Bell Beaker culture

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two .... Among Bronze Age Europeans, the highest tolerance frequency was found in Corded Ware and the closely-related Scandinavian Bronze Age cultures .... The Andronovo culture, which arose in Central Asia during the later Bronze Age, is genetically closely related to the Sintashta peoples, and clearly distinct from both Yamnaya and Afanasievo. Therefore, Andronovo represents a temporal and geographical extension of the Sintashta gene pool .... There are many similarities between Sintasthta/Androvono rituals and those described in the Rig Veda and such similarities even extend as far as to the Nordic Bronze Age. ... While Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b was completely absent in Neolithic individuals (n=33), it represents more than 90% of the Y-chromosomes during Copper and Bronze Age Britain (n=52) (Fig. 3). The introduction of new mtDNA haplogroups such as I, R1a and U4, which were present in Beaker-associated populations from continental Europe but not in Neolithic Britain (Supplementary Table 3), suggests that both men and women were involved. ... Our genetic time transect in Britain also allowed us to track the frequencies of alleles with known phenotypic effects. Derived alleles at rs16891982 (SLC45A2) and rs12913832 (HERC2/OCA2), which contribute to reduced skin and eye pigmentation in Europeans, dramatically increased in frequency between the Neolithic period and the Beaker and Bronze Age periods (Extended Data Fig. 7). Thus, the arrival of migrants associated with the Beaker Complex significantly altered the pigmentation phenotypes of British populations.

5221: 5284: 5523: 7495:, pp. 64–65 "We started by modeling the earliest individuals with steppe ancestry in Iberia (Iberia_CA_Stp), dated to ~2500-2000 BCE. ... Only one 2-way model fits the ancestry in Iberia_Copper_Age_Stp: Germany_Beaker (Germany Bell Beaker) + Iberia_CA (Iberia Copper Age). Finding a Bell Beaker-related group as a plausible source for the introduction of steppe ancestry into Iberia is consistent with the fact that some of the individuals in the Iberia_CA_Stp group were excavated in Bell Beaker associated contexts. ... For Iberia_BA (Iberia Bronze Age), we added Iberia_CA_Stp to the outgroup set as a possible source. The same Germany_Beaker + Iberia_CA model shows a good fit, but with less ancestry attributed to Germany_Beaker. Another working model is Iberia_CA+Iberia_CA_Stp, suggesting that Iberia_Bronze_Age is a mixture between the local Iberia_CA population and the earliest individuals with steppe ancestry in Iberia." 3058: 7870:

the previously reported co-spread of Steppe-related ancestry and Y-chromosome haplogroup R1, we observed that three out of the four Italian Bronze Age males for which a Ychr haplogroup could be determined belong to haplogroup R1 and two of those were of the R1b lineage. This haplogroup does not appear in the Chalcolithic samples. The two Italian R1b lineages belong to the L11 subset of R1b, which is common in modern Western Europe and in ancient male Bell-Beaker burials .... Our qpAdm results suggest that the Steppe-related ancestry component could have arrived through Late Neolithic/Bell Beaker groups from Central Europe .... Together with the autosomal affinity of North and Central Italian Bronze Age groups with Late Neolithic Germany, the Ychr data point to a possibly Northern-, trans-alpine-, and potentially Bell-Beaker-associated source of the Italian Steppe-related ancestry.

3630: 5421: 5409: 3014: 4343: 3801: 4666: 4193: 5646: 4560: 4606: 5682: 2943: 3472: 3140:. This apparent evidence of migration was in line with archaeological discoveries linking Beaker culture to new farming techniques, mortuary practices, copper-working skills, and other cultural innovations. However, such evidence from skeletal remains was brushed aside as a new movement developed in archaeology from the 1960s, which stressed cultural continuity. Anti-migrationist authors either paid little attention to skeletal evidence or argued that differences could be explained by environmental and cultural influences. Margaret Cox and Simon Mays sum up the position: "Although it can hardly be said that craniometric data provide an unequivocal answer to the problem of the Beaker folk, the balance of the evidence would at present seem to favour a migration hypothesis." 6004:

composition of Beaker-associated males was dominated by R1b-M269 ..., a lineage associated with the arrival of Steppe migrants in central Europe after 3000 BCE. ... igration played a key role in the further dissemination of the Beaker Complex, a phenomenon we document most clearly in Britain, where the spread of the Beaker Complex introduced high levels of Steppe-related ancestry and was associated with a replacement of ~90% of Britain's gene pool within a few hundred years, continuing the east-to-west expansion that had brought Steppe-related ancestry into central and northern Europe 400 years earlier ... British Beaker Complex-associated individuals show strong similarities to central European Beaker Complex-associated individuals in their genetic profile

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British Beaker-associated individuals showed strong similarities to central European Beaker-associated individuals in their genetic profile. Both men and women with Steppe ancestry participated in the turnover in Neolithic Britain, as evidenced by the rise of the paternal haplogroup R1b and maternal haplogroups I, R1a and U4. The paternal haplogroup R1b was completely absent in Neolithic individuals, but represented more than 90% of the Y-chromosomes during Copper and Bronze Age Britain. The study also found that the Bell Beaker arrivals in Neolithic Britain had significantly higher genetic variants associated with light skin and eye pigmentation than the local population, but low frequencies of the SNP associated with lactase persistence in modern Europeans.

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b), it is still related. The association of lunula and discs, both types of object that are well known in Ireland (Case, 1977; Cahill, 2015) is unlikely to be coincidental. It has been demonstrated recently in relation to the Coggalbeg, Co. Roscommon find that lunulae and sun discs were sometimes associated in Ireland (Kelly & Cahill, 2010). The pair of gold discs from Oviedo is less well known than the Cabeceiras de Basto finds and although their decoration differs from the Irish discs in detail, they are similar in their shape and size, in having a central cross and central holes, and in having been made as a pair (Macwhite, 1951: 50, lám. viii). These finds seem likely to be broadly contemporary with the Tablada del Rudrón ornaments.

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ancestry source resembled central European Bell Beaker groups, which first contributed ancestry to northern Iberia, followed by a southward spread. According to the authors, "R1b-Z195, the most common Y lineage in BA Iberia, ultimately derives from a common ancestor R1b-P312 in central Europe." The authors propose that the El Argar culture "likely formed from a mixture of new groups arriving from north-central Iberia, which already carried central European steppe-related ancestry (and the predominant Y-chromosome lineage) and local southeastern Iberian CA groups that differed from other regions in Iberian in that they carried excess Iran_N-like ancestry similar to eastern and/or central Mediterranean groups."

5480:: notably axes and chisels. The Danish Beaker period, however, was characterised by the manufacture of lanceolate flint daggers, described as a completely new material form without local antecedents in flint and clearly related to the style of daggers circulating elsewhere in Beaker dominated Europe. Presumably Beaker culture spread from here to the remainder of Denmark, and to other regions in Scandinavia and northern Germany as well. Central and eastern Denmark adopted this dagger fashion and, to a limited degree, also archer's equipment characteristic to Beaker culture, although here Beaker pottery remained less common. This period in Scandinavian prehistory, from 2400 to 1800 BC, is also known as the 2680: 5268: 3654: 5670: 7481:

spread of farming. We reveal sporadic contacts between Iberia and North Africa by ~2500 BCE, and by ~2000 BCE the replacement of 40% of Iberia's ancestry and nearly 100% of its Y-chromosomes by people with Steppe ancestry. ... he lineages common in Copper Age Iberia (I2, G2, H) were nearly completely replaced by one lineage, R1b-M269. ... These patterns point to a higher contribution of incoming males than females, also supported by a lower proportion of non-local ancestry on the X-chromosome, a paradigm that can be exemplified by a Bronze Age tomb from Castillejo del Bonete containing a male with Steppe ancestry and a female with ancestry similar to Copper Age Iberians.

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Beakers and the introduction of metallurgy. Most LN I metal objects are distinctly influenced by the western European Beaker metal industry, gold sheet ornaments and copper flat axes being the predominant metal objects. The LN I copper flat axes divide into As-Sb-Ni copper, recalling so-called Dutch Bell Beaker copper and the As-Ni copper found occasionally in British and Irish Beaker contexts, the mining region of Dutch Bell Beaker copper being perhaps Brittany; and the Early Bronze Age Singen (As-Sb-Ag-Ni) and Ösenring (As-Sb-Ag) coppers having a central European – probably Alpine – origin.

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completely replaced by one lineage, R1b-M269. The most plausible source population for this genetic influx was found to be Germany Bell Beaker. The earliest samples with Steppe ancestry were located in northern Spain and were modelled as deriving 60.2% of their ancestry from Germany Bell Beaker and 39.8% from the Iberian Copper Age, whilst Iberian Bronze Age samples from c. 2000 BC were modelled as 39.6% Germany Bell Beaker and 60.4% Iberia Copper Age. Some Iberian samples had up to 100% Central European Bell Beaker ancestry. A higher percentage of the genetic influx was due to men than women.

4230: 3698: 5190: 4365:: the bowl tradition and the vase tradition, the bowl tradition being the oldest as it has been found inserted in existing Neolithic (pre-beaker) tombs, both court tombs and passage tombs. The bowl tradition occurs over the whole country except the south-west and feature a majority of pit graves, both in flat cemeteries and mounds, and a high incidence of uncremated skeletons, often in crouched position. The vase tradition has a general distribution and feature almost exclusively cremation. The flexed skeleton of a man 1.88 meters tall in a cist in a slightly oval round 5625: 5393: 3568:

varieties found in nearby sites such as Castanheiro do Vento and Crasto de Palheiros. One non-local Bell Beaker sherd, however, belonging to the upper part of a beaker with a curved neck and thin walls, was found at the bedrock base of this second phase. The technique and patterning are classic forms in the context of pure European and Peninsular corded ware. In the Iberian Peninsula, this AOC type was traditionally restricted to half a dozen scattered sites in the western Pyrenees, the lower Ebro, and the Spanish east coast; especially a vessel at Filomena at

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of flint daggers that were soon distributed to most of Scandinavia. It was later followed by a similar production in southeast Denmark. This period marks the first introduction of metal into Scandinavia, and the dagger production represented an imitation of copper and bronze prototypes. It also represents the introduction of a new more ranked social organization. Large chiefly houses similar to those found in the Unetice Culture appear in south Scandinavia, and speak of a radical reorganization of economy and social organization

4150: 5728: BC, must all in all be characterised as a period of social change. Apel argued that an institutionalised apprenticeship system must have existed. Craftsmanship was transmitted by inheritance in certain families living in the vicinity of abundant resources of high-quality flint. Debbie Olausson's (1997) examinations indicate that flint knapping activities, particularly the manufacture of daggers, reflect a relatively low degree of craft specialisation, probably in the form of a division of labour between households. 3642: 3513: 5042: 2977: 2586: 4654: 3030: 5237: 3714: 4300:

association to later types of Earlier Bronze Age Beaker pottery, indeed spread to Ireland, however, without being incorporated into the same close and specific association of Irish Beaker context. The Wessex/Middle Rhine gold discs bearing "wheel and cross" motifs that were probably sewn to garments, presumably to indicate status and reminiscent of racquet headed pins found in Eastern Europe, enjoy a general distribution throughout the country, however, never in direct association with beakers.

5020: 4907: 4923: 2409: 457: 3189: 2534: 3975:, and the older Corded Ware Culture of "beaker group 1" that is also referred to as Horizon A or Step A. Early Bell Beaker Culture intruded into the region at the end of the Late Copper Age 1, around 2600–2550 BC. Middle Bell Beaker corresponds to Late Copper Age 2 and here an east–west Bell Beaker cultural gradient became visible through the difference in the distribution of the groups of beakers with and without handles, cups and bowls, in the three regions 4579: 4721: 5601: 5503: 3375: 5519:). Concurrent introduction of metallurgy shows that some people must have crossed cultural boundaries. Danish Beakers are contemporary with the earliest Early Bronze Age (EBA) of the East Group of Bell Beakers in central Europe, and with the floruit of Beaker cultures of the West Group in western Europe. The latter comprise Veluwe and Epi-Maritime in Continental northwestern Europe and the Middle Style Beakers (Style 2) in insular western Europe. 4138: 3686: 3235: 40: 4381: 3932: 3302:

suggesting that Steppe-related ancestry could have arrived through Bell Beaker groups from Central Europe, such as 'Germany Bell Beaker'. Three out of the four Italian Bronze Age males for which the paternal haplogroup could be determined belonged to haplogroup R1, and two of those were of the R1b-L11 lineage, which was absent in earlier Chalcolithic samples but is common in modern Western Europe and in ancient male Bell-Beaker burials.

2921: 4122: 4107: 4027: 2658: 4450: 5176:). The different styles and decorations of the ceramics which succeed through the period allow the division of the Beaker culture in Sardinia into three chronological phases: A1 (2100–2000 BC), A2 (2000–1900 BC), and B (1900–1800 BC). In these various phases is observable the succession of two components of different geographical origin: the first Franco-Iberian, and the second Central European. 4996: 2962: 4642: 3836: 5713:, often to continue into the early Late Neolithic. Also in northern Jutland, the body of the deceased was normally arranged lying on its back in an extended position, but a typical Bell Beaker contracted position occurs occasionally. Typical to northern Jutland, however, cremations have been reported, also outside the Beaker core area, once within the context of an almost full Bell Beaker equipment. 5694: 2385:, specific types of ornamentation, and (presumably) shared ideological, cultural and religious ideas, as well as social stratification and the emergence of regional elites. A wide range of regional diversity persists within the widespread late Beaker culture, particularly in local burial styles (including incidences of cremation rather than burial), housing styles, economic profile, and local 5440:

Bell Beaker associated objects such as wristguards and small copper trinkets, also found their way into this northern territories of the Corded Ware Culture. Domestic sites with Beakers only appear 200–300 years after the first appearance of Bell Beakers in Europe, at the early part of the Danish Late Neolithic Period (LN I) starting at 2350 BC. These sites are concentrated in

5613: 5462: 4946: 4704: 2820: 2560:(c. 3300–2600 BC). In contrast to the early Bell Beaker preference for the dagger and bow, the favourite weapon in the Carpathian Basin during the first half of the third millennium was the shaft-hole axe. Here, Bell Beaker people assimilated local pottery forms such as the polypod cup. These "common ware" types of pottery then spread in association with the classic bell beaker. 9040:

lunula = small moon), as the necklace is also called because of its shape, have been found in Ireland alone. The Schulenburg gold jewelry consists of almost pure gold, which was probably driven into a thin sheet by hammering a gold rod, then ground and finally polished. The striking similarity to the crescent moon indicates a corresponding symbolic meaning of this gold jewelry.

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completely absent. It is contemporary to Corded Ware in the vicinity, that has been attested by associated finds of middle Corded Ware (chronologically referred to as "beaker group 2" or Step B) and younger Geiselgasteig Corded Ware beakers ("beaker group 3" or Step C). Bell Beaker Culture in Bavaria used a specific type of copper, which is characterised by combinations of

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Italy first. The pattern of movements was diverse and complicated, along the Atlantic coast and the northern Mediterranean coast, and sometimes also far inland. The prominent central role of Portugal in the region and the quality of the pottery all across Europe are forwarded as arguments for a new interpretation that denies an ideological dimension.

3782:, as shown by the local presence of elephant ivory objects together with significant Beaker pottery and other finds, this maritime interaction can be shown to have a long tradition. The abundance of different cultural elements that persisted towards the end of the Bronze Age, show a clear continuity of different regional and intrusive traditions. 3786:

point to knowledge of making thread and textiles from wool. However, more details on the strategies for tending and slaughtering the domestic animals involved are forthcoming. Being traditionally associated with the introduction of metallurgy, the first traces of copper working in the Balearics were also clearly associated with Bell Beakers.

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within R-M269, both showed derived SNPs on the branch clustering R-L11 individuals. Although the R-L11 lineage is commonly restricted to Western Europe, it was common in Early Bronze Age populations from Europe and could have reached North Africa with Bronze Age migrations from this region (as implied by the presence of Bell Beaker pottery).

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of central Scandinavia and lowland northern Germany. In Denmark, this mode of building houses is clearly rooted in a Middle Neolithic tradition. In general, Late Neolithic house building styles were shared over large areas of northern and central Europe. Towards the transition to LN II some farm houses became extraordinarily large.

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frequency of the Y-haplogroup R1b, mostly represented by R1b-P312 and its derived R1b-L2 lineage "that diffused across Europe alongside steppe-related ancestry in association with the Bell Beaker complex." According to the authors, the Etruscans carried "a local genetic profile shared with other neighboring populations such as the

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and Eulau, both in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, and one individual from early Bronze Age Bulgaria .... Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of our findings, which is of great archaeological interest and importance, is the observation of a predominantly European haplogroup in an Egyptian individual located in Southern Egypt.

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types along with more elaborately decorated textiles. It has been speculated that the male textile patterns might represent quilted armour, known to be particularly effective against the archer's bow. The distinctive patterns of their clothing are also remarkably similar to the decorative motifs on Beaker pottery.

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show that the inhabitants were of special importance. This was likely the residence of a magnate, his family, his farmhands and his livestock, all included in one enormous building. In addition to its practical functions, the house was thus an imposing monument displaying the inhabitant's wealth and power

3338:, which could be explained by "the presence of Bell-Beaker pottery in the North African archaeological record" and "the expansion of European Bronze Age populations in North Africa". Serrano et al. 2023 analysed genome-wide data from 49 Guanche individuals, whose ancestry was modelled as comprising 73.3% 3759: BC. However, in several regions, this type of pottery persisted long enough to permit other possibilities. Suárez Otero (1997) postulated this corded Beakers entered the Mediterranean by routes both through the Atlantic coast and eastern France. Bell Beaker pottery has been found in Mallorca and 9357:

the Pömmelte–Schönebeck complex can be best understood as a sacral landscape in which the two enclosures were focal points standing in dialectic relation to each other. This sacral landscape began to be established in the early 3rd millennium BC with a small sanctuary and a burial of a warrior-leader

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The Cabeceiras de Basto discs were found with a lunula whose similarities to the Irish series were noted by Cardoso in the first publication of the find (Cardoso, 1930: 6-16, fig. 2). Even if the Cabeceiras de Basto lunula is 'a very peripheral cousin of the British lunula' (Taylor, 1980: 24, pl. 23,

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all the Bronze Age groups from North and Central Italy presented here support a scenario in which Chalcolithic-like individuals received a contribution of Steppe-related ancestry, possibly through Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic groups from the north, such as Germany Bell Beaker .... Consistent with

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and cinerary urns and finally fell out of use around 1700 BC. The earliest British beakers were similar to those from the Rhine, but later styles are most similar to those from Ireland. In Britain, domestic assemblages from this period are very rare, making it hard to draw conclusions about many

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from these mines with copper artefacts strongly suggests that Ross Island was the sole source of copper in Ireland between the dates 2500–2200 BC. In addition, two thirds of copper artefacts from Britain also display the same chemical and isotopic signature, strongly suggesting that Irish copper

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Beaker culture introduces the practice of burial in single graves, suggesting an Earlier Bronze Age social organisation of family groups. Towards the Later Bronze Age the sites move to potentially fortifiable hilltops, suggesting a more "clan"-type structure. Although the typical Bell Beaker practice

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Beakers are found in large numbers in Ireland, and the technical innovation of ring-built pottery indicates that the makers were also present. Classification of pottery in Ireland and Britain has distinguished a total of seven intrusive beaker groups originating from the continent and three groups of

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whorls prove the sedentary character of the Bell Beaker people, and the durability of their settlements. Some especially well equipped child-burials seem to indicate sense of predestined social position, indicating a socially complex society. However, analysis of grave furnishing, position within the

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Corded Ware, nor to other cultures in the area, and is considered something completely new. The Bell Beaker domestic ware of Southern Germany is not as closely related to the Corded Ware as would be indicated by their burial rites. Settlements link the Southern German Bell Beaker culture to the seven

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From ca. 2300 to 1700 BC a new historical period of cultural integration prevailed in south Scandinavia. It was initiated by the migration of Bell Beaker groups into Jutland, who brought with them new skills in mining and sailing, and who started to mine flint in northern Jutland for mass production

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The Gristhorpe log-coffin burial is one of 75 recorded in Britain that range in date from the twenty-third to seventeenth centuries BC. They are found throughout Britain from Scotland to the south coast and from East Anglia to Wales. ... he coffin was roughly square cut at the foot end, but the

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Two indigenous individuals belong to the R-M269 haplogroup: one from Punta Azul (El Hierro) and one from Guayadeque (Gran Canaria). R-M269 is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe, although it is also found in North Africa in lower frequencies. When ancient individuals were further classified

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Noteworthy was the adoption of European-style woven wool clothes kept together by pins and buttons in contrast to the earlier usage of clothing made of leather and plant fibres. Two-aisled timber houses in Late Neolithic Denmark correspond to similar houses in southern Scandinavia and at least parts

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and in the Late Neolithic Period. Faint traces of Bell Beaker influence can be recognised already in the pottery of the Upper Grave phase of the Single Grave period, and even of the late Ground Grave phase, such as occasional use of AOO-like or zoned decoration and other typical ornamentation, while

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and at the same time incorporating Bell Beaker elements related to those in northern Italy. Kristiansen and Larsson (2005) suggest that migrants from both the Adriatic Cetina culture and the Danube area reached Greece in this period, the latter indicated by close similarities in pottery forms to the

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6% of analysed copper artefacts After 2200 BC there is greater chemical variation in British and Irish copper artefacts, which tallies well with the appearance of other mines in southern Ireland and north Wales. After 2000 BC, other copper sources supersede Ross Island. The latest workings

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The Bell Beaker settlements are still little known, and have proved remarkably difficult for archaeologists to identify. This allows a modern view of them to contradict results of anthropologic research. The late 20th century view is that the Bell Beaker people, far from being the "warlike invaders"

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With some notable exceptions, most Iberian early Bell Beaker "burials" are at or near the coastal regions. As for the settlements and monuments within the Iberian context, Beaker pottery is generally found in association with local Chalcolithic material and appears most of all as an "intrusion" from

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The two main international bell beaker styles are: the All Over Ornamented (AOO), patterned all over with impressions, of which a subset is the All Over Corded (AOC), patterned with cord-impressions; and the Maritime type, decorated with bands filled with impressions made with a comb or cord. Later,

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studies of the 2010s have been able to resolve the "migrationist vs. diffusionist" question to some extent. The study by Olalde et al. (2018) found only "limited genetic affinity" between individuals associated with the Beaker complex in Iberia and in Central Europe, suggesting that migration played

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in the period 2400–2200 BC, was associated with early Beaker pottery. Here, the local sulpharsenide ores were smelted to produce the first copper axes used in Britain and Ireland. The same technologies were used in the Tagus region and in the west and south of France. The evidence is sufficient

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each of the trilithons could be considered conjoined deities, pairs of gods, or an early form of the Divine Twins born at the same time from a single union (Darvill 2006, 144–145). The Great Trilithon to the southwest is the largest and most prominent. It is set astride the principal axis and might

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Takabuti belonged to mitochondrial haplogroup H4a1. .... n the archaeological record H4a1 has been reported in sixth–fourteenth century CE remains sourced from the Canary Islands, and three additional ancient DNA samples, two from Bell Beaker and Unetice contexts (2500–1575 BCE) at Quedlinburg

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The earliest Bell Beaker individuals occupy a similar position in PCA as Corded Ware individuals, suggesting a degree of genetic continuity. ... We observe a closer phylogenetic relationship between the Y chromosome lineages found in early Corded Ware and Bell Beaker than in either late Corded

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were "shifted toward populations with steppe-related ancestry from central Europe" compared to preceding Copper Age groups. After 2100 cal BCE, all individuals from all sites carried steppe-related ancestry, in line with R1b-P312 becoming the predominant Y-chromosomal lineage. The major additional

