Catalan independence movement

2336: 2641:' became popular on social media and received widespread media attention. Tabarnia is a fictional region covering urban coastal Catalonia demanding independence from the wider region, should it proceed with independence. Arguments in favor of Tabarnia satirically mirror those in favor of Catalan independence from Spain. Numerous pro-independence groups and individuals were critical of the concept and responded that the parody unfairly trivializes Catalonia's independence movement, which is based in part on Catalonia's distinct culture and identity. This proposal, from a platform created in 2011, was shown to map the electoral results of the Catalan regional election of 21 December 2017, which provoked renewed interest. The word 'Tabarnia' went viral on 26 December 2017, reaching worldwide top-trending status with over 648,000 mentions. The first major demonstration in favour of Tabarnia's autonomy from Catalonia took place in Barcelona on 4 February 2017, with 15,000 participants according to the 1091:' anti-independence Ciudadanos party was the most voted party with 25.4% of votes, the first time in Catalan history that a non-nationalist party won most votes and seats in an election. Parties which endorsed the suspension of autonomy by central government represented 43.5% of votes cast and parties which did not include independence in their electoral program amounted to 52.5% of the vote, notably Catcomu-Podem (7.5% of votes and 8 seats), which is opposed to independence but supports a legal referendum and denounced the suspension of autonomy. The excellent performance of the centre-right parties on both sides of the independence debate, Ciudadanos and Juntxcat, and the underperformance of all other parties (notably, left wing parties and the Partido Popular) were the most significant factor in this election result. 860: 2601: 911:, took place on 11 September 2014, when protesters wearing the Catalan colours of yellow and red filled two of Barcelona's avenues to form a giant "V", to call for a vote. Following the Constitutional Court's ruling, the Catalan government changed the vote to a "process of citizen participation" and announced that it would be supervised by volunteers. The Spanish government again appealed to the Constitutional Court, which suspended the process pending the appeal, but the vote went ahead. The result was an 81% vote for yes-yes, but the turnout was only 42%, which could be seen as a majority opposed to both independence and the referendum. Criminal charges were subsequently brought against Mas and others for defying the court order. 1001: 1037:", to provide a legal framework pending the adoption of a new constitution, after similar protests and another walkout by opposition parties. The same day, 7 September, the Spanish Constitutional Court suspended the 6 September law while it considered an appeal from Mariano Rajoy, seeking a declaration that it was in breach of the Spanish constitution, meaning that the referendum could not legally go ahead on 1 October. The law was finally declared void on 17 October and is also illegal according to the Catalan Statutes of Autonomy which require a two-thirds majority in the Catalan parliament for any change to Catalonia's status. 3378: 915: 467: 1225: 2317: 1267:) did not endorse the event as well as representatives of the latter contested its very nature as "strike". Five peaceful marches converged on Barcelona's city center, essentially bringing the city to a halt. Protesters further blocked the road on the French-Spanish border. At least 20 other major roads were also blocked. Clashes nevertheless took place, with masked protesters confronting riot police by throwing stones and setting alight rubbish bins. 25,000 university students joined in the protest movement by declaring a peaceful 1110: 755: 262: 797:. The case lasted four years. In its judgement, issued on 18 June 2010, the court ruled that fourteen articles in the statute were unconstitutional, and that 27 others were to be interpreted restrictively. The affected articles included those that gave preference to the Catalan language, freed Catalonia from responsibility for the finances of other autonomous communities, and recognised Catalonia as a nation. The full text of the judgement was released on 9 July 2010, and the following day a 3390:, despite Kosovo having a strong humanitarian claim to independence. Most of Catalonia's foreign exports go to the European Union; Catalonia would need Spain's permission if it wishes to eventually re-enter the EU following secession. Catalonia already runs its own police, schools, healthcare, transport, agriculture, environment policy, and municipal governments. Other institutions, such as a central bank and a revenue collection service would have to be rebuilt, possibly losing existing 692: 1057:, declared the independence of Catalonia but left it suspended. Puigdemont said during his appearance in the Catalan parliament that he assumes, in presenting the results of the referendum, "the people's mandate for Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic", but proposed that in the following weeks the parliament "suspends the effect of the declaration of independence to engage in a dialogue to reach an agreed solution" with the Spanish Government. 532: 3555: 3567: 3484:(Committees for the Defense of the Republic; CDR) were created and organised to hinder police action through passive resistance. In September 2019, seven members of the CDR, alleged to be a branch called "Equipos de Respuesta Técnica" (Tactical Response Teams), were arrested for terrorist offenses; they were said to have been found with explosive material and maps of official buildings. Three of them were released on bail in October 2019. 9047: 9061: 1361:. In 2024, the Congress of Deputies voted in favour of amnesty for all those involved in the 2017 campaign, including Carles Puigdemont; despite the law being vetoed by the Senate, it was expected to be enacted by the end of May 2024. On May 30, the Spanish Parliament voted 177 to 172 to pass a bill granting amnesty to hundreds of Catalan secessionists involved in the Catalan declaration of independence from 2011 to 2017. 3579: 3591: 3603: 31: 1061:

