997:
dissolved and removed in solution. Caverns are often found below the surface in the limestone and as the lime-rich water finds its way underground it begins to drip from the roof of the cavern. It is cold underground so there is little evaporation but some does take place leaving a trace of limestone on the roof. Over thousands of years a stalactite forms from the ceiling as the water continues to drip. When the water drips on to the floor of the cavern some evaporation occurs here also leaving a trace of limestone. Again over thousands of years a stalagmite is formed. A stone pillar is formed when a stalagmite and stalactite meet.
829:
124:
177:
840:
27:
892:. After the ice retreated, the valley was further developed by a meltwater stream flowing across the limestone while it was frozen solid. Watlowes Valley is a particularly good example of a dry valley because it has a textbook profile - the south-facing side is less steep than the north-facing side. This results from the weathering and mass movement processes that have operated in the post-glacial period.
333:
931:- the most spectacular feature in the Yorkshire Dales. At the end of the Ice Age the limestone, which had been frozen solid, once again became permeable, allowing the water to disappear through its joints. Now Malham Cove is a high cliff (83 m high) – it is completely dry, and a great attraction to rock climbers.
787:
Carboniferous
Limestone is a hard sedimentary rock made largely of calcium carbonate. It is generally light-grey in colour. It was formed in warm, shallow tropical seas teeming with life. The rock is made up of the shells and hard parts of millions of sea creatures, some up to 30 cm in length,
996:
are the two main subsurface features in a
Carboniferous Limestone area. These are formed when rainwater - a weak carbonic acid capable of dissolving limestone - percolates through it via the grykes and joints underground. This means the limestone is pervious. As this happens the limestone is
870:, solution hollows and dolines are very common in the Yorkshire Dales and Brecon Beacons. Typically from 1–20 m deep and 1–60 m across, they form as a result of the subsurface collapse of limestone or through the more gradual dropping of surface material into caves.
819:
but which has all manner of characteristic surface and subsurface features. The
Carboniferous Limestone has been folded and faulted by massive Earth movements which can be seen by the fact that the rocks are now above sea-level and no longer horizontal.
1005:
Because it is brittle, the use of
Carboniferous Limestone for building stone tends to be limited to those areas where it is the most abundantly available rock. However it is extensively quarried for other purposes:
164:. These rocks formed between 363 and 325 million years ago. Within England and Wales, the entire limestone succession, which includes subordinate mudstones and some thin sandstones, is known as the
899:
is an area of almost bare, flat rock and is arguably the most fascinating feature of any area of
Carboniferous limestone. They develop after the rock has been exposed by the scouring action of an
873:
Streams flowing from higher impermeable slopes sink into the ground when they reach permeable limestone. During dry spells all water sinks very quickly on reaching the limestone, through
877:. In wetter conditions water flows a greater distance across the limestone as underground channels and chambers fill up. Large sinkholes are called 'swallowholes' or 'potholes'.
799:
Carboniferous
Limestone has horizontal layers (beds) with bedding planes, and vertical joints. These joints are weaknesses in the rock, which are exploited by agents of both
294:
block is identified as a separate northern province. It is characterised by the presence of numerous ‘blocks’ and ‘basins’ each with its own particular depositional style.
360:
The
Carboniferous Limestone is a significant landscape-forming rock unit in each of the depositional provinces of Great Britain within which it is found.
1391:
1411:
816:
885:
856:
385:
321:
in the east. Though of
Carboniferous age, the limestones of this Scottish province are not assigned to the Carboniferous Limestone Supergroup.
420:. It is here referred to as the ‘north crop’ as distinct from a sub-parallel outcrop, the ‘south crop’ which defines the southern rim of the
405:
192:
was deposited as marine sediments in three distinct ‘provinces’ separated by contemporary landmasses. One of these landmasses was the
91:
63:
916:
912:
44:
1406:
1371:
1381:
70:
1416:
77:
888:
is an excellent example. It was formed originally by a subglacial meltwater stream which existed during the last major
1421:
110:
59:
244:. The Carboniferous Limestone sequence of South Wales and the Bristol area is currently (2012) subdivided thus:
1396:
48:
1386:
1401:
401:
1376:
796:
are frequently in evidence as components of
Carboniferous Limestone; indeed the rock is full of fossils.
