760:, Philippe Joutard, a professor of history, registered the very lively oral tradition about the Camisards which has prevailed to this day in the CĂ©vennes region. He also observed the "attractive power" of this striking period of history where many unrelated episodes have been integrated through the oral tradition. As this oral transmission is mainly done through the families, it often highlights more of their own ancestors who were faithful to their convictions than the heroic leaders of the revolt. In so doing it develops beyond the original religious question to a general attitude of resistance and non-conformity which determines a whole philosophical, political and human culture and way of life. Philippe Joutard also noted that even the minority of
632:
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249:, the Abbé of Chaila. Langlade had recently arrested and tortured a group of seven Protestants accused of attempting to flee France. The band of Camisards were led by Abraham Mazel, who peacefully asked for the release of the prisoners, but when this was refused, they commenced the killing. The abbé was quickly lionized in print by the Catholic State as a martyr of his faith.
213:, resisted. Vivent encouraged his followers to arm themselves in case they were set upon by Royalist soldiers. Several leading prophets were tortured and executed, François Vivent in 1692 and Claude Brousson in 1698. Many more were exiled, leaving the abandoned congregations to the leadership of less educated and more mystically oriented preachers, such as the
743:
After the main active
Camisard groups had been subdued in various ways, the French authorities were keen not to re-ignite the revolt and took a more moderate approach to anti-Protestant repression. Many former Camisards came back to a more peaceful approach and from 1715 onwards helped re-establish a
364:
Of the
Camisards, 42% were CĂ©vennes peasants, and 58% were rural craftsmen, of whom 75% worked as wool-combers, wool-carders and weavers. All spoke Occitan. There were no noblemen involved, none had been trained in the art of war. There was no concept of a single army, there was no single leader but
205:
were sent to the CĂ©vennes. Soldiers carrying crosses on their muskets forced the peasants to sign papers to say they were converting, and forced them to attend mass. The peasants continued to attend illicit meetings. Huguenots with a trade fled to neighboring countries. The King responded by closing
1335:
Memoirs of the wars of the
Cevennes, under Col. Cavallier, : in defence of the Protestants persecuted in that country. : And of the peace concluded between him and the Mareschal D. of Villars. : Of his conference with the King of France, after the conclusion of the peace. : With
944:
Memoirs of the wars of the
Cevennes, under Col. Cavallier, : in defence of the Protestants persecuted in that country. : And of the peace concluded between him and the Mareschal D. of Villars. : Of his conference with the King of France, after the conclusion of the peace. : With
252:
The
Camisards worked independently of each other and during the day most merged back into their village communities. They were predominantly agricultural workers or artisans and had no aristocratic leaders. They knew the paths and the sheep tracks intimately. They called themselves the Children of
201:, the royal administrator of Languedoc, and entire villages were massacred and burnt to the ground in a series of stunning atrocities. The pastors and worshippers were captured and later exiled, sent to the galleys, tortured or killed. Seventy-five missionary priests under the command of
224:
and the clandestine prophets claimed to have seen it in the prophetic dreams. Mazel, in a dream, saw black oxen in his garden and heard a voice telling him to chase them away. From 1700 the clandestine prophets and their armed followers were hidden in houses and caves in the mountains.
196:
The Edict of
Fontainebleau removed all rights and protections from the Huguenots. There followed about twenty years of persecutions. Reformed worship and private Bible readings were outlawed. Within weeks of the new edict over 2000 Protestant churches were burned, under the direction of
344:, the royal commander, offered vague concessions to the Protestants and the promise to Cavalier of a command in the royal army. Cavalier's acceptance of the offer broke the revolt, although others, including Laporte, refused to submit unless the
168:
and the religious wars that had ravaged France ended. Protestants had been given limited civic rights and the liberty to worship according to their convictions. This "fundamental and irrevocable law" was maintained by Henry's son,
764:
living in this
Protestant part of the country tend to reconstruct their history in the same way as their former religious opponents. The footprint of the Camisards in CĂ©vennes is thus particularly deep and lasting.
1358:
303:, under the influence of village elites, chose a loyalist attitude and fought the Camisards. They were nevertheless equally victims, losing their homes during the "Burning of the CĂ©vennes".
711:. They were generally treated with scorn and some official repression as the "French Prophets". Their example and their writings had some influence later, both on the spiritual outlook of
193:
in the homes of
Protestants to help them decide to convert back to the official church or alternatively to emigrate. The CĂ©vennes was a centre of resistance, and the policy did not work.
