:(VSCode)
9889:NS Basic
9843:Freeware
9823:Basic4GL
9813:SdlBasic
9710:Freeware
9645:Wing IDE
9587:KDevelop
9467:PhpStorm
9444:KDevelop
9429:NetBeans
9260:Freeware
9204:Chromium
9157:NetBeans
9155:(became
9142:JBuilder
9122:NetBeans
9113:JBuilder
9068:JCreator
9038:Freeware
9023:NetBeans
8786:Freeware
8752:QDevelop
8747:NetBeans
8742:KDevelop
8707:CodeLite
8625:Category
8599:Designer
8514:NetBeans
8504:KDevelop
8484:CodeLite
8329:dietlibc
8296:Variadic
8271:File I/O
8207:Features
8094:Archived
8044:Modern C
7900:(source)
7881:(1992).
7848:(1988).
7718:Archived
7709:(1993).
7693:57965544
7625:March 5,
7619:Archived
7583:Archived
7549:apenwarr
7523:Archived
7493:Archived
7463:Archived
7432:Archived
7381:April 8,
7375:Archived
7344:Archived
7304:Archived
7273:Archived
7243:Archived
7212:Archived
7103:June 23,
7078:July 15,
7072:unix.com
6984:Archived
6902:(2013).
6825:June 26,
6819:Archived
6778:Archived
6708:(2002).
6689:July 26,
6680:Archived
6656:Archived
6628:Archived
6595:Archived
6562:Archived
6538:July 24,
6532:Archived
6510:July 17,
6475:Archived
6466:(2002).
6406:Archived
6391:Archived
6317:Archived
6306:(1987).
6289:17510065
6218:Archived
6178:Archived
6151:Archived
6024:Archived
6000:June 15,
5968:Archived
5816:Code of
5793:int argc
5698:See also
5665:superset
5512:and the
5392:—
5378:end-user
5130:run-time
5063:Valgrind
4890:and the
4695:, as in
4075:invalid
4014:, or as
3947:pointers
3941:Pointers
3888:pointers
3850:in C is
3597:#include
3381:typename
3243:? :
3216:>>
3212:<<
2917:_Generic
2906:_Alignof
2900:_Alignas
2880:_Complex
2867:restrict
2839:volatile
2825:unsigned
2759:register
2672:continue
2619:Run-time
2584:portable
2487:and the
2431:continue
2395:assigned
2310:C has a
2306:C syntax
2117:IEEE 754
2060:__STDC__
2044:platform
2017:superset
1776:register
1701:be −10).
1647:long int
1596:In 1978
1535:assembly
1516:#include
1253:Official
1248:Informal
1019:pointers
848:do/while
814:, while
793:pointers
759:C is an
741:Overview
704:compiled
679:C is an
662:de facto
427:Numerous
407:ALGOL 68
360:Dialects
352:Watcom C
242:manifest
99:Paradigm
43:reviewed
10424:more...
10403:Scratch
10306:Haskell
10296:Fortran
10252:classic
10202:History
10060:VS Code
9997:Eclipse
9899:GLBasic
9861:thinAir
9687:Lazarus
9625:PyCharm
9504:RStudio
9472:PHPEdit
9132:Eclipse
8995:Eclipse
8871:AppCode
8839:-based
8837:Eclipse
8737:Kakoune
8717:Eclipse
8712:Dev-C++
8489:Eclipse
8442:Express
8198:MISRA C
7740:Sources
7727:June 9,
7555:July 9,
6953:3136859
6568:June 2,
5894:May 24,
5639:Classes
5545:MISRA C
5536:longjmp
5480:__cdecl
5476:#pragma
5453:strncat
5444:faster.
5344:exist.
5199:system.
5029:MISRA C
4927:streams
4923:stdio.h
4869:stdio.h
4843:(e.g.,
4801:storage
4759:realloc
4619:(where
4091:types.
4054:nullptr
4008:bsearch
3900:), and
3892:records
3725:newline
3673:library
3619:stdio.h
3615:stdio.h
3602:stdio.h
3544:include
3489:K&R
3394:Fortran
3001:_BitInt
2971:nullptr
2951:alignof
2946:alignas
2912:_Atomic
2813:typedef
2678:default
2573:newline
2267:/WG14.
