742:
634:
650:
254:
227:
734:
219:
618:
239:
440:
47:
1161:(VEI) of 8, the largest recorded value on the index. This means the volume of deposits for such an eruption is greater than 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cubic miles). The Neapolitan Yellow Tuff eruption (about 12ka BP) produced "just" 50 cubic kilometers. It is, however, one of relatively few volcanoes large enough to form a
796:, Italian minister for civil protection, was to ask Neapolitan local officials for an "acceleration in the drafting of exodus plans in the event of an emergency"; he said that evacuation would only be carried out in the event of "extreme necessity". Mass evacuation plans were to be tested at the end of May 2024.
776:
Volcanic activity was reported in
January 2022 to be increasing. In the year to September 2023 seismic activity had intensified, particularly in the later months. On 27 September 2023, a magnitude 4.2 earthquake—the strongest in 40 years—prompted the preparation of contingency plans to evacuate up to
768:
A February 2020 status report indicated that earth uplift around
Pozzuoli continued at steady rates, with a maximum average of 0.7 cm per month since July 2017. Gas emissions and fumarole temperatures did not change significantly. In May 2024 the ground was reported to be rising by 2 cm per
695:
planned to drill 3.5 kilometres (11,000 feet) below the earth's surface near
Pompeii, in order to monitor the massive molten rock chamber below and provide early warning of any eruption. Local scientists were worried that drilling could precipitate an eruption or earthquake; programme scientists said
772:
On April 26, 2020, a moderate earthquake swarm hit Campi
Flegrei caldera, with about 34 earthquakes ranging between magnitude 0 and magnitude 3.1 centred around the port city of Pozzuoli. The strongest quake in the sequence was of magnitude 3.1, the strongest at the time since the last major period
755:
article the shallow magma model, magma is pushing to break through the surface, making an explosive eruption with magma flow likely. In what has been termed the hot fluids model, steam and hot gases generated deeper underground are the cause. In this case activity could stop abruptly, or lead to a
703:
A study from the
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia reported that the volcanic unrest of the Campi Flegrei caldera from January 2012 to June 2013 was characterised by rapid ground uplift of about 11 cm (4 in), with a peak rate of about 3 cm (1 in) per month during
799:
Intense seismic activity continues in 2024. On 20 May 2024, seismic activity intensified, with a swarm of 150 earthquakes in a few hours, one of magnitude 4.4 causing fear among the population of
Pozzuoli and some cracks and minor damage to buildings. Schools and a prison were evacuated.
2325:
Calcaterra, Domenico; Cappelletti, Piergiulio; Langella, Alessio; Morra, Vincenzo; Colella, Abner; de
Gennaro, Roberto (December 2000). "The building stones of the ancient centre of Naples (Italy): Piperno from Campi Flegrei. A contribution to the knowledge of a long-time-used stone".
538:
It is believed that the resulting ecological crisis wiped out both the last
Neanderthal and the first Homo Sapiens populations of the early Upper Paleolithic. Modern humans then repopulated Europe from the east after the eruption and the ice age that took place from 38,000 to 36,000
704:
December 2012. It added that from 1985 to 2011 the dynamics of ground uplift were mostly linked to the caldera's hydrothermal system, and that this relation broke down in 2012. The driving mechanism of the ground uplift changed to periodical emplacement of magma within a flat
906:(welded tuff), a stone that was used to build much of Naples; piperno "is probably the most important building stone of Naples, used over a time-span from at least the Roman age until the beginning of the 20th century." Piperno stone was used in the construction of
496:. It is thought that the eruption of the Archiflegreo volcano occurred about 39,280 ± 110 years (older estimate ~37,000 years) ago, erupting about 200 km (48 cu mi) of magma (500 km (120 cu mi) bulk volume) to produce the
717:
concluded that an eruption might be closer than previously thought. The study found that the geographical unrest since the 1950s has a cumulative effect, causing a build-up of energy in the crust and making the volcano more susceptible to eruption.
1817:
D'Auria, Luca; Susi Pepe; Raffaele
Castaldo; Flora Giudicepietro; Giovanni Macedonio; Patrizia Ricciolino; Pietro Tizzani; Francesco Casu; Riccardo Lanari; Mariarosaria Manzo; Marcello Martini; Eugenio Sansosti; Ivana Zinno (2015).
760:
of hot liquids, gases and rock fragments, rather than lava. While very dangerous, it is less so than a magma eruption. An answer to this question would help to estimate how likely this volcano, and other large volcanoes and
1624:
De Vivo, B.; G. Rolandi; P. B. Gans; A. Calvert; W. A. Bohrson; F. J. Spera; H. E. Belkin (November 2001). "New constraints on the pyroclastic eruptive history of the
Campanian volcanic Plain (Italy)".
1933:
532:. As widespread discontinuities in archaeological sequences are observed at or after this eruption, a significant interference with ongoing human processes in Mediterranean Europe is hypothesized."