autonomy, stating "This action constitutes retrogression in human rights protection, incompatible with Articles 1, 19, 25 and 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Pursuant to Articles 10(2) and 96 of the Spanish Constitution, international treaties constitute the law of the land and, therefore, Spanish law must be interpreted in conformity with international treaties."

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inclusive nor progressive", and criticised nationalists for excluding the Spanish speaking population of Catalonia, and resorting to what they argue are appeals to ethnicity. These criticisms of ethnic-based appeals and exclusion of Spanish speakers have been echoed by other politicians and public figures opposed to independence, such as former Spanish Prime Minister

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actions, discreet or aggressive, are continued, and reach the last detail, such as, in 1799, the Royal Certificate prohibiting "represent, sing and dance pieces that were not in Spanish." These nationalist policies, sometimes very aggressive, and still in forces, have been and still are the seed of repeated territorial conflicts within the State.

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vote and close polling locations, but parents scheduled events at schools (where polling places are located) over the weekend and vowed to occupy them to keep them open during the vote. Some election organizers were arrested, including Catalan cabinet officials, while demonstrations by local institutions and street protests grew larger.

742:, which was supported by the CiU and was approved by the parliament by a large majority. The draft statute then had to be approved by the Spanish parliament, which could make changes; it did so, removing clauses on finance and the language, and an article stating that Catalonia was a nation. When the amended statute was 209:. In 2019, the new Spanish government agreed to hold a 'table of negotiations' with the government of Catalonia, though refusing beforehand to consider independence or self-determination. In 2020, the Spanish government began processing a request for the pardon of the arrested leaders, which was effective in June 2021. 1321:

foam and rubber bullets, tear gas and smoke grenades. The Mossos used for the first time the water cannon trunk acquired in 1994 from Israel in order to make way across the barricades. The clashes spread to cities outside Barcelona, with Spain's acting interior minister stating that 207 policemen had

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in Madrid to show support for ongoing reform of Catalan Statute of Autonomy, which sought to resolve territorial tensions, and among other things better protect the Catalan language. On the Catalan side, a flight was made with one hundred representatives of the cultural, civic, intellectual, artistic

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It begins with secret instructions to the corregidores of the Catalan territory: "will take the utmost care to introduce the Castilian language, for which purpose he will give the most temperate and disguised measures so that the effect is achieved, without the care being noticed", and from there the

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cite estimates that in 2014 Catalans may have paid about 10 billion euros (or about US$ 12 billion) more in taxes to the state than what it received in exchange. As of 2014, an independent Catalonia would be the 34th largest economy in the world. Should Catalonia secede from Spain, some residents of

2634:, in a demonstration called by Societat Civil Catalana. According to the Delegation of the Spanish government in Catalonia the turnout was of 1,000,000 people whereas according to the Barcelona police it was of 300,000 people. Societat Civil Catalana itself estimated the turnout at 1,000,000 people. 1274:

As a result of the strike, trains and metro lines saw a reduction to 33% of their usual capacity, while buses saw a reduction to 25–50% of their usual capacity. The roads to the French border remained blocked and all roads leading into Barcelona were also cut. 190 flights in and out of the city were

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was adopted in 1978, which asserted the "indivisible unity of the Spanish Nation", but acknowledged "the right to autonomy of the nationalities and regions which form it". Independence parties objected to it on the basis that it was incompatible with Catalan self-determination, and formed the Comité

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said that the state would "use any available judicial and political mechanism contained in the constitution and in the laws to defend the sovereignty of the Spanish people and of the general interest of Spain", a hint that he would not stop at military intervention. Following prolonged negotiations

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The national government seized ballot papers and cell phones, threatened to fine people who staffed the polling stations up to €300,000, shut down web sites, and demanded that Google remove a voting location finder from the Android app store. Police were sent from the rest of Spain to suppress the

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should be reformed in order to better accommodate Catalonia. A slight majority of voters of left-wing platform Catalonia In Common-We Can (Catalunya En Comú-Podem) (8.94%) reject independence although the party favours a referendum in which it would campaign for Catalonia remaining part of Spain.

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The referendum took place on 1 October 2017, despite being suspended by the Constitutional Court, and despite the action of Spanish police to prevent voting in some centres. Images of violence from Spanish riot police beating Catalan voters shocked people and human rights organizations across the

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On 25 October 2017, after the Spanish government had threatened to suspend the Catalan autonomy through article 155 of the Spanish constitution, the UN Independent expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order, Alfred de Zayas, deplored the decision to suspend Catalan

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would be held in the second half of September 2017, with or without the consent of the Spanish institutions. Puigdemont announced in June 2017 that the referendum would take place on 1 October, and that the question would be, "Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a

882:, which was adopted by the parliament at its first sitting in January 2013. The declaration stated that "the Catalan people have, for reasons of democratic legitimacy, the nature of a sovereign political and legal subject", and that the people had the right to decide their own political future. 196:

lacks legal jurisdiction to organize referendums. The referendum was nonetheless held in 2017 amidst great political and social controversy including police violence aimed at stopping it both before and during the voting. Amidst large protests from both the pro- and anti-independence camps, the

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This group of states comprised the kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia, and Majorca, the principality of Catalonia, and the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne; further afield it embraced the kingdoms of Sicily and Sardinia. These states had no common institutions or bonds save allegiance to a common

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Members of the Catalan independence movement have strongly denied their movement is xenophobic or supremacist and define it as "an inclusive independence movement in which neither the origin nor the language are important". In addition, independence supporters usually allege most far-right and

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Aurora Nacarino-Brabo and Jorge San Miguel Lobeto, two political scientists affiliated with the anti-independence Ciutadans Spanish nationalist party, disputed the claim that Catalonia has been oppressed or excluded from Spanish politics. They argued that the independence movement is "neither

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condemned the violent incidents and called for peaceful protests against the ruling. The protests grew larger, as more and more Catalans took to the streets. Some demonstrators attempted to storm buildings belonging to the Spanish Government and clashed with police forces. The Spanish Police

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On 18 October, Barcelona became paralyzed, as tens of thousands of peaceful protesters answered the Catalan President's call and rallied in support of the jailed independence leaders. The demonstration grew quickly, with the Barcelona police counting at least 525,000 protesters in the city.

606:(National Front of Catalonia; FNC) in Paris in 1940. The FNC declared its aim to be "an energetic protest against Franco and an affirmation of Catalan nationalism". Its impact, however, was on Catalan exiles in France rather than in Catalonia itself. The FNC in turn gave rise to the 2922:

Questions about a referendum are listed below if asked, however the ICPS also asked 'Do you want Catalunya to be an independent state or do you prefer to stay part of Spain?', where 'stay part of Spain' regularly performs ~10 points better than 'No' on the referendum question.

