Candide - Knowledge

205: 1109: 2396: 2849: 2821: 2835: 2954:, purportedly "translated from the German of Dr. Ralph, with additions found in the pocket of the Doctor when he died at Minden." The Great Council of Geneva almost at once (March 5) ordered it to be burned. Of course Voltaire denied his authorship: "people must have lost their senses," he wrote to a friendly pastor in Geneva, "to attribute to me that pack of nonsense. I have, thank God, better occupations." But France was unanimous: no other man could have written 401: 559: 578: 1280: 2863: 2891: 6228: 36: 2877: 1612:, a fantastic village in which the inhabitants are simply rational, and their society is just and reasonable. The positivity of El Dorado may be contrasted with the pessimistic attitude of most of the book. Even in this case, the bliss of El Dorado is fleeting: Candide soon leaves the village to seek Cunégonde, whom he eventually marries only out of a sense of obligation. 2235:(1799): "An unusually large number of parallels...crop up in the two novels, particularly in terms of characters and plot." For instance, the protagonists of both novels are romantically involved with a recently orphaned young woman. Furthermore, in both works the brothers of the female lovers are Jesuits, and each is murdered (although under different circumstances). 1311:. After lamenting all the people (mainly priests) he has killed, he and Cacambo flee. In their flight, Candide and Cacambo come across two naked women being chased and bitten by a pair of monkeys. Candide, seeking to protect the women, shoots and kills the monkeys, but is informed by Cacambo that the monkeys and women were probably lovers. 1918:"outside" view also believe that the isolationist philosophy of the Old Turk closely mirrors that of Voltaire. Others see a strong parallel between Candide's gardening at the conclusion and the gardening of the author. Martine Darmon Meyer argues that the "inside" view fails to see the satirical work in context, and that denying that 1597:, an expression Voltaire is credited with originating). This depiction of military punishment trivializes Byng's death. The dry, pithy explanation "to encourage the others" thus satirises a serious historical event in characteristically Voltairian fashion. For its classic wit, this phrase has become one of the more often quoted from 1514:

Barasch described Voltaire's matter-of-fact narrative as treating topics such as mass death "as coolly as a weather report". The fast-paced and improbable plot—in which characters narrowly escape death repeatedly, for instance—allows for compounding tragedies to befall the same characters over and over again. In the end,

1195:" set up to appease God and prevent another disaster. Candide is flogged and sees Pangloss hanged, but another earthquake intervenes and he escapes. He is approached by an old woman, who leads him to a house where Lady Cunégonde waits, alive. Candide is surprised: Pangloss had told him that Cunégonde had been raped and 688:, then edited directly. In addition to this manuscript, there is believed to have been another, one copied by Wagnière for the Elector Charles-Théodore, who hosted Voltaire during the summer of 1758. The existence of this copy was first postulated by Norman L. Torrey in 1929. If it exists, it remains undiscovered. 1863:

it prescribes is in dispute). Many critics have concluded that one minor character or another is portrayed as having the right philosophy. For instance, a number believe that Martin is treated sympathetically, and that his character holds Voltaire's ideal philosophy—pessimism. Others disagree, citing

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where, to Candide's surprise, he finds Pangloss and Cunégonde's brother among the rowers. Candide buys their freedom and further passage at steep prices. They both relate how they survived, but despite the horrors he has been through, Pangloss's optimism remains unshaken: "I still hold to my original

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s detention, the official who confiscated the book explained the office's decision to ban it, "But about 'Candide,' I'll tell you. For years we've been letting that book get by. There were so many different editions, all sizes and kinds, some illustrated and some plain, that we figured the book must

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debate. This one concerns the degree to which Voltaire was advocating a pessimistic philosophy, by which Candide and his companions give up hope for a better world. Critics argue that the group's reclusion on the farm signifies Candide and his companions' loss of hope for the rest of the human race.

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after its fictional proponent), which Voltaire ridicules with descriptions of seemingly endless calamity. Voltaire demonstrates a variety of irredeemable evils in the world, leading many critics to contend that Voltaire's treatment of evil—specifically the theological problem of its existence—is the

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whose philosophy is to devote his life only to simple work and not concern himself with external affairs. He and his four children cultivate a small area of land, and the work keeps them "free of three great evils: boredom, vice, and poverty." Candide, Pangloss, Martin, Cunégonde, Paquette, Cacambo,

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has enjoyed both great success and great scandal. Immediately after its secretive publication, the book was widely banned because it contained religious blasphemy, political sedition, and intellectual hostility hidden under a thin veil of naivety. However, with its sharp wit and insightful portrayal

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which has amused so many, there lies very harsh criticism of contemporary European civilization which angered many others. European governments such as France, Prussia, Portugal and England are each attacked ruthlessly by the author: the French and Prussians for the Seven Years' War, the Portuguese

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where they split up: Cacambo travels to Buenos Aires to retrieve Lady Cunégonde, while Candide prepares to travel to Europe to await the two. Candide's remaining sheep are stolen, and Candide is fined heavily by a Dutch magistrate for petulance over the theft. Before leaving Suriname, Candide feels

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In Lisbon's harbor, they are overtaken by a vicious storm which destroys the boat. Jacques attempts to save a sailor, and in the process is thrown overboard. The sailor makes no move to help the drowning Jacques, and Candide is in a state of despair until Pangloss explains to him that Lisbon harbor

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it was a thing unavoidable, a necessary ingredient in the best of worlds; for if Columbus had not caught in an island in America this disease, which contaminates the source of generation, and frequently impedes propagation itself, and is evidently opposed to the great end of nature, we should have

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known as a great philosopher of the land. Candide asks him why Man is made to suffer so, and what they all ought to do. The dervish responds by asking rhetorically why Candide is concerned about the existence of evil and good. The dervish describes human beings as mice on a ship sent by a king to

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where the streets are covered with precious stones, there exist no priests, and all of the king's jokes are funny. Candide and Cacambo stay a month in El Dorado, but Candide is still in pain without Cunégonde, and expresses to the king his wish to leave. The king points out that this is a foolish

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was to "bring amusement to a small number of men of wit". The author achieves this goal by combining wit with a parody of the classic adventure-romance plot. Candide is confronted with horrible events described in painstaking detail so often that it becomes humorous. Literary theorist Frances K.

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nobility who widened the lobes of their ears, and are depicted here as the fictional inhabitants of the area. Mistaking Candide for a Jesuit by his robes, the Oreillons prepare to cook Candide and Cacambo; however, Cacambo convinces the Oreillons that Candide killed a Jesuit to procure the robe.

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to argue this point, sarcastically describing the catastrophe as one of the most horrible disasters "in the best of all possible worlds". Immediately after the earthquake, unreliable rumours circulated around Europe, sometimes overestimating the severity of the event. Ira Wade, a noted expert on

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s point of view and that of Voltaire to accept the "inside" view; they support the "outside" interpretation. They believe that Candide's final decision is the same as Voltaire's, and see a strong connection between the development of the protagonist and his author. Some scholars who support the

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monk, Brother Giroflée. Although both appear happy on the surface, they reveal their despair: Paquette has led a miserable existence as a sexual object since she was forced to become a prostitute, and the monk detests the religious order in which he was indoctrinated. Candide gives two thousand

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c'était une chose indispensable dans le meilleur des mondes, un ingrédient nécessaire; car si Colomb n'avait pas attrapé dans une île de l'Amérique cette maladie qui empoisonne la source de la génération, qui souvent même empêche la génération, et qui est évidemment l'opposé du grand but de la

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Fundamental to Voltaire's attack is Candide's tutor Pangloss, a self-proclaimed follower of Leibniz and a teacher of his doctrine. Ridicule of Pangloss's theories thus ridicules Leibniz himself, and Pangloss's reasoning is silly at best. For example, Pangloss's first teachings of the narrative

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All is well in the castle until Cunégonde sees Pangloss sexually engaged with Paquette in some bushes. Encouraged by this show of affection, Cunégonde drops her handkerchief next to Candide, enticing him to kiss her. For this infraction, Candide is evicted from the castle, at which point he is

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Candide, the baron, Pangloss, Martin, and Cacambo arrive at the banks of the Propontis, where they rejoin Cunégonde and the old woman. Cunégonde has indeed become hideously ugly, but Candide nevertheless buys their freedom and marries Cunégonde to spite her brother, who forbids Cunégonde from

1690:, and that Candide's conclusion to cultivate "his garden" symbolises Voltaire's great support for this endeavour. Candide and his companions, as they find themselves at the end of the novella, are in a very similar position to Voltaire's tightly knit philosophical circle which supported the 506:

s closest literary relatives. This satire tells the story of "a gullible ingenue", Gulliver, who (like Candide) travels to several "remote nations" and is hardened by the many misfortunes which befall him. As evidenced by similarities between the two books, Voltaire probably drew upon

676:. It is believed to have been sent, chapter by chapter, by Voltaire to the Duke and Duchess La Vallière in the autumn of 1758. The manuscript was sold to the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal in the late eighteenth century, where it remained undiscovered for almost two hundred years. The 476:, include "extreme credulousness or sentimental simplicity", two of Candide's and Simplicius's defining qualities. Aldridge writes, "Since Voltaire admitted familiarity with fifteenth-century German authors who used a bold and buffoonish style, it is quite possible that he knew 1710:. Another interpretative possibility is that Candide cultivating "his garden" suggests his engaging in only necessary occupations, such as feeding oneself and fighting boredom. This is analogous to Voltaire's own view on gardening: he was himself a gardener at his estates in 2958:. Here was that deceptively simple, smoothly flowing, lightly prancing, impishly ironic prose that only he could write; here and there a little obscenity, a little scatology; everywhere a playful, darting, lethal irreverence; if the style is the man, this had to be Voltaire. 1889:

Separate from the debate about the text's conclusion is the "inside/outside" controversy. This argument centers on the matter of whether or not Voltaire was actually prescribing anything. Roy Wolper, professor emeritus of English, argues in a revolutionary 1969 paper that

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philosophy and a precept committing the travellers to improving the world through metaphorical gardening. This debate, and others, focuses on the question of whether or not Voltaire was prescribing passive retreat from society, or active industrious contribution to it.