725:
on the western edge of the Campi Flegrei area. Two people were killed and many more people injured in Casamicciola on the northern coast of the island of Ischia, which is south of the epicentre.
1437:
Armienti, P.; Barberi, F.; Bizojard, H.; Clocchiatti, R.; Innocenti, F.; Metrich, N.; Rosi, M.; Sbrana, A. (September 1983). "The phlegraean fields: Magma evolution within a shallow chamber".
2053:
1679:
Giaccio, B. et al., High-precision 14C and 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Campanian Ignimbrite (Y-5) reconciles the time-scales of climatic-cultural processes at 40 ka. Sci Rep 7, 45940 (2017).
859:
wines can be made from individual varieties, provided the variety used comprises at least 90% of the blend and the wine is fermented to at least 12% alcohol for reds and 11% for whites.
528:, a subject of sustained debate. No less than 150 km (36 cu mi) of magma were extruded in this eruption (the CI eruption), traces of which can be detected in Greenland
2412:
Liubov Vitaliena Golovanova; Vladimir Borisovich Doronichev; Naomi Elancia Cleghorn; Marianna Alekseevna Koulkova; Tatiana Valentinovna Sapelko; M. Steven Shackley (October 2010).
1704:
S. Carlino; E. Cubellis; A. Marturano (2010). "The catastrophic 1883 earthquake at the island of Ischia (southern Italy): macroseismic data and the role of geological conditions".
1224:
784:
The best-case scenario was deemed to be the activity ending, as happened after much activity on the 1980s. The worst would be an eruption like the one of 1538. A study by Italy's
571:; Pozzuoli is at its centre. Approximately 12,000 years ago the last major eruption occurred, forming a smaller caldera inside the main caldera, with its centre where the town of
2013:
745:
Map of the Campania region showing the 1538 eruption of the Solfatara volcano northeast of Pozzuoli near Naples. From the Franco Novacco Map Collection at the Newberry Library.
1903:
696:
it was no different from industrial drilling in the area. The drilling was halted in 2010, but later resumed. A Reuters article emphasized that the area could produce a "
518:
biocultural changes that occurred within and outside the Mediterranean region. These included the Middle to Upper Paleolithic cultural transition and the replacement of
711:
In December 2016, activity became so high that an eruption was feared. In May 2017 a new study by University College London and the Vesuvius Observatory published in
2031:
2056:[Campi Flegrei earthquake, 150 shocks over a few hours, including the strongest in 40 years. Tomorrow Meloni ministerial summit] (in Italian). Il Secolo IX.
564:, between 35,000 and 10,500 years ago. This is characterized by the Neapolitan yellow tuff that is the remains of an immense underwater volcano, with a diameter of
2111:
2248:
2224:[Earthquake in Naples and Campi Flegrei today, April marks a new record: 'Never so many tremors since the beginning of the bradysemic crisis in 2005'].
1323:
Scarpati, Claudio; Cole, Paul; Perrotta, Annamaria (1993). "The Neapolitan Yellow Tuff — A large volume multiphase eruption from Campi Flegrei, Southern Italy".
1922:
1072:, the most ancient hot spring complex was built for the richest Romans. It included the largest ancient dome in the world before the construction of the Roman
585:, the material that forms the majority of volcanos in the Fields. Broadly speaking, it can be said there was initial activity to the southwest in the zone of
2557:
692:
2221:
1299:
741:
2150:
1667:
Kathryn E. Fitzsimmons et al., The Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption: New Data on Volcanic Ash Dispersal and Its Potential Impact on Human Evolution, 2013
1597:
Kathryn E. Fitzsimmons et al., The Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption: New Data on Volcanic Ash Dispersal and Its Potential Impact on Human Evolution, 2013
2597:
2202:
2132:
2067:
1759:"Caldera unrest prior to intense volcanism in Campi Flegrei (Italy) at 4.0 ka B.P.: Implications for caldera dynamics and future eruptive scenarios"
1975:
785:
1947:
83:
1609:
2499:
2411:
2222:"Terremoto Napoli e Campi Flegrei oggi, aprile segna un nuovo record: «Mai così tante scosse dall'inizio della crisi bradisimica del 2005»"
1232:
808:
In respect of its 18th and 19th century role in the development of geoscience, not least volcanology, this locality was included by the
809:
1691:
Bennett, E.A. et al., Genome sequences of 36,000- to 37,000-year-old modern humans at Buran-Kaya III in Crimea. Nat Ecol Evol (2023).
708:-shaped magmatic reservoir about 3,000 m (9,843 ft) in depth, 500 m (1,640 ft) south from the port of Pozzuoli.
1907:
633:
2504:
1478:
1820:"Magma injection beneath the urban area of Naples: a new mechanism for the 2012–2013 volcanic unrest at Campi Flegrei caldera"
1555:
Fedele, Francesco G.; et al. (2002). "Ecosystem Impact of the Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption in Late Pleistocene Europe".