1368:, the pro-independence parties lost their majority in the parliament for the first time in 10 years. Junts slightly increased their number of seats, but the ERC and CUP lost heavily, meaning the pro-independence were far short of the 68 seats needed to form a government. 1353:, pro-independence parties won over 50% of the popular vote for the first time, and increased their representation in the parliament from 70 to 74 seats. In June 2021, the nine activists who had been jailed in 2019 were released, having been pardoned by King 1032:

in a session on 6 September 2017. Opposition parties protested against the bill, calling it "a blow to democracy and a violation of the rights of the opposition", and staged a walkout before the vote was taken. On 7 September, the Catalan parliament passed a

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Under Spanish law, lawfully exiting Spain would require the Spanish parliament to amend the constitution. It may be difficult for an independent Catalonia to gain international recognition; for example, many countries (including Spain) fail to recognize

1337:, refused to hold talks with the Catalan government, as it deemed the former had not condemned the violence strongly enough. He further categorically rejected the idea of discussing Catalan Independence, stating that it was impossible under Spanish law. 2620:; the organisers claimed that over a million people attended, while the Barcelona police force estimated the number at about 300,000. To date this event is the largest pro-Constitution and anti-independence demonstration in the history of Catalonia. 1049:, condemned violence and called for dialogue. According to the Catalan authorities, 90% of voters supported independence, but turnout was only 43%, and there were reports of irregularities. On 10 October 2017, in the aftermath of the referendum, the 2906:

This is a list of recent opinion polling on the subject. Most polls are conducted by the Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió, a research institute under the purview of the Catalan government, or the Institut de Ciencès Politiques i Socials, a part of the

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on 13 September 2009. About 40% of eligible voters participated, of whom 96% voted for independence. In all, 552 towns held independence referendums between 2009 and 2011. These, together with demonstrations organised by Òmnium Cultural and the

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and a desire for self-government, through a Spanish federal republic or even the independence. Between the 1850s and the 1910s, some individuals, organisations and political parties started demanding full independence of Catalonia from Spain.

7340: 3473:, who was appointed president of the regional parliament of Catalonia in 2018, was also involved in controversy regarding past tweets suggesting "Spaniards know only how to plunder" and describing them as having "a rough patch in their DNA". 1086:

Under direct rule from Spain, elections were held in Catalonia on 21 December 2017. The three pro-independence parties retained their control of parliament with a reduced majority of 70 seats and a combined 47.5% of valid votes cast.

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Català Contra la Constitució Espanyola (Catalan Committee Against the Constitution) to oppose it. The constitution was approved in a referendum by 88% of voters in Spain overall, and just over 90% in Catalonia. It was followed by the

5704: 1326:, the Catalan Interior Minister, responsible for public order, and a pro-independence politician, called the violence "unprecedented" and distanced himself from the violent events, instead calling for peaceful protests to continue. 889:, which ruled in March 2014 that the declaration of sovereignty was unconstitutional. The court did not, however, reject the "right to decide", arguing that that right didn't necessarily imply sovereignty or self-determination. 3356:

Question: 'If tomorrow a referendum were held to decide the independence of Catalunya, what would you do?' Responses: 'I would vote in favour', 'I would vote against', 'I wouldn't vote', 'Blank or empty vote' or 'Don't know/No

2575:. The Socialists' Party of Catalonia (13.9% of the vote) opposes independence as well. While some of its members supported the idea of a self-determination referendum up until 2012, the official position as of 2015 is that the 1304:

By the end of the day, just like the previous days, riots developed in the centre of Barcelona. Masked individuals blocked the boulevard close to the city's police headquarters in Via Laetana. Withdrawn to the vicinity of the

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on 18 June 2006, the ERC, in protest, called for a "no" vote. The statute was approved, but turnout was only 48.9%. At the subsequent election, the left-wing coalition was returned to power, this time under the leadership of

683:, among other things campaigning for labelling in Catalan only, and targeting big companies. In 1983, the Crida's leader, Àngel Colom, left to join the ERC, "giving an impulse to the independentist refounding" of that party. 1155:. The trial proceedings officially ended on 12 June 2019. A unanimous verdict by the seven judges that tried the case was made public on 14 October 2019. Nine of the 12 accused received prison sentences for the crimes of 1214:

had evolved into open street battles between protesters and police, as both violent demonstrators attacked and provoked police forces, and police officers charged peaceful protesters for their proximity to violent ones.