1358:, who was a chief opponent of Leibniz. For the remainder of the voyage, Martin and Candide argue about philosophy, Martin painting the entire world as occupied by fools. Candide, however, remains an optimist at heart, since it is all he knows. After a detour to 1934:

De roman, Voltaire en a fait un, lequel est le résumé de toutes ses œuvres ... Toute son intelligence était une machine de guerre. Et ce qui me le fait chérir, c'est le dégoût que m'inspirent les voltairiens, des gens qui rient sur les grandes choses!

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s satire is to contrast ironically great tragedy and comedy. The story does not invent or exaggerate evils of the world—it displays real ones starkly, allowing Voltaire to simplify subtle philosophies and cultural traditions, highlighting their flaws. Thus

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Immediately after publication, the work and its author were denounced by both secular and religious authorities, because the book openly derides government and church alike. It was because of such polemics that Omer-Louis-François Joly de Fleury, who was

1207:). Her owners arrive, find her with another man, and Candide kills them both. Candide and the two women flee the city, heading to the Americas. Along the way, Cunégonde falls into self-pity, complaining of all the misfortunes that have befallen her. 1958:

Voltaire made, with this novel, a résumé of all his works ... His whole intelligence was a war machine. And what makes me cherish it is the disgust which has been inspired in me by the Voltairians, people who laugh about the important things!

2579:. While this production was a box office flop, the music was highly praised, and an original cast album was made. The album gradually became a cult hit, but Hellman's libretto was criticised as being too serious an adaptation of Voltaire's novel. 1765:

It is demonstrable that things cannot be otherwise than as they are; for as all things have been created for some end, they must necessarily be created for the best end. Observe, for instance, the nose is formed for spectacles, therefore we wear

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Candide, the impressionable and incompetent student of Pangloss, often tries to justify evil, fails, invokes his mentor and eventually despairs. It is by these failures that Candide is painfully cured (as Voltaire would see it) of his optimism.

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Il est démontré, disait-il, que les choses ne peuvent être autrement; car tout étant fait pour une fin, tout est nécessairement pour la meilleure fin. Remarquez bien que les nez ont été faits pour porter des lunettes; aussi avons-nous des

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idea, but generously helps them do so. The pair continue their journey, now accompanied by one hundred red pack sheep carrying provisions and incredible sums of money, which they slowly lose or have stolen over the next few adventures.

1635:, Cunégonde the sex interest, Pangloss the knowledgeable mentor, and Cacambo the skillful valet. As the plot unfolds, readers find that Candide is no rogue, Cunégonde becomes ugly and Pangloss is a stubborn fool. The characters of 711:: A Problem of Identification". The publication process was extremely secretive, probably the "most clandestine work of the century", because of the book's obviously illicit and irreverent content. The greatest number of copies of 376:

had a strong influence on theologians of the day and on Voltaire, who was himself disillusioned by them. The earthquake had an especially large effect on the contemporary doctrine of optimism, a philosophical system founded on the

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by his mentor, Professor Pangloss. The work describes the abrupt cessation of this lifestyle, followed by Candide's slow and painful disillusionment as he witnesses and experiences great hardships in the world. Voltaire concludes

1164:. Pangloss reveals he was infected with this disease by Paquette and shocks Candide by relating how Castle Thunder-ten-Tronckh was destroyed by Bulgars, that Cunégonde and her whole family were killed, and that Cunégonde was 2026:

nevertheless succeeded in selling twenty thousand to thirty thousand copies by the end of the year in more than twenty editions, making it a best seller. The Duke de La Vallière speculated near the end of January 1759 that

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was published that included, along with several minor changes, a major addition by Voltaire to the twenty-second chapter, a section that had been thought weak by the Duke of Vallière. The English title of this edition was

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Voltaire develops no formal, systematic philosophy for the characters to adopt. The conclusion of the novel may be thought of not as a philosophical alternative to optimism, but as a prescribed practical outlook (though

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Mynheer Vanderdendur: Dutch ship captain/pirate and slave holder. Offers to take Candide from America to France for 30,000 gold coins, but then departs without him, stealing most of his riches. Dies after his ship

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must not be seen as a forerunner of the 'absurd' in modern fiction. Candide's world has many ridiculous and meaningless elements, but human beings are not totally deprived of the ability to make sense out of it."

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became part of his large, diverse body of philosophical, political, and artistic works expressing these views. More specifically, it was a model for the eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century novels called the

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focus of the work. Heavily referenced in the text are the Lisbon earthquake, disease, and the sinking of ships in storms. Also, war, thievery, and murder—evils of human design—are explored as extensively in

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marrying anyone but a baron of the Empire (he is secretly sold back into slavery). Paquette and Brother Giroflée—having squandered their three thousand piastres—are reconciled with Candide on a small farm (

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should be read with a minimum of speculation as to its meaning in Voltaire's personal life. His article ushered in a new era of Voltaire studies, causing many scholars to look at the novel differently.

2347:(1952). In both of these works, and in a similar manner, friendship provides emotional support for characters when they are confronted with harshness of their existences. However, Mason qualifies, "the 2634: 265:

with, if not rejecting Leibnizian optimism outright, advocating a deeply practical precept, "we must cultivate our garden", in lieu of the Leibnizian mantra of Pangloss, "all is for the best" in the "

1495:) on their farm, each exercising his or her own talents. Candide ignores Pangloss's insistence that all turned out for the best by necessity, instead telling him "we must cultivate our garden" ( 1307:' preparation for his burial revived him, and he has since joined the order. When Candide proclaims he intends to marry Cunégonde, her brother attacks him, and Candide runs him through with his 443:, has analyzed which sources Voltaire might have referenced in learning of the event. Wade speculates that Voltaire's primary source for information on the Lisbon earthquake was the 1755 work 585:

Born François-Marie Arouet, Voltaire (1694–1778), by the time of the Lisbon earthquake, was already a well-established author, known for his satirical wit. He had been made a member of the

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The Old Woman: Cunégonde's maid while she is the mistress of Don Issachar and the Grand Inquisitor of Portugal. Flees with Candide and Cunégonde to the New World. Illegitimate daughter of

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that kill tens of thousands. The sailor leaves in order to loot the rubble while Candide, injured and begging for help, is lectured on the optimistic view of the situation by Pangloss.

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does not discuss Pope's optimistic principle that "all is right", but Leibniz's that states, "this is the best of all possible worlds". However subtle the difference between the two,

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The conclusion of the novel, in which Candide finally dismisses his tutor's optimism, leaves unresolved what philosophy the protagonist is to accept in its stead. This element of

2159:. Bottiglia instead calls it a miniature classic; but others have been more forgiving of its size. As the only work of Voltaire which has remained popular up to the present day, 1199:. She had been, but Cunégonde points out that people survive such things. However, her rescuer sold her to a Jewish merchant, Don Issachar, who was then threatened by a corrupt 1176:

was created in order for Jacques to drown. Only Pangloss, Candide, and the "brutish sailor" who let Jacques drown survive the wreck and reach Lisbon, which is promptly hit by

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Voltaire actively rejected Leibnizian optimism after the natural disaster, convinced that if this were the best possible world, it should surely be better than it is. In both

2679:, only with a happy ending; supporters of another claim that Voltaire provided Sciascia with only a starting point from which to work, that the two books are quite distinct. 1039:. By the latter scheme, the thirty chapters may be grouped into three parts each comprising ten chapters and defined by locale: I–X are set in Europe, XI–XX are set in the 1770:

Following such flawed reasoning even more doggedly than Candide, Pangloss defends optimism. Whatever their horrendous fortune, Pangloss reiterates "all is for the best" ("

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does not necessarily speak for its author; that the work should be viewed as a narrative independent of Voltaire's history; and that its message is entirely (or mostly)

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was translated once into Italian and thrice into English that same year. The complicated science of calculating the relative publication dates of all of the versions of

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from 1759, in the original French, are known today, and there has been great controversy over which is the earliest. More versions were published in other languages:

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as are environmental ills. Bottiglia notes Voltaire is "comprehensive" in his enumeration of the world's evils. He is unrelenting in attacking Leibnizian optimism.

1589:, being executed for failing to properly engage a French fleet. The admiral is blindfolded and shot on the deck of his own ship, merely "to encourage the others" ( 2774: 6335: 385:, which insisted on God's benevolence in spite of such events. This concept is often put in the form, "all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds" ( 1643:-like; they are simplistic and stereotypical. As the initially naïve protagonist eventually comes to a mature conclusion—however noncommittal—the novella is a 1681:, which may be a false Eden. Other possibly symbolic gardens include the Jesuit pavilion, the garden of Pococurante, Cacambo's garden, and the Turk's garden. 1484:

Egypt; their comfort does not matter to the king. The dervish then slams his door on the group. Returning to their farm, Candide, Pangloss, and Martin meet a

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who wrote the music, was so excited about the project that he convinced Hellman to do it as a "comic operetta". Many lyricists worked on the show, including

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Astbury, Kate (April 2005). "Candide, ou l'optimisme, seconde partie (1760) / Jean-François Marmontel: un intellectuel exemplaire au siècle des Lumières".

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These gardens are probably references to the Garden of Eden, but it has also been proposed, by Bottiglia, for example, that the gardens refer also to the

1661:. The first location commonly identified as a garden is the castle of the Baron, from which Candide and Cunégonde are evicted much in the same fashion as 2169: 1554:

is taking advantage of the local population. Voltaire depicts the Jesuits holding the indigenous peoples as slaves while they claim to be helping them.

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is unambiguous as to which is its subject. Some critics conjecture that Voltaire meant to spare Pope this ridicule out of respect, although Voltaire's

1718:, and he often wrote in his correspondence that gardening was an important pastime of his own, it being an extraordinarily effective way to keep busy. 1378:, Candide and Martin meet Paquette, the chambermaid who infected Pangloss with his syphilis. She is now a prostitute, and is spending her time with a 1608:

is a discussion of various forms of evil: its characters rarely find even temporary respite. There is at least one notable exception: the episode of

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until 1768 (until then he signed with a pseudonym: "Monsieur le docteur Ralph", or "Doctor Ralph"), his authorship of the work was hardly disputed.