2509:
2471:
1994:
1413:
2353:
Marra, F.; Palladino, D. M.; Licht, O. A. Boni (July 2022). "The peperino rocks: historical and volcanological overview".
2054:"Terremoto ai Campi Flegrei, 150 scosse in poche ore e la più forte degli ultimi 40 anni. Domani vertice Meloni-ministri"
792:(UCL) in June 2023 concluded that the volcano was edging towards "breaking point" and in an "extremely dangerous state".
552:
at Camaldoli hill, as in the northern and western ridge of Mount Cumae; other referable deep products are those found at
609:
Volcanic deposits indicative of eruption have been dated by argon at 315,000, 205,000, 157,000 and 18,000 years ago.
2313:
812:(IUGS) in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022.
2482:
2542:
986:
1287:
427:
and over 150 pools, at the last count, of boiling mud. Several subsidiary cones and tuff craters, one filled by
2567:
2547:
749:
The reason for the seismicity and bulging ground is not known as of 2023. According to one model, called in a
2587:
1889:
497:
17:
2552:
1763:
669:
593:(10,000–8,000 years ago); intermediate activity in an area centred between Pozzuoli, Spaccata Mountain and
76:
2572:
2516:
1961:
1875:
1800:
207:
148:
2592:
2562:
2537:
1158:
1130:
1120:
501:
2273:
2251:[Earthquake today in Naples: two strong tremors felt by the population of the Campi Flegrei].
649:
874:
and up to 10% of other local (both red and white) grape varieties. The whites are composed of 50–70%
789:
688:
31:
2582:
2577:
1758:
1198:
965:
366:
338:
2413:
2398:
1203:
319:
691:
of the caldera centre near Pozzuoli might presage an eruptive event within decades. In 2012 the
2483:"An extremely brief reversal of the geomagnetic field, climate variability and a super volcano"
722:
673:
307:
200:
178:
52:
2461:
1512:"Mobility of a large-volume pyroclastic flow — emplacement of the Campanian ignimbrite, Italy"
1381:
713:
461:
underlying the Phlegraean Fields produces lavas of varying composition but generally rich in
1923:"One of the world's most terrifying supervolcanoes is showing signs of reawakening in Italy"
2362:
2170:
1831:
1772:
1713:
1634:
1564:
1523:
1446:
1332:
1259:
1095:
657:
In 1538, an eight-day eruption in the area deposited enough material to create a new hill,
350:
315:
2085:
253:
8:
2249:"Terremoto oggi a Napoli: due scosse forti avvertite dalla popolazione dei Campi Flegrei"
1358:
1125:
1048:
1041:
751:
420:
334:
287:
168:
2366:
2174:
1835:
1816:
1776:
1717:
1638:
1568:
1527:
1450:
1336:
1263:
1098:
super-eruption around about 39,280 ± 110 years ago contributed to the extinction of the
2436:
1852:
1819:
1739:
1650:
1580:
1107:
1026:
982:
and was the site of summer villas of Julius Caesar, Nero, and Hadrian (who died there).
401:
365:
on marble columns show that the level of the site in relation to sea level has varied.
342:
231:
226:
2339:
314:, about 9 km (6 miles) east of Naples. The Phlegraean Fields is monitored by the
2467:
2440:
2309:
1928:
1857:
1743:
1734:
1654:
1584:
1535:
1458:
1419:
1409:
1154:
757:
733:
358:
2112:"Fears rise of volcanic eruption near Naples after strongest earthquake in 40 years"
2014:"Campi Flegrei volcano (Italy) status report: no significant variations in activity"
1485:
384:
At present, the Phlegraean Fields area comprises the Naples districts of Agnano and
2428:
2378:
2370:
2335:
2178:
1847:
1839:
1780:
1729:
1721:
1642:
1572:
1531:
1454:
1401:
1340:
1267:
1103:
1052:
1015:
910:, along with other stone including Naples yellow tuff, foamy basalt, and limestone.
855:
of 11.5% for reds and 10.5% for whites. While most Campi Flegrei wines are blends,
848:
828:
553:
515:
451:
397:
393:
282:
270:
131:
773:
of unrest and rapid uplift in 1982-1984. However, no new fumaroles were reported.
1397:
844:
824:
597:(8,000–3,900 years ago); and more recent activity towards the west, which formed
510:
draws attention to the coincidence of this volcanic catastrophe and the suite of
295:
258:
2445:
Significance of Ecological Factors in the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition
2159:"Potential for rupture before eruption at Campi Flegrei caldera, Southern Italy"
1511:
1405:
684:. Extreme damage was reported on the island, and over 2,000 residents perished.