634:, which was approved in a referendum, with 88% of voters supporting it. This led to the marginalisation or disappearance of pro-independence political groups, and for a time the gap was filled by militant groups such as 7168: 6072:"El president catalán Carles Puigdemont declara la independencia en el Parlament, pero la deja en suspenso (The Catalan President Carles Puigdemont declares the independence in the Parliament, but leaves it suspended)" 8425: 7322: 3722:

The region is only unique in its later statehood and conjunction with the kingdom of Aragon in the high Middle Ages, while other former Carolingian territories were eventually reabsorbed by the French crown.

3409:(population 10,000) have stated they might break away from Catalonia, although others state that the local identity has only been recognised by the Catalan government, something the Spanish state never did. 5155: 9013: 571:(Republican Left of Catalonia; ERC), with Macià as its first leader. The following month, the ERC achieved a spectacular victory in the municipal elections that preceded the 14 April proclamation of the 4257: 821:(ANC), represented a "bottom-up" process by which society influenced the political movement for independence. At an institutional level, several municipalities of Catalonia came together to create the 7336: 567:

in 1926. In March 1931, following the overthrow of Primo de Rivera, Estat Català joined with the Partit Republicà Català (Catalan Republican Party) and the political group L'Opinió (Opinion) to form

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for 25 November 2012, and the parliament resolved that a referendum on independence would be held in the life of the next legislature. Although the CiU lost seats to the ERC, Mas remained in power.

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capitulated to a Bourbon army on 11 September 1714. 11 September, the date of the fall of Barcelona, was commemorated by Catalan nationalists from 1886, and in the 20th century it was chosen as the

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on 9 November 2014, and that it would ask two questions: "Do you want Catalonia to become a State?" and (if yes) "Do you want this State to be independent?". A further mass demonstration, the

9116: 439:, with a centralised Spanish government. Like other contemporary European states, political union is the first step in the creation of the Spanish nation-state, in this case not on a uniform 5712: 2395:

to obtain amnesty for Catalan politicians persecuted by the Spanish justice system. Among the signatories are four Nobel Peace Prize winners and several world-renowned personalities such as

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Shortly thereafter, the Catalan President attempted to rally the crowd by stating that he will push for a new independence referendum as large scale protests continued for the fourth day.

5734: 6927: 5547: 8110: 7717: 1210:, called for an immediate halt to violence and disassociated himself from violent protesters, while at the same time calling for more peaceful protests. Nevertheless, the situation in 443:

basis, but through the imposition of the political and cultural characteristics of the dominant ethnic group. in this case the Castilians, over those of other ethnic groups, become

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Opponents of Catalan independence have accused the movement of racism or elitism, and argue that the majority of the Catalan public does not support independence. In an op-ed for

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Clashes erupted into open violence, as protesters reacted violently at police efforts to end the demonstration, with some demonstrators setting cars on fire and throwing jars of

7160: 2559:, which are pro-referendum but have remained neutral on the issue. Together they represent a minority of votes and a minority of seats in the Catalan parliament. Others such as 6639: 3430:. Polls show that the wish for independence is positively correlated with having Catalonia-born parents and grandparents, families which also tend to fare better economically. 2463:, Catalan scientist, director of the Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program of the Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research and editor-in-chief of the peer-reviewed journal 1364:

Junts and the ERC split in October 2022, leaving Pere Aragonès leading a minority government. In March 2024 Aragonès called a snap election after his budget was voted down. In

8435: 7296: 5390: 9043: 673:. There was a surge of popular protest against it. The Crida and others organised a huge rally against LOAPA in Barcelona on 14 March 1982. In March 1983, it was held to be 2630:

On 29 October 2017, hundreds of thousands of people demonstrated on the streets of Barcelona in favor of the unity of Spain and celebrating the Spanish government forcing

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in 1713, and shortly thereafter, Habsburg troops were evacuated from Italy and from Spain. This left the Catalan government isolated, but it remained loyal to Charles and

5786: 7541: 938:, Junts pel Sí and the CUP between them won a majority of seats, but fell short of a majority of votes, with just under 48%. On 9 November 2015, the parliament passed a 7978: 7318: 9327: 1034: 951:

in January 2016. Puigdemont, on taking the oath of office, omitted the oath of loyalty to the king and the Spanish constitution, the first Catalan president to do so.