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Candide and Martin visit the Lord Pococurante, a noble Venetian. That evening, Cacambo—now a slave—arrives and informs Candide that Cunégonde is in

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Apart from such events, contemporaneous stereotypes of the German personality may have been a source of inspiration for the text, as they were for

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live in seclusion to "cultivate garden", just as Voltaire suggested his colleagues leave society to write. In addition, there is evidence in the

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representing the Prussians and the French). Candide eventually escapes the army and makes his way to Holland where he is given aid by Jacques, an

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lasted into the twentieth century in the United States, where it has long been considered a seminal work of Western literature. At least once,

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in need of companionship, so he interviews a number of local men who have been through various ill-fortunes and settles on a man named Martin.

654: 2370:: "Before the war, I would have thought this wicked compilation of all human misery a caricature. Now it strikes me as altogether realistic." 776:

Je crois que des Estampes seraient fort inutiles. Ces colifichets n'ont jamais été admis dans les éditions de Cicéron, de Virgile et d'Horace.

299:, albeit more directly and humorously. Voltaire ridicules religion, theologians, governments, armies, philosophies, and philosophers. Through 6302: 2010:

s irreverent prose was being quoted. "Let us eat a Jesuit", for instance, became a popular phrase for its reference to a humorous passage in

904:: Dutch manufacturer who takes Candide in after his escape from the Prussian Army. Drowns in the port of Lisbon after saving a sailor's life. 4447:

Bellhouse, Mary L. (December 2006). "Candide Shoots the Monkey Lovers: Representing Black Men in Eighteenth-Century French Visual Culture".

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Signor Pococurante: A Venetian noble. Candide and Martin visit his estate, where he discusses his disdain of most of the canon of great art.

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derides optimism, for instance, with a deluge of horrible, historical (or at least plausible) events with no apparent redeeming qualities.

468:. The protagonist of this novel, who was supposed to embody stereotypically German characteristics, is quite similar to the protagonist of 4641: 5449:. translated by Lowell Bair ; with an appreciation by Andre Maurois ; illustrations by Sheilah Beckett. New York: Bantam Dell. 2231: 1370:) being shot for not killing enough of the enemy. Martin explains that Britain finds it necessary to shoot an admiral from time to time " 907:

Don Issachar: Jewish banker in Portugal. Cunégonde becomes his mistress, shared with the Grand Inquisitor of Portugal. Killed by Candide.

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and his other works. Indeed, writers have seen Voltaire as speaking through at least Candide, Martin, and the Turk. Wolper argues that

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conclude the novel in a garden of their own making, one which might represent celestial paradise. The third most prominent "garden" is

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opinions, because, after all, I'm a philosopher, and it wouldn't be proper for me to recant, since Leibniz cannot be wrong, and since

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Voltaire depicts the worst of the world and his pathetic hero's desperate effort to fit it into an optimistic outlook. Almost all of

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before her death. Pangloss is cured of his illness by Jacques, losing one eye and one ear in the process, and the three set sail to

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Don Fernando d'Ibarra y Figueroa y Mascarenes y Lampourdos y Souza: Spanish governor of Buenos Aires. Wants Cunégonde as a mistress.

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Dawson, Deidre (January 1, 1986). "In Search of the Real Pangloss: The Correspondence of Voltaire with the Duchess of Saxe-Gotha".

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that he discovered his own artistic style. Klee illustrated the work, and his drawings were published in a 1920 version edited by

657:(real name: Clara Adèle Luce Herpin) and Gaston Maugras. The evidence indicates strongly that Voltaire did not rush or improvise 2294:

s popularisation of the phrase "the best of all possible worlds". He cites as evidence, for example, that the French version of

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and the last part the resolution. This view is supported by the strong theme of travel and quest, reminiscent of adventure and

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Candide, or Optimism, Translated from the German of Dr. Ralph. With the additions found in the Doctor's pocket when he died at

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Cacambo and Candide are released and travel for a month on foot and then down a river by canoe, living on fruits and berries.

1272:(a Spanish magistrate) arrives, pursuing Candide for killing the Grand Inquisitor. Leaving the women behind, Candide flees to 891:

The baron and baroness of Thunder-ten-Tronckh: Father and mother of Cunégonde and the second baron. Both slain by the Bulgars.

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is mature and carefully developed, not impromptu, as the intentionally choppy plot and the aforementioned myth might suggest.

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for three weeks in the summer of 1758. Despite solid evidence for these claims, a popular legend persists that Voltaire wrote

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Candide: The title character. The illegitimate son of the sister of the Baron of Thunder-ten-Tronckh. In love with Cunégonde.

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1803 illustration of the two monkeys chasing their lovers. Candide shoots the monkeys, thinking they are attacking the women.

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Rouillard, C. D. (November 1962). "Review of 'Voltaire and Candide: A Study in the Fusion of History, Art and Philosophy'".

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was made into a number of minor films and theatrical adaptations throughout the twentieth century. For a list of these, see

2287:, three canonical works of the genre. Specifically, Mattelart writes that in each of these works, there exist references to 1855:

has been written about voluminously, perhaps above all others. The conclusion is enigmatic and its analysis is contentious.

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simultaneously in five countries no later than 15 January 1759, although the exact date is uncertain. Seventeen versions of

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On the way to Constantinople, Cacambo reveals that Cunégonde—now horribly ugly—currently washes dishes on the banks of the

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Voltaire's negative descriptions of Martin's principles and the conclusion of the work in which Martin plays little part.

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it. This point of view, the "inside", specifically rejects attempts to find Voltaire's "voice" in the many characters of

1619:, calls the "sentimental foibles of the age" and Voltaire's attack on them. Flaws in European culture are highlighted as 1550:, Cacambo remarks, " are masters of everything, and the people have no money at all …". Here, Voltaire suggests the 4923:

Kamrath, Mark L. (1991). "Brown and the Enlightenment: A study of the influence of Voltaire's Candide in Edgar Huntly".

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satirises various philosophical and religious theories that Voltaire had previously criticised. Primary among these is

1374:" (to encourage the others). Candide, horrified, arranges for them to leave Britain immediately. Upon their arrival in 1023:; the other consists of three parts, each defined by its geographical setting. By the former scheme, the first half of 954:

confessor. After the slaying by the Bulgars, works as a prostitute in Venice and becomes entangled with Friar Giroflée.

860: 428:("Poem on the Lisbon Disaster"), Voltaire attacks this optimist belief. He makes use of the Lisbon earthquake in both 372:

and are cited by scholars as reasons for its composition. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, tsunami, and resulting fires of

6718: 6690: 6370: 6314: 6122: 5741: 5683: 5628: 5605: 5582: 5560: 5454: 5186: 5162: 5017: 4967: 4948: 4817: 4750: 4585: 4564: 4387: 4353: 186: 4699:

Burns, Jennefer (October 2000). "Telling tales about 'Impegno': Commitment and hindsight in Vittorini and Calvino".

1546:. Aldridge provides a characteristic example of such anti-clerical passages for which the work was banned: while in 1015:

chapters, which may be grouped into two main schemes: one consists of two divisions, separated by the protagonist's

7137: 7107: 7072: 2790: 2179: 6697: 778:(I believe that these illustrations would be quite useless. These baubles have never been allowed in the works of 737:

underwent one major revision after its initial publication, in addition to some minor ones. In 1761, a version of

314:

of the human condition, the novel has since inspired many later authors and artists to mimic and adapt it. Today,

7177: 7167: 7157: 6683: 5697: 2917: 522: 841:

Professor Pangloss: The royal educator of the court of the baron. Described as "the greatest philosopher of the

802:. The first version was done, at Moreau's own expense, in 1787 and included in Kehl's publication of that year, 7147: 7142: 7077: 6308:, bibliography of illustrated editions, list of available electronic editions and more useful information from 5073: 2912: 1252: 937:

The abbot of Périgord: Befriends Candide and Martin in the hopes of scamming them. Tries to have them arrested.

4252: 7172: 7152: 7082: 2726:

deals with the rejection of a sort of optimism which the author sees in women's magazines of the modern era;

2603:. After Bernstein's death, further revised productions of the musical were performed in versions prepared by 2095:, as well as Voltaire's attitude toward his fiction, precludes the achievement of artistic dimension through 2068:

was admitted in August of the same year; however by that time the class was over. In an interview soon after

877:

The Baron of Thunder-ten-Tronckh: Brother of Cunégonde. Is seemingly killed by the Bulgarians, but becomes a

6956: 6894: 4809:

Banned Books: Informal Notes on Some Books Banned for Various Reasons at Various Times and in Various Places

2669:

is a hotly debated topic. A number of theories on the matter have been proposed. Proponents of one say that

1922:

is primarily a mockery of optimism (a matter of historical context) is a "very basic betrayal of the text".

930:, who helps Candide and Cacambo out of El Dorado, lets them pick gold from the grounds, and makes them rich. 5341:

Taylor, O. R.; Vercruysse, Jeroom (1979). "Review: Les Éditions encadrées des Œuvres de Voltaire de 1775".

2794: 1735: 672:

that was written before the work's 1759 publication; it was discovered in 1956 by Wade and since named the

636: 257: 1303:, who turns out to be Cunégonde's unnamed brother. He explains that after his family was slaughtered, the 1075:, Candide, is romantically attracted to Cunégonde. He is a young man of "the most unaffected simplicity" ( 7132: 3086: 2037: 1236: 1102: 799: 266: 6188: 2087:

is the most widely read of Voltaire's many works, and it is considered one of the great achievements of

1704:

correspondence of Voltaire that he had elsewhere used the metaphor of gardening to describe writing the

7182: 7122: 6974: 6764: 6669: 6655: 6648: 6242: 2503: 2140: 1423: 1160:, who strengthens Candide's optimism. Soon after, Candide finds his master Pangloss, now a beggar with 990: 569: 2174: 1615:

Another element of the satire focuses on what William F. Bottiglia, author of many published works on

1518:

is primarily, as described by Voltaire's biographer Ian Davidson, "short, light, rapid and humorous".

6873: 5370:

Torrey, Norman L. (November 1929). "The Date of Composition of Candide, and Voltaire's Corrections".