506:"The dating of the Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption (CI) to ~37,000 calendar years
2374:
2183:
2158:
2092:
1668:
1598:
1193:
1073:
914:
793:
705:
507:
370:
330:
311:
247:
243:
2203:"Homes evacuated in Italy after strongest quake in 40 years near supervolcano"
1725:
218:
2531:
1692:
1091:
must be of volcanic origin, which was thought to be the case until the 1960s.
1084:
1080:
969:
922:
883:
852:
778:
697:
642:
641:(right), with other volcanic features in the background. Coloured etching by
638:
626:
195:
98:
85:
2151:"Parts of Italian volcano 'stretched nearly to breaking point', study finds"
1861:
1576:
1150:
1030:
1022:
990:
935:
832:
820:
777:
360,000 people in the area. Despite a further 4.0 quake on 2 October, most
762:
598:
524:
478:
428:
191:
1948:"Italian Supervolcano Could be Closer to Erupting Than Previously Thought"
1646:
1510:
Fisher, Richard V.; Giovanni Orsi; Michael Ort; Grant Heiken (June 1993).
1509:
1272:
1247:
998:
469:
is the most common eruptive product, unusually alkali-rich in some cases.
423:
crater was accessible on foot until 2017 and contains many steam-emitting
2383:
1785:
1099:
1037:
961:
879:
871:
658:
602:
519:
385:
329:
consists of 24 craters and volcanic edifices. Most of them lie under the
2463:
Volcanism in the Campania Plain: Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei and Ignimbrites
2133:"Italy plans for mass evacuation as quakes continue around supervolcano"
2032:"Campi Flegrei volcano (Italy) status report: continuing slow inflation"
1976:"Ischia earthquake: cheers go up as rescuers free third trapped brother"
661:. It has risen about 2 m (7 ft) from ground level since 1970.
511:
1393:
1344:
939:
903:
875:
863:
847:, and 13 t/ha for white grape varieties. The finished wines need to be
665:
504:(VEI) was 7 and it left a large part of eastern Europe covered in ash.
362:
346:
2517:"Campi Flegrei Volcano's Ancient Cycle Seems to End in Large Eruption"
1843:
2003:
An article with details of several possible mechanisms and scenarios.
1623:
1389:
1005:
994:
953:
867:
681:
582:
489:
Three geological phases or periods are recognised and distinguished.
470:
462:
1680:
2432:
1614:
Documentary film, ZDF Enterprises, 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
957:
856:
622:
572:
529:
466:
447:
424:
378:
152:
2324:
1436:
1423:
581:, between 8,000 and 500 years ago. This is characterized by white
1804:
1703:
1162:
907:
899:
840:
827:
comes from this area. Grapes destined for DOC production must be
617:
545:
443:
409:
354:
326:
238:
183:
2481:
Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres (16 Oct 2012).
439:
2399:"Pozzuoli: history, archeology, art, architecture, environment"
1069:
1010:
979:
949:
944:
929:
836:
594:
586:
474:
413:
405:
389:
374:
299:
66:
46:
1757:
Isaia, Roberto; Marianelli, Paola; Sbrana, Alessandro (2009).
2510:
Historical and Geological Introduction to the Neapolitan area
1890:"Campi Flegrei volcano eruption possibly closer than thought"
1153:
but it does not meet the criterion set by vulcanologists: an
1059:
975:
918:
781:
consider that a major eruption is not expected imminently.
590:
458:
303:
156:
1295:
1088:
549:
1904:"One of World's Most Dangerous Supervolcanoes is Rumbling"
1225:"One of Earth's Most Dangerous Supervolcanoes Is Rumbling"
894:
Campi Flegrei has had strategic and cultural importance.
676:
of 4.2–5.2 and causing catastrophic shaking assigned XI (
664:
The volcanic island of Ischia suffered three destructive
765:, are to erupt, and what warning signs to look out for.
886:, with up to 30% of other local white grape varieties.
2414:"Volcanoes Wiped out Neanderthals, New Study Suggests"
2068:"Campi-Flegrei-volcano-(Italy):Seismic swarm reported"
1756:
978:, now partially submerged, was a fashionable coastal
693:
International Continental Scientific Drilling Program
2156:
1322:
2352:
1149:Non-scientific media have described the area as a
1083:used to cite these Fields as an example of why the
333:. There are effusive gaseous manifestations in the
1921:
1801:"Super volcano", global danger, lurks near Pompeii
2157:Kilburn, C. R. J.; Carlino, S; Danesi, S (2023).
1245:
968:tried to turn the lake into a military port, the
30:For the submarine volcanoes south of Sicily, see
2529:
1995:"A Huge Italian Volcano Could Be Ready to Erupt"
1318:
1316:
786:National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology
544:The Phlegrean area is characterised by banks of
2274:"The First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites"
2196:
2194:
1516:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1439:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1044:oasis lies beside the enormous Astroni crater.
932:, was the Roman military academy headquarters.