2252:202311L
2229:201710L
2206:201112L
2171:Unicode
2144:199901L
2101:complex
2033:locales
1634:K&R
1612:K&R
1539:Multics
1520:#define
1499:types.
1419:called
1413:Fortran
1359:Future
1230:History
1208:Verilog
1144:C shell
1116:or the
998:Strings
956:typedef
872:bitwise
836:if/else
806:code.
676:(IEC).
605:kernels
591:) is a
529:(HDL),
527:Verilog
415:FORTRAN
375:Split-C
367:Cyclone
336:Intel C
274:Website
246:nominal
213: (
190:2018-06
188: (
160: (
10443:Lists:
10378:Python
10373:Prolog
10351:Pascal
10341:MATLAB
10326:Kotlin
10286:Erlang
10225:Simula
10098:Online
10088:Poplog
10080:POP-11
10033:GoLand
10025:Retail
9940:QBasic
9876:Retail
9856:RapidQ
9833:InForm
9818:Gambas
9736:Delphi
9728:Retail
9659:Pascal
9602:Thonny
9572:Spyder
9536:Anjuta
9519:Python
9424:Aptana
9278:Retail
9061:Retail
9046:jGRASP
8990:DrJava
8980:Anjuta
8949:QuickC
8915:Anjuta
8824:Retail
8762:TheIDE
8469:Anjuta
8366:uClibc
8361:Newlib
8339:EGLIBC
8317:Bionic
8286:String
8234:Syntax
8229:String
8168:ANSI C
8101:
8061:(free)
8050:
8031:
8012:
7993:
7967:
7941:
7926:(free)
7915:
7889:
7860:
7823:
7691:
7681:
7658:
7648:
7371:Medium
7158:
7148:
7043:
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6951:
6914:
6850:
6724:
6446:
6366:
6287:
6279:
6261:
6104:May 6,
5854:
5690:, and
5549:CERT C
5532:setjmp
5405:malloc
5316:, and
5306:Python
5245:Python
5241:MATLAB
5239:, and
5231:, the
5180:arenas
5168:malloc
5059:Purify
4931:buffer
4911:Python
4909:, and
4884:kernel
4860:ANSI C
4789:loader
4785:linker
4779:malloc
4749:malloc
4728:extent
4717:memory
4689:sizeof
4685:sizeof
4665:sizeof
4629:*(x+i)
4596:return
4396:return
4240:return
4210:sizeof
4204:malloc
4111:malloc
4095:Arrays
4069:void *
4010:), in
3990:struct
3986:struct
3974:malloc
3902:unions
3897:struct
3884:arrays
3864:Pascal
3852:static
3738:printf
3730:printf
3718:is an
3714:. The
3704:printf
3681:passed
3677:printf
3668:printf
3607:printf
3580:"
3568:printf
3525:"
3513:printf
3478:(1978)
3432:The C
3308:typeof
3305:type:
3300:sizeof
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3154:&=
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
2991:typeof
2860:inline
2806:switch
2799:struct
2792:static
2785:sizeof
2778:signed
2765:return
2710:extern
2689:double
2613:, and
2592:\uXXXX
2446:switch
2417:, and
2391:called
2354:, and
2348:struct
2337:string
2300:Syntax
2175:\u0040
2169:using
2099:and a
2037:syntax
1996:ANSI C
1974:IBM PC
1968:, and
1956:ANSI C
1926:struct
1909:struct
1857:return
1628:ANSI C
1545:) and
1497:struct
1493:kernel
1395:PDP-11
1351:, C2X
1324:, C1X
1310:, C9X
1292:, C89,
1290:ANSI C
1220:syntax
1192:Python
1091:string
1080:extern
1075:static
1070:linked
964:struct
943:, but
941:static
912:ad hoc
894:, etc.