2540: 768: 754:

authorised by Voltaire was the one included in Cramer's 1775 edition of his complete works, known as

455: 382: 304: 5091: 2221:, an early American novelist, may have been directly affected by Voltaire, whose work he knew well. 2192: 1910:

Critics such as Lester Crocker, Henry Stavan, and Vivienne Mylne find too many similarities between

7087: 6662: 5963: 3631: 1047:. The plot summary that follows uses this second format and includes Voltaire's additions of 1761. 1028: 20: 2439: 2100: 7062: 6988: 6963: 6852: 6782: 6704: 2423: 2015: 1455: 1442: 863:

mother. Lived half his life in Spain and half in Latin America. Candide's valet while in America.

586: 2111:, then, cannot in quantity or quality, measure up to the supreme classics" such as the works of 608:. This genre, of which Voltaire was one of the founders, included previous works of his such as 6585: 6564: 6531: 4652: 2218: 1527: 1411: 1335: 1288: 1184: 1177: 985: 967:

In an inn in Venice, Candide and Martin dine with six men who turn out to be deposed monarchs:

815: 365: 288: 6859: 5438:

Candide: ou, L'optimisme; édition critique avec une introd. et un commentaire par André Morize

5297: 685: 275:

is characterized by its tone as well as by its erratic, fantastical, and fast-moving plot. A

6880: 6641: 6363: 5989: 4521:. Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Vol. VII. Institut et Musee Voltaire. 2608: 2600: 2471: 2466: 2330: 1947: 1543: 1407: 980: 528: 495: 6887: 6810: 6796: 6789: 4642:"Great Books of the Western World: A Collection of the Greatest Writings in Western History" 1831:

may have been written as a more direct response to Pope's theories. This work is similar to

1811:

This critique of Voltaire's seems to be directed almost exclusively at Leibnizian optimism.

1394:. Prior to their departure, Candide and Martin dine with six strangers who had come for the 7032: 6901: 6606: 6592: 6463: 4670:

Broome, J. H. (1960). "Voltaire and Fougeret de Monbron a 'Candide' Problem Reconsidered".

2273: 1776:") and proceeds to "justify" the evil event's occurrence. A characteristic example of such 1415: 1101:-cosmolonigology") and self-proclaimed optimist, teaches his pupils that they live in the " 473: 465: 333: 224: 8: 6968: 6831: 6496: 6342: 2704:. This chance meeting on a ship from Venice to Istanbul is the setting of Gürsel's book. 2576: 2306: 2132: 2116: 1427: 1419: 1115:

and first page of chapter one of an early English translation by T. Smollett (et al.) of

995: 895: 604: 393:). Philosophers had trouble fitting the horrors of this earthquake into their optimistic 361: 296: 284: 88: 3120: 2337:

a few similarities to this brand of literature. For instance, he notes commonalities of

6408: 6326: 6101: 6072: 6043: 6006: 5950: 5778: 5730: 5655: 5545: 5523: 5490: 5424: 5387: 5358: 5329: 5242: 5213: 5142: 5134: 5052: 5044: 5007: 4994: 4902: 4873: 4844: 4781: 4716: 4687: 4628: 4501: 4493: 4464: 4414: 4342: 2746: 2735: 2511: 2430:

Voltaire. The story continues in this sequel with Candide having new adventures in the

2383: 2088: 2061: 1395: 1145: 1036: 373: 6908: 5617: 3599: 2381:

in their song "Take the Long Way Home", from the American edition of their 1999 album

1108: 6524: 6445: 6207: 6118: 6105: 6047: 6035: 5975: 5889: 5868: 5847: 5737: 5707: 5679: 5669: 5624: 5601: 5578: 5556: 5531: 5450: 5428: 5416: 5284: 5280: 5182: 5176: 5158: 5146: 5069: 5056: 5013: 4963: 4944: 4914:

Hobbs, Perry (2 April 1930). "Dirty Hands: A Federal Customs Official Looks at Art".

4813: 4807: 4773: 4746: 4581: 4575: 4560: 4543: 4522: 4505: 4468: 4383: 4349: 4204: 4194: 2882: 2854: 2742: 2652: 2583:

has been revised and reworked several times. The first New York revival, directed by

2548: 2528: 2520: 2399: 2343: 2144: 1403: 1232: 1112: 975: 842: 329: 7027: 7004: 6803: 6613: 6400: 6356: 6309: 6220: 6093: 6064: 6027: 5998: 5942: 5770: 5647: 5515: 5408: 5379: 5350: 5321: 5276: 5234: 5205: 5126: 5036: 4986: 4894: 4865: 4836: 4765: 4708: 4679: 4577:

Purity in Print: Book Censorship in America from the Gilded Age to the Computer Age

4485: 4456: 4435: 4406: 4337: 2715: 2592: 2564: 2499: 2435: 2413: 2278: 2250: 2124: 1985: 1624: 1551: 1539: 1240: 1200: 1187:, and he and Candide are arrested for heresy, set to be tortured and killed in an " 943:

The scholar: One of the guests of the "marchioness". Argues with Candide about art.

911: 276: 157: 100: 6286: 5254:

Scherr, Arthur (Spring 1993). "Voltaire's 'Candide': a tale of women's equality".

4728:

Crocker, Lester G. (Autumn 1971). "Professor Wolper's Interpretation of Candide".

1581:

is seen in the treatment of the historic event witnessed by Candide and Martin in

1215:

The old woman reciprocates by revealing her own tragic life: born the daughter of

661:, but worked on it over a significant period of time, possibly even a whole year. 249:(1947). It begins with a young man, Candide, who is living a sheltered life in an 6995: 6982: 6278: 6274: 6252: 6193: 5914: 5594: 3642: 3055: 2782: 2568: 2516: 2374: 2263: 2246: 2128: 1670: 1632: 1628: 1590: 1224: 1149: 728: 720: 386: 292: 199: 6817: 6055:

Oake, Roger B.; Wade, Ira O. (Spring 1961). "Review of "Voltaire and Candide"".

5838:

Henry, Patrick (Spring 1977). "Travel in Candide: Moving On But Going Nowhere".

2682: 1876:

This view is to be compared to a reading that presents Voltaire as advocating a

1686: 1489:

the old woman, and Brother Giroflée all set to work on this "commendable plan" (

1183:

The next day, Pangloss discusses his optimistic philosophy with a member of the

40:

The title-page of the 1759 edition published by Cramer in Geneva, which reads, "

6932: 6838: 6711: 6258: 4536: 3538: 2826: 2705: 2698: 2612: 2572: 2544: 2536: 2431: 2395: 2363: 2215:. Its parody and picaresque methods have become favourites of black humorists. 2212: 2204: 2136: 1816: 1666: 1485: 1434: 1391: 1284: 1256: 1196: 1044: 1016: 490: 250: 6951: 6676: 6348: 6097: 6031: 5798: 5196:

Radner, Daisie (October 1998). "Optimality in biology: Pangloss or Leibniz?".

4439: 4191:

Radio Drama: A Comprehensive Chronicle of American Network Programs, 1932–1962

1711: 1203:

into sharing her (Don Issachar gets Cunégonde on Mondays, Wednesdays, and the

628: 7021: 6620: 6454: 6273:, Par Mr. de Voltaire. Edition revue, corrigée & augmentée par L'Auteur, 6039: 5987:

Lynch, James J. (January 1985). "Romance Conventions in Voltaire's Candide".

5979: 5893: 5872: 5851: 5535: 5420: 5412: 5288: 5085:"Textualizing the Future: Godard, Rochefort, Beckett and Dystopian Discourse" 4777: 4526: 4460: 4377: 4371:(2). Modern Humanities Research Association. EBSCO Accession Number 16763209. 4208: 3647: 2896: 2868: 2786: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2458:

or continuations of its story were published by authors other than Voltaire.

2268: 2258: 2208: 2196: 1645: 764: 325: 280: 105: 6599: 5825:

Gullette, Cameron C. (December 1934). "Fanfluche – Cousin of Candide".

5711: 5399:

Vannini, Giulio (2011). "Il Satyricon di Petronio nel Candide di Voltaire".

5209: 2060:

prevented a number of copies of the book, deemed "obscene", from reaching a

1190: 916: 647:

in three days. This idea is probably based on a misreading of the 1885 work

6491: 6486: 5600:. Literary Companion to World Literature. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. 5027:

McGhee, Dorothy M. (1943). "The "Conte Philosophique" Bridging a Century".

3526: 2840: 2820: 2627: 2596: 2588: 2222: 2188: 2164: 1662: 1438: 1355: 1314:

Cacambo and Candide are captured by Oreillons, or Orejones; members of the

1263: 1216: 1141: 1124: 1064: 940:

The marchioness of Parolignac: Parisian wench who takes an elaborate title.

849: 640: 6481: 5312:

Starobinski, Jean (Summer 1976). "Sur le Style Philosophique de Candide".

4547: 1148:, and forced to participate in a major battle between the Bulgars and the 835: 5172: 4885:

Hitchins, Keith (Summer–Autumn 2002). "Le voyage de Candide à Istanbul".

4827:

Havens, George R. (April 1932). "The Composition of Voltaire's Candide".

2731: 2623: 2604: 2475: 2225:, professor of English, describes the strength of the connection between 2152: 2148: 2104: 1976:

Though Voltaire did not openly admit to having written the controversial

1463: 1398:. These strangers are revealed to be dethroned kings: the Ottoman Sultan 1315: 1296: 1094: 1072: 951: 920:. Cunégonde is his mistress jointly with Don Issachar. Killed by Candide. 867: 838:: The daughter of the Baron of Thunder-ten-Tronckh. In love with Candide. 400: 320: 220: 5527: 5217: 4906: 1657:

Gardens are thought by many critics to play a critical symbolic role in

1585:

harbour. There, the duo spy an anonymous admiral, supposed to represent

767:

in his works, as he stated in a 1778 letter to the writer and publisher

279:

with a story similar to that of a more serious coming-of-age narrative (

6743: 6173: 6155: 6076: 6010: 5954: 5782: 5659: 5391: 5362: 5333: 5138: 4998: 4977:

Mason, H. T. (January 1970). "Voltaire's "Contes": An "État Présent"".