823:, both red and white, under the Campi Flegrei
1313:
1298:Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. 2015-08-21.
1063:
1033:period, is on the eastern side of the Fields.
123:
2558:Geography of the Metropolitan City of Naples
2281:IUGS International Commission on Geoheritage
2246:
2219:
2105:
2103:
1669:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065839
1599:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065839
1386:The Illustrated History of Natural Disasters
1248:"Arc magmatism, calderas, and supervolcanos"
668:in 1828, 1881, and the most destructive one
2300:
2298:
2191:
1962:"M 4.3 - 5km NW of Monte di Procida, Italy"
1380:Kozák, Jan; Čermák, Vladimír, eds. (2010).
1379:
1018:, entirely built on an extinguished crater.
653:A painting of the Phlegraean Fields in 1797
477:have also been produced, and there is rare
2515:Andrews, Robin George (14 November 2018).
1693:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02211-9
810:International Union of Geological Sciences
803:
556:, recognizable in the cliffs of its coast.
2505:Volcanological Excursion to Campi Flegrei
2485:. Science X Network – via phys.org.
2382:
2200:
2182:
2109:
2100:
1851:
1784:
1733:
1271:
737:The Phlegraean Fields in the 21st century
349:phenomena, which are most evident at the
2598:First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites
2295:
2127:
2125:
1876:"Naples astride a rumbling mega-volcano"
1472:
1470:
1468:
1223:Howard, Brian Clark (22 December 2016).
740:
732:
648:
632:
616:
438:
252:
237:
225:
217:
2514:
2110:Giuffrida, Angela (28 September 2023).
1992:
1697:
1479:Volcanism and the Mantle: Campi Flegrei
862:Red Campi Flegrei is a blend of 50–70%
14:
2530:
2247:Guardascione, Pasquale (10 May 2024).
2047:
2045:
1554:
1222:
938:was believed to be an entrance to the
898:The area was the site of quarries for
889:
728:
625:at the Phlegraean Fields. Painting by
612:
2220:Guardascione, Pasquale (9 May 2024).
2122:
1465:
1231:. National Geographic. Archived from
605:(New Mountain) (3,800–500 years ago).
345:, the god of fire. The area features
281:
51:The Phlegraean Fields, seen from the
27:Caldera volcano west of Naples, Italy
1993:Perrone, Alessio (4 December 2023).
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1079:Astronomical broadcaster and writer
484:
2480:
2051:
2042:
687:A 2009 journal article stated that
522:populations by anatomically modern
222:A 1911 map of the Phlegraean Fields
24:
2454:
1906:. 22 December 2016. Archived from
942:, and is portrayed as such in the
569: 15 kilometres (9.3 mi)
25:
2609:
2493:
2201:Giuffrida, Angela (21 May 2024).
1681:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45940
1476:
1179:
769:month, with the rate increasing.
1936:from the original on 2022-05-26.
1302:from the original on 3 July 2017
1288:"Questions About Supervolcanoes"
242:A topographic relief map of the
45:
2405:
2391:
2346:
2318:
2266:
2240:
2213:
2143:
2078:
2060:
2024:
2006:
1986:
1968:
1954:
1940:
1914:
1896:
1882:
1868:
1810:
1793:
1750:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1617:
1603:
1591:
1548:
1503:
1359:"Campi Flegrei - stato attuale"
471:Peralkaline phonolitic trachyte
434:
353:, misidentified as a temple of
246:with the Phlegraean Fields and
1430:
1373:
1351:
1280:
1239:
1216:
1143:
212:29 September to 6 October 1538
13:
1:
2340:10.1016/S1296-2074(00)01097-9
1172:
917:, who had a colony nearby at
565:
498:Campanian Ignimbrite eruption
2328:Journal of Cultural Heritage
2096:(4' video). 21 January 2022.
1764:Geophysical Research Letters
1536:10.1016/0377-0273(93)90017-L
1459:10.1016/0377-0273(83)90073-2
1036:Europe's youngest mountain,
989:, the third-largest Italian
721:On 21 August 2017 there was
700:" that might kill millions.
234:map of the Phlegraean Fields
7:
1406:10.1007/978-90-481-3325-3_6
1114:
1094:There is a theory that the
928:The beach of Miliscola, in
149:Metropolitan City of Naples
10:
2614:
2375:10.1007/s00445-022-01573-5
2308:pg 132 Firefly Books 2004
2184:10.1038/s43247-023-00842-1
2139:. Reuters. 5 October 2023.
1246:de Silva, Shanaka (2008).
1159:volcanic explosivity index
1131:Phlegraean Fields red zone
1121:List of volcanoes in Italy
913:The area was known to the
502:Volcanic Explosivity Index
431:, lie within the caldera.