306:
White
Camisards, also known as "Cadets of the Cross" ("Cadets de la Croix", from a small white cross which they wore on their coats), were Catholics from neighboring communities such as
945:
letters relating thereto, from
Mareschal Villars, and Chamillard secretary of state: : As also, a map describing the places mentioned in the book. by Cavalier, Jean, 1681-1740
318:
who, on seeing their old enemies on the run, organized into companies to loot and to hunt the rebels down. They committed atrocities, such as killing 52 people at the village of
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French Prophets (act. 1706–c.1750) were a controversial millenarian movement that appeared in England in 1706 and anticipated the evangelical awakening of the 1730s.
1511:
1336:
letters relating thereto, from Mareschal Villars, and Chamillard secretary of state: : As also, a map describing the places mentioned in the book
296:. Then in the autumn of 1703, with the king's consent, the systematic "Burning of the CĂ©vennes" destroyed 466 hamlets and exiled their populations.
1141:
La dynastie Rouvière de Fraissinet-de-Lozère. Les élites villageoises dans les Cévennes protestantes d'après un fonds d'archives inédit (1403-1908)
941:
The revolt of the Protestants of the Cevennes, with some account of the Huguenots in the seventeenth century by Bray, Mrs. (Anna Eliza), 1790-1883
348:
was restored. Scattered fighting went on until 1710, but the true end of the uprising was the arrival in the CĂ©vennes of the Protestant minister
523:
429:
The visions of the prophets inspired the operations of the war, and encouraged the peasants to feel invincible. The peasants marched singing
68:, making Protestantism illegal. The Camisards operated throughout the mainly Protestant CĂ©vennes and Vaunage regions including parts of the
1461:
1414:
843:
Die europäische Debatte über den Religionskrieg (1679-1714). Konfessionelle Memoria und internationale Politik im Zeitalter Ludwigs XIV.
734:, leaders of the so-called French prophets, standing on the scaffold at Charing Cross after being sentenced to the pillory for sedition.
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The Protestant peasants of the Vaunage and the Cévennes, led by a number of teachers known as "prophets", notably François Vivent and
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by camisards. Basville, a government administrator with a reputation founded on torture, deported the entire populations of
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Title and illustration of an anonymous handbill printed in London in 1707. The picture shows Élie Marion, Jean Daudé, and
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Although most of the sources are in French and remain untranslated, there are a number of sources available in English:
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Religiously, ordained pastors were rounded up, and a series of prophets ministered secretly. Notable among them were:
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and the reestablishment of a small Protestant community that was largely left in peace, especially after the death of
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80:, with the worst of the fighting continuing until 1704, then skirmishes until 1710 and a final peace by 1715. The
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181:. Louis was determined to impose a single religion on France: that of Rome. As early as 1681 he instituted the
845:(Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte Mainz, 250) Göttingen, Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht,
893:
History of the Desert Fathers: from the revolution of the Edict of Nantes to the French Revolution, 1685-1789
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612:
Autumn: The Burning of the CĂ©vennes policy-villagers were deported from 466 villages which were then torched.
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The revolt of the Protestants of the Cevennes, with some account of the Huguenots in the seventeenth century
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The Revolt of the Protestants of the Cevennes, with some account of the Huguenots in the seventeenth century
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Massacres of the South (1551-1815): Celebrated Crimes, Full text (ebook) 192pp, Retrieved 21 September 2016
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Pierre-Jean Ruff, 2008. Le Temple du Rouve: lieu de mémoire des Camisards. Editions Lacour-Ollé, Nîmes.
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24 July: assassination of François Langlade, Abbé du Chayla, two priests and Catholic family at Dévèze.
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Violence increased as atrocities were committed on both sides: massacres in Catholic villages such as
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Philippe Joutard, Les Camisards, Gallimard 1976, rédité en coll. Folio Histoire en 1994, pp.217-219
1079:. 48160 St-Martin-de-Boubaux: Association d'Ă©tude et de recherche sur les camisards. Archived from
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106:(chemise) that peasants wear in lieu of any sort of uniform. Alternatively, it might come from the
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May: negotiations start, Cavalier accepts unconditional surrender and a command in the royal army
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Histoire des troubles des Cévennes ou de la guerre des camisards sous le règne de Louis le Grand
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Autumn: emergence of the Catholic Cadets of the Cross (White Camisards) who looted and pillaged.
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Huguenots and Camisards as Aliens in France, 1598-1789: The Struggle for Religious Toleration
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still illegal but now much better organised Protestantism. They were under the leadership of
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1050:, reprint of the original text printed in 1760. Editions Lacour-Ollé, Nîmes (in French).
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60:. In the early 1700s, they raised a resistance against the persecutions which followed
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Jean Cavalier later went over to the British, who made him governor of the island of
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and of the numerous travelling pastors who were permitted to re-enter the country.