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Investigations in the Mediterranean and France recently moved the discussion to re-emphasise the importance of migration to the Bell Beaker story. Instead of being pictured as a fashion or a simple diffusion of objects and their use, the investigation of over 300 sites showed that human groups

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of Europe to varying degrees. This new knowledge may have come about by any combination of population movements and cultural contact. An example might be as part of a prestige cult related to the production and consumption of beer, or trading links such as those demonstrated by finds made along the

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the Vinge house was approximately 45.5 metres long by 7.2 metres wide, covering an area of approximately 320 m2 .... he monumental size of the Vinge house, compared to common Late Neolithic houses, and its position on the elevated plateau with a wide view in all directions and high visibility

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this crescent-shaped golden necklace from the beginning of the third millennium BC is extremely rare evidence of contact between early Bronze Age elites in Central Europe and the British Isles, as it is possible that the find was imported from Ireland at the time. To date, 69 golden lunulae (Latin

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European Late Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures such as Corded Ware, Bell Beakers, Unetice, and the Scandinavian cultures are genetically very similar to each other .... The close affinity we observe between peoples of Corded Ware and Sintashta cultures suggests similar genetic sources of the

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A similar picture of cultural integration is featured among Bell Beakers in central Europe, thus challenging previous theories of Bell Beakers as an elitist or purely super-structural phenomenon. The connection with the East Group Beakers of Únětice had intensified considerably in LN II, thus

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At present, no internal chronology for the various Bell Beaker-related styles has been achieved yet for Iberia. Peninsular corded Bell Beakers are usually found in coastal or near coastal regions in three main regions: the western Pyrenees, the lower Ebro and adjacent east coast, and the northwest

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A study by Saupe et al. (2021) found that Bronze Age populations from Northern and Central Italy were characterised by a mix of earlier Chalcolithic ancestry and Steppe-related ancestry. The study found an autosomal affinity of North and Central Italian Bronze Age groups to Late Neolithic Germany,

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Jocelyne Desideri examined the teeth in skeletons from Bell Beaker sites in Northern Spain, Southern France, Switzerland, the Czech Republic and Hungary. Examining dental characteristics that have been independently shown to correlate with genetic relatedness, she found that only in Northern Spain

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In the statue-stelae of Le Petit-Chasseur, Sion, in the Rhone Valley of Switzerland ... male figures are carved with bows, arrows, axes, bead necklaces, belts, sporran-like pouches and daggers, while the female figures are embellished with lunula-like necklaces and their own distinctive belt

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The Beaker group in northern Jutland forms an integrated part of the western European Beaker Culture, while western Jutland provided a link between the Lower Rhine area and northern Jutland. The local fine-ware pottery of Beaker derivation reveal links with other Beaker regions in western Europe,

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Like elsewhere in Europe and in the Mediterranean area, the Bell Beaker culture in Sardinia (2100–1800 BC) is characterised by the typical ceramics decorated with overlaid horizontal bands and associated finds: brassards, V-pierced buttons, etc. For the first time, gold items appeared on the

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are regarded as an obstacle to any colonisation directly from Iberia, or even from France. Their greater concentration in the northern part of the country, which traditionally is regarded as the part of Ireland least blessed with sources of copper, has led many authorities to question the role of

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decoration style in various patterns, using lines of points, incision or impression. Three of them were carbon dated to the first half of the third millennium BC. The site demonstrates a notable absence of more common Bell Beaker pottery styles such as Maritime Herringbone and Maritime Lined

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from central Italy could be modelled as deriving 50% of their ancestry from Central European Bell Beakers (represented by Germany Bell Beaker), with around 25% steppe ancestry. Two Etruscan samples were modelled as having 80% Germany Bell Beaker ancestry. Overall, the Etruscan samples showed ~75%

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Papac et al. (2021) found that the earliest Bell Beaker individuals from Bohemia in the Czech Republic had a similar genetic composition to Corded Ware individuals. A closer phylogenetic relationship was observed between the Y-chromosome lineages found in early Corded Ware and Bell Beaker than in

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Some elements show the influence from the north and east, and other elements reveal the south-east of France to be an important crossroad on an important route of communication and exchange spreading north. A distinctive 'barbed wire' pottery decoration is thought to have migrated through central

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Between the Aegean and Baltic Seas: Prehistory across Borders. Proceedings of the International Conference Bronze and Early Iron Age Interconnections and Contemporary Developments between the Aegean and the Regions of the Balkan Peninsula, Central and Northern Europe, University of Zagreb, 11–14

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Genome-wide data have revealed high proportions of Steppe-related ancestry in Beaker Complex-associated individuals from Germany and the Czech Republic, showing that they derived from mixtures of populations from the Steppe and the preceding Neolithic farmers of Europe. ... The Y-chromosome

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Irish Beaker intrusions do not attest the overall "Beaker package" of innovations that, once fully developed, swept Europe elsewhere, leaving Ireland behind. The Irish Beaker period is characterised by the earliness of Beaker intrusions, by isolation and by influences and surviving traditions of

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Previously some archaeologists considered the Bell-beaker people to have lived only within a limited territory of the Carpathian Basin and for a short time, without mixing with the local population. Although there are very few evaluable anthropological finds, the appearance of the characteristic

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Although a broadly parallel evolution with early, middle, and younger Bell Beaker Culture was detected, the Southern Germany middle Bell Beaker development of metope decorations and stamp and furrow engraving techniques do not appear on beakers in Austria-Western Hungary, and handled beakers are

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The presence of perforated Beaker pottery, traditionally considered to be used for making cheese, at Son Ferrandell-Oleza and at Coval Simó confirms the introduction of production and conservation of dairy. Also, the presence of spindles at sites like Son Ferrandell-Oleza or Es Velar d'Aprop

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in 2018 confirmed a massive population turnover in western Europe associated with the Bell Beaker culture. In Britain the spread of the Bell Beaker culture introduced high levels of Steppe-related ancestry and was associated with a replacement of ~90% of the gene pool within a few hundred years.

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including analysis of pollen, associated with the spread of beakers, certainly suggests increased growing of barley, which may be associated with beer brewing. Noting the distribution of Beakers was highest in areas of transport routes, including fording sites, river valleys and mountain passes,

7480:

We assembled genome-wide data from 271 ancient Iberians of whom 176 are from the largely unsampled period after 2000 BCE, thereby providing a high resolution time transect of the Peninsula. We document high genetic substructure between northwestern and southeastern hunter-gatherers prior to the

6027:

Papac, Luka; Ernée, Michal; Dobeš, Miroslav; Langová, Michaela; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Aron, Franziska; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Spyrou, Maria A.; Rohland, Nadin; Velemínský, Petr; Kuna, Martin; Brzobohatá, Hana; Culleton, Brendan; Daněček, David; Danielisová, Alžběta; Dobisíková, Miluše; Hložek, Josef;

5530:

The interaction between the Beaker groups on the Veluwe Plain and in Jutland must, at least initially, have been quite intensive. All-over ornamented (AOO) and All-over-corded (AOC), and particularly Maritime style beakers are featured, although from a fairly late context and possibly rather of

5487:

The spread of metallurgy in Denmark is also intimately related to the Beaker representation in northern Jutland. The LN I metalwork is distributed throughout most of Denmark, but a concentration of early copper and gold coincides with this core region, hence suggesting a connection between

4477:

2400–2000 BC. They are essentially broad blades that were mounted horizontally on a meter long handle, giving greater reach and impact than any known contemporary weapon. They were subsequently widely adopted in other parts of Europe, possibly showing a change in the technology of warfare.

3322:

samples belonged to the R1b-M269 Y-haplogroup, consistent with "the arrival of Steppe ancestry, via migration of Steppe pastoralists or intermediary populations in the preceding Bronze Age." The Iron Age Roman population showed a clear ancestry shift from the earlier Copper Age, modelled as an

2446:

More recent analyses of the "Beaker phenomenon", published since the 2000s, have persisted in describing the origin of the "Beaker phenomenon" as arising from a synthesis of elements, representing "an idea and style uniting different regions with different cultural traditions and background."

4061:

type in the populations of some later cultures (e.g. Kisapostag and Gáta–Wieselburg cultures) suggested a mixture with the local population contradicting such archaeological theories. According to archaeology, the populational groups of the Bell-beakers also took part in the formation of the

3274:

Furtwängler et al. (2020) analysed 96 ancient genomes from Switzerland, Southern Germany, and the Alsace region in France, covering the Middle/Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age. They confirmed that R1b arrived in the region during the transitory Bell Beaker period (2800-1800 BC), along with

4299:

beakers. However, many of the features or innovations of Beaker society in Britain never reached Ireland. Instead, quite different customs predominated in the Irish record that were apparently influenced by the traditions of the earlier inhabitants. Some features that are found elsewhere in

3297:

Olalde et al. (2018) analysed three Bell Beaker-associated individuals (one male and two females) from northern Italy (Parma), dating from 2200 to 1930 BC. Two of the individuals were found to have around 25% Early Bronze Age Steppe-related ancestry whilst one had none. The male belonged to

3257:

The earliest Bell Beaker samples in Iberia lacked Steppe ancestry, but between ~2500 and 2000 BC there was a replacement of 40% of Iberia's ancestry and nearly 100% of its Y-chromosomes by people with Steppe ancestry. Y-chromosome lineages common in Copper Age Iberia (I2, G2, H) were nearly

3143:

Non-metrical research concerning the Beaker people in Britain also cautiously pointed in the direction of migration. Subsequent studies, such as one concerning the Carpathian Basin, and a non-metrical analysis of skeletons in central-southern Germany, have also identified marked typological

2416:

The Bell Beaker artefacts (at least in their early phase) are not distributed across a contiguous area, as is usual for archaeological cultures, but are found in insular concentrations scattered across Europe. Their presence is not associated with a characteristic type of architecture or of

7603:

Furtwängler, Anja; Rohrlach, A. B.; Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Papac, Luka; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Siebke, Inga; Reiter, Ella; Steuri, Noah; Hald, Jürgen; Denaire, Anthony; Schnitzler, Bernadette; Wahl, Joachim; Ramstein, Marianne; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Stockhammer, Philipp W. (20 April 2020).

2729:

The burial ritual which typified Bell Beaker sites appears to be intrusive to Western Europe, from Central Europe. Individual inhumations, often under tumuli with the inclusion of weapons contrast markedly to the preceding Neolithic traditions of often collective, weaponless burials in

4320:

seem to have entered Ireland by cultural diffusion only, after the first intrusions, and unlike English and Continental Beaker burials never made it to the graves. The same lack of typical Beaker association applies to the about thirty found stone battle axes. A gold ornament found in

4833:

a significantly higher level of labour mobilisation was achieved following the arrival of Beaker people in Britain. The amount of effort that went into building Silbury Hill was "massively more than Stonehenge", and its dates coincide exactly with the appearance of Beaker burials.

10598:

There are cases where the practice of building a barrow could be carried to extreme lengths. The pyramids of the Old Kingdom of Egypt are essentially barrows, of a special sort; maybe Silbury Hill near Marlborough in southern England was a burial mound, though this has never been

4066:, which could be confirmed with the anthropological Bell Beaker series in Moravia and Germany. In accordance with anthropological evidence, it has been concluded the Bell Beakers intruded in an already established form the southern part of Germany as much as the East Group area. 5549:, and southern Norway. In northern central Poland Beaker-like representations even occur in a contemporary EBA setting. The frequent occurrence of Beaker pottery in settlements points at a large-scaled form of social identity or cultural identity, or perhaps an ethnic identity. 6576:

Heyd, Volker (1998). "Die Glockenbecherkultur in Süddeutschland– Zum Stand der Forschung einer Regionalprovinzentlang der Donau" [Bell Beaker Culture in Southern Germany, State of research for a regional province along the Danube]. In Benz, M.; van Willigen, S. (eds.).

2357:

In its early phase, the Bell Beaker culture can be seen as the western contemporary of the Corded Ware culture of Central Europe. From about 2400 BC the Beaker folk culture expanded eastwards, into the Corded Ware horizon. In parts of Central and Eastern Europe, as far east as

4361:" and cinerary urns (encrusted, collared and cordoned) of the Irish Earlier Bronze Age have strong roots in the western European Beaker tradition. Recently, the concept of these food vessels was discarded and replaced by a concept of two different traditions that rely on 3200:

two male skeletons from a German Bell Beaker site dated to 2600–2500 BC at Kromsdorf, one of which tested positive for M269 but negative for its U106 subclade (note that the P312 subclade was not tested for), while for the other skeleton the M269 test was unclear.

4315:

that accepted a riveted handle. Flint arrow-heads and copper-blade daggers with handle tangs, found in association with Beaker pottery in many other parts of Europe, have a date later than the initial phase of Beaker People activity in Ireland. Also the typical Beaker

4092:, indicating that Pömmelte served as a monument for "ceremonies linked to calendrical rites and seasonal feasting". The Pömmelte and Schönebeck enclosures formed parts of a 'sacral landscape' with origins in an early 3rd millennium BC sanctuary and elite burial of the 3261:

These results confirm the earlier findings of Patterson et al. (2012) who detected "a signal of gene flow from populations related to present-day northern Europeans into Spain around 2000 BC", which was hypothesised to be a "genetic signal of the Bell Beaker culture".

2882:

a limited role in its early spread. However, the same study found that the further dissemination of the mature Beaker complex was very strongly linked to migration. This is true especially for Britain, where the spread of the Beaker culture introduced high levels of

11068: 3775:, also assessed to be directly related to the late Cogotas complex. In most of the areas of the mainland, Boquique pottery falls into the latter stages of the Bell Beaker complex, as well. Along with other evidence during the earlier Beaker period in the Balearics, 4819:, near to Stonehenge, have similarly been dated to the early Beaker period or just before the Beaker period. Some researchers have suggested that Woodhenge may have been a monumental roofed building, though it is usually thought to have been an open-air structure. 11237:

base and lid had been rounded off at the head end. .... In 1834 the excavators identified 'a rude figure of a human face' carved into the lid. This carving, now much degraded, is surrounded by a cut which flares, possibly to indicate shoulders. (Melton 2015)

3326:

According to Chintalapatia et al. (2022) a majority of Bronze Age samples from Sardinia lacked steppe-related ancestry, though evidence for steppe-related ancestry was found in a few individuals. This ancestry is estimated to have arrived in Sardinia ~2600 BC.

2871:, suggests that 18–25% of all graves were occupied by people who came from a considerable distance outside the area. This was true of children and adults, indicative of some significant migration wave. Given the similarities with readings from people living on 10989:

cautiously be identified with a pair of deities representing day and night, the sun and moon, summer and winter, life and death, perhaps even the prehistoric equivalents of the twins Apollo and Artemis as they are known in later pantheons across the Old World.

4295:

purely insular character having evolved from them. Five out of seven of the intrusive Beaker groups also appear in Ireland: the European bell group, the All-over cord beakers, the Scottish/North Rhine beakers, the Northern British/Middle Rhine beakers and the

4525:

in Spain. According to Cahill, pairs of gold discs found with lunulae may therefore represent "the day and night sun", symbolising the movement of the sun from day to night and from east to west. The double-sun motif has also been linked to the mythological

7408:

An analysis using MyTrueAncestry.com to compare the genomes of the Bell Beaker people from Germany, France and Britain with those of modern Europeans showed that the closest match in terms of genetic distance were British, Dutch, German, Danish and Swedish

5740:

The cultural concepts originally adopted from Beaker groups at the lower Rhine blended or integrated with local Late Neolithic Culture. For a while the region was set apart from central and eastern Denmark, that evidently related more closely to the early

4260: BC. The beaker pottery of Ireland was rarely used as a grave good, but is often found in domestic assemblages from the period. This stands in contrast to the rest of Europe where it is frequently found in both roles. The inhabitants of Ireland used 6028:

Kennett, Douglas J.; Klementová, Jana; Kostka, Michal; Krištuf, Petr; Kuchařík, Milan; Hlavová, Jana Kuljavceva; Limburský, Petr; Malyková, Drahomíra; Mattiello, Lucia; Pecinovská, Monika; Petriščáková, Katarína; Průchová, Erika; Stránská, Petra (2021).

2621:

to support the suggestion that the initial spread of Maritime Bell Beakers along the Atlantic and into the Mediterranean, using sea routes that had long been in operation, was directly associated with the quest for copper and other rare raw materials.

2608:

was unknown in the early or southern Bell Beaker zone, and so must have been adopted from Corded Ware in the contact zone of the Lower Rhine, and transmitted westwards along the exchange networks from the Rhine to the Loire, and northwards across the

3995:

area for all subsequent Bell Beaker periods. This middle Bell Beaker Culture is the main period when almost all the cemeteries in Southern Germany begin. Younger Bell Beaker Culture of Early Bronze Age shows analogies to the Proto-Únětice Culture in

2701:, along with a characteristic group of other artefacts, known as the Bell Beaker "package", the explanation for the Beaker culture until the last decades of the 20th century was to interpret it as the migration of one group of people across Europe. 3265:

Villalba-Mouco et al. (2021) analysed genome-wide data from 136 southern Iberian individuals dating from the Late Neolithic (3300 cal BCE) to the Late Bronze Age (1200/1000 cal BCE). They found that Bronze Age populations, including those from the

3524:(Galicia and northern Portugal). A corded-zoned Maritime variety (C/ZM), proposed to be a hybrid between AOC and Maritime Herringbone, was mainly found in burial contexts and expanded westward, especially along the mountain systems of the Meseta. 3602:

2600–2200 BC. The complex of concentric rings, known as 'La Loma del Real Tesoro II' may have been used for holding rituals. Circular earth and timber enclosures are also known from Germany, Ireland and the Netherlands in this period, as well as

11481: 8988:[The transition from the Copper Age to the Early Bronze Age at the north-western edge of the Carpathian basin culture historical and palaeometallurgical considerations]. In Bartelheim, Martin; Pernicka, Ernst; Krause, Rüdiger (eds.). 3094:(2013) notes that the Beaker culture was associated with a hypothetical cluster of Indo-European dialects termed "North-West Indo-European", a cluster which includes the (predecessors of) Celtic, Italic, Germanic and Balto-Slavic branches. 5220: 3216:, a lineage associated with the arrival of Steppe migrants in central Europe after 3000 BC. Bell Beaker individuals from Germany analysed by Haak et al. (2015) were found to have less Steppe ancestry than the earlier Corded Ware culture. 2760:

British and American archaeology since the 1960s have been sceptical about prehistoric migration in general, so the idea of "Bell Beaker Folk" lost ground. A theory of cultural contact de-emphasizing population movement was presented by

8522:

Haplogroup R1b1a1b isolated in the studied samples is also uncharacteristic of the modern Egyptian population; its frequency in the population is less than 1%, while it is found in approximately half of the male population of Western

5452:

peninsula, largely contemporary to the local Upper Grave Period. In east central Sweden and western Sweden, barbed wire decoration characterised the period 2460–1990 BC, linked to another Beaker derivation of northwestern Europe.

3294:' (c. 2300–1700 BCE) clustered with central and western European Late Neolithic-Bronze Age individuals dominated by males with lineages of R1b-M269/L51, matching the appearance of Bell Beaker material culture in Denmark at this time. 4788:

and Iberia, but it is not thought they were exploited so early as these areas did not have bronze until after it was well established in Britain and Ireland. Gold was also exported from Cornwall to Ireland and continental Europe.

4377:", although the differences between Irish finds and e.g. the British combination of "round barrows with crouched, unburnt burials" make it difficult to establishes the exact nature of the Beaker People's colonization of Ireland. 3903:

were presented at the Riva del Garda conference in 1998, some 100 km south-east of the Csepel Beaker sub-group (modern Hungary). Bell Beaker related material has now been uncovered in a line from the Baltic Sea down to the

4335:

Beaker People in the introduction of metallurgy to Ireland. However, indications of their use of stream sediment copper, low in traces of lead and arsenic, and Beaker finds connected to mining and metalworking at Ross Island,

5283: 3546: BC revealed the remains of a tower, some pavings, and structures for burning. After a break of one or two centuries, Bell Beaker pottery was introduced in a second building phase that lasted to the Early Bronze Age, 10486: 4325:

that closely resembles a pair of ear-rings from Ermegeira, Portugal, has a composition that suggests it was imported. Incidental finds suggest links to non-British Beaker territories, like a fragment of a bronze blade in

3393:

valley to Portugal, North Africa, and Sicily, even penetrating northern and central Italy. Its remains have been found in what is now Portugal, Spain, France (excluding the central massif), Ireland and Great Britain, the

10625:

on the British Isles the Bell Beaker communities have created monuments such as the late phase of construction of Stonehenge shrine or a giant burial mound of Silbury Hill, which are comparable with Egyptian temples and

6386:

Jeunesse, C. 2014. "Pratiques funéraires campaniformes en Europe – Faut-il remettre en cause la dichotomie Nord-Sud ? La question de la réutilisation des sépultures monumentales dans l'Europe du 3e millénaire", in

11925: 10334: 4828:

According to Bayliss (2007), the "aggrandisement" of both Stonehenge and Silbury Hill occurred "in close relation to the appearance of novel material culture and practices" introduced by Beaker people. According to

3287:

either late Corded Ware or Yamnaya and Bell Beaker. R1b-L151 was the most common Y-lineage among early Corded Ware males in Bohemia, and was ancestral to R1b-P312, the dominant Y-lineage found in Bell Beaker males.

5369:

in Britain. According to Galaty et al. (2015) a 'warrior culture' including "ideas related to warrior aristocracy" spread from Europe to Greece through contact with the Cetina culture, along with the tradition of

4461:

As well as exporting raw copper/bronze, there were some technical and cultural developments in Ireland that had an important impact on other areas of Europe. Irish food vessels were adopted in northern Britain in

5944:

Olalde, Iñigo; Brace, Selina; Allentoft, Morten E.; Armit, Ian; Kristiansen, Kristian; Booth, Thomas; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Mittnik, Alissa; Altena, Eveline (21 February 2018).

5583:

used to determine "important moments including festival and harvest days". Wooden longhouses and other burial mounds were found in the immediate vicinity of the site. A glass bead from Mesopotamia dating from

4509:. Cahill (2015) connects them to a "great solar cult" stretching across western and central Europe to Scandinavia. Cahill suggests that the central part of the lunulae (which is left undecorated) represents a 9336:

Spatzier, André (2019). "The enclosure complex Pömmelte–Schönebeck: The dialectic of two circular monuments of the late 3rd to early 2nd millennium BC in Central Germany". In Bertemes, F.; Meller, H. (eds.).

3057: 5323:

kept almost intact its cultural and social characteristics, while in the south-west there was a strong integration with local cultures. The only known single bell-shaped glass in eastern Sicily was found in

3855:

traditions into a cultural package and as such did not always and evenly abandon all local traditions. More recent extensive DNA evidence, however, suggests a significant replacement of earlier populations.

9315: 5156: BC. There is virtually no evidence in Sardinia of external contacts in the early second millennia, apart from late Beakers and close parallels between Bonnannaro pottery and that of the North Italian 2802:

cultures, creating local styles. Close analysis of the bronze tools associated with beaker use suggests an early Iberian source for the copper, followed subsequently by Central European and Bohemian ores.

10799: 8571:

Müller, Johannes; van Willigen, Samuel (2001). "New radiocarbon evidence for European Bell Beakers and the consequences for the diffusion of the Bell Beaker Phenomenon". In Nicolis, Franco (ed.).

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near Ross Lough, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. The flat, triangular-shaped copper blade was 171 mm (6.73 in) long, with bevelled edges and a pointed tip, and featured an integral

10182:

Kristiansen, Kristian (2011). "Bridging India and Scandinavia: Institutional Transmission and Elite Conquest during the Bronze Age". In Wilkinson, Toby C.; Sherratt, Susan; Bennet, John (eds.).

9017:

O'Connor, Brendan (2010). "From Dorchester to Dieskau – some aspects of relations between Britain and Central Europe during the Early Bronze Age". In Meller, Harald; Bertemes, Francoise (eds.).