71:458 m (1,503 ft)
29:
1735:10.1007/s11069-009-9387-y
1726:10.1007/s11069-009-9367-2
1102:, based on evidence from
790:University College London
369:can still be observed at
283:[ˈkampifleˈɡrɛːi]
206:
189:
177:
167:
162:
144:
139:
119:
114:
75:
65:
60:
44:
39:
32:Campi Flegrei Mar Sicilia
2072:www.volcanodiscovery.com
2052:Leo, Ugo (20 May 2024).
2036:www.volcanodiscovery.com
2018:www.volcanodiscovery.com
1627:Mineralogy and Petrology
1484:(Report). Archived from
1292:Volcanic Hazards Program
1199:Global Volcanism Program
1136:
723:a magnitude 4 earthquake
562:Second Phlegraean Period
388:, the area of Pozzuoli,
339:believed in ancient Rome
261:of the Phlegraean Fields
2355:Bulletin of Volcanology
1325:Bulletin of Vulcanology
1204:Smithsonian Institution
815:
804:Geoheritage designation
579:Third Phlegraean Period
494:First Phlegraean Period
291:
2543:Campanian volcanic arc
2087:Europe's super volcano
1611:Neanderthal Apocalypse
1577:10.1006/qres.2002.2331
1361:. Vesuvius Observatory
1064:
746:
738:
654:
646:
630:
454:
308:Campanian volcanic arc
274:
262:
250:
235:
223:
201:Campanian volcanic arc
124:
53:Hermitage of Camaldoli
2568:Volcanic crater lakes
2548:Landforms of Campania
1910:on December 23, 2016.
1647:10.1007/s007100170010
1273:10.1130/focus082008.1
1229:Nationalgeographc.com
744:
736:
714:Nature Communications
652:
636:
620:
442:
367:Hydrothermal activity
256:
241:
229:
221:
2588:Pleistocene calderas
2421:Current Anthropology
2163:Commun Earth Environ
1932:. 21 December 2016.
1786:10.1029/2009GL040513
1382:"Phleghraean Fields"
1096:Campanian Ignimbrite
987:Flavian Amphitheatre
351:Macellum of Pozzuoli
318:. It was declared a
316:Vesuvius Observatory
306:. It is part of the
2553:Geography of Naples
2367:2022BVol...84...69M
2306:Wine Label Language
2175:2023ComEE...4..190K
2169:(190). et al: 190.
2153:. AFP. 9 June 2023.
2038:. 27 February 2020.
2020:. 21 November 2019.
1999:Scientific American
1836:2015NatSR...513100D
1777:2009GeoRL..3621303I
1718:2010NatHa..52..231C
1639:2001MinPe..73...47D
1569:2002QuRes..57..420F
1557:Quaternary Research
1528:1993JVGR...56..205F
1451:1983JVGR...17..289A
1337:1993BVol...55..343S
1264:2008Geo....36..671D
1126:Phlegra (mythology)
1110:of southern Russia.
1049:Agrippina the Elder
1008:passed through the
999:Capuan Amphitheatre
985:In Pozzuoli is the
890:Cultural importance
752:Scientific American
729:Activity since 2020
613:More recent history
548:and pipernoid grey
95: /
2573:Submarine calderas
2521:The New York Times
2466:. Elsevier. 2006.
1824:Scientific Reports
1771:(L21303): L21303.
1400:. pp. 67–71.
1345:10.1007/BF00301145
1108:Caucasus Mountains
1027:tourist attraction
921:, the seat of the
747:
739:
655:
647:
631:
455:
402:Phlegraean Islands
341:to be the home of
337:crater, which was
263:
251:
236:
232:topographic relief
224:
61:Highest point
2593:Phlegraean Fields
2563:Parks in Campania
2538:Calderas of Italy
2500:Phlegraean Fields
2473:978-0-08-048166-1
1982:. 22 August 2017.
1929:Independent.co.uk
1844:10.1038/srep13100
1807:, August 3, 2012.
1415:978-90-481-3325-3
1235:on April 5, 2021.
758:phreatic eruption
485:Geological phases
310:, which includes
267:Phlegraean Fields
216:
215:
99:40.827°N 14.139°E
40:Phlegraean Fields
16:(Redirected from
2605:
2524:
2486:
2477:
2448:
2447:
2418:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2322:
2316:
2302:
2293:
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2290:
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2278:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
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2238:
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2233:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2154:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2074:. 27 April 2020.
2064:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1814:
1808:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1737:
1712:(231): 231–247.
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1621:
1615:
1607:
1601:
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1542:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1483:
1474:
1463:
1462:
1445:(1–4): 289–311.