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Protestant satirical drawing of a "dragoon missionary" converting a "heretic", 1686
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Regordane Info - The independent portal for The Regordane Way or St Gilles Trail
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Pierre Laporte (Rolland) (1680–1704) in the Basses-Cévennes, Mialet and
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Philippe Joutard, La légende des Camisards, NRF Gallimard, 1977, p. 355
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26 February: The Camisards under Castenet massacred the inhabitants of
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group of ex-Camisards under the guidance of Elie Marion emigrated to
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God – they were inspired by religion, not by patronage or politics.
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every region had its permanent organisers and occasional soldiers.
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February: Count de Broglie relieved of his duties and replaced by
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methods and withstood superior forces in several pitched battles.
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Open hostilities began on 24 July 1702, with the assassination at
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Jean Cavalier (1681–1704) in the plains of Bas-Languedoc between
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24 December: Jean Cavalier took the 700 strong garrison town of
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affair, when people seized back captured prophets from priests.
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20 April: de Villars assumes command and suggests negotiation
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16 April: de Montrevel defeated Cavalier at the Battle of
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may derive from a type of linen smock or shirt known as a
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Other opponents of the Protestants included six hundred
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The Huguenots and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes
269:, the Camisards met the ravages of the royal army with
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Huguenots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
665:19 April: Cavalier's stores discovered in caves at
1151:, Sète, Les Nouvelles Presses du Languedoc, 2011,
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817:
486:. Gédéon Laporte killed and his head displayed at
1443:
867:
856:
978:(in French with some sections also in English).
821:The Camisard Uprising of the French Protestants
739:Role in the survival of Protestantism in France
177:, revoked the Edict of Nantes, issuing his own
143: Contested between Huguenots and Catholics
1153:http://sites.google.com/site/dynastierouviere/
707:in 1706, and were said to have links with the
436:
189:, labelled "missionaries in boots". They were
953:†The story begins with the allied armies at
648:). Jean Cavalier defeated a Catholic regiment
1512:History of Occitania (administrative region)
677:13 August: Pierre Laporte (Rolland) dies at
1288:. New York: C. Scribner's sons. p. 450
245:of a local embodiment of royal oppression,
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322:, including pregnant women and children.
220:. The Catholic church was likened to the
1412:
1363:The Edinburgh Review or Critical Journal
1331:
1034:
874:(in French). Paris: Editions Gallimard.
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386:Henri Castanet (1674–1705) in charge of
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127:
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860:Les dragonnades: Histoire des Camisards
618:20 December: Battle of the Madeleines (
601:20 September: massacre of Catholics at
594:12 September: massacre of Catholics at
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662:(while waiting for de Villars arrival)
375:Salomon Couderc with Abraham Mazel in
27:For the war they participated in, see
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1208:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.109707
904:Travels with a Donkey in the CĂ©vennes
173:. In October 1685, Henry's grandson,
149: Controlled by Catholic nobility
137: Controlled by Huguenot nobility
1419:Leben: A Journal of Reformation Life
1339:. London: Printed for J. Stephens ..
1306:
683:October: Other leaders leave France.
584:29 April: Jean Cavalier defeated at
132:16th-century religious geopolitics.
1171:"The progress of the war 1702-1704"
1168:
1109:
1070:
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917:. Lewiston, N.Y.: E. Mellen Press.
185:which were conversions enforced by
84:was not finally signed until 1787.
24:
1462:18th-century Reformed Christianity
1400:. Fondation pasteur Eugène Bersier
1177:. Fondation pasteur Eugène Bersier
790:
635:Monument at Devès de Martignargues
25:
1533:
1472:History of Christianity in France
1046:Antoine Court de GĂ©belin (2009),
969:
961:, before the scene shifts to the
433:— which unnerved the opposition.
299:Other Protestants, like those of
66:Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
508:28 December: The Camisards took
256:
236:
1398:Virtual Museum of Protestantism
1351:
1325:
1300:
1275:
1254:
1175:Virtual Museum of Protestantism
976:A full history of the Camisards
824:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
522:12 January: Jean Cavalier took
468:. Traditional start of the War.
1189:
1133:
1118:
1040:
342:Claude Louis Hector de Villars
199:Nicholas Lamoignon de Basville
13:
1:
1359:"Cavallier and the Camisards"
911:Brian Eugene Strayer (2001).
863:(in French). Paris: E. Dentu.
359:
48:) of the rugged and isolated
1369:: 123–160. July–October 1856
1282:Baird, Henry Martyn (1895).
155: Lutheran-majority area
87:
78:The revolt broke out in 1702
52:region and the neighbouring
7:
1202:. Oxford University Press.
948:Cavallier and the Camisards
818:Henry Martyn Baird (1890).
768:
756:In his book with the title
687:
437:Chronology of the Camisards
114:, meaning paths (chemins).
34:18th century Huguenot bands
10:
1538:
932:Samuel Rutherford Crockett
565:April: the deportation of
539:Field-Marshal de Montrevel
368:The leaders of note were:
123:
26:
1307:Bray, Anna Eliza (1870).