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From around 2010, support for Catalan independence broadened from being the preserve of traditional left or far-left Catalan nationalism. Relevant examples are the

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globe and resulted in hundreds of injured citizens according to Catalan government officials. Some foreign politicians, including the former Belgian Prime-Minister

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On 19 October, following a fifth consecutive night of violence, Catalan President Quim Torra called for talks between the Catalan independence movement and the

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by a vote of 70–10 in the absence of the constitutionalist deputies, who refused to participate in a vote considered illegal for violating the decisions of the

6763: 782:, did not attend any more. The subsequent failure of the statutory reform with respect to its objectives opened the door to the growth of Catalan sovereignty. 8125: 661:

on 24 June 1981. Beginning as a cultural organisation, the Crida soon began to demand independence. In 1982, at a time of political uncertainty in Spain, the

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Several reports claim that the protests and subsequent riots had been infiltrated by Neo-Nazis who used the marches as an opportunity to incite violence.

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signed an agreement by which the ERC would support the CiU on sovereignty issues while on other matters it might oppose it. The two leaders drafted the

669:(LOAPA) was introduced in the Spanish parliament, supposedly to "harmonise" the autonomy process, but in reality to curb the power of Catalonia and the 9279: 8373: 365:

count of Barcelona. After a decade of war, the Spanish Monarchy counter-attacked in 1652 and recovered Barcelona and the rest of Catalonia, except for

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abolished Catalan autonomy in 1938. Following Franco's death in 1975, Catalan political parties concentrated on autonomy rather than independence.

8069: 8034: 2803: 2741: 7115: 2617: 6409: 1755:(a total of 74 out of 135 seats). Including those who won no seats, pro-independence parties had an overall share of 51.3% of the popular vote. 9492: 9111: 6613: 6302: 6222: 5539: 5486: 5002: 3465:, including comparing members of those two parties with pigs to be exported, or for revealing the address of the school where Citizens' leader 1526: 822: 759: 8701: 5586:

The Catalan government has not set a threshold for minimum turnout, arguing the vote will be binding regardless of the level of participation.

3199: 9035: 7725: 5517: 5452: 5421: 3818: 3533: 809: 309:. Initially, the various polities of the Crown of Aragon, including the Principality of Catalonia, kept their own laws and customs, known as 165: 7851: 6542: 4292: 10112: 6018:"Violence can never be the answer! We condemn all forms of violence and reaffirm our call for political dialogue #CatalanReferendum #Spain" 607: 180:

in 2014, which yielded a large majority in favour of independence, but with a low turnout due to boycotting by anti-independence voters. A

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On 12 October 2017, 65,000 people, according to the Barcelona police, marched against independence in a smaller demonstration marking the

1487: 1028:—in the event that the referendum took place and there was a majority "yes" vote, without requiring a minimum turnout—was approved by the 9158: 8811: 8257: 7885: 7585: 7015: 1079:

was triggered by the Spanish government; the Catalan government was dismissed and direct rule was imposed from the central government in

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to be assimilated. In fact, since the political unification of 1714, Spanish assimilation policies towards Catalan-speaking territories (

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which brought local organisations together to further the national rights of Catalonia and promote its right to self-determination. The

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Other smaller pro-independence parties or coalitions, without present representation in any parliament, are PDeCAT (formerly called

657:, out of which a popular movement arose. The Crida organised a series of protests that culminated in a massive demonstration in the 9897: 9877: 9609: 9081: 7666: 3493: 2592:

also strongly opposes the idea of independence or a referendum, even going so far as to propose a ban on pro-independence parties.