665:
642:
433:
193:
1107:
851:
The 'classic limestone walk' is a circular 10 km route from the field centre on the north side of
212:. The limestones deposited to its south form a distinct South Wales-Mendip province which extends from
833:
649:. The limestone is concealed beneath younger rocks to the east and west and to the north through the
84:
1044:
575:
248:
828:
37:
942:, often formed in a limestone area as the result of the collapse of a roof above a cave system.
919:. Grykes have a habitat of their own, which encourages the growth of shade-loving ferns such as
1015:
409:
510:
are formed from
Carboniferous Limestone, showing notable geomorphological features, including
1074:
1030:
623:
421:
377:
123:
811:. Water seeps through the joints in the limestone. This creates a landscape geologists call
1026:
808:
445:
8:
967:
889:
368:
Within Pembrokeshire the Carboniferous Limestone forms the spectacular coastal cliffs at
896:
708:
373:
290:
The limestone found north of the Wales-London-Brabant Massif and south of the emergent
176:
1051:
336:
Cross-section of Carboniferous Limestone bored by Jurassic organisms; borings include
982:
959:
535:
488:
477:
338:
907:. Existing joints are subsequently exploited by the action of chemical weathering
963:
924:
920:
515:
298:
291:
201:
161:
1078:
1037:
955:
807:. They also lead to an important characteristic of Carboniferous Limestone – its
673:
661:
233:
217:
154:
1033:
in the Pennines), it is sufficiently pure for production of chemical-grade lime.
866:
Surface depressions, typically funnel-shaped and variously known as shakeholes,
1022:
728:
704:
700:
685:
650:
646:
627:
603:
484:
429:
417:
393:
381:
1365:
1112:
1090:
748:
681:
677:
669:
638:
511:
452:
where it turns southwards. A very narrow ‘east crop’ and ‘south crop’ run by
306:
229:
213:
158:
143:
128:
839:
943:
860:
844:
775:, western Ireland where it produces one of western Europe's most important
772:
740:
736:
712:
693:
689:
591:
567:
507:
469:
425:
353:
318:
181:
16:
Limestone deposited during the Dinantian Epoch of the Carboniferous Period
1221:
British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale map series sheet E261/2 Bridgend
978:
928:
908:
878:
852:
587:
559:
519:
495:, straddling the England/Wales border and extends southwestwards through
457:
437:
241:
205:
297:
To the north of the Southern Uplands are the limestones of the Scottish
1133:
1067:
993:
989:
804:
800:
789:
768:
707:
to the Northumberland Coast where it extends to the Scottish border at
657:
641:
and through which deep gorges have been cut by rivers such as the Wye,
634:
619:
611:
579:
543:
523:
492:
473:
348:
276:
1086:
1011:
974:
954:
Caves are common subsurface features in limestone landscapes. In the
900:
874:
756:
732:
583:
539:
461:
221:
151:
139:
973:
In Ireland there is a large number of show caves open to visitors -
927:. During the last Ice Age, a stream is thought to have poured over
692:
and wraps around the northern margin of the Lake District as far as
26:
1059:
867:
793:
752:
724:
615:
607:
571:
563:
531:
496:
449:
413:
397:
369:
343:
302:
237:
188:
Within Great Britain the suite of rocks known traditionally as the
1018:
wherever it outcrops, particularly in the Mendips and north Wales.
578:. The Carboniferous Limestone belt extends eastwards to form the
440:. It then runs near the southern margin of the national park via
1157:
British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale map series sheet E244/5
904:
595:
527:
464:. West of the bay, the rock forms the renowned southern coast of
453:
314:
209:
147:
1205:
British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale map series sheets E246
637:
is named for the limestone which characterises the heart of the
380:, a natural arch. It forms prominent headlands such as those of
1189:
British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale map series sheet E232
1169:
British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale map series sheet E229
1063:
939:
935:
599:
547:
441:
196:, an east–west aligned belt of land stretching through central
1040:
manufacture at plants in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.
332:
324:
The Carboniferous Limestone is widespread throughout Ireland.