4943:. Barron's book notes. Woodbury, NY: Barron's Educational Series, Inc. 4877: 4848: 4785: 4720: 4691: 4418: 3533: 2834: 2722:

for a modern audience and changed the protagonist from male to female.

2619: 2584: 2552: 2532: 2495: 2483: 2446:

has potential use in studies of the popular and literary receptions of

2427: 2283: 2200: 2096: 2076:

be all right. Then one of us happened to read it. It's a filthy book".

1989: 1640: 1582: 1348: 1300: 1283:

1787 illustration of Candide and Cacambo meeting a maimed slave from a

1220: 1157: 1060: 1032: 901: 616: 394: 357: 5494: 5246: 5048: 4632: 4497: 3088:

Candide, ou L'optimisme , traduit de l'allemand de M. le docteur Ralph

2156: 577: 558: 6915: 6202: 5519: 5267:

Silva, Edward T. (1974). "From Candide to Candy: Love's Labor Lost".

4898: 4397:

Barasch, Frances K. (Winter 1985). "The Grotesque as a Comic Genre".

3530: 2922: 2694: 2595:. Bernstein revised the work again in 1987 with the collaboration of 2451: 2120: 2052:

was temporarily barred from entering America: in February 1929, a US

1877: 1792: 1678: 1609: 1586: 1531: 1446: 1399: 1379: 1367: 1323: 1259:, she eventually became a servant of Don Issachar and met Cunégonde. 1248: 1020: 970: 958: 927: 807: 724: 6845: 6255:; original version) with 2200+ English annotations at Tailored Texts 6068: 6002: 5946: 5774: 5651: 5383: 5354: 5325: 5130: 4990: 4869: 4840: 4769: 4712: 4683: 4410: 2366:, in the aftermath of the First World War, remarked upon re-reading 1279: 6824: 6736: 6547: 6379: 6237: 5238: 5040: 4619:

Braun, Theodore E. D. (March 1988). "Teaching Candide – A Debate".

4489: 2556: 2524: 2243: 1781: 1777: 1547: 1359: 1276:

with his practical and heretofore unmentioned manservant, Cacambo.

1273: 1161: 1153: 1116: 1098: 1040: 947: 946:

Paquette: A chambermaid from Thunder-ten-Tronckh who gave Pangloss

871: 563: 378: 253: 216: 53: 2862: 5012:. Twayne's Masterwork Studies. New York City: Twayne Publishers. 3065: 2053: 1701: 1623:

parodies adventure and romance clichés, mimicking the style of a

1480: 1459: 1384: 1351: 1268: 1244: 1228: 1204: 1137: 1133: 1012: 856: 594: 409: 228: 110: 368:. Both of the latter catastrophes are frequently referred to in 6866: 2701: 2238:

Some twentieth-century novels that may have been influenced by

2057: 1715: 1450: 1375: 1327: 1308: 1304: 1169: 878: 787: 783: 779: 745: 716: 707:

is described at length in Wade's article "The First Edition of

405: 212: 123:

1759: Cramer, Marc-Michel Rey, Jean Nourse, Lambert, and others

95: 5638:

Wolper, Roy S. (Winter 1969). "Candide, Gull in the Garden?".

5464:

Wade, Ira O. (October 1956). "The La Vallière MS of Candide".

2003:

Despite much official indictment, soon after its publication,

446:

Relation historique du Tremblement de Terre survenu à Lisbonne

175: 35: 6578: 5880:

Henry, Patrick (Spring 1977). "Working in Candide's Garden".

5477:

Wade, Ira O. (15 February 1957). "A Manuscript of Voltaire's

3964: 3962: 2112: 1363: 1322:

After a few more adventures, Candide and Cacambo wander into

881:

in Paraguay. Disapproves of Candide and Cunégonde's marriage.

680:, the most original and authentic of all surviving copies of 610: 590: 19:

This article is about Voltaire's satire. For other uses, see

4476:

Bottiglia, William F. (September 1951). "Candide's Garden".

2329:

often compare it with certain works of the modern genre the

1835:

in subject matter, but very different from it in style: the

1140:) recruiters and coerced into military service, where he is 391:

Tout est pour le mieux dans le meilleur des mondes possibles

6516: 5757:

Betts, C. J. (April 1985). "On the Beginning and Ending of

5157:. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. 2004. p. 42. 2571:

on 1 December 1956. The premier production was directed by

2362:

was an early and powerful influence on Beckett's thinking.

1165: 1068: 593:, a strong proponent of religious freedom, and a critic of 5929:

Howells, R. J. (April 1985). "'Cette Boucherie Héroïque':

3959: 3229: 2762:(1989) with preface and commentaries by Pierre Malandain. 1780:

is found in Pangloss's explanation of why it is good that

163: 4513:

Bottiglia, William F. (1959). Besterman, Theodore (ed.).

2454:. In total, by the year 1803, at least ten imitations of 1458:

is the most beautiful thing in the world, along with the

1299:

on the way to Paraguay, Cacambo and Candide speak to the

1059:

begins in the castle of the Baron Thunder-ten-Tronckh in

352:

A number of historical events inspired Voltaire to write

231:

has been widely translated, with English versions titled

6265:, traduit de l'allemand. De Mr. le Docteur Ralph, 1759. 6165: 5577:. New York: The Modern Language Association of America. 2041:, the Roman Catholic Church's list of prohibited books. 2031:

might have been the fastest-selling book ever. In 1762,

1867:

Within debates attempting to decipher the conclusion of

760:, in reference to the border or frame around each page. 566:

published as the frontispiece to an 1843 edition of his

5551:: A Study in the Fusion of History, Art, and Philosophy 4856:

Havens, George R. (May 1973). "Some Notes on Candide".

3550: 3548: 2618:

The BBC produced a television adaptation in 1973, with

1639:

are unrealistic, two-dimensional, mechanical, and even

1414:(deprived, at the time of writing, of his reign in the 291:. As philosophers of Voltaire's day contended with the 6112: 5964:"The new Candide or what I learned in the theory wars" 5109:

Morrison, Ian R. (January 2002). "Leonardo Sciascia's

4005:

The Story of Civilization Volume 9:The Age of Voltaire

1819:, a later optimist of slightly different convictions. 1476:) which he just bought with the last of his finances. 1366:, they arrive in England and see an admiral (based on 684:, was probably dictated by Voltaire to his secretary, 472:. These stereotypes, according to Voltaire biographer 6223:(scanned books; original editions, color illustrated) 6147: 5262:(3): 261–282. Thomson Gale Document Number A13877067. 3860: 2091:. William F. Bottiglia opines, "The physical size of 1961:

Was he laughing? Voltaire? He was screeching ...

1884: 731:, in London by Jean Nourse, and in Paris by Lambert. 347: 187: 166: 160: 6084:

Scherr, Arthur (Winter 2001). "Voltaire's Candide".

6018:

Marsh, Leonard (Spring 2004). "Voltaire's Candide".

3545: 2816: 1839:

embodies a more serious philosophical argument than

1071:, Paquette; and the rest of the Baron's family. The 1063:, home to the Baron's daughter, Lady Cunégonde; his 794:

Despite this protest, two sets of illustrations for

178: 172: 5090:. The University of Texas at Austin. Archived from 2170:

The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages

1410:(an unsuccessful pretender to the English throne), 914:of Portugal: Sentences Candide and Pangloss at the 544:s parody of the bildungsroman is probably based on 169: 5729: 5728:Adorno, Theodor W. (1970). Redmond, Dennis (ed.). 5668: 5616: 5593: 5544: 4597:"Interview: Frank Woodley – Candide laughter" 4535: 4341: 3630:This is the most famous quote from the novel. See 1387:to Paquette and one thousand to Brother Giroflée. 328:. It is among the most frequently taught works of 5859:Henry, Patrick (Winter 1977). "Time in Candide". 5483:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 4960:Voltaire: Candide ou L'Optimisme et autres contes 4426:Beck, Ervin (Summer 1999). "Voltaire's Candide". 3694: 3692: 2759:Voltaire: Candide ou L'Optimisme et autres contes 1534:. Organised religion, too, is harshly treated in 1509:As Voltaire himself described it, the purpose of 650:La Vie intime de Voltaire aux Délices et à Ferney 7019: 5340: 3745: 3743: 3220: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 1239:), suffered constant hunger, nearly died from a 1188: 6758:Épître à l'Auteur du Livre des Trois Imposteurs 6378: 3796: 3794: 2802: 1081:), whose face is "the true index of his mind" ( 460:, a 1669 satirical picaresque novel written by 5907:Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century 5692: 4166: 4164: 3938:Braun, Sturzer & Meyer (1988), pp. 569–571 3689: 3235: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3021: 3019: 404:This 1755 copper engraving shows the ruins of 6532: 6452: 6364: 6117:(Second Revised ed.). Salem Press, Inc. 5555:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 4348:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 4229: 4227: 3878: 3740: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 2988: 2777:in Melbourne. It followed the basic story of 2670: 2664: 2655:. It was at least partly based on Voltaire's 2646: 2630:as Voltaire himself, acting as the narrator. 1937:Est-ce qu'il riait, lui? Il grinçait ... 1247:, and had a buttock cut off to feed starving 537:(1753) by Louis-Charles Fougeret de Monbron. 356:, most notably the publication of Leibniz's " 6501: 6434: 6268: 6259: 6154:. Translated by Tobias Smollett – via 5502:Wade, Ira O. (1959a). "The First Edition of 4542:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice–Hall, Inc. 4329: 4298: 4289: 4155:Socialism Since 1889: A Biographical History 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3923: 3887: 3791: 3761: 3701: 3636:Pour encourager les autres? Oui, monsieur... 3570: 3555: 3492: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3195: 3193: 2949: 2757: 2470:in 1953. Richard Chandlee wrote the script; 2464:was adapted for the radio anthology program 2411: 2348: 2299: 1932: 1791:nature, nous n'aurions ni le chocolat ni la 1788: 1771: 1755: 1705: 1691: 1496: 1490: 1471: 1088: 1082: 1076: 961:friar. In love with the prostitute Paquette. 755: 648: 567: 545: 532: 520: 515:. Other probable sources of inspiration for 444: 433: 421: 148: 86: 63: 6628:Essai sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations 6332:, issued by the Voltaire Society of America 5792:"Comparing Candide and X Out of Wonderland" 5311: 5035:(2). Modern Language Association: 438–449. 4271: 4161: 4002: 3932: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3404: 3402: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3211: 3181: 3158: 3016: 2797:published a rewriting and modernisation of 2555:orchestrated all the pieces except for the 2406:In 1760, one year after Voltaire published 2333:. Haydn Mason, a Voltaire scholar, sees in 2305: 2232:Edgar Huntly; or, Memoirs of a Sleep-Walker 2018:and the administrators of Paris had banned 763:Voltaire strongly opposed the inclusion of 477: 453: 44:, translated from the German by Dr. Ralph." 6539: 6525: 6371: 6357: 6113:Sturm, Mary J.; Parsell, David B. (2001). 5706:] (in German). Nuremberg: J. Fillion. 5508:The Princeton University Library Chronicle 4793:Gopnik, Adam (2005). "Voltaire's Garden". 4639: 4224: 4193:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. 4119: 4064: 4062: 3724: 3722: 3668: 3666: 3654: 3592: 3578: 3136: 3061:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 3028: 1815:does not ridicule Voltaire's contemporary 623:It is unknown exactly when Voltaire wrote 34: 5569: 5224: 4957: 4745:. New York: Grove Press. pp. 52–55. 4538:Voltaire; a collection of critical essays 4533: 4512: 4475: 4446: 4137: 4025: 4023: 3980: 3947:Braun, Sturzer & Meyer (1988), p. 574 3731: 3363: 3190: 2781:, incorporating anachronisms, music, and 2635:Candido, ovvero un sogno fatto in Sicilia 2358:, biographer of Beckett, does state that 2000:to be "contrary to religion and morals". 462:Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen 6144: 6054: 5824: 5614: 5444: 5435: 5295: 5108: 4884: 4740: 4554: 4336: 4128: 4101: 3941: 3675: 3399: 3331: 2789:. It toured Australia and played at the 2426:, who is suspected of having habitually 2394: 1278: 1107: 1043:, and XXI–XXX are set in Europe and the 576: 557: 399: 6138: 6127:. EBSCO Accession Number MOL0120000549. 5928: 5815: 5666: 5436:Voltaire (1931) . Morize, André (ed.). 5398: 5078:. EBSCOhost Accession Number: 19358655. 4935: 4922: 4727: 4396: 4362: 4157:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 91. 4110: 4059: 3719: 3663: 3501: 3199:Radner & Radner (1998), pp. 669–686 3110:Critical Survey of Short Fiction (2001) 2587:, featured an entirely new libretto by 2515:was originally conceived by playwright 2414:Candide, ou l'optimisme, seconde partie 2410:, a sequel was published with the name 1530:, and the British for the execution of 885: 668:There is only one extant manuscript of 360:" (a short metaphysical treatise), the 342:100 most influential books ever written 332:. The British poet and literary critic 7113:Literary characters introduced in 1759 7020: 6083: 5820:. Napoli: Società editrice napoletana. 5797:. XOutofWonderland.com. Archived from 5736:. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag. 5727: 5637: 5565:. Library of Congress number 59-11085. 5445:Voltaire (1959) . Bair, Lowell (ed.). 5369: 5253: 5195: 5171: 5066:Voltaire: Background and Early Writing 5026: 4855: 4826: 4805: 4792: 4759: 4669: 4594: 4071: 4020: 4011: 3812: 3277: 3202: 3127: 1067:nephew, Candide; a tutor, Pangloss; a 866:Martin: Dutch amateur philosopher and 412:overwhelming the ships in the harbour. 6520: 6352: 6017: 5986: 5961: 5900: 5879: 5858: 5837: 5756: 5591: 5542: 5501: 5266: 5063: 5005: 4976: 4925:The American Transcendental Quarterly 4913: 4698: 4618: 4573: 4188: 4152: 3268: 1673:. Cyclically, the main characters of 1479:One day, the protagonists seek out a 1334:Candide and Cacambo eventually reach 1090:métaphysico-théologo-cosmolonigologie 821: 485:A satirical and parodic precursor of 198: 6572:Elements of the Philosophy of Newton 6437:Candide ou l'optimisme au XXe siècle 6327:Brief Bibliography for the Study of 6164: 6162: 5982:. EBSCO Accession Number 9308316577. 5476: 5463: 5291:. EBSCO Accession Number 1975201832. 4425: 4375: 3420: 2928: 2906:Candide ou l'optimisme au XXe siècle 1803:had neither chocolate nor cochineal. 1223:, she was kidnapped and enslaved by 1035:novels, which tend to employ such a 631:near Geneva and also while visiting 7188:Works about philosophical pessimism 5840:Papers on Language & Literature 5818:Il Candide nel pensiero di Voltaire 5678:. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. 5155:Oxford Color French Dictionary Plus 4764:(71 Men/Women of Letters): 93–112. 2693:during which its protagonist meets 2659:, although the actual influence of 2519:, as a play with incidental music. 2390: 2373:The American alternative rock band 2014:. By the end of February 1759, the 1342: 798:were produced by the French artist 324:and is often listed as part of the 13: 6050:. EBSCO Accession Number 13275608. 5720: 5572:Approaches to Teaching Voltaire's 4936:Leister, Elizabeth Cooney (1985). 4007:. Simon&Schuster. p. 724. 2948:It was published early in 1759 as 2418:. This work is attributed both to 1885:Inside vs. outside interpretations 1751:absurdly mix up cause and effect: 1577:A simple example of the satire of 1538:. For example, Voltaire mocks the 1227:, witnessed violent civil wars in 1105:" and that "all is for the best". 950:after getting it herself from her 826: 348:Historical and literary background 16:1759 satirical novella by Voltaire 14: 7199: 6751:Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne 6504:Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne 6146: 6133: 6108:. EBSCO Accession Number 4423176. 5896:. EBSCO Accession Number 7153217. 5875:. EBSCO Accession Number 7150968. 5854:. EBSCO Accession Number 7728974. 5789: 5699:Der abentheurliche Simplicissimus 5623:. Spain: Grand & Cutler Ltd. 5220:. EBSCO Accession Number 1713757. 5149:. EBSCO Accession Number 6388910. 5082: 4909:. EBSCO Accession Number 9209009. 4723:. Gale Document Number:A80191130. 4580:. University of Wisconsin Press. 4557:Censorship and the Public Library 4442:. EBSCO Accession Number 2336667. 4344:Voltaire and the Century of Light 3866:Aldridge (1975), pp. 251–254, 361 2187:has influenced modern writers of 1354:based on the real-life pessimist 1210: 810:stated that it was while reading 424:Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne 7098:French novels adapted into plays 7093:French novels adapted into films 6296: 6226: 6115:Critical Survey of Short Fiction 5506:: A Problem of Identification". 5281:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1975.00783.x 4316: 4307: 4280: 4245: 4236: 4215: 4182: 4173: 4146: 4089: 4080: 2889: 2875: 2861: 2847: 2833: 2819: 2793:. In 2010, the Icelandic writer 2791:Edinburgh International Festival 2559:, which Bernstein did himself. 2180:Great Books of the Western World 1178:an earthquake, tsunami, and fire 1084:sa physionomie annonçait son âme 295:, so does Candide in this short 156: 6684:The Historical Praise of Reason 4382:. New York City: Random House. 