1073:"La Guerre des Camisards"
868:Philippe Joutard (2015).
857:Eugène Bonnemère (1882).
732:Nicolas Fatio de Duillier
591:18 May: Battle of Bruyès.
1196:Laborie, Lionel (2019).
1101:: CS1 maint: location (
758:La légende des Camisards
653:Field-marshal de Villars
640:15 March: the battle of
479:) with no clear outcome.
471:11 September: Battle at
464:12 August: Execution of
267:Pierre Laporte (Rolland)
175:Louis XIV (The Sun king)
1413:Schlegel, Doug (2008).
1332:Cavalier, Jean (1726).
1124:Ana Eliza Bray (1870),
984:(in English and French)
938:. Historical fiction.â€
780:Pierre Durand, Huguenot
752:"The Camisards' legend"
626:
541:. More troops deployed.
516:
455:
441:
222:Beast of the Apocalypse
203:Abbot François Langlade
1128:. John Murray, London.
899:Robert Louis Stevenson
735:
642:Devès de Martignargues
636:
558:1 April: The royalist
546:Fraissinet-de-Fourques
505:. He led 70 Camisards.
494:, Saint-Hippolyte and
482:22 October: Battle at
278:Fraissinet-de-Fourques
233:
179:Edict of Fontainebleau
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116:
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1482:Religion and politics
1467:Wars involving France
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713:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
679:Castelnau-les-Valence
634:
555:– the Camisards lost.
231:
131:
989:Notes and references
907:. Travel literature.
828:H. M. Baird (1895),
301:Fraissinet-de-Lozère
29:War of the Camisards
1425:(4). Archived from
1313:. London: J. Murray
957:following the 1704
841:Christian MĂĽhling:
553:Battle of Pompignan
243:le Pont-de-Montvert
1507:Apocalyptic groups
959:Battle of Blenheim
936:Flower-o'-the-Corn
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637:
488:Barre-des-CĂ©vennes
234:
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82:Edict of Tolerance
1392:Bersier, Eugène.
1217:978-0-19-861412-8
1169:Bersier, Eugène.
1071:Rolland, Pierre.
966:
924:978-0-7734-7370-6
881:978-2-07-258367-4
719:, founder of the
477:Le Collet-de-Dèze
271:irregular warfare
261:Led by the young
247:François Langlade
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1223:6 September
785:Paul Rabaut
701:millenarian
603:Saturargues
496:Montpellier
422:Elie Marion
381:Mont Lozère
335:mercenaries
308:St. Florent
215:wool-comber
183:dragonnades
46:Protestants
1446:Categories
1386:References
723:movement.
709:Alumbrados
646:Vézénobres
596:Potelières
579:Roussillon
447:June: the
360:The people
331:Roussillon
286:Potelières
171:Louis XIII
1522:Louis XIV
1517:Camisards
1477:Huguenots
1404:29 August
1246:ignored (
1236:cite book
1181:30 August
1087:30 August
762:Catholics
575:Perpignan
562:massacre.
551:6 March:
377:Le Bougès
356:in 1715.
354:Louis XIV
340:In 1704,
333:hired as
92:The name
88:Etymology
62:Louis XIV
42:Huguenots
38:Camisards
1147:, t. 2:
1143:, t. 1:
1097:cite web
934:(1903),
901:(1879),
891:(1842).
769:See also
688:Heritage
395:Lassalle
327:miquelet
312:Senechas
282:Valsauve
191:billeted
187:dragoons
162:Henry IV
117:Camisada
95:camisard
70:Camargue
50:CĂ©vennes
44:(French
18:Camisard
1487:Ardèche
853:, 2018.
717:Ann Lee
715:and on
588:(Alès).
571:Saumane
484:Témélac
320:Brenoux
316:Rousson
294:Saumane
124:History
108:Occitan
98:in the
72:around
54:Vaunage
1502:Lozère
1214:
921:
878:
849:
835:
811:
721:Shaker
705:London
694:Jersey
620:Tornac
567:Mialet
492:Anduze
431:Psalms
290:Mialet
153:
147:
141:
135:
104:camisa
994:Notes
955:Namur
667:Euzet
660:Nages
528:Nîmes
510:Sauve
406:Sauve
112:camus
40:were
1492:Gard
1435:2016
1406:2016
1375:2018
1345:2018
1319:2018
1294:2018
1248:help
1225:2019
1212:ISBN
1183:2016
1103:link
1089:2016
919:ISBN
876:ISBN
847:ISBN
833:ISBN
809:ISBN
627:1704
569:and
517:1703
503:Alès
456:1702
442:1701
404:and
402:Uzès
379:and
314:and
292:and
284:and
265:and
1367:104
1204:doi
577:in
573:to
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