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368:(20 ft) and 7 metres (23 ft) in a semi-circular layout; four are complete, one is partly complete, and the remaining five are completely destroyed. The walls themselves range from 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) to 3.6 metres (12 ft) in width and 3 metres (9.8 ft) to 7 metres (23 ft) in height.
367:
Only the central part of the original fortification remains. The interior courtyard includes a space approximately 25 metres (82 ft) diameter, circled by a solid wall, which runs independently for several metres. The exterior is reinforced by 10 turrets with diameters varying between 6 metres
413:
The
Portuguese Institute of Architectural Patrimony and Archaeology (IPPAR) has an architectural project to restore the adobe houses adjacent to the site, as well as a landscaping project, which included fencing the site, creating greenspaces, and the construction of support facilities, walkways,
206:
settlements in the peninsula of Lisbon, and whose culture lasted until the beginning of the agrarian periods of
Iberian history. Apart from being the most northerly discovered Copper Age site in Portugal, it went through two main building phases: an import-oriented phase and the second associated
379:
There are four doors within the structure (south, north, northeast and west), with the likelihood that six doors or passageways provided access to the courtyard between the fortifications inner and outer walls. These passages were short and narrow and permitted only one person at a time from
281:
Zambujal from this period is relatively well conserved, some walls still standing up to a height of 4 meters, and is one of the most important sites with extensive stratigraphy. The site and surrounding land was specifically tied to a
352:, along one of the flanks of the Serra do Varatojo mountain range. Situated on a platform, the location extends down towards the Sizandro River, approximately 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the urban center of Torres Vedras.
286:
settlement that constructed a wall around itself to protect its community from attack. The settlers, who may have been from the peninsula but perhaps with
Eastern Mediterranean contacts, based their economy on
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period, at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. Research of the last 30 years suggest that the region of the actual
Portuguese Estremadura in Central Portugal was the region where the
230:
349:
226:
The site was discovered and interpreted in 1932 by the
Portuguese archaeologist Leonel Trindade, who made the first investigation in 1944 and, together with Aurélio Ricardo Belo, in 1959–1961.
410:
To prevent further ruin of the archaeology, the
Municipal Council of Torres Vedras acquired 48 hectares to guarantee the protection of the national monument in 2006.
336:
Although uncertain as to the date, the fortification was partially destroyed (principally the central structures) to construct a rural adobe farmhouse (today known as the
306:
Based on the excavations and analysis of
Sangmeister, Schubart, and Trindade (1969), the site went through several successive phases of occupation and development:
274:” phenomenon started, around the middle of the 3rd millennium BC, and from there spread to other European regions during the later Chalcolithic or early
555:
302:
Animation showing five of the constructive phases on the site according to E. Sangmeister and H. Schubart, updated by the new excavations of M. Kunst
109:
762:
215:
752:
735:
713:
681:
658:
625:
596:
493:
19:
This article is about the
Chalcolithic archaeological site at Torres Vedras in Portugal. For the fort in Mafra municipality, Portugal, see
556:"Monumento pré-histórico existente no Casal do Zambujal, com o terreno circunjacente, em que assenta uma povoação do começo do bronze"
332:
towers covered by cupolas developed in the interior, rounded spaces, while the fortifications were reinforced, around 1700 BC
519:
558:(in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: IGESPAR - Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico. Archived from
496:(Report) (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico (SIPA). Archived from
423:
310:
construction of "soft walls", relatively straight, yet, narrow channels, with the fortifications developing in sections;
559:
313:
reinforcement of the northern gateway, through the construction of new soft bastions, and reinforcement of sections;
581:
Sangmeister, Edward; Schubart, Hermanfrid; Trindade, Leonel (1969). "Escavações no Castro Eneolítico do
Zambujal".
403:
380:
accessing the spaces, likely on all-fours. One of the spaces connects the battlement's gallery and these passages.
242:
234:
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102:
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The houses on-site were oval shaped, approximately 6 metres (20 ft) in diameter, and made from
249:). With the support of the Municipal Council of Torres Vedras, Kunst has continued the excavations.
246:
208:
199:
497:
238:
47:
The excavations on the
Zambujal promontory in 2007, showing in front the 4th fortification line
319:
fortification of the walls, construction of large semi-circular towers, completed in sections;
395:
689:
Abreu, Daniel (28 December 1989). "Povoado Pré-Histórico do Zambujal vai ser Recuperado".