812:
776:
727:
and in a very broken band running northeastwards through the
711:. There are scattered outcrops along the north coast of the
465:
389:
225:
197:
1131:
699:
North again, it is a major landscape forming feature in the
1242:
British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale special map sheet
1230:
British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale special map sheet
1094:
1082:
1055:
744:
602:. A broader belt forms high ground immediately east of the
500:
310:
1330:
British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale map E48 Ulverston
1351:
British Geological Survey 1:625,000 scale geological map
656:
To the north the limestone is exposed once again in east
392:. A narrow, intensely quarried outcrop runs inland from
271:
Abercriban Oolite Subgroup & Clydach Valley Subgroup
881:, Alum Pot and the Buttertubs are well-known examples.
676:
with coastal exposures around the northern margins of
614:
and continuing as a broken outcrop southwards beyond
767:
Carboniferous Limestone occurs most famously around
606:extending south to form the impressive west-facing
456:and north of Cardiff. It turns west again to meet
284:
Castell Coch Limestone Formation (lowermost/oldest)
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1254:British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale maps E94
240:. These rocks continue eastwards at depth beneath
1339:British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale map E28
1310:British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale map E40
1290:British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale map E99
1363:
843:Carboniferous/Jurassic unconformity surface at
546:are prominent in views across the mouth of the
538:are cut in this rock. The limestone islands of
363:
1043:In ground form, it is used for power industry
735:. There are limited outcrops on the coasts of
958:, there are numerous caves, three of which –
718:
131:, Wales. Carboniferous/Jurassic unconformity.
664:. There are numerous limestone hills in the
138:is a collective term for the succession of
1392:Limestone formations of the United Kingdom
1134:"British Lower Carboniferous Stratigraphy"
1412:Geologic formations of the United Kingdom
1081:, it was used in combination with nearby
1025:in many places. In certain places (e.g.
884:Dry valleys are valleys without streams.
788:encased in carbonate mud. Fossil corals,
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
838:
827:
553:
331:
175:
122:
476:. There are further occurrences in the
1364:
949:
372:along from which are features such as
327:
171:
1141:Geological Conservation Review Series
1132:Cossey P.J. & Adams A.E. (2004).
970:– are now show caves for the public.
483:An important outlier is that of the
408:and extending westwards through the
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
1125:
823:
180:Carboniferous Limestone exposed at
127:Carboniferous Limestone exposed at
13:
1077:when, following the inventions of
782:
558:There are limited outcrops on the
166:Carboniferous Limestone Supergroup
14:
1433:
1066:(in North Wales, where important
855:to the village of Malham, UK via
590:and a zone of country in inland
480:, both inland and on the coast.
424:. The outcrop continues through
257:Oxwich Head Limestone Formation
25:
1345:
1333:
1324:
1304:
1284:
751:and further occurrences around
618:. There are a few outcrops in
150:that were deposited during the
36:needs additional citations for
1407:Geologic formations of Ireland
1372:Carboniferous System of Europe
1248:
1236:
1224:
1215:
1199:
1183:
1163:
1151:
1073:It was important in the early
688:along the western side of the
190:Carboniferous Limestone Series
1:
1382:Geology of the United Kingdom
1118:
723:Limestones occur in southern
396:through Carmarthenshire from
281:Cwmyniscoy Mudstone Formation
216:in the west through southern
1000:
402:Brecon Beacons National Park
364:South Wales and Bristol area
356:, England; scale bar = 1 cm.
263:Honeycombed Sandstone Member
142:occurring widely throughout
7:
1101:
666:Arnside and Silverdale AONB
562:and more extensive ones in
268:Dowlais Limestone Formation
194:Wales-London-Brabant Massif
10:
1438:
1417:Rock formations of Ireland
1159:Pembroke & Linney Head
1108:List of types of limestone
1058:(in the Peak District and
1029:in the Peak District, and
915:and rounded blocks called
762:
719:Midland Valley of Scotland
684:. An outcrop extends from
530:and the coastal cliffs at
1045:flue-gas desulphurisation
946:is an excellent example.
834:Ingleton, North Yorkshire
60:"Carboniferous Limestone"
1422:Rock formations of Wales
1353:Bedrock Geology UK North
249:Pembroke Limestone Group
1070:mines are to be found).