2362:, a sequence occurs from Corded Ware to Bell Beaker. This period marks a period of cultural contact in Atlantic and Western Europe following a prolonged period of relative isolation during the 7721:

Ware or Yamnaya and Bell Beaker. R1b-L151 is the most common Y-lineage among early Corded Ware males (6 of 11, 55%) and one branch ancestral to R1b-P312, the dominant Y-lineage in Bell Beaker.

3629: 7796:

Departure from the Homeland: Indo-Europeans and Archaeology – Selected Papers from the 12th European Association of Archaeologists Annual Meeting, Krakow, Poland, 19th to 24th Septembers 2006

12043:

Müller, Johannes; Hinz, Martin; Ulrich, Markus (2015). "6. Bell Beakers – Chronology, innovation and memory: A multivariate approach". In Maria Pilar Prieto Martinez; Laure Salanova (eds.).

3563:

The second building phase was dominated by a highly coherent group of pottery within the regional Chalcolithic styles, representing Maritime Bell Beakers of the local (northern Portuguese),

5531:

Epi-maritime style, equivalent to the situation in the north of the Netherlands, where Maritime ornamentation continued after it ceased in the central region of Veluwe and were succeeded

3132:

studies found that the Beaker people appeared to be of a different physical type than those earlier populations in the same geographic areas. They were described as tall, heavy boned and

3771:

1750–1300 cal BC) the local Beaker context became associated with the distinctive ornamented Boquique pottery demonstrating clear maritime links with the (megalithic) coastal regions of

2711:

interpreted the artefacts as belonging to a mobile cultural elite imposing itself over the indigenous substrate populations. Similarly, Sangmeister (1972) interpreted the "Beaker folk" (

2604:

A review in 2014 revealed that single burial, communal burial, and reuse of Neolithic burial sites are found throughout the Bell Beaker zone. This overturns a previous conviction that

3495:. A review of radiocarbon dates for Bell Beaker across Europe found that some of the earliest were found in Portugal, where the range from Zambujal and Cerro de la Virgen (Spain) ran 2545:

Another expansion brought Bell Beaker to Csepel Island in Hungary by about 2500 BC. In the Carpathian Basin, the Bell Beaker culture came in contact with communities such as the

7110:

Gallagher, A.; Gunther, M. M.; Bruchhaus, H. (2009). "Population continuity, demic diffusion and Neolithic origins in central-southern Germany: The evidence from body proportions".

2707:

interpreted the presence of its characteristic artefact as the intrusion of "missionaries" expanding from Iberia along the Atlantic coast, spreading knowledge of copper metallurgy.

416: 6604:

Settlement and Economy in the Third and Second Millennia BC: Papers Delivered at a Conference Organised by the Department of Adult Education, University of Newcastle upon Tyne

8573:

Bell Beakers today: Pottery, people, culture, symbols in prehistoric Europe: Proceedings of the international colloquium Riva del Garda (Trento, Italy), 11–16 May 1998, Volume 1

3080:

As the Beaker culture left no written records, all theories regarding the language or languages they spoke remain conjectural. It has been suggested as a candidate for an early

2914:

copper ores, others have some organic residues associated with food, and still others were employed as funerary urns. They were used as status display amongst disparate elites.

2443:

precursors in northern Africa, arguing the Maritime style emerged as a result of seaborne contacts between Iberia and Morocco in the first half of the third millennium BC.

6985:"Almagro-Gorbea – La lengua de los Celtas y otros pueblos indoeuropeos de la península ibérica", 2001 p. 95. In Almagro-Gorbea, M., Mariné, M. and Álvarez-Sanchís, J. R. (eds) 2942: 2369:

In its mature phase, the Bell Beaker culture is understood as not only a collection of characteristic artefact types, but a complex cultural phenomenon involving metalwork in

5141:), demonstrating continuing relationships with the western Mediterranean. Elsewhere, Beaker material has been found stratigraphically above Monte Claro and at the end of the 3013: 2395:). Nonetheless, according to Lemercier (2018) the mature phase of the Beaker culture represents "the appearance of a kind of Bell Beaker civilization of continental scale". 10342: 8752:

Bartelheim, M.; Bueno Ramírez, P. And Kunst, M. (Eds.): Key Resources and Socio-Cultural Developments in the Iberian Chalcolithic, 257-272. Tübingen. University of Tübingen

2578:), forming a contact zone with the Bell Beaker culture. From there, the Bell Beaker culture spread further into Eastern Europe, replacing the Corded Ware culture up to the 11260: 5816:, formed after the incursion of the Yamna people into the Vučedol milieu and the interaction of these peoples for three or four centuries, from circa 3000 BC.<ref"> 5476:

Northern Jutland has abundant sources of high quality flint, which had previously attracted industrious mining, large-scale production, and the comprehensive exchange of

4007:

During the Bell Beaker period, a border ran through southern Germany, which culturally divided a northern from a southern area. The northern area was oriented around the

8637:

Current Researches on Bell Beakers: Proceedings of 15th International Bell Beaker Conference – From Atlantic to Ural, 5th-9th May 2011, Poio (Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain)

5874:

1:11: "So, the Beaker Complex in terms of the British Isles is from ... around 2450 BC, when we see in Britain the appearance of single inhumation graves ...."

3697: 2424:

The origin of the "Bell Beaker" artefacts has been traced to the early 3rd millennium, with early examples of the "maritime" Bell Beaker design having been found at the

10096: 9785:

Male sizes range between 157 and 191 cm (62 and 75 in), to average 174 cm (69 in), comparable to the current male population: Flanagan 1998, p. 116

6508:

Bell Beakers Today: Pottery, People, Culture, Symbols in Prehistoric Europe – Proceedings of the International Colloquium Riva del Garda (Trento, Italy) 11–16 May 1998

3204:

Two studies published in 2015 (Haak et al. 2015, Mathieson et al. 2015) found that Bell Beaker individuals from Germany and the Czech Republic had high proportions of

8700:

Analysis of the Economic Foundations Supporting the Social Supremacy of the Beaker Groups: Proceedings of the XVII UISPP World Congress (1-7 September, Burgos, Spain)

6123:

Analysis of the Economic Foundations Supporting the Social Supremacy of the Beaker Groups: Proceedings of the XVII UISPP World Congress (1-7 September, Burgos, Spain)

3223:. Among modern populations, Bell Beaker people from Germany, France and Britain were closest genetically to modern British, Dutch, German, Danish and Swedish people. 2902:

The beakers are suggested to have been designed for the consumption of alcohol, and the introduction of the substance to Europe may have fuelled the beakers' spread.

5645: 2806:

AOO and AOC Beakers appear to have evolved continually from a pre-Beaker period in the lower Rhine and North Sea regions, at least for Northern and Central Europe.

5299: 4441:

was a major export to Britain. Traces of Ross Island copper can be found even further afield; in the Netherlands it makes up 12% of analysed copper artefacts, and

10163:

Lahelma, Antti (2017). "The Circumpolar Context of the 'Sun Ship' Motif in South Scandinavian Rock Art". In Skoglund, Peter; Ling, Johan; Bertilsson, Ulf (eds.).

4665: 4192: 4411:

the find of the extended skeleton of a woman accompanied by the remains of a red deer and a small seven-year-old stallion is noteworthy, including the hint to a

4015:

river system and was mainly settled by the homogeneous Bell Beaker East Group. This latter group overlapped with the Corded Ware Culture and other groups of the

3883:

The relationship to the western Bell Beakers groups, and the contemporary cultures of the Carpathian basin to the south east, is much less. Research in northern

3318:

and its environs despite the cultural and linguistic differences between the two neighboring groups." Antonio et al. (2019) similarly found that 5 out of 7 male

11588: 7792:

Kristiansen, Kristian (2009). "Proto-Indo-European languages and institutions: An archaeological approach". In Vander Linden, Mark; Jones-Bley, Karlene (eds.).

3653: 3148:

and the Czech Republic were there demonstrable links between immediately previous populations and Bell Beaker populations. Elsewhere there was a discontinuity.

8396:"Biological Sexing of a 4000-Year-Old Egyptian Mummy Head to Assess the Potential of Nuclear DNA Recovery from the Most Damaged and Limited Forensic Specimens" 8728: 4605: 3219:

Allentoft et al. (2015) found the people of the Bell Beaker culture to be closely genetically related to the Corded Ware culture, the Únětice culture and the

5681: 5522: 3800: 3426: 2997: 2649:, variously described as due to migration, possibly of small groups of warriors, craftsmen or traders, or due to the diffusion of ideas and object exchange. 9977:

Atlantic halberds are characteristic weapons of the beginning of the Early Bronze Age in western Europe .... Some scholars support an origin in Ireland

3877: 3876:

and the Hungarian Bell Beaker-Csepel group being the most important. In 2002, one of the largest Bell Beaker cemeteries in Central Europe was discovered at

2325:. The Bell Beaker phenomenon shows substantial regional variation, and a study from 2018 found that it was associated with genetically diverse populations. 4330:

that has been likened to the "palmella" points of Iberia, even though the relative scarcity of beakers, and Beaker-compatible material of any kind, in the

11567:

Kristiansen, Kristian (2009). "Proto-Indo-European Languages and Institutions: An Archaeological Approach". In van der Linden, M.; Jones-Bley, C. (eds.).

5745:

across the Baltic Sea. Before the turn of the millennium the typical Beaker features had gone, their total duration being 200–300 years at the most.

5267: 5709:

In eastern Denmark and Scania one-person graves occur primarily in flat grave cemeteries. This is a continuation of the burial custom characterising the

4796:, which had its Neolithic form elaborated extensively. Many barrows surround it and an unusual number of 'rich' burials can be found nearby, such as the 11107: 10580:

Harding, Anthony (2012). "The Tumulus in European Prehistory: Covering the Body, Housing the Soul". In Borgna, Elizabetta; Müller Celka, Sylvie (eds.).

6310:

Seaborne Contacts between the Aegean, the Balkans and the Central Mediterranean in the 3rd Millennium BC – The Unfolding of the Mediterranean World

5248: 4559: 3892: 3433:(Riesenbecher)). The new international trade routes opened by the Beaker people became firmly established and the culture was succeeded by a number of 3275:

Steppe-related ancestry. The vast majority of Bell Beaker R1b samples belonged to the U152 > L2 clade (11 out of 14; the other being P312 or L51).

2293:

BC, with the appearance of single burial graves, until as late as 1800 BC, but in continental Europe only until 2300 BC, when it was succeeded by the

4164: 3669: 3598:

In 2016 archaeologists discovered a large circular earthwork enclosure in southern Spain near Carmona (Sevilla), dating from the Bell Beaker period,

11679:

The form and decoration of the Danish lunulae are dependent on Anglo-Irish lunulae, which can be attributed to the Beaker Culture of western Europe.

11525:

The form and decoration of the Danish lunulae are dependent on Anglo-Irish lunulae, which can be attributed to the Beaker Culture of western Europe.

5541:

Clusters of Late Neolithic Beaker presence similar to northern Jutland appear as pockets or "islands" of Beaker Culture in northern Europe, such as

5361:

cultures. New and more intensive exchange of goods subsequently developed after 1900 BC between Greece and Bell Beaker-derived cultures such as the

7060:

A Test of Non-metrical Analysis as Applied to the 'Beaker Problem' – Natasha Grace Bartels, University of Albeda, Department of Anthropology, 1998

6741:

Lemercier, Olivier (2004). "Historical model of settling and spread of Bell Beakers Culture in the mediterranean France". In Czebreszuk, J. (ed.).

4681: 2886:, resulting in a near-complete transformation of the local gene pool within a few centuries, to the point of replacement of about 90% of the local 4204: 12585: 8784:"Assembling the Dead, Gathering the Living: Radiocarbon Dating and Bayesian Modelling for Copper Age Valencina de la Concepción (Seville, Spain)" 5579:. At the centre of the enclosure there was a burial mound containing numerous burials. According to the excavators the enclosure functioned as a 4973: 4957: 4054: 3430: 2768:

Under the "pots, not people" theory, the Beaker culture was seen as a 'package' of knowledge (including religious beliefs, as well as methods of

10583:

Ancestral Landscapes: Burial mounds in the Copper and Bronze Ages. Proceedings of the International Conference held in Udine, May 15th-18th 2008

4623: 4469: BC and this roughly coincides with a decline in the use of beakers in Britain. The 'bronze halberd' (not to be confused with the medieval 4180: 3767:

or Ibiza. Collective burials in dolmen structures in Ibiza could be contrasted against the individual burials in Mallorca. In its latest phase (

9020:

Der Griff nach den Sternen - Wie Europas Eliten zu Macht und Reichtum kamen, 591-602. Halle: Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle

6910: 2242: 2519:. This was a long-established route reflected in early stone axe distributions, and via this network, Maritime Bell Beakers first reached the 12438: 6369: 3613: 11480:

Galaty, Michael; Tomas, Helen; Parkinson, William (2015). "9 - Bronze Age European Elites: From the Aegean to the Adriatic and Back Again".

10204:"Provenance of the gold of the Early Bronze Age Nebra Sky Disk, central Germany: Geochemical characterization of natural gold from Cornwall" 2206: 8986:"Der Übergang Kupferzeit / Frühbronzezeit am Nordwestrand des Karpatenbeckens – Kulturgeschichtliche und paläometallurgische Betrachtungen" 5669: 5007: 1404: 423: 9682:

Sheridan, Alison; Northover, Peter (1993). "A Beaker Period copper dagger blade from the Sillees River near Ross Lough, Co. Fermanagh".

6086: 5290: 4906: 12653: 12188: 6844:

Sherratt, A. G. (1987). "Cups that cheered: The introduction of alcohol to prehistoric Europe". In Waldren, W.; Kennard, R. C. (eds.).

4553:(northern Spain) dating from the Bell Beaker period, was similarly found to be of non-local origin and possibly from southern Britain. 4407:

of crouched burial has been observed, cremation was readily adopted in accordance with the previous tradition of the autochthons. In a

3832:, may be included as a third component. Their development, diffusion and long range changes are determined by the great river systems. 11993:"The transformation of Europe in the third millennium BC: The example of 'Le Petit-Chasseur I + III' (Sion, Valais, Switzerland)" 3539:, central Portugal. The site was located on the summit of a spur. A short-lived first occupation of pre-Bell Beaker building phase at 11429:"When the West Meets the East: The Eastern Periphery of the Bell Beaker Phenomenon and Its Relation with the Aegean Early Bronze Age" 8905: 5624: 4415:-like religion. A few burials seem to indicate social status, though in other contexts an emphasis to special skills is more likely. 2976: 2910:

content have been identified from certain examples. However, not all Beakers were drinking cups. Some were used as reduction pots to

4342: 9922:

Northover, J. P. (1999). Hauptmann, A.; Pernicka, E.; Rehren, T.; Yalçin, Ü. (eds.). "The earliest metalworking in South Britain".

10758:"Holding on to the past: Southern British evidence for mummification and retention of the dead in the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age" 8597: 5420: 5408: 3425:

Beaker-type vessels remained in use longest in the British Isles; late beakers in other areas are classified as early Bronze Age (

7148:

Europe during the third millennium BC and Bell Beaker culture phenomenon: Peopling history through dental non-metric traits study

5204: 5065:. The bell-shaped vases appear in these areas of central and northern Italy as "foreign elements" integrated in the pre-existing 4113: 3343: 11257: 7078: 4825:

was also built in the early Bell Beaker period. It may have originally been a burial mound, though this has never been proven.

4541:, providing a further link between these artefacts. Cornwall was also the likely source of gold used to make artefacts from the 2722:

Heyd (1998) concluded that the Bell Beaker culture was intrusive to southern Germany, and existed contemporarily with the local

266: 6506:

Ambert, P. (2001). "La place de la métallurgie campaniforme dans la première métallurgie française". In Nicolis, Franco (ed.).

5657: 12084:

Case, H. (2001). "The Beaker Culture in Britain and Ireland: Groups, European Contacts and Chronology". In Nicolis, F. (ed.).

10116: 6871:"Sobre la función y el significado de la cerámica campaniforme a la luz de los análisis de contenidos trabajos de prehistoria" 4224: 3532: 12117: 11853: 10591: 9903:

Northover, J. P. N.; O'Brien, W.; Stos, S. (2001). "Lead isotopes and metal circulation in Beaker/Early Bronze Age Ireland".

9451:

Pasztor, Emilia; Barna, Judit (2015). "Neolithic Longhouses and Bronze Age Houses in Central Europe". In Ruggles, CLN (ed.).

8598:"An all-over corded Bell Beaker in northern Portugal: Castelo Velho de Freixo de Numão (Vila Nova de Foz Côa) – Some remarks" 8456: 6292: 5841: 4749:-related people, eventually resulting in a near total turnover of the British population. The Beaker-culture declined in use 3471: 3208:, showing that they derived from mixtures of populations from the Steppe (such as Corded Ware and Yamnaya) and the preceding 2351: 2213: 2185: 7168:"Emerging genetic patterns of the European Neolithic: Perspectives from a late Neolithic Bell Beaker burial site in Germany" 5189: 4149: 3385:

Bell Beaker people took advantage of transport by sea and rivers, creating a cultural spread extending from Ireland to the

1064: 4100:

in England. According to excavators the two monuments were built by "the same culture" with "the same view of the world".

3580:

2823–2658 BC. All pottery was locally made. The lack or presence of Bell Beaker elements is the basis for the division of

11898:

Case, Humphrey (2007). "Beakers and the Beaker Culture". In Burgess, Christopher; Topping, Peter; Lynch, Frances (eds.).

11796: 3041: 2715:) as small groups of highly mobile traders and artisans. Christian Strahm (1995) used the term "Bell Beaker phenomenon" ( 2170: 11173: 3676: 2637:) was introduced as a term for the artefact type at the beginning of the 20th century, recognition of an archaeological 2439:

beakers that have impressed decoration and which are found widely around the Tagus estuary in Portugal. Turek sees late

12102: 11691: 4279:

The advent of the Bronze Age Beaker culture in Ireland is accompanied by the destruction of smaller satellite tombs at

2235: 2192: 1123: 6456:

Needham, S. (2009). "Encompassing the Sea: "Maritories" and Bronze Age Maritime Interactions". In Clark, Peter (ed.).

5344:

2200–2000 BC. According to Heyd (2013) and Maran (1998) this is explained by the movement of people from the Adriatic

4784: BC and widely traded throughout Britain and into Ireland. Other possible European sources of tin are located in 4494:

in Europe. However, neither of these items were deposited in graves and they tend to be found isolated and at random.

4074: 3752:, generally considered the most ancient Bell Beaker pottery, possibly indicating an even earlier Beaker settlement at 12066: 12033: 11981: 11962: 11935: 11907: 11888: 11651: 11499: 11464: 11411: 11337: 11117: 10062: 9350: 9212: 9172: 9069: 9001: 8708: 8644: 8580: 8463:

The haplogroup for three of the investigated mummies, namely Tutankhamun, KV55 (Akhenaten) and Amenhotep III, was R1b

8287: 7045: 7008: 6853: 6828: 6750: 6725: 6611: 6586: 6540: 6531:

Lemercier, Olivier (2012). "The Mediterranean France beakers transition". In Fokkens, Harry; Nicolis, Franco (eds.).

6515: 6490: 6465: 6440: 6250: 6131: 5749:

triggering a new social transformation and innovations in metallurgy that would announce the actual beginning of the

4892:

were recovered, dating from as early as 2030 BC. These are the oldest known sewn-plank boats in the world outside of

3620: 456: 12348: 12162:

Evidence of a patrilineal descent system for western Eurasian Bell Beaker communities - Phys,org - January 29, 2024

11069:"The boats from North Ferriby, Yorkshire, England, with a review of the origins of the sewn boats of the Bronze Age" 4922: 4537:

Scientific analyses have shown that gold used to make both the Irish lunulae and the Nebra sky disc originated from

2421:

However, the Bell Beaker culture does appear to coalesce into a coherent archaeological culture in its later phase.

12418: 12161: 6774:

Price, T. Douglas; Grupe, Gisela; Schröter, Peter (1998). "Migration in the Bell Beaker period of central Europe".

5435:

In Denmark, large areas of forested land were cleared to be used for pasture and the growing of cereals during the

3323:

introduction of ~30 to 40% steppe ancestry, which was indicative of "large-scale immigration before the Iron Age."

2412:

Bell Beaker artefacts from Spain: ceramics, metal daggers, axe and javelin points, stone wristguards and arrowheads

2199: 963: 10242: 4272:

were re-used). The preferred method of burial seems to have been single graves and cists in the east, or in small

3560: BC, after which the site was covered with layers of stone and clay, apparently deliberately, and abandoned. 3113: 12145: 9297: 8765:

Armbruster, Barbara (2015). "Early gold technology as an indicator of circulation processes in Atlantic Europe".

5236: 3939:

The Bell Beaker culture settlements in southern Germany and in the East-Group show evidence of mixed farming and

3820:

with its regional groups and the Eastern Group of the Bell Beaker Culture – form the background to the Late

474: 7813:"Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula" 12308: 12181: 11400:

Heyd, Volker (2013). "Chapter 3. Europe 2500 to 2200 BC: Between expiring ideologies and emerging complexity".

11387: 9478:

What was life like in the Early Bronze Age? (Digital reconstruction of a Unetice culture longhouse, c. 2200 BC)

9251:"The ring sanctuary of Pömmelte, Germany: A monumental, multi-layered metaphor of the late third millennium BC" 8874: 8555: 7548:"Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age–Bronze Age transition in southern Iberia" 5227: 4848: 3641: 2055: 1830: 1234: 17: 6602:

Burgess, C.; Shennan, S. (1976). "The Beaker phenomenon: Some suggestions". In Burgess, C.; Miket, R. (eds.).

6243:

Le phénomène campaniforme dans l'Europe du 3ème millénaire avant notre ère: Synthèse et nouvelles perspectives

5594:

Three gold lunulae have been found in Denmark dating from the Bell Beaker period, and one in the Netherlands.

5352:. The Cetina culture was a "syncretistic Bell Beaker culture", splitting off from the Adriatic variant of the 3952:

cemetery, and size and deepness of grave pits did not lead to any strong conclusions on the social divisions.

3713: 208: 12684: 11123: 7800:. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series. Vol. 56. pp. 111–140 – via Academia.edu. 5568: 5497: 5133:. From the late third millennium BC on, comb-impressed Beaker ware, as well as other Beaker material in 4084:

BC. The main entrances of the Pömmelte enclosure were oriented towards sunrise and sunset midway between the

3085: 2762: 2642: 2468: 2228: 1800: 1069: 1006: 807: 693: 10320:"THE BEAKER PHENOMENON? Understanding the character and context of social practices in Ireland 2500-2000 BC" 6245:. British Archaeological Reports, international series, 1470 (in French). Oxford: Archaeopress. p. 33. 5319:

from Sardinia and spread mainly in the north-west and south-west of the island. In the northwest and in the

4268:

of the Irish Neolithic were no longer being constructed during the Early Bronze Age (although some, such as

3528:

the third millennium in burial monuments whose origin may go back to the fourth or fifth millennia BC.

12724: 8496:

Yatsishina, E. B.; et al. (2020). "Paleogenetic Study of Ancient Mummies at the Kurchatov Institute".

5600: 4653: 4121: 3067: 3029: 2738: 2679: 2471:

were maritime. A southern move led to the Mediterranean where 'enclaves' were established in south-western

1488: 991: 802: 797: 792: 687: 11227: 9034: 6391:, P. Lefranc, A. Denaire and C. Jeunesse (eds.), BAR International Series 2633, 211. Oxford: Archaeopress. 2927: 2455: 316: 11428: 11248:

Le grandi avventure dell'archeologia Vol. 5: Europa e Italia protostorica – Curcio editore, pp. 1585–1586

10356:

Needham, S. (2005). "Transforming Beaker culture in North-west Europe: Processes of fusion and fission".