8:
399:
179:
729:
707:
675:
652:
619:
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291:. They were also part of an economic network importing commodities like gold, copper,
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reinforcement of all walls, construction of small semi-circular towers, and sections;
288:
494:
Monumento pré-histórico no Casal do Zambujal / Castro do Zambujal (v.PT031113130010)
523:
20:
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free-form walls constructed using small slabs, the construction of projecting
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Most of the artefacts discovered at the site are stored and displayed in the
191:
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85:
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75:
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The Copper Age nucleus of the fortified site of Zambujal in autumn of 1994
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From 1964 until the present, excavations have mainly been financed by the
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271:
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42:
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Escavações na Fortificação da Idade do Cobre do Zambujal / Portugal 1970
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233:. Excavations from 1964 to 1973 were directed by Hermanfrid Schubart (
610:
Sangmeister, Edward; Schubart, Hermanfrid; Trindade, Leonel (1971).
360:
323:
241:). In 1994–1995 new work at the site was started by Michael Kunst (
95:
298:
614:(in Portuguese). Vol. Série III, vol. 5. Lisbon, Portugal.
585:(in Portuguese). Vol. Série III, vol. 3. Lisbon, Portugal.
375:
An access corridor between the individual sections of the site
384:
202:, Portugal. The Zambujal Castro is one of the most important
724:(in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Torres Vedras, Portugal. 1996.
348:
The site is located in the semi-rural area of the parish of
609:
580:
329:
constructed of massive buildings surrounding the structure;
702:(in Portuguese). Torres Vedras, Portugal. p. 4.
522:. Deutsches Archäologisches Institut. Archived from
698:Humberto, Jorge (7 April 1994). "O Senhor Castro".
744:
295:stone, and ivory between 3000 and 1700 BC.
414:trails, explanatory signs, and a small museum.
216:Leonel Trindade Municipal Museum, Torres Vedras
190:age archeological site in the municipality of
734:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
712:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
680:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
666:Almeida, José António Ferreira de (1988).
657:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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595:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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231:German Archaeological Institute of Madrid
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763:Archaeological sites in Lisbon District
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753:National monuments in Lisbon District
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363:built in the 2nd phase of occupation
643:Santos, Manuel Farinha dos (1972).
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350:Santa Maria do Castelo e São Miguel
265:The site was first occupied in the
13:
647:(in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal.
14:
774:
722:Torres Vedras, Passado e Presente
670:(in Portuguese). Porto, Portugal.
424:Castro of Vila Nova de São Pedro
404:Leonel Trindade Municipal Museum
359:The inner wall constituting the
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668:Tesouros Artísticos de Portugal
343:
243:German Archaeological Institute
235:German Archaeological Institute
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1:
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402:of the Castro of Zambujal in
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693:(in Portuguese). p. 10.
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7:
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245:) and Hans-Peter Uerpmann (
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16:Neolithic site in Portugal
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645:Pré-História de Portugal
125:39.0743833°N 9.2856111°W
583:O Arqueólogo Português
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247:University of Tübingen
239:University of Freiburg
183:
130:39.0743833; -9.2856111
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301:
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554:Martins, A. (2011).
196:western litoral area
758:Castros in Portugal
492:Noé, Paula (1991).
400:Architectural model
155:Portuguese Republic
121: /
72:Architectural style
57:General information
526:on 3 January 2014.
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184:Castro do Zambujal
176:Castro of Zambujal
35:Castro do Zambujal
29:Castro of Zambujal
338:Casal do Zambujal
289:intensive farming
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160:Technical details
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391:Current projects
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21:Fort of Zambujal
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564:. Retrieved
560:the original
524:the original
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502:. Retrieved
498:the original
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344:Architecture
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284:chalcolithic
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267:Chalcolithic
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188:Chalcolithic
175:
173:
113:39°4′27.78″N
82:Town or city
76:Chalcolithic
293:amphibolite
272:Bell Beaker
222:Excavations
128: /
116:9°17′8.20″W
103:Coordinates
747:Categories
520:"Zambujal"
441:References
276:Bronze Age
204:Copper Age
180:Portuguese
730:cite book
708:cite book
676:cite book
653:cite book
620:cite book
591:cite book
446:Citations
324:barbicans
207:with the
168:Limestone
566:20 April
504:20 April
418:See also
361:barbican
165:Material
96:Portugal
637:Sources
253:History
198:of the
194:in the
186:) is a
147:3000 BC
92:Country
141:Opened
66:Castro
385:adobe
152:Owner
736:link
714:link
682:link
659:link
626:link
597:link
568:2012
506:2012
174:The
62:Type
340:).
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145:c.
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270:“
178:(
23:.
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