743:, isolated outcrops in
506:The larger part of the
136:Carboniferous Limestone
848:
836:
487:basin which forms the
446:Llangattock escarpment
357:
260:Penderyn Oolite Member
185:
132:
1397:Carboniferous Ireland
1075:Industrial Revolution
1050:In many places it is
1031:Horton in Ribblesdale
842:
832:Carboniferous coral,
831:
624:Titterstone Clee Hill
554:The Northern Province
518:and the show cave of
422:South Wales Coalfield
378:Green Bridge of Wales
335:
254:Oystermouth Formation
251:(uppermost/youngest)
179:
126:
1387:Limestone formations
668:and in the southern
610:escarpment north of
184:, Somerset, England.
45:improve this article
1402:Carboniferous Wales
968:Stump Cross Caverns
950:Subsurface features
859:and back again via
703:and thence through
586:, the neighbouring
328:Geographical extent
172:Depositional basins
1377:Geology of Ireland
1292:Chapel en le Frith
1054:, and has yielded
1010:It is crushed for
897:limestone pavement
849:
837:
709:Berwick-upon-Tweed
566:notably along the
388:and the cliffs at
358:
342:(some with boring
186:
133:
1021:It is burned for
983:Marble Arch Caves
960:Ingleborough Cave
938:is a steep-sided
536:Weston-super-Mare
478:Vale of Glamorgan
339:Gastrochaenolites
121:
120:
113:
95:
1429:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1308:
1302:
1288:
1282:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1203:
1197:
1187:
1181:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1129:
964:White Scar Caves
824:Surface features
817:surface drainage
594:running through
516:Burrington Combe
416:above the upper
301:stretching from
292:Southern Uplands
202:English Midlands
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1309:
1305:
1289:
1285:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1204:
1200:
1188:
1184:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1104:
1003:
956:Yorkshire Dales
952:
886:Watlowes Valley
857:Watlowes Valley
826:
785:
783:Characteristics
765:
721:
674:Whitbarrow Scar
662:Yorkshire Dales
556:
400:, entering the
374:Huntsman's Leap
370:St Govan's Head
366:
330:
309:in the west to
234:Gloucestershire
218:Carmarthenshire
174:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1435:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1358:
1357:
1344:
1332:
1323:
1312:Kirkby Stephen
1303:
1283:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1214:
1198:
1182:
1179:Merthyr Tydfil
1162:
1150:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1071:
1048:
1041:
1036:It is used in
1034:
1019:
1002:
999:
951:
948:
825:
822:
815:, which lacks
784:
781:
764:
761:
729:Pentland Hills
720:
717:
705:Northumberland
701:North Pennines
686:Kirkby Stephen
651:South Pennines
628:Little Wenlock
604:Clwydian Hills
555:
552:
548:Severn Estuary
485:Forest of Dean
430:Pontneddfechan
418:Swansea Valley
410:Black Mountain
394:Carmarthen Bay
382:Stackpole Head
365:
362:
346:in place) and
329:
326:
299:Midland Valley
288:
287:
286:
285:
282:
274:
273:
272:
269:
266:
265:
264:
261:
255:
173:
170:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1434:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1113:Blarney Stone
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1091:Coal Measures
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:Abraham Darby
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:metalliferous
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1007:
998:
995:
991:
986:
984:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
947:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
925:dog's mercury
922:
921:hart's tongue
918:
914:
911:to form deep
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
871:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
846:
841:
835:
830:
821:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
780:
778:
774:
770:
760:
758:
754:
750:
749:Stirlingshire
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:Humphrey Head
679:
678:Morecambe Bay
675:
671:
670:Lake District
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:Peak District
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:Puffin Island
573:
569:
565:
561:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:Cheddar Gorge
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:Lydstep Point
383:
379:
375:
371:
361:
355:
351:
350:
345:
341:
340:
334:
325:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
283:
280:
279:
278:
275:
270:
267:
262:
259:
258:
256:
253:
252:
250:
247:
246:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:Monmouthshire
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:Pembrokeshire
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
183:
178:
169:
167:
163:
160:
159:Carboniferous
156:
153:
149:
145:
144:Great Britain
141:
137:
130:
129:Ogmore-by-Sea
125:
115:
112:
104:
101:November 2012
93:
90:
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62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
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1210:
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1201:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1144:
1140:
1127:
1004:
987:
972:
953:
944:Gordale Scar
933:
894:
883:
872:
865:
861:Gordale Scar
850:
845:Tedbury Camp
809:permeability
798:
786:
779:landscapes.