9372:"Princes, Armies, Sanctuaries - The emergence of complex authority in the Central German Únětice culture" 8484:

Tutankhamun belongs to the haplogroup R-M269, which more than 50% of all men in Western Europe belong to.

8222:"Mitogenomes illuminate the origin and migration patterns of the indigenous people of the Canary Islands" 5591:

BC was also found in the enclosure, indicating that long-distance contacts already existed at this time.

1805: 1300: 1001: 880: 866: 847: 393: 10487:"The timber circle at Sarn-y-Bryn-Caled, Welshpool, Powys: Ritual and sacrifice in Bronze Age mid-Wales" 10270:"The gold discs of the Archaeological Museum of Asturias: Some observations on prehistoric goldsmithing" 10142: 9989:

O'Flaherty, R. (2007). "A weapon of choice: Experiments with a replica Irish early Bronze Age halberd".

8906:"Evidence of Iberian Bronze Age 'boquique' pottery in the Balearic Islands: Trade, marriage or culture?" 7146: 5142: 4137: 11920:(2010). "Chapter 1: Celticization from the West: The Contribution of Archaeology". In Cunliffe, Barry; 11456: 11030:"Seascapes and ;andscapes: The siting of the Ferriby boat finds in the context of prehistoric pilotage" 11029: 5211: 5169: 5108: 4106: 3354:

respectively. Bell Beaker-related haplogroups identified in the Guanches include Y-DNA R1b-M269, mtDNA

2953: 1143: 1101: 701: 409: 12318: 10519: 10167:

North Meets South: Theoretical Aspects on the Northern and Southern Rock Art Traditions in Scandinavia

8282: 3744:

Radiocarbon dating currently indicates a 1,200-year duration for the use of the Beaker pottery on the

3330:

In a 2020 review Fregel et al. identified European Bronze Age ancestry (including Steppe ancestry) in

2920: 2435:

century BC. The inspiration for the Maritime Bell Beaker is argued to have been the small and earlier

12393: 12239: 12174: 11955:

Celtic from the West 2: Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe

10851:"The Early Bronze Age Log Coffin Burials of Britain: The Origins and Development of a Burial Rite(s)" 8283:"Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands)" 8180: 8060: 6974:

Celtic From the West 2: Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo–European in Atlantic Europe

6308: 5258: 4596: 4578: 4374: 1845: 1810: 1483: 787: 320: 168: 12046:

The Bell Beaker Transition in Europe: Mobility and local evolution during the 3rd millennium BC

10959: 6873:[Function and significance of bell beaker pottery according to data from residue analyses]. 4811:

circular enclosure in central Germany, which was built by Bell Beaker people around 2300 BC. Large

4510: 3488: 3163: 3136:. The early studies on the Beakers which were based on the analysis of their skeletal remains, were 2794:

Beaker 'folk' were suggested to be originally bronze traders, who subsequently settled within local

122: 12689: 12338: 8698: 7061: 6121: 3972: 3955: 3816:

started after 2500 BC. Two great coexisting and separate Central European cultures – the

3660: 2105: 1995: 1815: 1346: 1178: 1129: 1025: 827: 782: 777: 697: 353: 11927:

Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature

11842: 6848:. The Oxford International Conference 1986. Oxford: British Archaeology Reports. pp. 81–114. 6431:

Lanting, J. N.; van der Waals, J. D. (1976). "Beaker culture relations in the Lower Rhine Basin".

6401:

Salinova, Laure (2000). "La question du campaniforme en France et dans les Iles Anglo-Normandes".

3278: 2743: 324: 180: 12625: 11286:

Bingia'e Monti – Gonnostramatza: An archaeological site between the Copper Age and the Bronze Age

10539:"The return of the Beaker folk? Rethinking migration and population change in British prehistory" 5763: 3685: 2883: 2000: 1727: 837: 832: 822: 466: 114: 12166: 11209: 11191: 11155: 11137: 7432:"The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years, Supplementary Materials" 7399: 3971:. Late Copper Age 1 was defined in southern Germany by the connection of the late Cham Culture, 3872:

regional provinces of the Eastern Group, represented by many settlement traces, especially from

2297:. The culture was widely dispersed throughout Western Europe, being present in many regions of 130: 12635: 12255: 12244: 11289: 9061: 9053: 7506: 6870: 6846:

Bell Beakers of the Western Mediterranean: Definition, interpretation, theory and new site data

4419: 4362: 4211: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3175: 3157: 2961: 2887: 2864: 2617: 2268: 1990: 1962: 1746: 1648: 1414: 1260: 884: 722: 614: 553: 508: 448: 440: 12467: 10026:

Schuhmacher, T. X. (2002). "Some remarks on the origin and chronology of halberds in Europe".

9938: 8768:

The Bell Beaker transition in Europe: Mobility and local evolution during the 3rd millenium BC

8632:"Unity and circulation: What underlies the homogeneity of Galician bell beaker ceramic style?" 4865:

across Northern Europe in the third millennium BC. Darvill suggested that the Stonehenge

3171: 12492: 12221: 11843:"A Review of the Early Late Neolithic Period in Denmark: Practice, Identity and Connectivity" 11541: 10581: 6943: 6606:. International Ser. Vol. 33. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. pp. 309–331. 6318:, eds. I. Galanaki, H. Tomas, Y. Galanakis and R. Laffineur, Aegaeum 27 (2007) 3–21, note 55. 5481: 4897: 4777:

pebbles and traded in this raw, unrefined state. It was used to turn copper into bronze from

4385: 3306: 2852:

actually moved in a process that involved explorations, contacts, settlement, diffusion, and

2730:

Atlantic/Western Europe. Such an arrangement is rather derivative of Corded Ware traditions.

2698: 2137: 1966: 874: 870: 855: 851: 12648: 12088:. Vol. 2. Torento: Servizio Beni Culturali Ufficio Beni Archeologici. pp. 361–377. 11974:

Background to Beakers: Inquiries in Regional Cultural Backgrounds of the Bell Beaker Complex

10960:"Houses of the holy: Architecture and meaning in the structure of Stonehenge, Wiltshire, UK" 10243:"Where did the gold from the time of Stonehenge come from? Analysing the Bush Barrow dagger" 6533:

Background to Beakers: Inquiries in Regional Cultural Backgrounds of the Bell Beaker Complex

4096:. The Pömmelte enclosure also has an almost identical diameter and a similar ground plan to 3812:

of the Bell Beakers, J. Müller and S. Willingen established that the Bell Beaker Culture in

3167: 12694: 12658: 12515: 12328: 12151:

Historical model of settling and spread of Bell Beakers Culture in the mediterranean France

11280:

Bingia'e Monti – Gonnostramatza: Un sito archeologico tra l'età del Rame e l'età del Bronzo

10769: 10216: 9458: 9101: 8346: 8300: 8235: 8119: 7954: 7895: 7824: 7748: 7685: 7620: 7559: 7445: 7353: 7294: 7235: 6654: 6341: 6041: 5960: 5742: 5436: 5362: 4995: 3829: 3719: 3438: 3359: 3081: 2875:

soils, the general direction of the local movement is from the northeast to the southwest.

2605: 2333: 2294: 2272: 2083: 2048: 1361: 1044: 996: 933: 903: 861: 841: 705: 559: 341: 295: 220: 200: 188: 152: 110: 12283: 12127: 10882: 10697: 10681: 10143:"Rock Art and Religion The sun journey in Indo-European mythology and Bronze Age rock art" 9476: 8925: 8010:"The spatiotemporal patterns of major human admixture events during the European Holocene" 5084:), while in central Italy, bell-shaped glasses were found in the tomb of Fosso Conicchio ( 3891:

with the adjacent Northern European plain. Typical Bell Beaker fragments from the site of

1229: 8: 12560: 12433: 12398: 12234: 10904: 10804: 10719: 10646: 10543: 10420: 10228: 9991: 9396: 9255: 7674:"Dynamic changes in genomic and social structures in third millennium BCE central Europe" 6776: 6389:

Données récentes sur les pratiques funéraires néolithiques de la Plaine du Rhin supérieur

6030:"Dynamic changes in genomic and social structures in third millennium BCE central Europe" 5774: 5750: 5349: 5134: 4830: 4502: 4093: 3868: 3592: 3492: 3466: 3450: 3379: 3020: 2723: 2684: 2589: 2564: 2538: 2329: 2276: 1351: 1247: 1171: 1136: 1059: 1049: 908: 609: 604: 573: 369: 336: 258: 106: 61: 12444: 12388: 12343: 12303: 12293: 10773: 10319: 10220: 9462: 9187: 9105: 8612: 8350: 8304: 8239: 8152: 8123: 8104: 7958: 7899: 7884:"The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect" 7828: 7769: 7752: 7734: 7689: 7624: 7563: 7449: 7357: 7298: 7239: 6658: 6345: 6045: 5964: 5019: 4229: 3183: 2835: 278: 12580: 12449: 12298: 12156: 12012: 11109:

The Dover Bronze Age Boat in Context: Society and Water Transport in Prehistoric Europe

11088: 11049: 10979: 10923: 10831: 10738: 10663: 10562: 10437: 10373: 10301: 10008: 9968: 9691: 9523: 9433: 9274: 9122: 9086: 8808: 8783: 8513: 8422: 8395: 8367: 8334: 8258: 8221: 8036: 8009: 7985: 7940: 7916: 7883: 7860: 7706: 7673: 7649: 7605: 7580: 7547: 7531: 7466: 7431: 7377: 7315: 7280: 7256: 7225: 7211: 6816: 6793: 6743:

Similar but Different: Bell Beakers in Europe, Poznań Symposium, Poland, 26–29 May 2002

6675: 6640: 6062: 6029: 5989: 5946: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5710: 5546: 5392: 5274: 5254: 4929: 4698: 4538: 4370: 4327: 4171: 3964: 3948: 3809: 2785: 2747: 2460: 2283: 2062: 2013: 1947: 1931: 1556: 1209: 948: 634: 539: 534: 312: 282: 176: 156: 92: 12482: 12323: 11945:

Fitzpatrick, A. P. (2013). "The arrival of the Beaker set in Britain and Ireland". In

11570:

Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series, No. 56: Departure from the Homeland

10501: 9145:

Anthropology of skeletal remains of Bell – Beaker people from Moravia (Czech Republic)

7212:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe" 5358: 5353: 4001: 3576:(southern Portugal), a similar vessel was found having a date ultimately corrected to 2697:

Given the unusual form and fabric of Beaker pottery, and its abrupt appearance in the

2546: 274: 270: 138: 12705: 12150: 12098: 12062: 12029: 12016: 11977: 11958: 11931: 11903: 11884: 11495: 11460: 11407: 11383: 11354: 11333: 11318:

Ceramiche. Storia, linguaggio e prospettive in Sardegna, Maria Rosaria Manunza, p. 26

11113: 11092: 11053: 11045: 10983: 10927: 10742: 10667: 10587: 10566: 10441: 10377: 10305: 10269: 10078: 10058: 10012: 9972: 9452: 9437: 9346: 9278: 9208: 9168: 9127: 9065: 8997: 8921: 8886: 8846: 8813: 8704: 8640: 8576: 8551: 8517: 8452: 8446: 8427: 8372: 8263: 8202: 8157: 8082: 8041: 7990: 7945: 7921: 7864: 7852: 7774: 7711: 7654: 7636: 7585: 7471: 7436: 7369: 7320: 7261: 7189: 7154:. Prix Latsis Universitaires. University of Geneva / Fondation Latsis Internationale. 7127: 7093: 7041: 7014: 7004: 6892: 6849: 6824: 6797: 6758: 6746: 6721: 6680: 6607: 6582: 6536: 6511: 6486: 6461: 6436: 6288: 6282: 6246: 6127: 6067: 5994: 5976: 5693: 5383: 5146: 5070: 5066: 5050: 4964: 4913: 4641: 4518: 4491: 4412: 4317: 4155: 3484: 3454: 3446: 3220: 3213: 3121: 2982: 2781: 2641:

has long been controversial. Its spread has been one of the central questions of the

2597: 2298: 2076: 2042: 2034: 1978: 1972: 1954: 1925: 1904: 1890: 1882: 1652: 1513: 1453: 1435: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1333: 1328: 1157: 1020: 669: 662: 655: 641: 627: 587: 566: 503: 495: 389: 385: 365: 361: 349: 332: 299: 250: 231: 212: 164: 160: 65: 12408: 11542:"Mansion on the Hill – A Monumental Late Neolithic House at Vinge, Zealand, Denmark" 10835: 9417: 6581:. British Archaeological Report S690 (in German). Oxford: Hadrian. pp. 87–106. 5571:", the enclosure consisted of earth banks and ditches with entrances aligned to the 5179:

It appears likely that Sardinia was the intermediary that brought Beaker culture to

3212:

of Europe. The Y-chromosome composition of Beaker-associated males was dominated by

12679: 12575: 12487: 12368: 12353: 12197: 12004: 11487: 11080: 11041: 10971: 10913: 10862: 10821: 10813: 10777: 10728: 10655: 10552: 10429: 10400: 10365: 10291: 10281: 10224: 10035: 10000: 9958: 9950: 9425: 9264: 9117: 9109: 9091: 9087:"Neolithic mitochondrial haplogroup H genomes and the genetic origins of Europeans" 8917: 8803: 8795: 8505: 8417: 8407: 8362: 8354: 8335:"The first reported case of the rare mitochondrial haplotype H4a1 in ancient Egypt" 8308: 8253: 8243: 8192: 8147: 8137: 8127: 8109: 8072: 8031: 8021: 7980: 7970: 7962: 7911: 7903: 7842: 7832: 7764: 7756: 7739: 7701: 7693: 7644: 7628: 7610: 7606:"Ancient genomes reveal social and genetic structure of Late Neolithic Switzerland" 7575: 7567: 7526: 7518: 7461: 7453: 7381: 7361: 7344: 7310: 7302: 7285: 7251: 7243: 7216: 7179: 7119: 6955: 6882: 6785: 6713: 6705: 6701:

Stereotype:The role of grave sets in Corded Ware and Bell Beaker funerary practices

6670: 6662: 6645: 6410: 6349: 6160: 6057: 6049: 5984: 5968: 5951: 5630: 5441: 5387: 5325: 5096: 5036: 4842: 4531: 4437: 4063: 4049:. This same type of copper was spread over the area of the Bell Beaker East Group. 3968: 3940: 3864: 3825: 3745: 3536: 2374: 2363: 2070: 2020: 1837: 1643: 1531: 1471: 1448: 1391: 1386: 1323: 1310: 1305: 1295: 968: 581: 529: 521: 514: 397: 381: 377: 373: 357: 307: 262: 254: 118: 12477: 12059:

Ancient Europe from the Beginnings of Agriculture to Classical Antiquity: A Survey

11278: 10975: 10757: 8748:"Chalcolithic enclosures in the lower Guadalquivir Basin: La Loma del Real Tesoro" 8445:

Gad, Yehia (2020). "Maternal and paternal lineages in King Tutankhamun's family".

4077:

in central Germany. These were important ritual sites which remained in use until

3732: 3572:, Castellón (Spain), has parallels with the decoration. In Porto Torrão, at inner 172: 12540: 12413: 12373: 12229: 11491: 11450: 11401: 11264: 10781: 9341:

Der Aufbruch zu neuen Horizonten. NeueSichtweisen zur europäischen Frühbronzezeit

8248: 5818: 5809: 5769: 5041: 4945: 4854: 4797: 4498: 3795: 3512: 3386: 3346:

on average. Germany Bell Beaker ancestry reached 16.2% and 17.9% in samples from

3239: 3133: 2878: 2708: 2610: 2593: 2557: 2151: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2091: 2027: 2006: 1984: 1569: 1458: 1381: 1290: 1223: 1164: 1030: 762: 747: 737: 732: 648: 620: 328: 303: 192: 184: 12454: 10612: 10335:"Ancient DNA reveals impact of the "Beaker Phenomenon" on prehistoric Europeans" 10286: 8873:

Trias, Manuel Calvo; Guerrero Ayuso, Víctor M.; Simonet, Bartomeu Salvà (2002).

7522: 6284:

Iberia: Protohistory of the Far West of Europe – From Neolithic to Roman conques

5612: 4023:. Nevertheless, southern Germany shows some independent developments of itself. 3748:, between about 2475 and 1300 BC. Some evidence exists of all-corded pottery in 2585: 12363: 12358: 12313: 12278: 12268: 12054: 11950: 11917: 10506:

Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London, XXIX

10186:

Interweaving Worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st Millennia B C

9228: 8358: 8132: 7760: 7632: 7339: 7123: 6666: 5812:

characterized the Bell Beaker culture complex as an amalgam of the Vučedol and

5580: 5366: 5345: 5195: 5173: 5157: 5138: 5092: 4885: 4858: 4812: 4514: 4296: 4046: 4016: 3988: 3887:

shifted the north-eastern frontier of this complex to the western parts of the

3813: 3339: 3335: 1896: 1763: 1638: 1196: 1150: 1118: 1054: 545: 345: 204: 196: 142: 126: 12423: 12213: 11084: 10942: 10817: 10800:"Gristhorpe Man: An early Bronze Age log-coffin burial scientifically defined" 10659: 10433: 10404: 10369: 10004: 9521:

Needham, S. (1996). "Chronology and periodisation in the British Bronze Age".

8799: 8509: 8312: 7837: 7812: 7079:"Anthropological sketch of the prehistoric population of the Carpathian Basin" 7018: 6789: 6354: 6329: 6149:"Think and Act: Local Data and Global Perspectives in Bell Beaker Archaeology" 5867: 3963:

The Late Copper Age is regarded as a continuous culture system connecting the

12718: 12620: 12615: 12600: 12595: 12570: 12472: 12462: 12428: 12383: 12378: 12333: 12288: 12273: 12263: 12112: 9740: 8890: 8850: 7735:"100 ancient genomes show repeated population turnovers in Neolithic Denmark" 7640: 6896: 6887: 6699: 6641:"The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes" 6281:

Garrido Pena, Rafael (2014). "Bell-Beakers in Iberia". In Almagro, M. (ed.).

5980: 5813: 4979: 4881: 4838: 4497:

In some cases gold lunulae have been found with pairs of gold discs, e.g. at

4308: 4288: 4011:

and the Bell Beaker West Group, while the southern area occupied much of the

3888: 3848: 3395: 3363: 3290:

Allentoft et al. (2024) found that individuals from Denmark dating from the '

3117: 3091: 3063: 3048: 2949: 2853: 2704: 2665: 2386: 2343: 2306: 2156: 1620: 1536: 1253: 1111: 973: 727: 286: 134: 12095:

The Oxford Handbook of European Bronze Age (Oxford Handbooks in Archaeology)

11001: 10039: 9144: 7966: 7457: 6924: 6510:(in French). Trento, Italy: Provincia Autonoma di Trento. pp. 577–588. 6414: 2780:

working) and artefacts (including copper daggers, v-perforated buttons, and

2328:

The Bell Beaker culture was partly preceded by and contemporaneous with the

943: 12643: 12605: 12590: 12535: 12403: 12202: 12086:

Bell Beakers Today: Pottery, People, Culture, Symbols in Prehistoric Europe

11946: 11921: 10468: 9131: 8817: 8431: 8376: 8267: 8206: 8161: 8086: 8045: 7994: 7925: 7907: 7856: 7778: 7715: 7697: 7658: 7589: 7571: 7475: 7373: 7324: 7265: 7193: 7131: 6812: 6684: 6376:

Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C. to A.D. 1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World

6071: 6053: 5998: 4874: 4822: 4707: 4527: 4522: 4487: 4336: 4312: 4265: 4058: 3900: 3581: 3516: 3476: 3411: 3355: 3347: 3319: 3315: 3137: 3102: 3098: 2799: 2480: 2408: 1775: 1613: 1087: 958: 757: 752: 742: 10733: 10714: 10557: 10538: 8475: 8197: 8077: 5947:"The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe" 3414:(Austria), Hungary and the Czech Republic, with Mediterranean outposts on 12663: 12550: 12510: 9269: 9250: 8412: 6959: 6164: 5542: 5516: 4862: 4801: 4774: 4754: 4746: 4542: 4506: 4454: 4449: 4423: 4358: 4322: 4261: 4233: 4128: 3992: 3839: 3817: 3588: 3442: 3188: 3129: 2967: 2646: 2533: 2520: 1751: 1737: 1701: 1409: 216: 12008: 10918: 10899: 10641:"The world recreated: Redating Silbury Hill in its monumental landscape" 9963: 9695: 8142: 8026: 7975: 7847: 7365: 7306: 7247: 5972: 4808: 4070: 4030: 2508: 938: 10867: 10850: 10296: 9954: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9113: 7184: 7167: 6717: 5564: 5502: 5337: 5058: 4893: 4793: 4724: 4720: 4546: 4418:

One of the most important sites in Ireland during the Beaker period is

4273: 4097: 4020: 3909: 3821: 3760: 3604: 3569: 3434: 3374: 3243: 2790: 1714: 1628: 1506: 1271: 11900:

Beyond Stonehenge: Essays on the Bronze Age in honour of Colin Burgess

10826: 8834:"Ciempozuelos beaker geometric patterns: A glimpse into their meaning" 6709: 6579:

Some New Approaches to the Bell Beaker 'Phenomenon': Lost Paradise...?

6087:"Arsenic bronze: An archaeological introduction into a key innovation" 4758:

aspects of society. Most British beakers come from funerary contexts.

3234: 3179: 2491:, probably via ancient western Alpine trade routes used to distribute 39: 12610: 11930:. Oxford: Oxbow Books / Celtic Studies Publications. pp. 27–31. 9767: 9161:

Siedlungen der Glockenbecherkultur in Süddeutschland und Mitteleuropa

6485:. Galway: Department of Archaeology, National University of Ireland. 5449: 5130: 5054: 4889: 4870: 4866: 4816: 4380: 4284: 4269: 3944: 3931: 3852: 3772: 3737: 3422:; there is less certain evidence for direct penetration in the east. 3351: 2795: 2661: 2484: 2440: 1917: 1694: 1686: 1679: 1672: 1658: 1526: 12044: 10640: 10165: 9496: 9429: 9371: 9339: 9285: 9188:

The Eastern Border of the Bell Beaker-Phenomenon – Volker Heyd, 2004

8833: 8766: 8747: 8675:"Here comes the sun...: Solar symbolism in Early Bronze Age Ireland" 8674: 8105:"The genomic history of the indigenous people of the Canary Islands" 7941:"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean" 6148: 5721:

The introductory phase of the manufacture and use of flint daggers,

12555: 11992: 11710: 11670: 11516: 11006: 10203: 10184: 9018: 8996:] (in German). Rahden: Verlag Marie Leidorf. pp. 185–228. 8985: 8631: 8296: 8226: 7230: 5572: 5445: 5397: 5126: 4785: 4766: 4442: 4085: 3905: 3749: 3573: 3415: 3342:, 6.9% Morocco Early Neolithic, 13.4% Germany Bell Beaker and 6.4% 3331: 3267: 2911: 2863:

Genetic findings also lend support to the migratory hypothesis. An

2500: 2496: 2314: 1860: 1851: 1742: 1543: 1518: 1422: 913: 489: 96: 11729: 11568: 11355:"Monte d'Accoddi and the end of the Neolithic in Sardinia (Italy)" 7794: 5477: 3707:

made of stone slabs from older statue-menhirs. Spain, 2879-2589 BC

3453:

in the British Isles and the Atlantic coast of Europe, and by the

3390: 12196: 11483:

The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean

8845:. Lisbon: Era-Arqueologia / Núcleo de Investigação Arqueológica. 8181:"The demography of the Canary Islands from a genetic perspective" 8061:"The demography of the Canary Islands from a genetic perspective" 6287:. Universidad de Burgos / Fundación Atapuerca. pp. 113–124. 5576: 5491: 5371: 5320: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5085: 5077: 5062: 4742: 4470: 4408: 4089: 4026: 3997: 3980: 3976: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3873: 3860: 3764: 3553: BC. A third building phase followed directly and lasted to 2868: 2657: 2579: 2492: 2382: 2322: 2310: 1910: 1874: 1867: 1665: 1285: 918: 8697:

Doce, Elisa; von Lettow-Vorbeck, Corina, eds. (September 2014).