4050: 4041: 4032: 3996: 3971: 3950: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3869: 3851: 3842: 3830: 3821: 3803: 3779: 3770: 3752: 3710: 3624: 3615: 3606: 3563: 3519: 3510: 3483: 3438: 3429: 3411: 3390: 3381: 3372: 3354: 3345: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3259: 3250: 3241: 3172: 2935: 2918:List of French-language authors 2708:, in writing his popular novel 2687:Le voyage de Candide à Istanbul 1971:, éd. Conard, II, 348; III, 219 1951:, éd. Conard, II, 348; III, 219 1652: 1087:). Dr. Pangloss, professor of " 1050: 715:were published concurrently in 227:, first published in 1759. The 5704:The adventurous Simplicissimus 5300:. Wikisource, The Free Library 5181:. New York: Beech Tree Books. 4534:Bottiglia, William F. (1968). 3800:Bottiglia (1951), pp. 727, 731 3113: 3104: 3079: 3048: 2979: 2913:Cannibalism in popular culture 2805:Örvitinn; eða hugsjónamaðurinn 2422:, a writer unknown today, and 1996:was published, found parts of 874:, travels with him afterwards. 511:for inspiration while writing 1: 7163:Novels set in the Netherlands 7118:Male characters in literature 6698:Des singularités de la nature 6320:, a public wiki dedicated to 4801:(3). Conde Nast Publications. 4455:(6). Sage Publications: 756. 4259:. British Film Institute. n.d 4068:Bottiglia (1959), pp. 247–248 3929:Bottiglia (1951), pp. 719–720 3884:Bottiglia (1951), pp. 723–724 3660:Voltaire (1959), pp. 107–108 2967: 1846: 1721: 1649:, if not a very serious one. 1552:Christian mission in Paraguay 1521:Behind the playful façade of 1498:il faut cultiver notre jardin 1347:This companion, Martin, is a 1235:(during which her mother was 804:Oeuvres Complètes de Voltaire 256:and being indoctrinated with 234:Candide: or, All for the Best 7068:Comedy literature characters 6691:Précis du siècle de Louis XV 6546: 6306:: Illustrations of a classic 5962:Kirby, David (Summer 1993). 5009:Candide: Optimism Demolished 4864:(4, French Issue): 841–847. 4555:Bowerman, George F. (1931). 4189:Grams, Martin (2008-02-27). 3911:Braun, Sturzer, Meyer (1988) 3672:Voltaire (1959), p. 112,113 3013:Aldridge (1975), pp. 251–254 2972: 1925: 1326:, a geographically isolated 1231:under the bloodthirsty king 748:, in the Year of Grace 1759. 7: 7103:French philosophical novels 6236:public domain audiobook at 6181: 3758:Vannini (2011), pp. 106–107 3749:Bottiglia (1968), pp. 89–92 3292:McGhee (1943), pp. 438, 440 2812: 2765:In May 2009, a play titled 2038:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 1726: 1255:. After traversing all the 1103:best of all possible worlds 1003: 800:Jean-Michel Moreau le Jeune 553: 267:best of all possible worlds 10: 7204: 7128:Novels adapted into operas 7053:Books critical of religion 7048:Anti-Catholicism in France 7043:Anti-Catholic publications 7038:18th-century French novels 6975:Complete Works of Voltaire 6957:Institut et Musée Voltaire 6895:Don Pèdre, roi de Castille 6670:Questions sur les Miracles 6656:Commentaires sur Corneille 6649:Dictionnaire philosophique 6341:, from Dr Martin Evans at 5935:The Modern Language Review 5816:Gullace, Giovanni (1985). 5763:The Modern Language Review 5694:Grimmelshausen, H. J. Chr. 5640:Eighteenth-Century Studies 5343:The Modern Language Review 5269:Journal of Popular Culture 4979:The Modern Language Review 4958:Malandain, Pierre (1989). 4806:Haight, Anne Lyon (1970). 4730:Eighteenth-Century Studies 4701:The Modern Language Review 4672:The Modern Language Review 4242:Peyser (1987), pp. 249–251 4179:Clark (1993), pp. VIII, IX 3920:Wolper (1969), pp. 265–277 3698:Starobinski (1976), p. 194 3600:"Voltaire – Candide XVIII" 3554:Smollett (2008), Ch. 4. (" 3498:Williams (1997), pp. 26–27 3387:Torrey (1929), pp. 445–447 3360:Wade (1959b), pp. 145, 156 3247:Havens (1973), pp. 844–845 3025:Davidson (2005), pp. 52–53 2752:In addition to the above, 2743:was adapted for the cinema 2450:, but is almost certainly 2103:, emotional resonance, or 1595:pour encourager les autres 1437:as a slave for a fugitive 1372:pour encourager les autres 570:Dictionnaire philosophique 18: 7058:Fiction about cannibalism 6944: 6925: 6774: 6728: 6554: 6474: 6419: 6392: 6281:, aux delices, 1761–1763. 6098:10.1080/00144940109597087 6032:10.1080/00144940409597202 5968:Virginia Quarterly Review 5570:Waldinger, Renée (1987). 5296:Smollett, Tobias (2008). 5068:. Great Neck Publishing. 4440:10.1080/00144949909596872 4330:General and cited sources 4304:Silva (2000), pp. 784–785 3767:Wade (1959b), pp. 303–305 3516:Leister (1985), pp. 32–33 2689:about a minor passage in 2591:and additional lyrics by 2079: 1933: 1696:: the main characters of 1557: 894:The king of the Bulgars: 769:Charles Joseph Panckoucke 456:Simplicius Simplicissimus 383:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 318:is considered Voltaire's 240:Candide: or, The Optimist 137: 127: 119: 79: 71: 59: 49: 33: 6719:Les Dialogues d’Evhémère 6310:Trier University Library 6290:at http://gallica.bnf.fr 6172:(in French) – via 5882:Studies in Short Fiction 5861:Studies in Short Fiction 5615:Williams, David (1997). 5413:10.1515/9783110239171.94 4461:10.1177/0090591706293020 4153:Young, James D. (1988). 4125:Mason (1992), pp. 33, 37 4107:Kamrath (1991), pp. 5–14 3968:Voltaire (1931), p. vii 3893:Bottiglia (1951), p. 726 3848:Bottiglia (1951), p. 720 3589:Ayer (1986), pp. 143–145 3480:Bellhouse (2006), p. 769 3471:Bellhouse (2006), p. 757 3462:Bellhouse (2006), p. 756 3453:Bellhouse (2006), p. 780 3226:Wade (1959b), pp. 88, 93 3045:Williams (1997), pp. 1–3 2253:, a French critic, sees 2173:. It is included in the 2101:autonomous '3D' vitality 1504: 1445:. After arriving at the 21:Candide (disambiguation) 7138:Novels set in Argentina 7108:French satirical novels 7073:Fictional French people 6989:The Friends of Voltaire 6853:La princesse de Navarre 6705:The Man of Forty Crowns 6270:Candide, ou l'optimisme 6261:Candide, ou l'optimisme 5901:Henry, Patrick (1987). 5667:Wootton, David (2000). 5210:10.5840/monist199881433 5064:Means, Richard (2006). 4574:Boyer, Paul S. (2002). 4519:: Analysis of a Classic 4399:Modern Language Studies 4295:Hitchins (2002), p. 160 3993:Mason (1992), pp. 13–15 3827:Aldridge (1975), p. 258 3776:Waldinger (1987), p. 20 3716:Aldridge (1975), p. 255 3621:Wootton (2000), p. xvii 3612:Aldridge (1975), p. 254 3489:Waldinger (1987), p. 23 3408:Wade (1959a), pp. 63–88 3310:Mason (1970), pp. 19–35 3301:Aldridge (1975), p. 155 3178:Waldinger (1987), p. ix 3169:Aldridge (1975), p. 260 2951:Candide, ou l'optimisme 2424:Henri Joseph Du Laurens 2420:Thorel de Campigneulles 2175:Encyclopædia Britannica 2016:Grand Council of Geneva 1456:pre-established harmony 1253:Russian capture of Azov 1078:l'esprit le plus simple 150:Candide, ou l'Optimisme 65:Candide, ou l'Optimisme 7178:Parodies of literature 7168:Novels set in Suriname 7158:Novels set in Paraguay 6874:L'Orphelin de la Chine 6586:History of Charles XII 6565:Letters on the English 6502: 6453: 6435: 6420:Modern interpretations 6288:La Vallière Manuscript 6269: 6260: 6057:Comparative Literature 5592:Walsh, Thomas (2001). 5543:Wade, Ira O. (1959b). 5314:Comparative Literature 5178:Bernstein, a biography 5119:Modern Language Review 4887:World Literature Today 4741:Davidson, Ian (2005). 4595:Boztas, Senay (2009). 4365:Modern Language Review 4277:Morrison (2002), p. 59 4170:Astbury (2005), p. 503 4047:Bowerman (1931), p. 20 3857:Smollett (2008), Ch. 1 3809:Davidson (2005), p. 55 3571: 3556: 3444:Williams (1997), p. 97 3155:Davidson (2005), p. 54 2960: 2950: 2803: 2758: 2671: 2665: 2647: 2412: 2403: 2349: 2301:Le Meilleur des mondes 2300: 2219:Charles Brockden Brown 1964: 1942: 1805: 1799: 1789: 1773:Tout est pour le mieux 1772: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1706: 1692: 1594: 1497: 1491: 1472: 1441:prince by the name of 1412:Augustus III of Poland 1292: 1189: 1185:Portuguese Inquisition 1128: 1123:, London, printed for 1089: 1083: 1077: 986:Augustus III of Poland 792: 756: 678:La Vallière Manuscript 674:La Vallière Manuscript 649: 582: 574: 568: 546: 533: 521: 478: 454: 445: 434: 422: 413: 390: 366:1755 Lisbon earthquake 289:1755 Lisbon earthquake 149: 87: 64: 7148:Novels set in Germany 7143:Novels set in England 7078:French bildungsromans 6881:La Femme qui a Raison 6642:Treatise on Tolerance 6211:(plain text and HTML) 5990:South Atlantic Review 5917:on September 28, 2007 5372:Modern Language Notes 5256:The Midwest Quarterly 5006:Mason, Haydn (1992). 4858:Modern Language Notes 4829:Modern Language Notes 4338:Aldridge, Alfred Owen 4233:Peyser (1987), p. 248 4221:Peyser (1987), p. 247 3977:Wade (1959b), p. xiii 3902:Leister (1985), p. 26 3875:Leister (1985), p. 29 3737:Havens (1973), p. 843 3435:Taylor (1979), p. 207 3351:Havens (1932), p. 225 3328:Torrey (1929), p. 446 3274:Means (2006), pp. 1–3 3265:Broome (1960), p. 510 2946: 2775:CUB Malthouse Theatre 2738:. This adaptation of 2685:wrote his 2001 novel 2626:as Dr. Pangloss, and 2398: 2331:Theatre of the Absurd 1956: 1930: 1871:lies another primary 1800: 1786: 1763: 1753: 1665:are evicted from the 1544:Roman Catholic Church 1424:Stanisław Leszczyński 1408:Charles Edward Stuart 1282: 1111: 991:Stanisław Leszczyński 981:Charles Edward Stuart 855:Cacambo: Born from a 773: 605:contes philosophiques 580: 561: 403: 7173:Novels set in Turkey 7153:Novels set in Lisbon 7083:French comedy novels 6607:Annals of the Empire 6593:The Age of Louis XIV 6139:Sister project links 5790:Cates, David Allan. 5401:Antike und Abendland 4286:Burns (2000), p. 992 4143:Monty (2006), p. 151 4056:Boyer (2002), p. 209 4038:Hobbs (1930), p. 190 4029:Haight (1970), p. 33 4003:Will Durant (1965). 3707:Wade (1959b), p. 133 3686:Barasch (1985), p. 3 3396:Wade (1959b), p. 182 3342:Wade (1956), pp. 3–4 3256:Wade (1959b), p. 296 2985:Wootton (2000), p. 1 2317:"The best of worlds" 2274:Nineteen Eighty-Four 1416:Electorate of Saxony 1262:The trio arrives in 1219:and the Princess of 886:Secondary characters 750:The last edition of 474:Alfred Owen Aldridge 464:and inspired by the 334:Martin Seymour-Smith 225:Age of Enlightenment 42:Candide, or Optimism 6969:Voltaire Foundation 6765:The Maid of Orleans 6663:Idées républicaines 6497:A few acres of snow 6343:Stanford University 6336:Podcast lecture on 5732:Negative Dialectics 5596:Readings on Candide 5083:Monty, Julie Anne. 4762:Yale French Studies 4640:Britannica (2008). 