773:County Clare
766:
741:Berwickshire
737:East Lothian
722:
713:Solway Firth
698:
694:Cleator Moor
690:Vale of Eden
655:
632:
592:Denbighshire
574:and towards
568:Menai Strait
557:
508:Mendip Hills
505:
482:
470:Mumbles Head
426:Ystradfellte
367:
359:
354:Mendip Hills
347:
337:
323:
319:Berwickshire
296:
289:
208:and on into
189:
187:
182:Tedbury Camp
165:
135:
134:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
1232:Isle of Man
1191:Abergavenny
979:Ailwee Cave
929:Malham Cove
909:carbonation
879:Gaping Gill
853:Malham Tarn
790:brachiopods
660:and in the
588:Little Orme
560:Isle of Man
520:Wookey Hole
458:Swansea Bay
438:Pontsticill
242:Oxfordshire
206:East Anglia
1366:Categories
1341:Whitehaven
1209:& 247
1207:Worms Head
1177:& 231
1171:Carmarthen
1119:References
1068:Bronze Age
994:stalactite
990:stalagmite
805:weathering
801:denudation
769:The Burren
658:Lancashire
635:White Peak
620:Shropshire
612:Llangollen
580:Great Orme
544:Steep Holm
524:Avon Gorge
493:Wye Valley
474:Worms Head
349:Trypanites
277:Avon Group
236:and north
224:and south
140:limestones
71:newspapers
1355:NERC 2007
1300:Ashbourne
1264:Liverpool
1256:Llandudno
1175:Ammanford
1097:industry.
1089:from the
1087:ironstone
1016:aggregate
1012:roadstone
1001:Economics
975:Crag Cave
901:ice sheet
875:sinkholes
868:sinkholes
757:Dumbarton
733:Edinburgh
584:Llandudno
570:, around
540:Flat Holm
462:Porthcawl
406:Llandyfan
222:Glamorgan
152:Dinantian
1280:Oswestry
1244:Anglesey
1102:See also
1060:Weardale
1027:Tunstead
794:crinoids
753:Greenock
731:towards
725:Ayrshire
680:such as
647:Manifold
622:such as
616:Oswestry
608:Eglwyseg
572:Benllech
564:Anglesey
532:Clevedon
526:west of
497:Chepstow
468:between
450:Blorenge
444:and the
434:Penderyn
414:Cribarth
398:Kidwelly
376:and the
344:bivalves
303:Ayrshire
238:Somerset
200:and the
1298:, E124
1294:, E111
1278:, E137
1276:Wrexham
1274:, E121
1270:, E108
1268:Denbigh
1266:, E107
1211:Swansea
1195:Newport
1147:: 1–12.
1093:in the
1062:), and
905:glacier
890:Ice Age
763:Ireland
626:and at
596:Denbigh
528:Bristol
491:of the
454:Cwmbran
315:Lothian
210:Belgium
157:of the
148:Ireland
85:scholar
1320:Settle
1318:, E60
1314:, E50
1296:Buxton
1262:, E96
1258:, E95
1193:, 249
1173:, 230
1064:copper
1038:cement
940:valley
917:clints
913:grykes
600:Ruthin
522:. The
489:cliffs
442:Trefil
162:Period
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
1316:Hawes
1272:Flint
1137:(PDF)
936:gorge
813:karst
777:karst
672:e.g.
466:Gower
390:Tenby
307:Arran
226:Powys
198:Wales
155:Epoch
92:JSTOR
78:books
1260:Rhyl
1095:iron
1085:and
1083:coal
1056:lead
1023:lime
1014:and
992:and
988:The
981:and
966:and
923:and
803:and
792:and
755:and
747:and
745:Fife
739:and
645:and
643:Dove
633:The
598:and
542:and
534:and
501:Undy
472:and
436:and
384:and
317:and
311:Fife
305:and
146:and
64:news
903:or
771:in
582:at
499:to
460:at
448:to
428:to
412:to
404:at
228:to
204:to
47:by
1368::
1145:29
1143:.
1139:.
985:.
977:,
962:,
934:A
895:A
863:.
759:.
715:.
696:.
653:.
630:.
550:.
514:,
503:.
432:,
352:;
313:,
232:,
220:,
168:.
1047:.
847:.
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
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