7602: 6972:

J.P. Mallory, 'The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe', in

6745:. Poznań, Poland: Adam Mickiewicz University. pp. 193–203. 6212: 6210: 6120:

Doce, Elisa; von Lettow-Vorbeck, Corina, eds. (September 2014).

4373:, was described in the 1942 excavation report as "typifying the 44:

Distribution of the area of influence of the Bell Beaker culture

12565: 12530: 12525: 10884:

Mike Parker Pearson, 'The New Archaeology of Stonehenge' (2021)

10699:

Mike Parker Pearson, 'The New Archaeology of Stonehenge' (2021)

10683:

Mike Parker Pearson, 'The New Archaeology of Stonehenge' (2021)

9788: 8875:"Los orígenes del poblamiento balear: Una discusión no acabada" 6559:, Freiburger Arch. Studien 2 (Freiburg 1995) 4-14, pp. 386–396. 6009: 5512: 5316: 5180: 5113:

Sardinia has been in contact with extra-insular communities in

5081: 4530:, as have ritual depositions of twinned objects, including two 4304: 4280: 4225:

Prehistoric Ireland § Copper and Bronze Ages (2500–500 BC)

4012: 3984: 3896: 3884: 3835: 3419: 3407: 3311: 3004: 2826: 2773: 2769: 2503:

was linked closely to the riverine and landward route, via the

2476: 2418: 2370: 2359: 2318: 2302: 1633: 1587: 1106: 923: 8537:- Barry Cunliffe, Oxford University Press (1994), pp. 250–254. 7425: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7417: 6458:

Bronze Age Connections: Cultural Contact in Prehistoric Europe

3362:. These haplogroups have also been identified in mummies from 12545: 11231: 9084: 6620: 6222: 6207: 4770: 4761:

Britain's only unique export in this period is thought to be

4433: BC (O'Brien 2004). A comparison of chemical traces and 4366: 4008: 3403: 2872: 2842: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2488: 2472: 2425: 1732: 1606: 1600: 1582: 953: 928: 9860: 9848: 7281:"Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians" 6259: 5461: 4703: 4446:

from the Ross Island mines is dated to around 1700 BC.

3457:, a culture of Scandinavia and northernmost Germany–Poland. 12520: 10613:"The Beaker World and Otherness of the Early Civilizations" 9345:. Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle. pp. 421–443. 9165:

Bell Beaker settlements in South Germany and Central Europe

7414: 6101: 5560: 5165: 4434: 4426:

from here are the earliest known in Ireland, starting from

3704: 3399: 2907: 2903: 2777: 2378: 2124: 10944:

Keeping Time at Stonehenge: A Megalithic Calendar Revealed

10638:

Bayliss, Alex; McAvoy, Fachtna; Whittle, Alisdair (2007).

10201:

Ehser, Anja; Borg, Gregor; Pernicka, Ernst (August 2011).

10097:"Gold lunula and discs from Cabeceiras de Basto, Portugal" 9711: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9660: 9624: 9614: 9612: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9582: 9580: 9555: 9553: 8872: 6976:, eds J. T. Koch and B. Cunliffe (Oxford, 2013), pp. 17–40 5538: BC by beakers of the Veluwe and Epi-Maritime style. 4807:

Close similarities have been noted between Stonehenge and

2819: 11652:"Dutch unveil 4,000-year-old 'Stonehenge'-like discovery" 10190:. Oxbow Books. pp. 243–265 – via Academia.edu. 10171:. Oxbow Books. pp. 144–171 – via Academia.edu. 8448:

Guardian of Ancient Egypt: Essays in Honor of Zahi Hawass

7109: 6195: 5943: 5424:

Late Neolithic/ Early Bronze Age house remains, Denmark,

5076:

Graves with Beaker artefacts have been discovered in the

4762: 2616:

The earliest copper production in Ireland, identified at

2495:

axes. A northern move incorporated the southern coast of

11671:"A Review of the Early Late Neolithic Period in Denmark" 11517:"A Review of the Early Late Neolithic Period in Denmark" 9902: 9884: 9872: 9836: 9824: 9800: 9755: 9244: 9242: 8635:. In Prieto Martínez, M. Pilar; Salanova, Laure (eds.). 8575:. Trento: Provincia Autonoma di Trento. pp. 59–80. 7486: 6183: 5823:

The Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe

5336:

Bell Beaker artefacts appear in mainland Greece and the

4505:

in Portugal. Both lunulae and discs have been linked to

4287:, marking an end to the Neolithic culture of megalithic 4069:

Around 2300 BC, large circular enclosures were built at

3987:

catchment area of Southern Germany, and the Upper Rhine/

2719:) as a compromise in order to avoid the term "culture". 10448: 9812: 9721: 9702: 9648: 9636: 9609: 9592: 9577: 9565: 9550: 6483:

Ross Island: Mining, Metal and Society in Early Ireland

5149:(1800–1600 BC), for which C-14 dates calibrate to 3502:, in contrast to the rather later range for Andalusia ( 3192:

Bell Beaker burial from Shrewton, England, 2470–2210 BC

10391:

Case, H. (1993). "Beakers: Deconstruction and After".

9418:"Bell Beaker copper-alloy daggers from central Europe" 8729:"First Bell Beaker earthwork enclosure found in Spain" 8696: 8098: 8096: 7671: 6435:. Bussum-Haarlem: Fibula-Van Dishoeck. pp. 1–80. 6119: 6026: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 4880:

Another site of particular interest in this period is

4513:, which she compares to the gold boat depicted on the 4062:

Gáta-Wieselburg culture on the western fringes of the

3097:

Earlier theories suggested a link to the hypothesised

11258:

Il complesso culturale di "Fosso Conicchio" (Viterbo)

9239: 8746:

Sanjuán, Leonardo García; Bartelheim, Martin (2017).

7040:. London: Greenwich Medical Media. pp. 281–283. 6989:, pp. 115–121. Ávila: Diputación Provincial de Ávila. 5877: 5137:

contexts, has been found (mostly in burials, such as

3804:

Bell Beaker dress with gold ornaments, Czech Republic

3635:

Bracelet, metal dagger, awl and javelin points, Spain

2450: 11479: 10637: 9939:"Atlantic halberds as Bell Beaker weapons in Iberia" 8281:

Ordóñez, Alejandra C.; et al. (February 2017).

8118:(4641). "Supplementary Information" section, p. 13. 6430: 5939: 5843:

Eurogenes Blog: Hungarian Yamnaya > Bell Beakers?

4792:

The most famous site in Britain from this period is

3075: 10499: 8451:. Czech Institute of Egyptology. pp. 497–518. 8093: 7038:

Human Osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science

6911:"Gold artefacts of the Bell Beaker culture, Iberia" 6276: 6274: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5889: 5735: 3584:and Vila Nova cultures into two periods: I and II. 3491:and even intrudes in the earliest centuries of the 2342:was coined for its distinctive style of beakers by 11535: 11533: 11449:Kristiansen, Kristian; Larsson, Thomas B. (2005). 11448: 11277: 10639: 10202: 10183: 10164: 9501:Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 9338: 8832: 8673: 8630: 8570: 7793: 6773: 6234: 5465:Reconstruction of a building at Østbirk, Denmark, 5145:period in association with the related Bronze Age 3828:. The Makó-Kosihy-Čaka culture, indigenous to the 2275:drinking vessel used at the very beginning of the 11330:Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily 10469:"Beakers in Britain. The Beaker package reviewed" 10200: 9681: 9331: 9329: 9249:Spatzier, Andre; Bertemes, Francois (June 2018). 8745: 6979: 5412:Late Neolithic/ Early Bronze Age house, Denmark, 4186:Outline of an Early Bronze Age longhouse, Germany 3859:Bell Beaker domestic ware has no predecessors in 3389:and south along the Atlantic coast and along the 12716: 12042: 11730:"Bow-shaped pendants of the Bell Beaker culture" 11486:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 157–177. 11332:. Abingdon: Brazen Head Publishing. p. 32. 10267: 10110: 10108: 10106: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9248: 9158: 6271: 6265: 6171: 5916: 3595:, Portugal, dating from the Bell Beaker period. 3531:Very early dates for Bell Beakers were found in 2899:other characteristic regional styles developed. 2809: 11850:Jungsteinsite (Journal of Neolithic Archeology) 11530: 11066: 10793: 10791: 9454:Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy 9078: 9045: 8628: 7205: 7203: 6944:"Bell Beaker archers: Warriors or an ideology?" 5552:In 2023 a large circular enclosure dating from 5305:Anthropomorphic stele, Saint-Martin-de-Corléans 4687:Model of an early Bronze Age house, County Down 4346:Gold lunula and discs from Coggalbeg, Ireland, 12092: 11972:Fokkens, Harry; Nicolis, Franco, eds. (2012). 11971: 11403:The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age 9988: 9497:"Benzingerode longhouse reconstruction, p.192" 9326: 9154: 9152: 8781: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8566: 8564: 7545: 6966: 6626: 6601: 6595: 6524: 6403:Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 6228: 6216: 6107: 5492:Connections with other parts of Beaker culture 5456: 3851:(1940), added rather than replaced local late 2624: 2563:The Rhine was on the western edge of the vast 2332:, and in north-central Europe preceded by the 12182: 11374: 11372: 11309:Giovanni Ugas-L'alba dei Nuraghi (2005) p. 12 11034:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 10349: 10103: 9507: 9398:Concepts of cosmos in the world of Stonehenge 9308: 9192: 9181: 8994:The beginnings of metallurgy in the old world 8990:Die Anfänge der Metallurgie in der alten Welt 8977: 8008:Chintalapatia, Manjusha; et al. (2022). 8007: 7546:Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; et al. (2021). 7072: 7070: 7068: 6823:. Vol. 4: Europe. Springer. p. 24. 6811:García, Xavier C. (2001). "Bell Breaker". In 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6240: 4264:as a grave good instead. The large, communal 3144:differences with the pre-Beaker inhabitants. 2556:–2200 BC), which had evolved partly from the 2236: 417: 12155:All Bell Beaker scientific articles on line 11990: 10788: 10500:Wainwright, G. J.; Longworth, I. H. (1971). 10418:Charles, J. A. (1975). "Where is the Tin?". 9936: 9450: 9016: 8983: 7200: 6998: 6280: 6189: 6016:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology 5526:Bronze Age house reconstruction, Netherlands 5091:The Bell Beaker culture was followed by the 4900:from southern England, dating from 1550 BC. 2390: 2337: 11944: 11566: 11406:. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–67. 10181: 10152:: 69–86 – via RockArtScandinavia.com. 10140: 10057:. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 21. 10025: 9541: 9149: 8660: 8561: 8540: 8535:The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe 8220:Fregel, Rosa; et al. (20 March 2019). 7791: 7400:"Bell Beaker phenomenon (c. 2900-1800 BCE)" 7340:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia" 6868: 6480: 6327: 6201: 4521:, as well as to depictions on pottery from 3298:Y-haplogroup R1b1a1a2a1a2 (R1b-M269/P312). 12189: 12175: 11369: 10762:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 10536: 8764: 8495: 7065: 7003:. British Museum Press. pp. 172–172. 6999:Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil (June 2022). 6562: 6426: 6424: 4916:with gold studs, copper dagger and toggle. 4517:and to depictions of solar boats from the 4486:Ireland has the greatest concentration of 2428:estuary in Portugal, radiocarbon dated to 2243: 2229: 2207:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 424: 410: 38: 12093:Harding, Anthony; Fokkens, Harry (2013). 11883:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11840: 11727: 11668: 11539: 11514: 10917: 10866: 10825: 10732: 10556: 10502:"Durrington Walls: Excavations 1966–1968" 10295: 10285: 9962: 9921: 9268: 9159:Heyd, V.; Husty, L.; Kreiner, L. (2004). 9121: 8984:Bertemes, François; Heyd, Volker (2002). 8807: 8421: 8411: 8366: 8257: 8247: 8196: 8151: 8141: 8131: 8076: 8035: 8025: 7984: 7974: 7915: 7846: 7836: 7768: 7732: 7705: 7648: 7579: 7530: 7504: 7465: 7337: 7314: 7278: 7255: 7229: 7183: 7172:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 6886: 6740: 6734: 6674: 6530: 6353: 6146: 6061: 5988: 4857:has argued that Stonehenge represented a 4765:. It was probably gathered in streams in 3912:, including the modern states comprising 3867:, shows no genetic relation to the local 2313:, and was also present in the islands of 12023: 11916: 11795: 11067:Wright, E. V.; Churchill, D. M. (1965). 9890: 9878: 9866: 9854: 9842: 9830: 9818: 9806: 9794: 9773: 9761: 9727: 9715: 9677: 9675: 9666: 9654: 9642: 9630: 9618: 9603: 9586: 9571: 9559: 9335: 9221: 9167:] (in German). Büchenbach: Faustus. 9058:Oxford Concise Dictionary of Archaeology 8839:Apontamentos de Arqueologia e Património 8393: 7144: 7076: 6843: 6769: 6767: 6400: 6330:"Chronology and Bell Beaker common ware" 5910: 5817: 5521: 5501: 5460: 5419: 5407: 5391: 5040: 4753:2200–2100 BC with the emergence of 4719: 4702: 4448: 4379: 4341: 4276:in the west. Cremation was also common. 4228: 4025: 3954: 3930: 3834: 3799: 3731: 3511: 3470: 3373: 3305:Posth et al. (2021) found that Iron Age 3277: 3233: 3187: 3112: 3108: 2893: 2867:of 86 people from Bell Beaker graves in 2737: 2678: 2656: 2584: 2537:Reconstruction of a Bell Beaker burial, 2532: 2454: 2407: 2398: 2346:in 1900. The term's English translation 12111: 11878: 11708: 11327: 11027: 10957: 10940: 10897: 10579: 10454: 10417: 10355: 10332: 10162: 10114: 9520: 9415: 9229:"Aerial view of the Pommelte enclosure" 9205:The Late Copper age in Southern Germany 9051: 8903: 8831:Valera, António Carlos (October 2015). 8280: 8102: 7939:Antonio, Margaret; et al. (2019). 7938: 7035: 6697: 6638: 6557:Das Glockenbecher-Phänomen: Ein Seminar 6535:. Leiden: Sidestone. pp. 117–156. 6455: 6421: 5883: 5868:"What do we know about the Beaker Folk" 3928:, North Macedonia and parts of Greece. 3066:fragment depicting patterned clothing, 14: 12717: 12125: 12053: 12026:Ancient Ireland, Life before the Celts 11444: 11442: 11073:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 10855:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 10797: 10466: 10393:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 10358:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 10268:Fernandez Moreno, José Javier (2018). 9926:. Bochum: Dt. Bergbau-Museum: 211–225. 9544:Newgrange: Archaeology, Art and Legend 9391: 9389: 9369: 9085:Brotherton, Paul; et al. (2013). 8830: 8671: 8332: 8219: 8178: 8058: 7733:Allentoft, M. E.; et al. (2024). 7492: 7429: 7054: 6810: 6505: 6084: 4550: 4473:) was a weapon in use in Ireland from 2765:and Stephen Shennan in the mid-1970s. 2499:. The enclave established in southern 12170: 12118:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 11881:The prehistory of Britain and Ireland 11854:Christian Albrecht University of Kiel 11711:"The Bronze Age in the Low Countries" 11105: 10848: 10755: 10715:"Mummification in Bronze Age Britain" 10712: 10610: 10333:Köljing, Cecilia (21 February 2018). 10052: 9743:. A History of Ireland in 100 Objects 9672: 8595: 7881: 7810: 7505:Patterson, Nick; et al. (2012). 6764: 5866:Armit, Ian, and David Reich, (2022). 2841:Illustration of a Bell Beaker period 2733: 2214:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 2186:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 82:2800-2300 BC (Central Western Europe) 12083: 11897: 11426: 11399: 11288:] (baccalaureate) (in Italian). 11002:"Bronze Age boat 'oldest in Europe'" 10390: 10117:"Bronze Age Ireland's Taste in Gold" 9416:Clément, Nicolas (27 January 2020). 9201:Die Spätkupferzeit in Süddeutschland 9198: 8686:(1): 26–33 – via Academia.edu. 8639:. Santiago de Compostela: Copynino. 8103:Serrano, J. G.; et al. (2023). 7507:"Ancient Admixture in Human History" 7279:Mathieson, Iain (24 December 2015). 7209: 6941: 6575: 6433:Glockenbechersimposion Oberried 1974 6177: 6147:Lemercier, Olivier (December 2018). 6020: 5860: 5716: 5030: 4339:, provide an escape to such doubts. 4283:and collapses of the great cairn at 4170:House reconstruction, Csepel group, 3487:defines the late phase of the local 3460: 3406:, with an extension along the upper 3369: 27:Archaeological culture, 2800–1800 BC 11957:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. p. 44. 11902:. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 237–254. 11777:Nielsen 2000, pp. 161 ff. 11439: 9386: 9322:. Halle State Museum of Prehistory. 9060:. Oxford University Press. p. 8444: 7882:Posth, Cosimo; et al. (2021). 7430:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (2019). 7165: 7036:Cox, Margaret; Mays, Simon (2000). 6929:A History of Ireland in 100 Objects 5704: 5559:BC was discovered near the town of 5348:into Greece at the transition from 3727: 2381:, long-distance exchange networks, 2171:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 24: 12146:BBC – History – Bronze Age Britain 12128:"Making of Europe unlocked by DNA" 12077: 11750:Apel 2001, 42, p. 323 ff 10586:. Maison de l'Orient. p. 23. 8394:Loreille, O.; et al. (2018). 8179:Fregel, Rosa; et al. (2020). 8059:Fregel, Rosa; et al. (2020). 6925:"Pair of Gold Discs, 2200-2000 BC" 5870:, in: Antiquity Journal, Youtube, 5606:Bell Beaker artefacts, Netherlands 5013:Log coffin burial, reconstruction. 4481: 4369:with "food vessel" at Cornaclery, 3935:Gold diadem and jewellery, Germany 3483:The Bell Beaker phenomenon in the 2451:Expansion and Corded Ware contacts 2305:, and northward to the islands of 2193:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language 25: 12736: 12706:↓ Bronze Age Europe ↓ 12214:↑ Mesolithic Europe ↑ 12139: 11352: 11275: 10537:Armit, Ian; Reich, David (2021). 10079:"Under the Protection of Lunules" 9316:"The World of the Nebra Sky Disc" 9298:"Stonehenge's Continental Cousin" 9207:] (in German). Bonn: Habelt. 8863:(Waldren and Van Strydonck 1996). 8782:García Sanjuán, Leonardo (2018). 8548:Historia de España 1: Prehistoria 8288:Journal of Archaeological Science 7811:Saupe, Tina; et al. (2021). 7672:Papac, Luka; et al. (2021). 7338:Allentoft, M. E. (11 June 2015). 6460:. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 12–37. 5080:area, like that of Ca' di Marco ( 4741:2500 BC, with migrations of 4453:Reconstruction of a halberd from 3789: 3591:with two gold discs was found in 3172:Hallstatt culture § Genetics 3076:Postulated linguistic connections 2825:Illustration of early Bronze Age 12028:. Dublin: Gill & MacMillan. 11834: 11825: 11816: 11807: 11789: 11780: 11771: 11762: 11753: 11744: 11721: 11702: 11684: 11662: 11644: 11635: 11626: 11617: 11608: 11599: 11581: 11560: 11546:Journal of Neolithic Archaeology 11508: 11473: 11420: 11393: 11346: 11321: 11312: 11303: 11269: 11251: 11242: 11220: 11202: 11184: 11166: 11148: 11130: 11099: 11060: 11046:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2005.00042.x 11021: 10994: 10951: 10934: 10891: 10875: 10842: 10749: 10706: 10690: 10674: 10631: 10604: 10573: 10530: 10512: 10493: 10479: 10460: 10411: 10384: 10326: 10312: 10261: 10235: 10229:10.1127/0935-1221/2011/0023-2140 10194: 10175: 10156: 10134: 10089: 10071: 10055:Exploring the World of the Celts 10046: 10019: 9982: 9930: 9915: 9896: 9779: 9733: 9535: 9489: 9469: 9444: 9409: 9363: 9138: 9027: 9010: 8938:(Waldren 1979 and Waldren 1998), 8922:10.1046/j.1468-0092.2003.00193.x 8771:. Oxbow Books. pp. 140–149. 6948:Journal of Neolithic Archaeology 6153:Journal of Neolithic Archaeology 5736:End of a distinct Beaker culture 5692: 5680: 5668: 5663:Bell Beaker ceramic, Netherlands 5656: 5644: 5623: 5611: 5599: 5298: 5282: 5266: 5247: 5242:Pottery, wristguards and daggers 5235: 5219: 5203: 5188: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4972: 4956: 4944: 4921: 4905: 4680: 4664: 4652: 4640: 4622: 4604: 4595: 4577: 4558: 4534:buried with the Nebra sky disc. 4303:In 1984, a Beaker period copper 4203: 4191: 4179: 4163: 4148: 4136: 4120: 4105: 3712: 3696: 3684: 3677:Castro of Vila Nova de São Pedro 3668: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3612: 3533:Castelo Velho de Freixo de Numão 3291: 3282:Burial mounds (barrows), Britain 3168:Urnfield culture § Genetics 3056: 3040: 3028: 3012: 2996: 2975: 2960: 2941: 2919: 2834: 2818: 2515:Valley, and thence to the lower 2200:Journal of Indo-European Studies 964:Bible translations into Armenian 455: 11991:Harrison, R.; Heyd, V. (2007). 8968: 8959: 8950: 8941: 8932: 8897: 8866: 8857: 8824: 8775: 8758: 8739: 8721: 8690: 8629:Prieto Martínez, M. P. (2013). 8622: 8596:Jorge, Susana Oliveira (2002). 8589: 8528: 8489: 8468: 8438: 8387: 8326: 8274: 8213: 8172: 8052: 8001: 7932: 7875: 7804: 7785: 7726: 7665: 7596: 7539: 7498: 7392: 7331: 7272: 7210:Haak, Wolfgang (2 March 2015). 7159: 7138: 7103: 7077:Zoffmann, Zsuzsanna K. (2000). 7029: 6992: 6942:Ryan, Jessica (December 2018). 6935: 6917: 6903: 6862: 6837: 6804: 6691: 6632: 6549: 6499: 6474: 6449: 6394: 6380: 6362: 6321: 6301: 6140: 5834: 5803: 5226:Animal tooth necklace from the 5053:'s most affected areas are the 4549:. Gold used to make discs from 4198:Pottery and implements, Germany 4143:Gold discs from Eythra, Germany 3763:, but has not been observed in 3176:La Tène culture § Genetics 3164:Únětice culture § Genetics 2301:and stretching eastward to the 2279:, arising from around 2800 BC. 475:List of Indo-European languages 12126:Rincon, Paul (23 April 2013). 11641:Prescott & Walderhaug 1995 11452:The Rise of Bronze Age Society 10209:European Journal of Mineralogy 10141:Kristiansen, Kristian (2012). 9546:. London: Thames & Hudson. 9035:"Gold lunula from Schulenburg" 8605:Journal of Iberian Archaeology 6371:Bell Beakers From West to East 6328:Piguet, M.; Besse, M. (2009). 6266:Müller, Hinz & Ulrich 2015 6113: 6078: 5377: 5228:necropolis of Is Loccis-Santus 4837:Beaker people also introduced 4737:Beakers arrived in Britain in 3808:In their large-scale study on 3647:Ceramic dish from Ciempozuelos 3184:Italic peoples § Genetics 2282:Bell Beaker culture lasted in 2271:named after the inverted-bell 13: 1: 12685:Secondary products revolution 11759:Bender Jørgensen 1992, p. 114 11734:Acta Archaeologica Carpathica 11382:, Palermo: Sellerio Editore. 10976:10.1080/1751696X.2016.1171496 10473:Préhistoires méditerranéennes 10028:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 9943:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 9937:Garrido-Pena, Rafael (2022). 9684:Ulster Journal of Archaeology 9422:Préhistoires Méditerranéennes 9320:Landesmuseum-Vorgeschichte.de 8910:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 8476:"The Tutankhamun DNA Project" 7166:Lee, E.; et al. (2012). 5853: 5722: 5675:Stone wristguard, Netherlands 5634: 5585: 5569:Stonehenge of the Netherlands 5553: 5532: 5498:Prehistory of the Netherlands 5466: 5425: 5413: 5401: 5341: 5315:The Beaker was introduced in 5150: 4983: 4933: 4778: 4750: 4738: 4728: 4711: 4672: 4630: 4612: 4585: 4566: 4474: 4463: 4427: 4389: 4347: 4307:blade was recovered from the 4254: 4253: BC and fell out of use 4247: 4237: 4078: 4034: 4033:circular enclosure, Germany, 3776: 3768: 3753: 3599: 3577: 3554: 3547: 3540: 3503: 3496: 3247: 2986: 2931: 2810:Renewed emphasis on migration 2784:) adopted and adapted by the 2751: 2742:Bell Beakers from Thuringia ( 2688: 2669: 2643:migrationism vs. diffusionism 2568: 2550: 2524: 2429: 2287: 1801:Proto-Indo-European mythology 1070:Paleolithic continuity theory 241: 75: 11492:10.1017/CHO9781139028387.013 11433:Aegean and Balkan Prehistory 11180:. National Museums Scotland. 10900:"Keeping time at Stonehenge" 10782:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.05.034 9924:The Beginnings of Metallurgy 9905:Journal of Irish Archaeology 9776:, pp. 104–105, 111–114. 8904:Waldren, William H. (2003). 8703:. Archaeopress. p. 48. 8672:Cahill, Mary (Spring 2015). 8333:Drosou, Konstantina (2020). 8249:10.1371/journal.pone.0209125 7092:(1–4): 75–79. Archived from 6241:Vander Linden, Marc (2006). 5651:Bow-shaped pendant, Germany. 5057:, in particular the area of 2789:seaways of Atlantic Europe. 2652: 1489:Northern Black Polished Ware 688:Proto-Indo-European language 7: 12097:. Oxford University Press. 12024:Flanagan, Laurence (1998). 11997:Praehistorische Zeitschrift 11380:La Sicilia nella Preistoria 11228:"Gristhorpe Man log coffin" 10287:10.14201/zephyrus2018826592 9358:of the Corded Ware Culture. 8788:Journal of World Prehistory 7523:10.1534/genetics.112.145037 7145:Desideri, Jocelyne (2008). 7086:Acta Biologica Szegediensis 6954:(Special Issue 4): 97–122. 6869:Guerra Doce, Elisa (2006). 5756: 5457:Stone and copper arms trade 5102: 4246:Beakers arrived in Ireland 3967:to the western edge of the 3880:(Moravia, Czech Republic). 3842:from Lower Saxony, Germany. 3196:Lee et al. (2012) detected 3151: 3124:, Switzerland, 2700–2150 BC 2625:Migration vs. acculturation 2467:The initial moves from the 1806:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 394:Multi-cordoned ware culture 53:Europe and Northwest Africa 10: 12741: 12115:(1997). "Beaker Culture". 11871: 11813:Thorpe & Richards 1984 11593:National Museum of Denmark 11457:Cambridge University Press 11028:Chapman, Henry P. (2021). 9355:– via Academia.edu. 8498:Nanotechnologies in Russia 8359:10.1038/s41598-020-74114-9 8133:10.1038/s41467-023-40198-w 7761:10.1038/s41586-023-06862-3 7633:10.1038/s41467-020-15560-x 7124:10.1016/j.jchb.2008.05.006 6821:Encyclopedia of Prehistory 6667:10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9 6627:Fokkens & Nicolis 2012 6229:Fokkens & Nicolis 2012 6217:Fokkens & Nicolis 2012 6159:(Special Issue 4): 77–96. 6108:Fokkens & Nicolis 2012 5711:Scanian Battle-axe Culture 5515:group at the Lower Rhine ( 5495: 5381: 5365:in central Europe and the 5212:necropolis of Anghelu Ruju 5109:Beaker culture in Sardinia 5106: 5045:Bell Beaker sites in Italy 5034: 4869:may have also represented 4696: 4692: 4222: 4218: 3793: 3464: 3161: 3155: 3084:, or as the origin of the 2985:with gold studs, England, 2865:strontium isotope analysis 2403: 2321:and some coastal areas in 1102:Domestication of the horse 12703: 12672: 12634: 12501: 12254: 12240:First Temperate Neolithic 12220: 12211: 11879:Bradley, Richard (2007). 11841:Vandkilde, Helle (2005). 11728:Ružičková, Pavla (2009). 11669:Vandkilde, Helle (2007). 11515:Vandkilde, Helle (2007). 11378:Tusa, Sebastiano (1999). 11299:– via Academia.edu. 11085:10.1017/S0079497X00014687 10958:Darvill, Timothy (2016). 10941:Darvill, Timothy (2023). 10898:Darvill, Timothy (2022). 10818:10.1017/S0003598X00100237 10713:Booth, Thomas J. (2015). 10670:– via Academia.edu. 10660:10.1017/S0003598X00094825 10434:10.1017/S0003598X00063201 10405:10.1017/s0079497x00003807 10370:10.1017/s0079497x00001006 10231:– via Academia.edu. 10005:10.1017/s0003598x00095284 8853:– via Academia.edu. 8800:10.1007/s10963-018-9114-2 8611:: 107–123. Archived from 8510:10.1134/S1995078020050183 8313:10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004 7838:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022 6790:10.1017/S0003598X00086683 6698:Wentink, Karsten (2020). 6555:Strahm, Christian (ed.), 6481:O'Brien, William (2004). 6355:10.1017/S0033822200056125 5331: 5310: 5259:necropolis of Santu Pedru 4989:, model and replica tools 4896:. A later example is the 4004:of the Carpathian Basin. 3943:, and indicators such as 3437:cultures, among them the 1811:Historical Vedic religion 1088:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 321:Armorican Tumulus culture 169:Armorican Tumulus culture 148: 102: 88: 71: 57: 49: 37: 11696:National Museum, Denmark 11540:Johannsen, Jens (2017). 10611:Turek, Jan (June 2016). 10339:University of Gothenburg 10083:D&M Magazine, Europe 8185:Human Molecular Genetics 8065:Human Molecular Genetics 6888:10.3989/tp.2006.v63.i1.5 6190:Harrison & Heyd 2007 5796: 5506:Bell Beaker, Netherlands 5350:Early Helladic II to III 5291:Saint-Martin-de-Corléans 5001:Gold discs and ornaments 4888:, where Europe's oldest 4873:or an early form of the 4861:, marking the spread of 4659:Gold discs, 2500-2000 BC 3973:Globular Amphora culture 3449:in the Netherlands, the 3398:and Germany between the 3378:All Over Corded beaker, 3035:Flint arrowheads, France 1816:Ancient Iranian religion 1179:Novotitarovskaya culture 1026:Indo-European migrations 354:Proto-Villanovan culture 12626:Unchambered long barrow 11715:Oxford Handbooks Online 11709:Fokkens, Harry (2013). 11359:Documenta Praehistorica 10115:Urbanus, Jason (2015). 10040:10.1111/1468-0092.00162 9542:O'Kelly, M. J. (1982). 9370:Meller, Harald (2019). 8974:(Carreras y Covas 1984) 8546:F. Jordá Cerdá et al., 7967:10.1126/science.aay6826 7458:10.1126/science.aav4040 7001:The World of Stonehenge 6875:Trabajos de Prehistoria 6639:Librado, Pablo (2021). 6415:10.3406/bspf.1997.10872 5846:, for a number of maps. 5687:Copper axe, Netherlands 5289:Anthropomorphic stele, 5170:tomb of Bingia 'e Monti 3691:Gold pendants, Portugal 3441:in Central Europe, the 3206:Steppe-related ancestry 2884:steppe-related ancestry 2645:debate in 20th-century 1317:Northern/Eastern Steppe 115:Neolithic British Isles 12245:Linear Pottery culture 11803:. Thames & Hudson. 11786:cf. Shennan 1976; 1977 11692:"Gold lunula, Denmark" 11589:"The Hindsgavl Dagger" 11290:University of Cagliari 10798:Melton, Nigel (2015). 10520:"History of Woodhenge" 9797:, pp. 84–85, 116. 9741:"Coggalbeg Gold Hoard" 9457:. pp. 1307–1315. 8733:University of Tübingen 7908:10.1126/sciadv.abi7673 7698:10.1126/sciadv.abi6941 7572:10.1126/sciadv.abi7038 6085:Hansen, Svend (2017). 6054:10.1126/sciadv.abi6941 5631:Hindsgavl flint dagger 5527: 5511:most specifically the 5507: 5473: 5432: 5417: 5405: 5273:Bell Beaker bowl from 5097:Proto-Apennine culture 5046: 4734: 4717: 4458: 4395: 4354: 4243: 4041: 3960: 3936: 3920:, Serbia, Montenegro, 3843: 3805: 3741: 3675:Metal javelin points, 3520: 3480: 3382: 3340:Morocco Late Neolithic 3283: 3254: 3193: 3158:Western Steppe Herders 3125: 3007:and wristguard, Spain. 2757: 2717:Glockenbecher-Phänomen 2694: 2676: 2601: 2542: 2464: 2413: 2391: 2338: 2269:archaeological culture 2265:Bell Beaker phenomenon 1788:Religion and mythology 1747:Medieval Scandinavians 1038:Alternative and fringe 209:Middle Helladic Greece 84:2450-1800 BC (Britain) 11976:. Leiden: Sidestone. 11614:Kühn 1979, pl. 11; 18 11427:Heyd, Volker (2008). 11353:Melis, Maria Grazia. 11214:British Museum Online 11196:British Museum Online 11160:British Museum Online 11142:British Museum Online 11106:Clark, Peter (2004). 10756:Smith, Allen (2016). 10734:10.15184/aqy.2015.111 10617:Musaica Archaeologica 10558:10.15184/aqy.2021.129 10467:Gibson, Alex (2020). 10053:James, Simon (1993). 9199:Heyd, Volker (2000). 7823:(12): 2576–2591.E12. 6817:Peregrine, Peter Neal 6307:Joseph Maran (2007), 5525: 5505: 5464: 5423: 5411: 5395: 5044: 4723: 4706: 4697:Further information: 4611:Bell Beaker ceramic, 4452: 4383: 4345: 4232: 4223:Further information: 4112:Bell Beaker from the 4029: 3958: 3934: 3847:as once described by 3838: 3803: 3735: 3661:Vila Nova de Cerveira 3659:Gold wristguard from 3515: 3474: 3465:Further information: 3377: 3281: 3237: 3226:A study published in 3191: 3180:Celts § Genetics 3156:Further information: 3118:Anthropomorphic stele 3116: 3109:Physical anthropology 3082:Indo-European culture 2894:Bell Beaker artifacts 2791:Palynological studies 2741: 2699:archaeological record 2682: 2660: 2588: 2536: 2458: 2411: 2399:Origins and expansion 2138:Indo-European studies 1501:Peoples and societies 12695:Proto-Indo-Europeans 12659:Neolithic long house 12516:Causewayed enclosure 11797:Harrison, Richard J. 11573:. pp. 111–140. 11328:Piccolo, S. (2013). 11263:4 March 2016 at the 9270:10.15184/aqy.2018.92 9052:Darvill, T. (2002). 8413:10.3390/genes9030135 6960:10.12766/jna.2018S.6 6165:10.12766/jna.2018S.5 5567:. Described as the " 5437:Single Grave culture 3959:Bell Beaker, Germany 3720:Dolmen de la Pastora 3429:in the Netherlands, 2334:Funnelbeaker culture 2323:north-western Africa 2259:, also known as the 1045:Anatolian hypothesis 997:Proto-Indo-Europeans 904:Hittite inscriptions 449:Indo-European topics 342:Nuragic civilization 221:Mierzanowice culture 189:Levantine Bronze Age 111:Funnelbeaker culture 12725:Bell Beaker culture 12561:Megalithic entrance 12439:Starčevo–Körös–Criș 12235:Corded Ware culture 12121:. Fitzroy Dearborn. 12061:. Chicago: Aldine. 12009:10.1515/pz.2007.010 11605:Struve 1955, pl. 22 10919:10.15184/aqy.2022.5 10774:2016JArSR..10..744S 10221:2011EJMin..23..895E 10085:. 2019. p. 19. 9869:, pp. 105–106. 9857:, pp. 96, 151. 9463:2015hae..book.....R 9106:2013NatCo...4.1764. 8680:Archaeology Ireland 8618:on 24 January 2005. 8351:2020NatSR..1017037D 8305:2017JArSc..78...20O 8240:2019PLoSO..1409125F 8198:10.1093/hmg/ddaa262 8124:2023NatCo..14.4641S 8078:10.1093/hmg/ddaa262 8027:10.7554/eLife.77625 7959:2019Sci...366..708A 7900:2021SciA....7.7673P 7829:2021CBio...31E2576S 7753:2024Natur.625..329A 7690:2021SciA....7.6941P 7625:2020NatCo..11.1915F 7564:2021SciA....7.7038V 7450:2019Sci...363.1230O 7366:10.1038/nature14507 7358:2015Natur.522..167A 7307:10.1038/nature16152 7299:2015Natur.528..499M 7248:10.1038/nature14317 7240:2015Natur.522..207H 6913:. 22 November 2019. 6757:Available from the 6704:. Sidestone Press. 