1434:
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1427:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1320:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1190:
1166:
1147:
1104:Mezmaiskaya cave
1067:
1053:Scipio Africanus
831:up to a maximum
570:
567:
554:Monte di Procida
516:Late Pleistocene
452:Solfatara crater
394:Monte di Procida
377:and the town of
325:The area of the
285:
280:
135:
127:
110:
109:
107:
106:
105:
100:
96:
93:
92:
91:
88:
49:
37:
36:
21:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2583:Volcanic fields
2578:VEI-7 volcanoes
2528:
2527:
2496:
2490:
2474:
2460:
2457:
2455:Further reading
2452:
2451:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2396:
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2347:
2323:
2319:
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2101:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2050:
2043:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1991:
1987:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1815:
1811:
1799:Antonio Denti,
1798:
1794:
1755:
1751:
1706:Natural Hazards
1702:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1592:
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1540:
1538:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
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1481:
1475:
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1435:
1431:
1416:
1398:Springer Verlag
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1321:
1314:
1305:
1303:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1244:
1240:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1206:
1194:"Campi Flegrei"
1192:
1191:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1117:
892:
845:grape varieties
825:DOC appellation
818:
806:
731:
615:
568:
533:
487:
437:
363:marine molluscs
296:caldera volcano
278:
259:satellite photo
129:
103:
101:
97:
94:
89:
86:
84:
82:
81:
56:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2526:
2525:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2495:
2494:External links
2492:
2488:
2487:
2478:
2472:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2433:10.1086/656185
2427:(5): 655–691.
2417:(news release)
2404:
2390:
2345:
2334:(4): 415–427.
2317:
2294:
2265:
2239:
2212:
2190:
2142:
2121:
2099:
2093:Deutsche Welle
2077:
2059:
2041:
2023:
2005:
1985:
1967:
1953:
1950:. 15 May 2017.
1939:
1913:
1895:
1881:
1867:
1809:
1792:
1749:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1633:(1–3): 47–65.
1616:
1602:
1590:
1563:(3): 420–424.
1547:
1522:(3): 205–220.
1502:
1477:Brand, Helen.
1464:
1429:
1414:
1372:
1350:
1331:(5): 343–356.
1312:
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1128:
1123:
1116:
1113:
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1111:
1092:
1085:impact craters
1077:
1056:
1045:
1034:
1019:
1002:
983:
973:
933:
926:
915:ancient Greeks
911:
891:
888:
817:
814:
805:
802:
794:Nello Musumeci
779:volcanologists
763:supervolcanoes
730:
727:
637:The crater of
614:
611:
607:
606:
576:
558:
557:
541:
540:
535:
534:
505:
486:
483:
436:
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331:Gulf of Naples
312:Mount Vesuvius
248:Mount Vesuvius
244:Gulf of Naples
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2314:1-55297-720-X
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2069:
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2055:
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2037:
2033:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1963:
1957:
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1537:
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1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1491:on 2012-08-10
1487:
1480:
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1471:
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1118:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:Patrick Moore
1078:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:, now in the
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1047:The tombs of
1046:
1043:
1040:, is here. A
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
981:
977:
974:
971:
970:Portus Julius
967:
963:
959:
955:
952:. During the
951:
947:
946:
941:
937:
934:
931:
927:
924:
923:Cumaean Sibyl
920:
916:
912:
909:
905:
901:
897:
896:
895:
887:
885:
884:Coda di Volpe
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
853:alcohol level
851:to a minimum
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
813:
811:
801:
797:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
774:
770:
766:
764:
759:
754:
753:
743:
735:
726:
724:
719:
716:
715:
709:
707:
701:
699:
698:super volcano
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
651:
644:
643:Pietro Fabris
640:
639:Mount Barbaro
635:
628:
627:Michael Wutky
624:
619:
610:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
577:
574:
563:
560:
559:
555:
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531:
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521:
517:
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491:
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411:
407:
403:
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391:
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376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
320:regional park
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:) is a large
293:
292:Campe Flegree
289:
284:
276:
275:Campi Flegrei
272:
268:
260:
255:
249:
245:
240:
233:
228:
220:
211:
209:
208:Last eruption
205:
202:
199:
197:
193:
188:
185:
182:
180:
179:Mountain type
176:
172:
170:
166:
161:
158:
154:
150:
147:
143:
138:
133:
126:
125:Campi Flegrei
122:
118:
113:
108:
80:
78:
74:
70:
68:
64:
59:
54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
18:Campi Flegrei
2520:
2489:
2462:
2444:
2424:
2420:
2407:
2393:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2305:
2304:P. Saunders
2285:. Retrieved
2280:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2252:
2242:
2230:. Retrieved
2228:(in Italian)
2225:
2215:
2207:The Guardian
2206:
2166:
2162:
2145:
2137:The Guardian
2136:
2116:The Guardian
2115:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1998:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1956:
1942:
1927:
1916:
1908:the original
1898:
1884:
1870:
1827:
1823:
1812:
1795:
1768:
1762:
1752:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1610:
1605:
1593:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1539:. Retrieved
1519:
1515:
1505:
1495:25 September
1493:. Retrieved
1486:the original
1442:
1438:
1432:
1385:
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1353:
1328:
1324:
1304:. Retrieved
1291:
1282:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1233:the original
1228:
1218:
1207:. Retrieved
1197:
1151:supervolcano
1145:
1100:Neanderthals
1031:early modern
1023:Cave of Dogs
1009:
991:amphitheatre
943:
936:Lake Avernus
893:
861:
821:Italian wine
819:
807:
798:
783:
775:
771:
767:
750:
748:
720:
712:
710:
702:
686:
677:
663:
656:
608:
599:Lake Avernus
578:
561:
525:Homo sapiens
523:
493:
488:
479:trachybasalt
456:
435:Geochemistry
429:Lake Avernus
418:
383:
347:bradyseismic
324:
266:
264:
173:40,000 years
1365:11 November
1038:Monte Nuovo
1029:during the
1025:, a famous
880:Biancolella
872:Sciascinoso
788:(INGV) and
689:deformation
666:earthquakes
659:Monte Nuovo
603:Monte Nuovo
575:lies today.