860:switch
857:, and
820:blocks
789:arrays
712:memory
694:, and
611:, and
507:Python
314:Major
287:/74528
269:.c, .h
234:Static
141:ANSI C
10418:Swift
10408:Shell
10321:Julia
10291:Forth
10281:COBOL
10242:BASIC
10220:ALGOL
9781:BASIC
9696:GNAVI
9561:PyDev
9381:Flash
9291:Rider
9153:Xelfi
9000:Geany
8985:BlueJ
8876:CLion
8814:Xcode
8727:Geany
8722:Emacs
8580:Limbo
8494:Geany
8474:CLion
8398:Clang
8346:klibc
8334:glibc
8301:POSIX
8097:(PDF)
8090:(PDF)
7721:(PDF)
7714:(PDF)
7614:Wired
7586:(PDF)
7575:(PDF)
7428:Wired
7123:(PDF)
6949:S2CID
6781:(PDF)
6774:(PDF)
6683:(PDF)
6676:(PDF)
6659:(PDF)
6648:(PDF)
6631:(PDF)
6620:(PDF)
6478:(PDF)
6471:(PDF)
6320:(PDF)
6313:(PDF)
6285:S2CID
5935:(PDF)
5928:(PDF)
5765:Notes
5614:When
5560:tools
5449:scanf
5362:Nginx
5249:NumPy
4888:POSIX
4738:stack
4633:x + i
4455:float
4412:Auto
4186:float
4106:Array
4058:false
4030:value
4004:qsort
3982:trees
3906:union
3860:ALGOL
3692:array
3663:calls
3611:scanf
3482:The "
3442:&
3402:ALGOL
3346:&
3337:>=
3329:<=
3293:->
3195:&
3042:entry
3038:entry
3028:entry
2966:false
2873:_Bool
2846:while
2819:union
2771:short
2717:float
2665:const
2648:break
2607:alert
2549:space
2463:break
2441:label
2427:break
2415:while
2411:while
2352:union
2160:C++11
2125:arity
1992:POSIX
1915:union
1860:test2
1845:test2
1830:test2
1818:test1
1800:test1
1782:test2
1770:test1
1697:(let
1683:i=-10
1555:ALGOL
1451:New B
1425:ALGOL
1383:PDP-7
1381:on a
1345:2024
1332:2018
1318:2011
1304:1999
1286:1990
1284:1989,
1271:1978
1260:1972
1250:name
1245:Year
1204:Swift
1172:Limbo
1168:Julia
1051:macro
982:month
977:Array
971:Union
925:scope
888:&
865:sigil
854:while
765:ALGOL
515:Seed7
483:Limbo
479:Julia
331:Clang
305:/wg14
303:/sc22
301:/jtc1
289:.html
10393:Rust
10388:Ruby
10363:Perl
10331:Lisp
10311:Java
10257:.NET
10105:AWS
10047:Haxe
9909:Xojo
9568:PIDA
9546:Eric
9541:IDLE
9227:.NET
9199:Atom
8963:Java
8887:IBM
8590:Vala
8575:Alef
8461:IDEs
8428:SDCC
8356:musl
8291:Time
8276:Math
8266:Char
8048:ISBN
8029:ISBN
8010:ISBN
7991:ISBN
7965:ISBN
7939:ISBN
7913:ISBN
7887:ISBN
7858:ISBN
7834:2014
7821:ISBN
7790:2022
7729:2011
7689:OCLC
7679:ISBN
7656:OCLC
7646:ISBN
7627:2017
7594:2022
7557:2023
7531:2022
7501:2022
7471:2022
7440:2022
7409:2023
7383:2022
7352:2010
7312:2022
7281:2022
7251:2022
7220:2022
7190:2022
7156:OCLC
7146:ISBN
7129:: 9.