6659:2021Natur.598..634L 6368:Janusz Czebreszuk, 6346:2009Radcb..51..817P 6046:2021SciA....7.6941P 5973:10.1038/nature25738 5965:2018Natur.555..190O 5775:Prehistoric Britain 5751:Northern Bronze Age 5699:Copper axe, Denmark 5563:in the province of 4849:cranial deformation 4831:Mike Parker Pearson 4815:in Britain such as 4503:Cabeceiras de Basto 4375:race of Beaker Folk 4297:Wessex/Middle Rhine 4158:from Central Europe 4094:Corded Ware culture 3780: 2400–2000 BC 3593:Cabeceiras de Basto 3507: 2500–2200 BC 3500: 2900–2500 BC 3467:Chalcolithic Iberia 3451:Atlantic Bronze Age 3427:Barbed Wire Beakers 2755: 2500-2200 BC 2724:Corded Ware culture 2639:Bell Beaker culture 2330:Corded Ware culture 2277:European Bronze Age 2261:Bell Beaker complex 2257:Bell Beaker culture 1301:Multi-cordoned ware 1172:Mikhaylovka culture 1060:Indigenous Aryanism 1050:Armenian hypothesis 909:Hieroglyphic Luwian 370:Bronze Age Caucasus 337:Atlantic Bronze Age 292:Bell Beaker culture 123:Chalcolithic Iberia 107:Corded Ware culture 79: 2800–1800 BC 34: 33:Bell Beaker culture 12581:Rectangular dolmen 12349:Gumelnița–Karanovo 12309:Cucuteni–Trypillia 11951:Cunliffe, Barry W. 11768:Ebbesen 1995; 2004 10868:10.1017/ppr.2023.5 10849:Jones, A. (2023). 10727:(347): 1155–1173. 10551:(384): 1464–1477. 9955:10.1111/ojoa.12250 9524:Acta Archaeologica 9376:Acta Archaeologica 9114:10.1038/ncomms2656 8965:(Waldren 1998: 94) 8947:(Waldren 1998: 95) 8339:Scientific Reports 7185:10.1002/ajpa.22074 5840:See Anthrogenica, 5790:Cornish Bronze Age 5785:Bronze Age Britain 5780:Prehistoric Iberia 5547:Schleswig-Holstein 5528: 5508: 5474: 5433: 5418: 5406: 5047: 4735: 4718: 4699:Bronze Age Britain 4492:stone wrist-guards 4459: 4396: 4371:County Londonderry 4355: 4328:County Londonderry 4244: 4236:from Blessington, 4156:Stone wrist-guards 4127:Metal dagger from 4042: 3965:Upper Rhine valley 3961: 3937: 3844: 3810:radiocarbon dating 3806: 3742: 3521: 3481: 3383: 3284: 3255: 3194: 3126: 3086:Vasconic substrate 2970:, Brittany, France 2948:Votive dagger and 2786:indigenous peoples 2782:stone wrist-guards 2758: 2734:Cultural diffusion 2713:Glockenbecherleute 2695: 2677: 2602: 2543: 2465: 2461:Castro of Zambujal 2414: 2350:was introduced by 881:Proto-Indo-Iranian 867:Proto-Balto-Slavic 848:Proto-Italo-Celtic 313:Bronze Age Britain 283:Wietenberg culture 267:Bronze Age Balkans 177:Bronze Age Ireland 157:Bronze Age Britain 131:Chalcolithic Italy 93:Castro of Zambujal 50:Geographical range 32: 12712: 12711: 12649:Lithic industries 12206: 11276:Concu, Cristina. 11126:on 27 April 2023. 10593:978-2-35668-022-8 9669:, pp. 86–88. 9633:, pp. 94–95. 8504:(9–10): 524–531. 8458:978-80-7308-979-5 7953:(6466): 708–714. 7747:(7994): 329–337. 7352:(7555): 167–172. 7293:(7583): 499–503. 7224:(7555): 207–211. 6987:Celtas y Vettones 6759:author's web site 6710:10.59641/ba84e5a2 6653:(7882): 634–640. 6294:978-84-92681-91-4 5959:(7695): 190–196. 5717:Social transition 5396:Gold lunula from 5384:Nordic Bronze Age 5147:Bonnanaro culture 5051:Italian Peninsula 5031:Italian Peninsula 4928:Gold lunula from 4863:solar cosmologies 4647:Stone wristguards 4519:Nordic Bronze Age 4384:Timber circle at 4057:(flattened back) 3485:Iberian Peninsula 3475:Bell Beaker from 3461:Iberian Peninsula 3455:Nordic Bronze Age 3447:Hilversum culture 3370:Extent and impact 3221:Nordic Bronze Age 3210:Neolithic farmers 3023:, c. 2200-2000 BC 2983:Stone wrist-guard 2952:-shaped pendant, 2888:Neolithic-derived 2683:Gold lunula from 2507:, and across the 2253: 2252: 1514:Anatolian peoples 1484:Painted Grey Ware 1372:Nordic Bronze Age 1021:Kurgan hypothesis 974:Old Irish glosses 939:Gaulish epigraphy 434: 433: 390:Andronovo culture 386:Sintashta culture 366:Golasecca culture 362:Canegrate culture 350:Terramare culture 333:Hilversum culture 325:Bronze Age Iberia 317:Bronze Age France 300:Nordic Bronze Age 226: 225: 213:Hilversum culture 181:Bronze Age Iberia 165:Bronze Age France 161:Nordic Bronze Age 16:(Redirected from 12732: 12680:Danubian culture 12576:Polygonal dolmen 12419:Seine–Oise–Marne 12339:Globular Amphora 12200: 12198:Neolithic Europe 12191: 12184: 12177: 12168: 12167: 12135: 12122: 12108: 12089: 12072: 12050: 12039: 12020: 11987: 11968: 11941: 11913: 11894: 11865: 11864: 11862: 11860: 11847: 11838: 11832: 11829: 11823: 11820: 11814: 11811: 11805: 11804: 11793: 11787: 11784: 11778: 11775: 11769: 11766: 11760: 11757: 11751: 11748: 11742: 11741: 11725: 11719: 11718: 11706: 11700: 11699: 11688: 11682: 11681: 11666: 11660: 11659: 11648: 11642: 11639: 11633: 11630: 11624: 11621: 11615: 11612: 11606: 11603: 11597: 11596: 11585: 11579: 11578: 11564: 11558: 11557: 11537: 11528: 11527: 11512: 11506: 11505: 11477: 11471: 11470: 11446: 11437: 11436: 11424: 11418: 11417: 11397: 11391: 11376: 11367: 11366: 11350: 11344: 11343: 11325: 11319: 11316: 11310: 11307: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11296: 11283: 11273: 11267: 11255: 11249: 11246: 11240: 11239: 11224: 11218: 11217: 11206: 11200: 11199: 11188: 11182: 11181: 11170: 11164: 11163: 11152: 11146: 11145: 11134: 11128: 11127: 11122:. Archived from 11103: 11097: 11096: 11064: 11058: 11057: 11025: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11014: 10998: 10992: 10991: 10955: 10949: 10948: 10938: 10932: 10931: 10921: 10912:(386): 319–335. 10895: 10889: 10888: 10879: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10846: 10840: 10839: 10829: 10812:(325): 796–815. 10795: 10786: 10785: 10753: 10747: 10746: 10736: 10710: 10704: 10703: 10694: 10688: 10687: 10678: 10672: 10671: 10643: 10635: 10629: 10628: 10608: 10602: 10601: 10577: 10571: 10570: 10560: 10534: 10528: 10527: 10524:English Heritage 10516: 10510: 10509: 10497: 10491: 10490: 10483: 10477: 10476: 10464: 10458: 10452: 10446: 10445: 10415: 10409: 10408: 10388: 10382: 10381: 10353: 10347: 10346: 10341:. Archived from 10330: 10324: 10323: 10316: 10310: 10309: 10299: 10289: 10265: 10259: 10258: 10256: 10254: 10247:Wiltshire Museum 10239: 10233: 10232: 10206: 10198: 10192: 10191: 10189: 10179: 10173: 10172: 10170: 10160: 10154: 10153: 10147: 10138: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10112: 10101: 10100: 10093: 10087: 10086: 10075: 10069: 10068: 10050: 10044: 10043: 10023: 10017: 10016: 9999:(312): 425–434. 9986: 9980: 9979: 9966: 9934: 9928: 9927: 9919: 9913: 9912: 9900: 9894: 9888: 9882: 9876: 9870: 9864: 9858: 9852: 9846: 9840: 9834: 9828: 9822: 9816: 9810: 9804: 9798: 9792: 9786: 9783: 9777: 9771: 9765: 9759: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9748: 9737: 9731: 9725: 9719: 9713: 9700: 9699: 9679: 9670: 9664: 9658: 9652: 9646: 9640: 9634: 9628: 9622: 9616: 9607: 9601: 9590: 9584: 9575: 9569: 9563: 9557: 9548: 9547: 9539: 9533: 9532: 9518: 9505: 9504: 9493: 9487: 9486: 9473: 9467: 9466: 9448: 9442: 9441: 9413: 9407: 9406: 9393: 9384: 9383: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9344: 9333: 9324: 9323: 9312: 9306: 9305: 9294: 9283: 9282: 9272: 9263:(363): 655–673. 9246: 9237: 9236: 9225: 9219: 9218: 9196: 9190: 9185: 9179: 9178: 9156: 9147: 9142: 9136: 9135: 9125: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9054:"Beaker culture" 9049: 9043: 9042: 9031: 9025: 9024: 9014: 9008: 9007: 8981: 8975: 8972: 8966: 8963: 8957: 8954: 8948: 8945: 8939: 8936: 8930: 8929: 8924:. Archived from 8901: 8895: 8894: 8870: 8864: 8861: 8855: 8854: 8836: 8828: 8822: 8821: 8811: 8779: 8773: 8772: 8762: 8756: 8755: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8725: 8719: 8718: 8694: 8688: 8687: 8677: 8669: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8634: 8626: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8602: 8593: 8587: 8586: 8568: 8559: 8544: 8538: 8532: 8526: 8525: 8493: 8487: 8486: 8472: 8466: 8465: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8425: 8415: 8391: 8385: 8384: 8370: 8330: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8261: 8251: 8217: 8211: 8210: 8200: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8155: 8145: 8135: 8100: 8091: 8090: 8080: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8039: 8029: 8005: 7999: 7998: 7988: 7978: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7919: 7894:(39): eabi7673. 7888:Science Advances 7879: 7873: 7872: 7850: 7840: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7772: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7709: 7678:Science Advances 7669: 7663: 7662: 7652: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7583: 7558:(47): eabi7038. 7552:Science Advances 7543: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7469: 7427: 7412: 7411: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7318: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7259: 7233: 7207: 7198: 7197: 7187: 7163: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7099:on 8 March 2016. 7098: 7083: 7074: 7063: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7033: 7027: 7026: 6996: 6990: 6983: 6977: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6890: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6784:(276): 405–411. 6771: 6762: 6756: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6678: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6573: 6560: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6428: 6419: 6418: 6398: 6392: 6384: 6378: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6325: 6319: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6278: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6205: 6202:Fitzpatrick 2013 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6126:. Archaeopress. 6117: 6111: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6065: 6034:Science Advances 6024: 6018: 6013: 6007: 6006: 5992: 5941: 5914: 5908: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5864: 5847: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5819:Gimbutas, Marija 5807: 5766:(disambiguation) 5727: 5724: 5705:Burial practices 5696: 5684: 5672: 5660: 5648: 5639: 5636: 5627: 5615: 5603: 5590: 5587: 5558: 5555: 5537: 5534: 5471: 5468: 5442:northern Jutland 5430: 5427: 5415: 5403: 5388:Nordic Stone Age 5343: 5302: 5286: 5270: 5251: 5239: 5223: 5207: 5192: 5155: 5152: 5037:Copper Age Italy 5022: 5010: 4998: 4988: 4985: 4976: 4960: 4948: 4938: 4935: 4925: 4909: 4890:sewn-plank boats 4783: 4780: 4752: 4740: 4733: 4730: 4716: 4713: 4684: 4674: 4668: 4656: 4644: 4635: 4632: 4629:Gold ornaments, 4626: 4617: 4614: 4608: 4599: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4571: 4568: 4562: 4551:western Asturias 4476: 4468: 4465: 4438:isotope analysis 4432: 4429: 4398:In general, the 4394: 4391: 4352: 4349: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4242: 4239: 4207: 4195: 4183: 4167: 4152: 4140: 4124: 4109: 4083: 4080: 4064:Carpathian Basin 4039: 4036: 3969:Carpathian Basin 3941:animal husbandry 3893:Ostrikovac-Djura 3878:Hoštice za Hanou 3865:Southern Germany 3826:Early Bronze Age 3781: 3778: 3770: 3758: 3755: 3746:Balearic Islands 3728:Balearic Islands 3716: 3700: 3688: 3672: 3656: 3644: 3632: 3621:western Asturias 3619:Gold discs from 3616: 3601: 3579: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3387:Carpathian Basin 3268:El Argar culture 3252: 3249: 3060: 3044: 3032: 3016: 3000: 2991: 2988: 2979: 2964: 2945: 2936: 2933: 2923: 2838: 2822: 2756: 2753: 2693: 2690: 2674: 2671: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2565:Corded Ware zone 2555: 2552: 2529: 2526: 2434: 2431: 2394: 2375:arsenical bronze 2341: 2292: 2289: 2245: 2238: 2231: 2086: 2079: 2065: 2058: 2051: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2016: 2009: 1934: 1920: 1913: 1899: 1877: 1870: 1863: 1854: 1689: 1682: 1675: 1668: 1661: 1644:Germanic peoples 1634:Hellenic peoples 1623: 1616: 1609: 1532:Mycenaean Greeks 1521: 1449:Thraco-Cimmerian 1347:Globular Amphora 1324:Abashevo culture 1263: 1256: 1226: 1181: 1174: 1167: 1160: 1153: 1146: 1139: 1132: 969:Tocharian script 672: 665: 658: 651: 644: 637: 630: 623: 590: 576: 569: 562: 548: 524: 517: 498: 459: 436: 435: 426: 419: 412: 398:Srubnaya culture 382:Abashevo culture 378:Poltavka culture 374:Catacomb culture 358:Apennine culture 308:Urnfield culture 279:Ottomány culture 246: 243: 228: 227: 119:Neolithic France 80: 77: 66:Early Bronze Age 42: 35: 31: 21: 12740: 12739: 12735: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12730: 12729: 12715: 12714: 12713: 12708: 12699: 12668: 12630: 12541:Guardian stones 12503: 12497: 12459: 12319:Decea Mureşului 12250: 12230:Cardium pottery 12216: 12207: 12201:(including the 12195: 12142: 12105: 12080: 12078:Further reading 12075: 12069: 12036: 11984: 11965: 11938: 11918:Cunliffe, Barry 11910: 11891: 11874: 11869: 11868: 11858: 11856: 11845: 11839: 11835: 11830: 11826: 11821: 11817: 11812: 11808: 11801:The Beaker Folk 11794: 11790: 11785: 11781: 11776: 11772: 11767: 11763: 11758: 11754: 11749: 11745: 11726: 11722: 11707: 11703: 11690: 11689: 11685: 11667: 11663: 11658:. 21 June 2023. 11650: 11649: 11645: 11640: 11636: 11631: 11627: 11623:Myhre 1978-1979 11622: 11618: 11613: 11609: 11604: 11600: 11587: 11586: 11582: 11565: 11561: 11538: 11531: 11513: 11509: 11502: 11478: 11474: 11467: 11459:. p. 120. 11447: 11440: 11425: 11421: 11414: 11398: 11394: 11377: 11370: 11351: 11347: 11340: 11326: 11322: 11317: 11313: 11308: 11304: 11294: 11292: 11274: 11270: 11265:Wayback Machine 11256: 11252: 11247: 11243: 11226: 11225: 11221: 11208: 11207: 11203: 11190: 11189: 11185: 11172: 11171: 11167: 11154: 11153: 11149: 11136: 11135: 11131: 11120: 11112:. Oxbow Books. 11104: 11100: 11065: 11061: 11026: 11022: 11012: 11010: 11000: 10999: 10995: 10956: 10952: 10939: 10935: 10896: 10892: 10881: 10880: 10876: 10847: 10843: 10796: 10789: 10754: 10750: 10711: 10707: 10696: 10695: 10691: 10680: 10679: 10675: 10636: 10632: 10609: 10605: 10594: 10578: 10574: 10535: 10531: 10518: 10517: 10513: 10498: 10494: 10485: 10484: 10480: 10465: 10461: 10453: 10449: 10416: 10412: 10389: 10385: 10354: 10350: 10345:on 23 May 2019. 10331: 10327: 10318: 10317: 10313: 10266: 10262: 10252: 10250: 10241: 10240: 10236: 10199: 10195: 10180: 10176: 10161: 10157: 10145: 10139: 10135: 10125: 10123: 10113: 10104: 10095: 10094: 10090: 10077: 10076: 10072: 10065: 10051: 10047: 10024: 10020: 9987: 9983: 9935: 9931: 9920: 9916: 9901: 9897: 9889: 9885: 9877: 9873: 9865: 9861: 9853: 9849: 9841: 9837: 9829: 9825: 9817: 9813: 9805: 9801: 9793: 9789: 9784: 9780: 9772: 9768: 9760: 9756: 9746: 9744: 9739: 9738: 9734: 9726: 9722: 9714: 9703: 9680: 9673: 9665: 9661: 9653: 9649: 9641: 9637: 9629: 9625: 9617: 9610: 9602: 9593: 9585: 9578: 9570: 9566: 9558: 9551: 9540: 9536: 9519: 9508: 9495: 9494: 9490: 9475: 9474: 9470: 9449: 9445: 9430:10.4000/pm.2167 9414: 9410: 9395: 9394: 9387: 9368: 9364: 9353: 9334: 9327: 9314: 9313: 9309: 9304:. January 2021. 9296: 9295: 9286: 9247: 9240: 9227: 9226: 9222: 9215: 9197: 9193: 9186: 9182: 9175: 9157: 9150: 9143: 9139: 9083: 9079: 9072: 9050: 9046: 9033: 9032: 9028: 9015: 9011: 9004: 8982: 8978: 8973: 8969: 8964: 8960: 8955: 8951: 8946: 8942: 8937: 8933: 8928:on 6 June 2009. 8902: 8898: 8871: 8867: 8862: 8858: 8829: 8825: 8780: 8776: 8763: 8759: 8744: 8740: 8727: 8726: 8722: 8711: 8695: 8691: 8670: 8661: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8627: 8623: 8615: 8600: 8594: 8590: 8583: 8569: 8562: 8545: 8541: 8533: 8529: 8494: 8490: 8474: 8473: 8469: 8459: 8443: 8439: 8392: 8388: 8331: 8327: 8317: 8315: 8279: 8275: 8234:(3): e0209125. 8218: 8214: 8191:(R1): R64–R71. 8177: 8173: 8101: 8094: 8071:(R1): R64–R71. 8057: 8053: 8006: 8002: 7937: 7933: 7880: 7876: 7817:Current Biology 7809: 7805: 7790: 7786: 7731: 7727: 7670: 7666: 7601: 7597: 7544: 7540: 7503: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7444:(6432): 64–65. 7428: 7415: 7398: 7397: 7393: 7336: 7332: 7277: 7273: 7208: 7201: 7164: 7160: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7108: 7104: 7096: 7081: 7075: 7066: 7059: 7055: 7048: 7034: 7030: 7011: 6997: 6993: 6984: 6980: 6971: 6967: 6940: 6936: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6909: 6908: 6904: 6867: 6863: 6856: 6842: 6838: 6831: 6809: 6805: 6772: 6765: 6753: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6696: 6692: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6600: 6596: 6589: 6574: 6563: 6554: 6550: 6543: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6504: 6500: 6493: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6429: 6422: 6399: 6395: 6385: 6381: 6367: 6363: 6326: 6322: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6279: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6239: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6215: 6208: 6200: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6118: 6114: 6106: 6102: 6091:Eurasia Antiqua 6083: 6079: 6025: 6021: 6014: 6010: 5942: 5917: 5909: 5890: 5882: 5878: 5865: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5850: 5839: 5835: 5825:. pp. 372 5810:Marija Gimbutas 5808: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5770:Amesbury Archer 5759: 5743:Únětice culture 5738: 5725: 5719: 5707: 5700: 5697: 5688: 5685: 5676: 5673: 5664: 5661: 5652: 5649: 5640: 5637: 5628: 5619: 5616: 5607: 5604: 5588: 5556: 5535: 5500: 5494: 5469: 5459: 5428: 5390: 5380: 5363:Unetice culture 5354:Vučedol culture 5334: 5313: 5306: 5303: 5294: 5287: 5278: 5275:Monte d'Accoddi 5271: 5262: 5252: 5243: 5240: 5231: 5224: 5215: 5208: 5199: 5193: 5153: 5111: 5105: 5039: 5033: 5026: 5023: 5014: 5011: 5002: 4999: 4990: 4986: 4977: 4968: 4967:, 2400-2000 BC. 4961: 4952: 4949: 4940: 4936: 4926: 4917: 4910: 4855:Timothy Darvill 4798:Amesbury Archer 4781: 4731: 4714: 4701: 4695: 4688: 4685: 4676: 4669: 4660: 4657: 4648: 4645: 4636: 4633: 4627: 4618: 4615: 4609: 4600: 4591: 4588: 4584:Bronze dagger, 4582: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4501:in Ireland and 4484: 4482:Solar symbolism 4466: 4430: 4392: 4350: 4257: 4250: 4240: 4227: 4221: 4214: 4208: 4199: 4196: 4187: 4184: 4175: 4168: 4159: 4153: 4144: 4141: 4132: 4125: 4116: 4110: 4081: 4037: 4002:Nagyrév Culture 3869:Late Copper Age 3798: 3796:Unetice culture 3792: 3779: 3756: 3730: 3723: 3717: 3708: 3701: 3692: 3689: 3680: 3673: 3664: 3657: 3648: 3645: 3636: 3633: 3624: 3617: 3557: 3550: 3543: 3506: 3499: 3469: 3463: 3439:Únětice culture 3372: 3250: 3240:Amesbury Archer 3186: 3160: 3154: 3111: 3078: 3071: 3061: 3052: 3051:reconstruction. 3045: 3036: 3033: 3024: 3017: 3008: 3001: 2992: 2989: 2980: 2971: 2965: 2956: 2946: 2937: 2934: 2924: 2896: 2879:Archaeogenetics 2856:/assimilation. 2849: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2839: 2831: 2830: 2823: 2812: 2754: 2736: 2709:Stephen Shennan 2691: 2672: 2662:Sewn-plank boat 2655: 2627: 2611:English Channel 2575: 2571: 2558:Yamnaya culture 2553: 2547:Vučedol culture 2527: 2453: 2432: 2419:burial customs. 2406: 2401: 2352:John Abercromby 2303:Danubian plains 2295:Únětice culture 2290: 2249: 2220: 2219: 2152:Marija Gimbutas 2140: 2130: 2129: 2121:Winter solstice 2111:Horse sacrifice 2082: 2075: 2061: 2054: 2047: 2033: 2026: 2019: 2012: 2005: 1958: 1943: 1930: 1916: 1909: 1895: 1886: 1873: 1866: 1859: 1850: 1841: 1820: 1789: 1781: 1780: 1723: 1710: 1685: 1678: 1671: 1664: 1657: 1619: 1612: 1605: 1596: 1578: 1565: 1552: 1523: 1517: 1502: 1494: 1493: 1467: 1444: 1431: 1419: 1400: 1342: 1319: 1281: 1274: 1268: 1259: 1252: 1243: 1241:Northern Europe 1222: 1218: 1205: 1192: 1177: 1170: 1163: 1156: 1149: 1142: 1135: 1128: 1124:Steppe cultures 1097: 1090: 1083: 1075: 1074: 1065:Baltic homeland 1039: 1035: 1031:Eurasian nomads 1015: 1011: 987: 979: 978: 949:Runic epigraphy 944:Latin epigraphy 899: 891: 890: 828:Proto-Anatolian 812: 767: 763:Thraco-Illyrian 748:Graeco-Phrygian 738:Graeco-Armenian 733:Graeco-Albanian 712: 690: 677: 668: 661: 654: 647: 640: 633: 626: 619: 586: 572: 565: 558: 544: 520: 513: 494: 479: 471: 469: 430: 401: 400: 329:Argaric culture 304:Tumulus culture 296:Únětice culture 275:Nagyrév culture 271:Vučedol culture 248: 244: 201:Nuragic culture 193:Pyrenean Bronze 185:Argaric culture 153:Únětice culture 139:Vučedol culture 83: 81: 78: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12738: 12728: 12727: 12710: 12709: 12704: 12701: 12700: 12698: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12676: 12674: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12640: 12638: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12507: 12505: 12499: 12498: 12496: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12458: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12260: 12258: 12252: 12251: 12249: 12248: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12226: 12224: 12218: 12217: 12212: 12209: 12208: 12194: 12193: 12186: 12179: 12171: 12165: 12164: 12159: 12153: 12148: 12141: 12140:External links 12138: 12137: 12136: 12123: 12113:Mallory, J. P. 12109: 12104:978-0199572861 12103: 12090: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12073: 12067: 12055:Piggot, Stuart 12051: 12040: 12034: 12021: 12003:(2): 129–214. 11988: 11982: 11969: 11963: 11942: 11936: 11914: 11908: 11895: 11889: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11867: 11866: 11833: 11824: 11815: 11806: 11788: 11779: 11770: 11761: 11752: 11743: 11720: 11701: 11683: 11661: 11643: 11634: 11625: 11616: 11607: 11598: 11580: 11559: 11529: 11507: 11500: 11472: 11465: 11438: 11419: 11412: 11392: 11368: 11345: 11338: 11320: 11311: 11302: 11268: 11250: 11241: 11219: 11201: 11183: 11165: 11147: 11129: 11118: 11098: 11059: 11020: 10993: 10950: 10933: 10890: 10874: 10841: 10787: 10748: 10705: 10689: 10673: 10654:(311): 26–53. 10630: 10623:(1): 155–162. 10603: 10592: 10572: 10529: 10511: 10492: 10478: 10459: 10457:, p. 146. 10447: 10428:(193): 19–24. 10410: 10383: 10348: 10325: 10322:. p. 193. 10311: 10260: 10234: 10215:(6): 895–910. 10193: 10174: 10155: 10150:Adoranten 2012 10133: 10102: 10088: 10070: 10063: 10045: 10034:(3): 263–288. 10018: 9981: 9949:(3): 252–277. 9929: 9914: 9895: 9893:, p. 155. 9883: 9881:, p. 156. 9871: 9859: 9847: 9845:, p. 158. 9835: 9833:, p. 150. 9823: 9811: 9809:, p. 133. 9799: 9787: 9778: 9766: 9764:, p. 104. 9754: 9732: 9720: 9701: 9686:. 3rd series. 9671: 9659: 9647: 9635: 9623: 9608: 9591: 9576: 9564: 9549: 9534: 9506: 9488: 9468: 9443: 9408: 9403:British Museum 9385: 9362: 9351: 9325: 9307: 9284: 9238: 9220: 9213: 9191: 9180: 9173: 9148: 9137: 9094:Communications 9077: 9070: 9044: 9026: 9009: 9002: 8976: 8967: 8958: 8949: 8940: 8931: 8916:(4): 357–374. 8896: 8881:(in Spanish). 8865: 8856: 8823: 8794:(2): 179–313. 8774: 8757: 8738: 8720: 8709: 8689: 8659: 8645: 8621: 8588: 8581: 8560: 8539: 8527: 8488: 8467: 8457: 8437: 8386: 8325: 8273: 8212: 8171: 8112:Communications 8092: 8051: 8000: 7931: 7874: 7803: 7784: 7725: 7664: 7613:Communications 7595: 7538: 7497: 7485: 7413: 7391: 7330: 7271: 7199: 7178:(4): 571–579. 7158: 7137: 7102: 7064: 7053: 7046: 7028: 7009: 6991: 6978: 6965: 6934: 6916: 6902: 6877:(in Spanish). 6861: 6854: 6836: 6829: 6803: 6763: 6751: 6733: 6726: 6690: 6631: 6629:, p. 172. 6619: 6612: 6594: 6587: 6561: 6548: 6541: 6523: 6516: 6498: 6491: 6473: 6466: 6448: 6441: 6420: 6409:(2): 259–264. 6393: 6379: 6361: 6340:(2): 817–830. 6320: 6300: 6293: 6270: 6258: 6251: 6233: 6231:, p. 200. 6221: 6219:, p. 201. 6206: 6194: 6182: 6170: 6139: 6132: 6112: 6100: 6077: 6019: 6008: 5915: 5888: 5886:, p. 144. 5876: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5833: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5737: 5734: 5718: 5715: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5643: 5641: 5638: 1900 BC 5629: 5622: 5620: 5618:Amber, Denmark 5617: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5598: 5581:solar calendar 5493: 5490: 5458: 5455: 5379: 5376: 5372:tumulus burial 5367:Wessex culture 5346:Cetina culture 5333: 5330: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5297: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5279: 5272: 5265: 5263: 5253: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5234: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5200: 5198:tomb, Sardinia 5196:Domus de Janas 5194: 5187: 5174:Gonnostramatza 5158:Polada culture 5139:Domus de Janas 5104: 5101: 5093:Polada culture 5032: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4993: 4991: 4987: 2000 BC 4978: 4971: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4943: 4941: 4937: 2400 BC 4927: 4920: 4918: 4911: 4904: 4886:Humber Estuary 4859:solar calendar 4813:timber circles 4800:and the later 4732: 2500 BC 4715: 2400 BC 4694: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4679: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4639: 4637: 4634: 2200 BC 4628: 4621: 4619: 4616: 2200 BC 4610: 4603: 4601: 4594: 4592: 4589: 1900 BC 4583: 4576: 4574: 4564: 4557: 4515:Nebra sky disc 4483: 4480: 4422:. A series of 4393: 2000 BC 4357:The featured " 4351: 2300 BC 4241: 2400 BC 4220: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4209: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4178: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4160: 4154: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4135: 4133: 4126: 4119: 4117: 4114:Czech Republic 4111: 4104: 4047:trace elements 4038: 2300 BC 4017:Late Neolithic 4000:and the Early 3989:lake Constance 3814:Central Europe 3791: 3790:Central Europe 3788: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3718: 3711: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3683: 3681: 3674: 3667: 3665: 3658: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3627: 3625: 3618: 3611: 3462: 3459: 3371: 3368: 3336:Canary Islands 3320:Iron Age Roman 3153: 3150: 3134:brachycephalic 3110: 3107: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3062: 3055: 3053: 3046: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3027: 3025: 3018: 3011: 3009: 3003:Metal dagger, 3002: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2200 BC 2981: 2974: 2972: 2966: 2959: 2957: 2954:Czech Republic 2947: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2500 BC 2925: 2918: 2895: 2892: 2840: 2833: 2832: 2824: 2817: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2735: 2732: 2692: 2000 BC 2654: 2651: 2626: 2623: 2576: 2350 BC 2511:Valley to the 2452: 2449: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2392:Begleitkeramik 2251: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2240: 2233: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2210: 2203: 2196: 2189: 2181: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2141: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2106:Fire sacrifice 2102: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2080: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2052: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2031: 2024: 2017: 2010: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1951: 1950: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1914: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1897:Zoroastrianism 1879: 1878: 1871: 1864: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1834: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1767: 1766: 1764:Medieval India 1755: 1754: 1749: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1718: 1717: 1705: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1676: 1669: 1662: 1646: 1641: 1639:Italic peoples 1636: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1617: 1610: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1573: 1572: 1560: 1559: 1547: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1510: 1509: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1475: 1474: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1439: 1438: 1426: 1425: 1418: 1417: 1415:Gandhara grave 1412: 1407: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1276: 1275: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1261:Middle Dnieper 1257: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1216:Eastern Europe 1213: 1212: 1200: 1199: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1175: 