4559:. Ayer Publishing. 4376:Ayer, A.J. (1986). 4134:Mason (1992), p. 98 4098:(2001), pp. 112–113 4096:Readings on Candide 4077:Mason (1992), ch. 2 4017:Mason (1992), ch. 3 3837:Readings on Candide 3786:Readings on Candide 3728:Ayer (1986), p. 139 3507:Beck (1999), p. 203 3319:Wade (1959a), p. 65 3236:Grimmelshausen 1669 3217:Wade (1959b), p. 93 3187:Wade (1959b), p. 88 3133:Mason (1992), p. 10 2943:The Age of Voltaire 2675:is very similar to 2577:Samuel Krachmalnick 1736:Leibnizian optimism 1562:The main method of 1473:une petite métairie 1428:Theodore of Corsica 1237:drawn and quartered 996:Theodore of Corsica 870:. Meets Candide in 691:Voltaire published 686:Jean-Louis Wagnière 258:Leibnizian optimism 89:Conte philosophique 60:Original title 30: 7133:Novels by Voltaire 6964:Émilie du Châtelet 6797:Hérode et Mariamne 6251:2020-01-21 at the 4601:Scotland on Sunday 4257:Collections Search 4116:Monty (2006), p. 5 3641:2014-01-08 at the 3525:The 1569 story of 3417:Wade (1957), p. 96 3378:Wade (1957), p. 94 3208:Mason (1992), p. 4 3091:(1 ed.). 1759 2795:Óttar M. Norðfjörð 2747:Christian Marquand 2736:popular psychology 2404: 2384:Hooray for Boobies 2089:Western literature 2062:Harvard University 2035:was listed in the 1967:— Flaubert, 1945:— Flaubert, 1738:(sometimes called 1396:Carnival of Venice 1293: 1129: 1037:dramatic structure 822:List of characters 757:l'édition encadrée 637:Elector-Palatinate 589:in 1746. He was a 587:Académie Française 583: 575: 509:Gulliver's Travels 496:Gulliver's Travels 414: 307:and his optimism. 28: 7183:Picaresque novels 7123:Novels about rape 7015: 7014: 6514: 6513: 6208:Project Gutenberg 6145:Voltaire (1759). 5827:The French Review 5674:and Related Texts 5619:Voltaire, Candide 5466:The French Review 5440:. Paris: E. Droz. 4743:Voltaire in Exile 4621:The French Review 4086:Britannica (2008) 2929:Explanatory notes 2883:Philosophy portal 2855:Literature portal 2653:Leonardo Sciascia 2645:(1977) or simply 2575:and conducted by 2549:Felicia Bernstein 2521:Leonard Bernstein 2400:Leonard Bernstein 2344:Waiting for Godot 2105:poetic exaltation 1404:Ivan VI of Russia 976:Ivan VI of Russia 843:Holy Roman Empire 499:(1726) is one of 466:Thirty Years' War 330:French literature 297:theological novel 246:Candide: Optimism 145: 144: 138:Publication place 7195: 7005:Passionate Minds 6541: 6534: 6527: 6518: 6517: 6507: 6458: 6440: 6401:Candide, Part II 6373: 6366: 6359: 6350: 6349: 6272: 6263: 6230: 6229: 6221:Internet Archive 6210: 6177: 6171: 6159: 6153: 6128: 6109: 6080: 6051: 6014: 5983: 5958: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5913:. Archived from 5903:"Contre Barthes" 5897: 5876: 5855: 5834: 5821: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5803: 5796: 5786: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5735: 5715: 5689: 5677: 5663: 5634: 5622: 5611: 5599: 5588: 5566: 5554: 5539: 5520:10.2307/26403294 5498: 5473: 5460: 5441: 5432: 5395: 5366: 5337: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5292: 5263: 5250: 5227:Modern Philology 5221: 5192: 5168: 5150: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5096: 5089: 5079: 5060: 5023: 5002: 4973: 4954: 4932: 4919: 4916:The New Republic 4910: 4899:10.2307/40157767 4881: 4852: 4823: 4812:. R. R. Bowker. 4802: 4789: 4756: 4737: 4724: 4695: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4657: 4651:. Archived from 4646: 4636: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4603:. Archived from 4591: 4570: 4551: 4541: 4530: 4509: 4472: 4449:Political Theory 4443: 4422: 4393: 4372: 4359: 4347: 4323: 4320: 4314: 4313:Malandain (1989) 4311: 4305: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4234: 4231: 4222: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4159: 4158: 4150: 4144: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4126: 4123: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4057: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4039: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4018: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3978: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3939: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3867: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3738: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3717: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3687: 3684: 3673: 3670: 3661: 3658: 3652: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3576: 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2391:Derivative works 2352: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2303: 2293: 2279:Yevgeny Zamyatin 2251:Armand Mattelart 2074: 2009: 1988:to the Parisian 1986:Advocate General 1972: 1952: 1940: 1939: 1916: 1797: 1775: 1760: 1709: 1695: 1625:picaresque novel 1568: 1500: 1494: 1475: 1420:Seven Years' War 1343:Chapters XXI–XXX 1201:Grand Inquisitor 1194: 1092: 1086: 1080: 1027:constitutes the 1011:contains thirty 957:Friar Giroflée: 912:Grand Inquisitor 759: 652: 633:Charles Théodore 573: 549: 543: 536: 529:François Fénelon 526: 505: 481: 459: 449:by Ange Goudar. 448: 437: 427: 408:in flames and a 362:Seven Years' War 285:Seven Years' War 277:picaresque novel 210: 209: 208: 202: 200:[kɑ̃did] 197: 191: 185: 184: 181: 180: 177: 174: 171: 168: 165: 162: 152: 129:Publication date 101:Picaresque novel 92: 67: 38: 31: 27: 7203: 7202: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7088:French novellas 7018: 7017: 7016: 7011: 6983:Ferney-Voltaire 6940: 6921: 6770: 6724: 6556: 6550: 6545: 6515: 6510: 6470: 6415: 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1053: 1006: 888: 829: 827:Main characters 824: 729:Marc-Michel Rey 556: 541: 503: 374:All Saints' Day 350: 293:problem of evil 204: 203: 195: 189: 159: 155: 130: 115: 45: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7201: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7063:Censored books 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7009: 7001: 6993: 6985: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6966: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6948: 6946: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6793: 6786: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6768: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6740: 6732: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6715: 6712:The White Bull 6708: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6560: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6544: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6521: 6512: 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Retrieved 3059: 3050: 2981: 2955: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2909:(film, 1960) 2904: 2841:Books portal 2798: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2764: 2753: 2751: 2745:by director 2739: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2690: 2686: 2683:Nedim Gürsel 2681: 2676: 2660: 2656: 2633: 2632: 2628:Frank Finlay 2622:as Candide, 2617: 2597:John Mauceri 2589:Hugh Wheeler 2580: 2560: 2510: 2508: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2407: 2405: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2367: 2359: 2356:John Pilling 2342: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2324: 2295: 2288: 2282: 2272: 2262: 2254: 2239: 2237: 2230: 2229:and Brown's 2226: 2223:Mark Kamrath 2217: 2189:black humour 2184: 2178: 2168: 2165:Harold Bloom 2160: 2108: 2092: 2084: 2083: 2069: 2065: 2056:official in 2049: 2045: 2044:Bannings of 2043: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2004: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1968: 1965: 1957: 1946: 1943: 1931: 1919: 1911: 1909: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1888: 1872: 1868: 1866: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1787: 1769: 1764: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1731: 1730: 1707:Encyclopédie 1697: 1693:Encyclopédie 1687:Encyclopédie 1685: 1683: 1674: 1663:Adam and Eve 1658: 1656: 1653:Garden motif 1644: 1636: 1633:social class 1620: 1616: 1614: 1605: 1603: 1598: 1578: 1576: 1571: 1563: 1561: 1540:Jesuit order 1535: 1522: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1478: 1468: 1432: 1389: 1371: 1368:Admiral Byng 1356:Pierre Bayle 1346: 1333: 1321: 1313: 1294: 1267: 1264:Buenos Aires 1261: 1217:Pope Urban X 1214: 1197:disemboweled 1182: 1174: 1132:captured by 1130: 1120: 1113:Frontispiece 1056: 1055:The tale of 1054: 1051:Chapters I–X 1024: 1008: 1007: 926:The king of 915: 900:Jacques the 896:Frederick II 850:Pope Urban X 811: 803: 795: 793: 775: 774: 762: 751: 743: 738: 734: 733: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 690: 681: 677: 673: 669: 667: 662: 658: 655:Lucien Perey 644: 641:Schwetzingen 624: 622: 615: 609: 603: 598: 584: 538: 516: 512: 508: 500: 494: 486: 484: 469: 451: 440: 429: 417: 415: 369: 353: 351: 337: 319: 315: 310: 309: 300: 272: 271: 262: 245: 244: 243:(1762); and 239: 238: 233: 232: 147: 146: 133:January 1759 41: 25: 7033:1759 novels 7000:(1933 film) 6992:(1906 book) 6952:Les Délices 6467:(2006 film) 6459:(1975 film) 6449:(1968 film) 6441:(1960 film) 6393:Adaptations 6315:Voltaire's 4938:Voltaire's 4515:Voltaire's 4405:(1): 3–11. 3632:Alex Massie 3101:via Gallica 2769:, based on 2732:pornography 2638: [ 2624:Emrys James 2605:Trevor Nunn 2506:performed. 2476:Cathy Lewis 2428:plagiarised 2325:Readers of 2177:collection 2117:Shakespeare 1878:melioristic 1766:spectacles. 1712:Les Délices 1528:Inquisition 1418:due to the 1297:border post 1251:during the 1249:Janissaries 1205:sabbath day 1095:metaphysico 1073:protagonist 1069:chambermaid 629:Les Délices 534:Cosmopolite 321:magnum opus 221:philosopher 215:written by 7022:Categories 6902:Sophonisbe 6744:Le Mondain 6600:Micromégas 6174:Wikisource 6163:Voltaire. 6156:Wikisource 6086:Explicator 6020:Explicator 5921:2007-07-10 5808:2008-01-06 5749:2007-07-28 5407:: 94–108. 5349:(1): 207. 5304:2008-05-29 5101:2008-07-05 5075:1429806540 4962:. 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