7105:2023
7080:2014
7054:2012
7041:ISBN
7011:ISBN
6992:2012
6912:ISBN
6861:2012
6848:ISBN
6827:2009
6789:2011
6722:ISBN
6691:2011
6603:2013
6570:2011
6540:2018
6512:2024
6486:2014
6444:ISBN
6399:2021
6364:ISBN
6328:2015
6277:ISSN
6226:2022
6186:2019
6159:2024
6133:2015
6125:Byte
6106:2009
6080:2009
6032:2022
6002:2024
5976:2022
5943:2013
5896:2024
5852:ISBN
5805:main
5795:and
5789:main
5787:The
5688:Cilk
5678:and
5633:The
5622:and
5609:CINT
5607:and
5594:Java
5592:and
5574:The
5534:and
5466:and
5409:free
5407:and
5360:and
5314:Ruby
5310:Perl
5278:LLVM
5276:and
5174:free
5171:and
5098:and
5073:Uses
5025:Lint
5018:lint
4907:Perl
4903:Java
4878:and
4876:Unix
4858:and
4765:free
4754:heap
4627:for
4533:<
4491:<
4425:func
4384:free
4315:<
4273:<
4159:func
4062:true
4050:NULL
3978:cast
3932:C's
3929:".)
3876:char
3872:enum
3854:and
3846:The
3753:main
3749:main
3700:NULL
3696:char
3656:main
3649:void
3645:main
3637:main
3632:main
3627:main
3609:and
3559:void
3553:main
3504:main
3419:true
3398:PL/I
3396:and
3333:>
3325:<
2986:true
2956:bool
2832:void
2752:long
2731:goto
2703:enum
2696:else
2659:char
2654:case
2642:auto
2459:case
2451:case
2436:goto
2429:and
2409:...
2370:and
2362:and
2360:char
2356:enum
2331:and
2319:and
2111:and
2031:and
2025:void
1985:IEEE
1924:for
1900:void
1885:lint
1871:The
1842:else
1821:>
1767:long
1728:long
1600:and
1589:and
1543:PL/I
1518:and
1512:PL/I
1502:The
1490:Unix
1463:char
1461:and
1455:Unix
1439:byte
1421:BCPL
1389:and
1375:Unix
1210:and
1200:Rust
1196:Ruby
1184:Perl
1156:Java
1108:and
1078:and
1029:void
992:enum
644:Unix
627:and
523:Vala
511:Rust
499:Pike
491:Perl
475:JS++
467:Java
431:AMPL
411:PL/I
399:BCPL
379:Cilk
299:.org
283:.org
281:.iso
238:weak
162:1972
155:1972
10398:SQL
10368:PHP
10336:Lua
10271:C++
10232:APL
10215:Ada
9986:Vim
9803:B4X
9683:IDE
9592:Vim
9407:PHP
9223:CLI
9189:Vim
8944:C++
8859:By
8771:Vim
8680:C++
8555:C++
8446:C++
8433:TCC
8423:PCC
8413:LCC
8408:ICC
8403:GCC
8388:ACK
8188:C23
8183:C17
8178:C11
8173:C99
7813:doi
7809:ACM
7763:doi
6941:doi
6734:BNF
6269:doi
5676:C++
5635:C++
5620:C++
5590:C++
5553:CWE
5547:or
5468:ABI
5451:or
5366:PHP
5318:PHP
5304:of
5274:GCC
5270:C--
5189:DMA
5061:or
4983:by
4937:or
4856:ISO
4845:-lm
4787:or
4762:or
4657:i+1
4515:int
4509:for
4473:int
4467:for
4440:int
4431:int
4422:int
4414:VLA
4297:int
4291:for
4255:int
4249:for
4174:int
4165:int
4156:int
4118:not
4018:to
4006:or
3908:).
3807:by
3734:int
3641:int
3550:int
3425:is
3370:( )
3267:( )
2745:int
2724:for
2594:or
2588:C11
2423:for
2419:for
2364:int
2258:C2Y
2235:C23
2212:C17
2185:C11
2177:or
2148:GCC
2136:int
2107:),
2082:C99
2076:C99
2070:C99
2049:GUI
1912:or
1892:PCC
1873:int
1854:();
1809:();
1746:();
1734:();
1718:int
1714:int
1624:C78
1484:At
1459:int
1385:by
1363:C2Y
1349:C23
1336:C17
1322:C11
1308:C99
1188:PHP
1176:LPC
1166:),
1136:C++
1120:).
1087:I/O
1004:as
842:for
783:).
607:),
535:Zig
531:Nim
495:PHP
487:LPC
447:C--
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439:csh
435:AWK
405:),
403:CPL
327:GCC
323:pcc
295:www
279:www
206:C23
181:C17
143:);
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