1161: 1154: 1147: 1144:Dnieper–Donets 1140: 1133: 1121: 1119:Kurgan culture 1116: 1115: 1114: 1104: 1092: 1091: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1055:Beech argument 1052: 1047: 1041: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 988: 985: 984: 981: 980: 977: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 900: 897: 896: 893: 892: 889: 888: 878: 864: 859: 845: 838:Proto-Germanic 835: 833:Proto-Armenian 830: 825: 823:Proto-Albanian 819: 818: 811: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 774: 773: 766: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 719: 718: 711: 710: 709: 708: 684: 683: 676: 675: 674: 673: 666: 659: 652: 645: 638: 631: 624: 612: 607: 601: 600: 594: 593: 592: 591: 579: 578: 577: 570: 563: 551: 550: 549: 537: 532: 527: 526: 525: 518: 506: 501: 500: 499: 486: 485: 478: 477: 470: 465: 464: 461: 460: 452: 451: 445: 444: 432: 431: 429: 428: 421: 414: 406: 403: 402: 346:Polada culture 249: 239: 238: 235: 234: 224: 223: 205:Cetina culture 197:Polada culture 150: 146: 145: 143:Horgen culture 127:Veraza culture 104: 100: 99: 90: 86: 85: 73: 69: 68: 59: 55: 54: 51: 47: 46: 43: 26: 18:Beaker culture 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12737: 12726: 12723: 12722: 12720: 12707: 12702: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12677: 12675: 12671: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12641: 12639: 12637: 12633: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12621:Tor enclosure 12619: 12617: 12616:Timber circle 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12601:Statue menhir 12599: 12597: 12596:Simple dolmen 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12571:Passage grave 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12508: 12506: 12500: 12494: 12493:Windmill Hill 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12394:Pit–Comb Ware 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12257: 12253: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12225: 12223: 12219: 12215: 12210: 12204: 12199: 12192: 12187: 12185: 12180: 12178: 12173: 12172: 12169: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12143: 12133: 12129: 12124: 12120: 12119: 12114: 12110: 12106: 12100: 12096: 12091: 12087: 12082: 12081: 12070: 12068:9780202330020 12064: 12060: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12047: 12041: 12037: 12035:9780717124336 12031: 12027: 12022: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12006: 12002: 11998: 11994: 11989: 11985: 11983:9789088900846 11979: 11975: 11970: 11966: 11964:9781842175293 11960: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11947:Koch, John T. 11943: 11939: 11937:9781842174104 11933: 11929: 11928: 11923: 11922:Koch, John T. 11919: 11915: 11911: 11909:9781842172155 11905: 11901: 11896: 11892: 11890:9780521848114 11886: 11882: 11877: 11876: 11855: 11851: 11844: 11837: 11828: 11819: 11810: 11802: 11798: 11792: 11783: 11774: 11765: 11756: 11747: 11739: 11735: 11731: 11724: 11716: 11712: 11705: 11697: 11693: 11687: 11680: 11676: 11672: 11665: 11657: 11653: 11647: 11638: 11629: 11620: 11611: 11602: 11594: 11590: 11584: 11577: 11572: 11571: 11563: 11556: 11551: 11547: 11543: 11536: 11534: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11511: 11503: 11501:9781139028387 11497: 11493: 11489: 11485: 11484: 11476: 11468: 11466:9780521843638 11462: 11458: 11454: 11453: 11445: 11443: 11434: 11430: 11423: 11415: 11413:9780199572861 11409: 11405: 11404: 11396: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11375: 11373: 11364: 11360: 11356: 11349: 11341: 11339:9780956510624 11335: 11331: 11324: 11315: 11306: 11291: 11287: 11282: 11281: 11272: 11266: 11262: 11259: 11254: 11245: 11238: 11233: 11229: 11223: 11215: 11211: 11205: 11197: 11193: 11192:"Gold lunula" 11187: 11179: 11175: 11174:"Gold lunula" 11169: 11161: 11157: 11151: 11143: 11139: 11138:"wrist-guard" 11133: 11125: 11121: 11119:9781842171394 11115: 11111: 11110: 11102: 11094: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11063: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11024: 11009: 11008: 11003: 10997: 10990: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10970:(2): 89–121. 10969: 10965: 10964:Time and Mind 10961: 10954: 10946: 10945: 10937: 10929: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10906: 10901: 10894: 10886: 10885: 10878: 10869: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10845: 10837: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10806: 10801: 10794: 10792: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10752: 10744: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10721: 10716: 10709: 10701: 10700: 10693: 10685: 10684: 10677: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10648: 10642: 10634: 10627: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10607: 10600: 10595: 10589: 10585: 10584: 10576: 10568: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10545: 10540: 10533: 10525: 10521: 10515: 10507: 10503: 10496: 10488: 10482: 10474: 10470: 10463: 10456: 10451: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10422: 10414: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10387: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10352: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10329: 10321: 10315: 10307: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10280:(65): 65–92. 10279: 10275: 10271: 10264: 10248: 10244: 10238: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10205: 10197: 10188: 10187: 10178: 10169: 10168: 10159: 10151: 10144: 10137: 10122: 10118: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10098: 10092: 10084: 10080: 10074: 10066: 10064:9780500279984 10060: 10056: 10049: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10022: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9993: 9985: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9940: 9933: 9925: 9918: 9910: 9906: 9899: 9892: 9891:Flanagan 1998 9887: 9880: 9879:Flanagan 1998 9875: 9868: 9867:Flanagan 1998 9863: 9856: 9855:Flanagan 1998 9851: 9844: 9843:Flanagan 1998 9839: 9832: 9831:Flanagan 1998 9827: 9821:, p. 91. 9820: 9819:Flanagan 1998 9815: 9808: 9807:Flanagan 1998 9803: 9796: 9795:Flanagan 1998 9791: 9782: 9775: 9774:Flanagan 1998 9770: 9763: 9762:Flanagan 1998 9758: 9742: 9736: 9730:, p. 89. 9729: 9728:Flanagan 1998 9724: 9718:, p. 88. 9717: 9716:Flanagan 1998 9712: 9710: 9708: 9706: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9678: 9676: 9668: 9667:Flanagan 1998 9663: 9657:, p. 85. 9656: 9655:Flanagan 1998 9651: 9645:, p. 84. 9644: 9643:Flanagan 1998 9639: 9632: 9631:Flanagan 1998 9627: 9621:, p. 81. 9620: 9619:Flanagan 1998 9615: 9613: 9606:, p. 82. 9605: 9604:Flanagan 1998 9600: 9598: 9596: 9589:, p. 78. 9588: 9587:Flanagan 1998 9583: 9581: 9574:, p. 99. 9573: 9572:Flanagan 1998 9568: 9562:, p. 71. 9561: 9560:Flanagan 1998 9556: 9554: 9545: 9538: 9530: 9526: 9525: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9502: 9498: 9492: 9484: 9480: 9479: 9472: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9455: 9447: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9412: 9404: 9400: 9399: 9392: 9390: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9366: 9359: 9354: 9352:9783948618032 9348: 9343: 9342: 9332: 9330: 9321: 9317: 9311: 9303: 9299: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9280: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9257: 9252: 9245: 9243: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9216: 9214:9783774930483 9210: 9206: 9202: 9195: 9189: 9184: 9176: 9174:9783933474278 9170: 9166: 9162: 9155: 9153: 9146: 9141: 9133: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9093: 9088: 9081: 9073: 9071:9780192116499 9067: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9048: 9041: 9036: 9030: 9022: 9021: 9013: 9005: 9003:9783896468710 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8980: 8971: 8962: 8953: 8944: 8935: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8900: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8869: 8860: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8835: 8827: 8819: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8778: 8770: 8769: 8761: 8753: 8749: 8742: 8734: 8730: 8724: 8717: 8712: 8710:9781784913076 8706: 8702: 8701: 8693: 8685: 8681: 8676: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8648: 8646:9788494153709 8642: 8638: 8633: 8625: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8599: 8592: 8584: 8582:9788886602433 8578: 8574: 8567: 8565: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8543: 8536: 8531: 8524: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8492: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8471: 8464: 8460: 8454: 8450: 8449: 8441: 8433: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8390: 8383: 8378: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8329: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8277: 8269: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8228: 8223: 8216: 8208: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8175: 8168: 8163: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8111: 8106: 8099: 8097: 8088: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8055: 8047: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8004: 7996: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7942: 7935: 7927: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7878: 7871: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7807: 7798: 7797: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7729: 7722: 7717: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7668: 7660: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7612: 7607: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7542: 7533: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7494: 7493:Olalde (2019) 7489: 7482: 7477: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7438: 7433: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7410: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7388: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7334: 7326: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7275: 7267: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7206: 7204: 7195: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7162: 7150: 7149: 7141: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7118:(2): 95–126. 7117: 7113: 7106: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7080: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7062: 7057: 7049: 7047:9781841100463 7043: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7010:9780714123493 7006: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6982: 6975: 6969: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6920: 6912: 6906: 6898: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6857: 6855:9780860544265 6851: 6847: 6840: 6832: 6830:9780306462559 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6813:Ember, Melvin 6807: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6770: 6768: 6760: 6754: 6752:9788385215257 6748: 6744: 6737: 6729: 6727:9789088909382 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6694: 6686: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6623: 6615: 6613:9780904531527 6609: 6605: 6598: 6590: 6588:9780860549284 6584: 6580: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6558: 6552: 6544: 6542:9789088900846 6538: 6534: 6527: 6519: 6517:9788886602433 6513: 6509: 6502: 6494: 6492:9780953562039 6488: 6484: 6477: 6469: 6467:9781842173480 6463: 6459: 6452: 6444: 6442:9789022836194 6438: 6434: 6427: 6425: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6405:(in French). 6404: 6397: 6390: 6383: 6377: 6373: 6372: 6365: 6356: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6324: 6317: 6312: 6311: 6304: 6296: 6290: 6286: 6285: 6277: 6275: 6267: 6262: 6254: 6252:9781841719061 6248: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6225: 6218: 6213: 6211: 6204:, p. 44. 6203: 6198: 6191: 6186: 6179: 6174: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6143: 6135: 6133:9781784913076 6129: 6125: 6124: 6116: 6110:, p. 82. 6109: 6104: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6023: 6017: 6012: 6005: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5912: 5911:Cunliffe 2010 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5885: 5880: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5859: 5845: 5844: 5837: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5815: 5814:Yamna culture 5811: 5806: 5802: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5754: 5752: 5746: 5744: 5733: 5729: 5714: 5712: 5695: 5690: 5683: 5678: 5671: 5666: 5659: 5654: 5647: 5642: 5632: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5602: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5539: 5524: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5499: 5489: 5485: 5483: 5482:Dagger Period 5479: 5478:flint objects 5463: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5422: 5410: 5404:2350-1950 BC. 5399: 5394: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5245: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5043: 5038: 5021: 5016: 5009: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4981: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4963:Gold lunula, 4959: 4954: 4951:Metal daggers 4947: 4942: 4931: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4850: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4839:mummification 4835: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4787: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4726: 4722: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4683: 4678: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4638: 4625: 4620: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4580: 4575: 4565:Gold lunula, 4561: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4472: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4439: 4436: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4403:autochthons. 4401: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4344: 4340: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4309:Sillees River 4306: 4301: 4298: 4292: 4290: 4289:passage tombs 4286: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4266:passage tombs 4263: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4213: 4210:Stone stele, 4206: 4201: 4194: 4189: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4146: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4115: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4055:planoccipital 4050: 4048: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3933: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3849:Gordon Childe 3841: 3837: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3802: 3797: 3787: 3783: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3734: 3721: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3694: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3650: 3643: 3638: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3431:Giant Beakers 3428: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3396:Low Countries 3392: 3388: 3381: 3376: 3367: 3365: 3364:Ancient Egypt 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3293: 3292:Dagger Period 3288: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3269: 3263: 3259: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3224: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3199: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3092:James Mallory 3089: 3087: 3083: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2984: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2939: 2929: 2926:Bell Beaker, 2922: 2917: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2855: 2854:acculturation 2844: 2837: 2829:from Britain. 2828: 2827:horse bridles 2821: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2763:Colin Burgess 2749: 2746:) and Tököl ( 2745: 2740: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2705:Gordon Childe 2702: 2700: 2686: 2681: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2635:Glockenbecher 2632: 2622: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2607: 2606:single burial 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2581: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2548: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2483:and into the 2482: 2481:Golfe du Lion 2478: 2475:and southern 2474: 2470: 2469:Tagus estuary 2462: 2459:Model of the 2457: 2448: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2410: 2396: 2393: 2388: 2387:ceramic wares 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2344:Paul Reinecke 2340: 2339:Glockenbecher 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307:Great Britain 2304: 2300: 2296: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2223: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2157:J. P. Mallory 2155: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1956: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1794:Reconstructed 1792: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1622: 1621:Insular Celts 1618: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1564: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1537:Indo-Iranians 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1280: 1279:Pontic Steppe 1273: 1270: 1269: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1242: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1217: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1191: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1112:Kurgan stelae 1110: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1096: 1095:Pontic Steppe 1089: 1086: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 989: 983: 982: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 901: 895: 894: 886: 885:Proto-Iranian 882: 879: 876: 872: 868: 865: 863: 860: 857: 853: 849: 846: 843: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 820: 817: 814: 813: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 775: 772: 769: 768: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 728:Daco-Thracian 726: 724: 721: 720: 717: 714: 713: 707: 703: 699: 695: 692: 691: 689: 686: 685: 682: 681:Reconstructed 679: 678: 671: 667: 664: 660: 657: 653: 650: 646: 643: 639: 636: 632: 629: 625: 622: 618: 617: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 602: 599: 596: 595: 589: 585: 584: 583: 580: 575: 571: 568: 564: 561: 557: 556: 555: 552: 547: 543: 542: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 523: 519: 516: 512: 511: 510: 507: 505: 502: 497: 493: 492: 491: 488: 487: 484: 481: 480: 476: 473: 472: 468: 463: 462: 458: 454: 453: 450: 447: 446: 442: 438: 437: 427: 422: 420: 415: 413: 408: 407: 405: 404: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 368: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 288: 287:Vatya culture 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 237: 236: 233: 230: 229: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 173:Rhône culture 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 151: 147: 144: 140: 136: 135:Baden culture 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 105: 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: 56: 52: 48: 41: 36: 30: 19: 12644:Grooved ware 12606:Stone circle 12591:Round barrow 12536:Great dolmen 12504:architecture 12329:Funnelbeaker 12203:Chalcolithic 12131: 12116: 12094: 12085: 12058: 12045: 12025: 12000: 11996: 11973: 11954: 11926: 11899: 11880: 11857:. Retrieved 11849: 11836: 11827: 11818: 11809: 11800: 11791: 11782: 11773: 11764: 11755: 11746: 11737: 11733: 11723: 11714: 11704: 11695: 11686: 11678: 11674: 11664: 11655: 11646: 11637: 11628: 11619: 11610: 11601: 11592: 11583: 11574: 11569: 11562: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11524: 11520: 11510: 11482: 11475: 11451: 11432: 11422: 11402: 11395: 11379: 11362: 11358: 11348: 11329: 11323: 11314: 11305: 11293:. Retrieved 11285: 11279: 11271: 11253: 11244: 11235: 11230:– via 11222: 11213: 11204: 11195: 11186: 11177: 11168: 11159: 11150: 11141: 11132: 11124:the original 11108: 11101: 11076: 11072: 11062: 11040:(1): 43–50. 11037: 11033: 11023: 11011:. 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The name 2291: 2450 2056:Continental 2049:Anglo-Saxon 1752:Middle Ages 1702:Middle Ages 1557:Indo-Aryans 1550:Indo-Aryans 1357:Bell Beaker 1352:Corded ware 1248:Corded ware 1137:Sredny Stog 1082:Archaeology 862:Proto-Greek 842:Proto-Norse 245: 3200 217:Elp culture 149:Followed by 103:Preceded by 89:Major sites 12690:Old Europe 12654:Metallurgy 12636:Technology 12502:Monumental 12299:Cortaillod 11822:Lohof 1994 11388:8838914400 11295:7 February 11210:"ornament" 10827:10036/4426 9531:: 121–140. 8556:842491015X 8406:(3): 135. 8020:: e77625. 7231:1502.02783 7019:1297081545 6316:April 2005 5854:References 5565:Gelderland 5496:See also: 5382:See also: 5261:, Sardinia 5230:, Sardinia 5214:, Sardinia 5129:since the 5107:See also: 5073:cultures. 5059:Lake Garda 5035:See also: 4898:Dover Boat 4867:trilithons 4794:Stonehenge 4725:Stonehenge 4547:Stonehenge 4511:solar boat 4332:south-west 4131:, Germany. 4098:Stonehenge 4075:Schönebeck 4021:Bronze Age 4019:and early 3945:millstones 3916:, Poland, 3910:Ionian Sea 3822:Copper Age 3794:See also: 3761:Formentera 3679:, Portugal 3605:Stonehenge 3570:Villarreal 3493:Bronze Age 3435:Bronze Age 3358:and mtDNA 3244:Stonehenge 3162:See also: 2890:lineages. 2582:(Poland). 2574: – c. 2530: BC. 2463:, Portugal 2164:Institutes 2084:Lithuanian 1838:Indo-Aryan 1824:Historical 1758:Indo-Aryan 1715:Tocharians 1629:Cimmerians 1507:Bronze Age 1398:South Asia 1272:Bronze Age 1210:Afanasievo 1014:Mainstream 778:Vocabulary 698:Sound laws 560:Indo-Aryan 232:Bronze Age 12611:Stone row 12284:Cernavodă 12017:161404297 11859:12 August 11178:NMS.ac.uk 11093:130511731 11054:162318244 10984:164201703 10928:247336130 10905:Antiquity 10861:: 51–81. 10805:Antiquity 10743:161304254 10720:Antiquity 10668:161443252 10647:Antiquity 10626:pyramids. 10567:239626106 10544:Antiquity 10442:162722576 10421:Antiquity 10378:193226917 10306:239596297 10013:160489266 9992:Antiquity 9973:249560008 9690:: 61–69. 9438:248017237 9279:165852387 9256:Antiquity 8891:1131-6993 8879:Complutum 8851:2183-0924 8652:4 October 8518:232315321 8299:: 20–28. 7865:234471370 7641:2041-1723 6897:0082-5638 6798:161292616 6777:Antiquity 6178:Case 2007 5981:1476-4687 5577:equinoxes 5573:solstices 5450:Djursland 5131:Stone Age 5071:Rinaldone 5067:Remedello 5055:Po Valley 4871:twin gods 4817:Woodhenge 4499:Coggalbeg 4386:Newgrange 4285:Newgrange 4270:Newgrange 4090:equinoxes 4086:solstices 3991:/Eastern 3979:–Western 3853:Neolithic 3773:Catalonia 3738:Sun cross 3410:into the 3352:Lanzarote 3334:from the 3307:Etruscans 2798:or early 2796:Neolithic 2653:Migration 2598:Sintashta 2485:Po Valley 2441:Neolithic 2364:Neolithic 2354:in 1904. 2099:Practices 1918:Yarsanism 1728:Albanians 1708:East Asia 1695:Scythians 1687:Phrygians 1680:Paeonians 1673:Illyrians 1659:Thracians 1576:East Asia 1527:Armenians 1454:Hallstatt 1436:Chernoles 1377:Terramare 1367:Trzciniec 1334:Sintashta 1329:Andronovo 1230:Cernavodă 1203:East Asia 1158:Khvalynsk 898:Philology 808:Particles 694:Phonology 635:Liburnian 610:Tocharian 605:Anatolian 574:Nuristani 467:Languages 263:Mycenaean 247:– 600 BC) 12719:Category 12673:Concepts 12556:Megalith 12488:Wartberg 12445:Starčevo 12389:Petrești 12369:Karanovo 12354:Hamangia 12344:Gornești 12304:Coțofeni 12294:Chasséen 12256:Cultures 12222:Horizons 12132:BBC News 12057:(1965). 11953:(eds.). 11924:(eds.). 11799:(1980). 11740:: 37–72. 11656:phys.org 11261:Archived 11156:"Lunula" 11079:: 1–24. 11013:18 March 11007:BBC News 10836:53412188 10274:Zephyrus 10253:26 April 10126:26 April 9911:: 25–47. 9747:17 March 9696:20568187 9132:23612305 9100:: 1764. 8818:29962659 8550:, 1986. 8432:29494531 8377:33046824 8297:Elsevier 8268:30893316 8227:PLoS One 8207:33295602 8162:37582830 8153:10427657 8087:33295602 8046:35635751 7995:31699931 7926:34559560 7857:33974848 7779:38200294 7770:10781617 7716:34433570 7659:32313080 7590:34788096 7511:Genetics 7476:30872528 7374:26062507 7325:26595274 7266:25731166 7194:22552938 7132:19264304 6819:(eds.). 6685:34671162 6072:34433570 5999:29466337 5821:(1991). 5757:See also 5446:Limfjord 5416:1900 BC. 5398:Grevinge 5326:Syracuse 5210:Beaker, 5164:island ( 5127:Provence 5103:Sardinia 4930:Cornwall 4912:Beaker, 4809:Pömmelte 4786:Brittany 4767:Cornwall 4539:Cornwall 4443:Brittany 4363:typology 4071:Pömmelte 4031:Pömmelte 3908:and the 3906:Adriatic 3750:Mallorca 3722:, Spain. 3623:, Spain. 3574:Alentejo 3565:penteada 3416:Sardinia 3380:Scotland 3332:Guanches 3214:R1b-M269 3152:Genetics 2600:cultures 2509:Gâtinais 2501:Brittany 2497:Armorica 2315:Sardinia 2267:, is an 2145:Scholars 2043:Germanic 2014:Scottish 1979:Thracian 1973:Illyrian 1967:Albanian 1955:European 1948:Armenian 1932:Ossetian 1926:Scythian 1911:Yazidism 1861:Buddhism 1852:Hinduism 1743:Norsemen 1653:Anatolia 1570:Iranians 1563:Iranians 1544:Iron Age 1519:Hittites 1472:Colchian 1465:Caucasus 1423:Iron Age 1392:Lusatian 1387:Urnfield 1311:Srubnaya 1306:Poltavka 1296:Catacomb 1235:Cucuteni 1190:Caucasus 1007:Religion 992:Homeland 934:Behistun 914:Linear B 803:Numerals 798:Pronouns 723:Balkanic 670:Thracian 663:Phrygian 656:Paeonian 642:Messapic 628:Illyrian 540:Hellenic 535:Germanic 504:Armenian 496:Albanian 490:Albanoid 441:a series 439:Part of 255:Cycladic 240:Europe ( 97:Portugal 12483:Vučedol 12414:Rzucewo 12374:Lengyel 12324:Dudești 11872:Sources 10770:Bibcode 10599:proven. 10489:. 1992. 10217:Bibcode 9503:. 2019. 9483:Terra X 9459:Bibcode 9405:. 2022. 9235:. 2020. 9123:3978205 9102:Bibcode 8809:5984651 8735:. 2016. 8523:Europe. 8423:5867856 8368:7550590 8347:Bibcode 8318:13 July 8301:Bibcode 8259:6426200 8236:Bibcode 8120:Bibcode 8037:9293011 7986:7093155 7955:Bibcode 7946:Science 7917:8462907 7896:Bibcode 7825:Bibcode 7749:Bibcode 7707:8386934 7686:Bibcode 7650:7171184 7621:Bibcode 7581:8597998 7560:Bibcode 7532:3522152 7467:6436108 7446:Bibcode 7437:Science 7409:people. 7382:4399103 7354:Bibcode 7316:4918750 7295:Bibcode 7257:5048219 7236:Bibcode 6676:8550961 6655:Bibcode 6342:Bibcode 6063:8386934 6042:Bibcode 5990:5973796 5961:Bibcode 5359:Nagyrev 5321:Palermo 5293:, Italy 5168:of the 5123:Liguria 5119:Tuscany 5115:Corsica 5086:Viterbo 5078:Brescia 5063:Tuscany 4884:on the 4882:Ferriby 4743:Yamnaya 4693:Britain 4471:halberd 4409:tumulus 4219:Ireland 4172:Hungary 3998:Moravia 3981:Hungary 3977:Austria 3949:spindle 3926:Albania 3922:Croatia 3918:Romania 3914:Belarus 3897:Serbian 3895:at the 3874:Moravia 3861:Bohemia 3765:Menorca 3519:, Spain 3479:, Spain 3021:Ireland 2869:Bavaria 2748:Hungary 2744:Germany 2685:Ireland 2666:Ferriby 2594:Yamnaya 2580:Vistula 2493:jadeite 2404:Origins 2383:archery 2311:Ireland 2284:Britain 2077:Latvian 2035:Cornish 1905:Kurdish 1891:Persian 1883:Iranian 1875:Sikhism 1868:Jainism 1831:Hittite 1770:Iranian 1666:Dacians 1459:Jastorf 1382:Tumulus 1362:Únětice 1291:Yamnaya 1286:Chariot 1224:Usatovo 1165:Yamnaya 1002:Society 986:Origins 919:Rigveda 771:Grammar 598:Extinct 588:Romance 567:Iranian 12586:Rondel 12566:Menhir 12531:Dolmen 12526:Cursus 12424:Sesklo 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