520:Neanderthal
386:Fuorigrotta
357:: bands of
169:Age of rock
120:Native name
102: /
77:Coordinates
2532:Categories
2287:3 November
2253:Il Mattino
2226:Il Mattino
1541:2008-09-20
1424:2010920318
1394:Heidelberg
1306:2017-08-22
1258:(8): 671.
1209:2016-12-23
1173:References
993:after the
940:underworld
904:ignimbrite
902:stone, an
876:Falanghina
864:Piedirosso
288:Neapolitan
90:14°08′20″E
87:40°49′37″N
2441:144299365
2361:(7): 69.
1830:: 13100.
1744:140602189
1655:129762185
1585:129476314
1390:Dordrecht
1055:are here.
1006:Via Appia
995:Colosseum
954:civil war
878:, 10–30%
868:Aglianico
866:, 10–30%
849:fermented
829:harvested
682:MCS scale
680:) on the
674:magnitude
672:, with a
583:pozzolana
530:ice cores
463:potassium
448:fumaroles
425:fumaroles
421:Solfatara
359:boreholes
335:Solfatara
322:in 2003.
190:Volcanic
140:Geography
67:Elevation
55:in Naples
1980:Guardian
1934:Archived
1862:26279090
1300:Archived
1155:eruption
1115:See also
1074:Pantheon
997:and the
958:Octavian
956:between
857:varietal
843:for red
623:fumarole
573:Pozzuoli
467:Trachyte
379:Pozzuoli
361:left by
298:west of
279:Italian:
153:Campania
145:Location
2363:Bibcode
2171:Bibcode
2155:citing
1964:. USGS.
1853:4538569
1832:Bibcode
1805:Reuters
1773:Bibcode
1714:Bibcode
1635:Bibcode
1565:Bibcode
1524:Bibcode
1447:Bibcode
1333:Bibcode
1260:Bibcode
1252:Geology
1163:caldera
1157:with a
1106:in the
1087:on the
966:Agrippa
908:Pompeii
900:piperno
882:and/or
870:and/or
841:hectare
678:Extreme
670:in 1883
629:, 1780s
546:piperno
450:at the
444:Sulphur
410:Procida
371:Lucrino
355:Serapis
327:caldera
271:Italian
184:Caldera
163:Geology
132:Italian
2470:
2439:
2312:
2283:. IUGS
2258:10 May
2232:10 May
1860:
1850:
1742:
1653:
1583:
1422:
1412:
1070:Bacoli
1065:comune
1016:Quarto
1011:comune
980:resort
962:Antony
950:Virgil
945:Aeneid
930:Bacoli
837:tonnes
835:of 12
645:, 1776
595:Agnano
587:Bacoli
512:coeval
500:. Its
475:latite
414:Vivara
406:Ischia
400:, the
398:Quarto
390:Bacoli
375:Agnano
343:Vulcan
300:Naples
128:
115:Naming
2437:S2CID
2277:(PDF)
1740:S2CID
1651:S2CID
1581:S2CID
1489:(PDF)
1482:(PDF)
1137:Notes
1060:Baiae
976:Baiae
919:Cumae
833:yield
591:Baiae
459:magma
304:Italy
157:Italy
2468:ISBN
2310:ISBN
2289:2022
2260:2024
2234:2024
1858:PMID
1497:2005
1420:LCCN
1410:ISBN
1392:and
1367:2023
1296:USGS
1089:Moon
1051:and
1021:The
1004:The
960:and
816:Wine
706:sill
601:and
589:and
550:tuff
508:B.P.
473:and
457:The
446:and
419:The
412:and
265:The
196:belt
2429:doi
2379:hdl
2371:doi
2336:doi
2179:doi
1848:PMC
1840:doi
1781:doi
1730:hdl
1722:doi
1643:doi
1573:doi
1532:doi
1455:doi
1402:doi
1341:doi
1268:doi
1068:of
1058:At
1042:WWF
1014:of
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539:BC.
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