1065: 631: 584: 157: 6928:"L'evolució del PSC: d'incloure el "dret a decidir" al programa electoral a aplaudir que es condemnin els "referèndums il·legals"" 1333:, adding that violence had never been the "flag" of the independence movement. The head of the Spanish Government, Prime Minister 9205: 9128: 8396: 7926: 6800: 5873: 3528: 3257: 2901: 1322:

been injured since the start of the protests, while also noting that 128 people had been arrested by the nation's police forces.

1100: 830: 2335: 934:(Together for "Yes"), which announced that it would declare independence if it won the election scheduled for September. In the 859: 10400: 10097: 10053: 9517: 8953:(A video based on an article in favour of Catalonia's independence by professor Xavier Sala-i-Martin from Columbia University.) 6508: 4375:

What began as a cultural renaissance in the 1840s, ended as a growing call for political autonomy and, eventually, independence

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came out against independence and fared badly in every subsequent election, eventually disbanding due to bankruptcy in 2017.

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Question 'In a referendum on Catalan independence, what way would you vote?' Responses: 'Yes', 'No', 'Don't know, No answer'

2600: 205:. The autonomous government leaders were arrested in the subsequent weeks with some fleeing abroad including then president 10063: 9911: 9641: 9178: 2627:. The turnout was thirteen times more than the prior year and the highest on record in Barcelona's history for this event. 2282: 1017: 579:

on 14 April, but after negotiations with the provisional government he was obliged to settle for autonomy, under a revived

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were not part of the 'Catalan people' and hence were 'enemies' to defeat. Former president of the Parliament of Catalonia

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within Spain in 1931, subsequently accepting autonomy within the Spanish state after negotiations with the leaders of the

10326: 9907: 9647: 9599: 9335: 8783: 8758: 8458: 8053: 6744: 2385: 1946: 1763: 1759: 1728: 987: 923: 715: 217: 5898: 4441: 4387: 9674: 9287: 7990: 6959: 6901: 5358: 5324: 5276: 5203: 5124: 5042: 4930: 4896: 4836: 4781: 4747: 4692: 4658: 4621: 4585: 4551: 4517: 4481: 4361: 4324: 4174: 3950: 3916: 3882: 3790: 3454: 2908: 2560: 2370: 1775: 1653: 653:("Call for Solidarity in Defence of the Catalan Language, Culture and Nation"), which called for a mass meeting at the 289:(such as the counties of Girona, Osona, Urgell or Rousillon), while the Crown was created by the dynastic union of the 8973: 7638: 4314: 9523: 9028: 8647: 5826: 4224: 4199: 4070: 4045: 3982: 3751: 3047: 2989: 2186: 2158: 2130: 2102: 2074: 1736: 1649: 727: 723: 568: 237: 145: 122: 5678: 9939: 9902: 9830: 9148: 8850: 8142: 8122: 6250: 1732: 955: 739: 358: 7041: 5968: 5933:"Referéndum del 1 de octubre en imágenes: entre la violencia y el desafío los catalanes se movilizaron para votar" 3433:

Statements by different key figures in the independence movement have sometimes contributed to this view. In 2013

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plant and most of Barcelona's tourist sites had been closed and occupied by pro-independence demonstrators waving

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republic?" The Spanish government said in response, "that referendum will not take place because it is illegal."

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xenophobic groups in Catalonia support Spanish nationalism, and usually participate in unionist demonstrations.

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In these years, different figures from Catalan culture and politics have spoken out against the process, like

2642: 1117:

In 2018 some of the independence leaders were sent to preventive detention without bail, accused of crimes of

380:, most of the territories of the Crown of Aragon, including the Principality of Catalonia, fiercely supported 10313: 10127: 10117: 9840: 9541: 9123: 8364: 5313:"The evolution of sub-state nationalist parties as state-wide parliamentary actors: CiU and the PNV in Spain" 4442:"Spanish Province Talks Secession: Catalonia, Aroused Against Madrid, Is Agitating for Complete Independence" 4258:"Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2019 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana" 4241:"Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2018 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana" 2585: 2002: 1918: 1890: 1862: 1834: 1720: 1641: 1606: 1172: 1069: 927: 886: 798: 696: 377: 357:. The following year, the Catalan government seceded, establishing the independence of the Principality as a 213: 197:

Catalan parliament approved a motion with the aim to proclaim an independent republic. At the same time, the

169: 161: 8530:"Arrimadas defends "civil patriotism" and differentiates it from Catalan, Basque and Le Penna "nationalism"" 7692:"65.000 manifestantes en el 12-O de Barcelona, según la Guardia Urbana, trece veces más que el año anterior" 1317:(debris from broken paving stones) and other solid objects at riot policemen. The riot units responded with 168:

between 2009 and 2011. The 2010 ruling of the court that parts of the statute were unconstitutional sparked

10274: 10181: 9529: 9021: 8877: 7492: 7381: 7067: 6721: 3284: 3170: 3112: 2535: 2521: 1716: 1452: 626: 540: 350: 221: 9399: 9354: 7691: 7611: 7514: 7148: 7146:

Joan Massagué o Xavier Estivill, entre los 13 científicos que firman un manifiesto de apoyo a Junts pel Sí

7145: 6640:"Batalla campal por las calles del centro de Barcelona en la quinta jornada de protestas independentistas" 6111: 6097: 3018: 2916: 2624: 10107: 9992: 9954: 9949: 9776: 9580: 9497: 9215: 9190: 7466: 5831: 5148:"El Ple Municipal aprova la proposta de crear una associació per promoure el Dret a Decidir de Catalunya" 5086: 3518: 3438: 818: 603: 9429: 9404: 8503: 10341: 9592: 9153: 8950: 8031: 3545: 3347:

Question: 'Do you want Catalunya to be an independent state?' Responses: Yes, No, Don't know, No answer

1350: 975: 794: 310: 8551: 7908: 7223:"El Tenor José Carreras ante una cámara: ' Visca Catalunya Lliure' | Intereconomía | 376462" 6071: 6017: 5847: 2384:

led by the jurists Alfons López Tena and Hèctor López Bofill, was founded in 2007. It affiliated with

1612: 1578: 770: 10336: 10269: 10191: 9964: 9862: 9806: 9736: 9419: 9238: 6098:"OHCHR | UN independent expert urges Spanish Government to reverse decision on Catalan autonomy" 5705:"Catalan Parliament Passes Bill to Secede from Spain at 1 a.m., after Second Marathon Day in Chamber" 4984: 3448: 3313: 3228: 2564: 2430: 2324: 1495: 833:

explicitly called on the Catalan government to begin the process of secession. Immediately after it,

788: 413: 270: 233: 151: 9086: 5478: 396:

contender, who would later abolish the Catalan constitutions and political institutions through the

10033: 8709: 5509: 5479:"The Catalan cauldron: The prospect of the break-up of Spain poses yet another challenge to Europe" 3377: 2551:

All of the Spanish national political parties in Catalonia reject the idea of independence, except

2454: 1740: 793:, which had opposed the statute in the Spanish parliament, challenged its constitutionality in the 719: 580: 564: 193: 9449: 7161:"Give Catalonia its freedom to vote – by Pep Guardiola, Josep Carreras and other leading Catalans" 6168:"PPC, PSC y Ciudadanos abandonarán el Parlament si se vota la resolución de Junts pel Sí y la CUP" 5444: 5413: 2416: 10346: 10259: 10201: 10102: 10043: 10038: 9887: 9867: 9558: 9091: 7571: 6985: 3442: 2766: 2613: 2361:(elected deputy for CiU in the European parliament in the 2009 election), the lawyer and current 1712: 1530: 1167:

and were sentenced to pay a fine but received no prison term. The court dismissed the charges of

1149: 1029: 1009: 900: 779: 654: 576: 572: 225: 144:

The contemporary independence movement began around 2009 after a series of events, including the

130: 126: 3503: 2882: 2354: 610:(Socialist Party of National Liberation; PSAN), which combined a pro-independence agenda with a 10254: 10171: 10028: 9987: 9972: 9944: 9834: 9658: 9546: 9364: 9248: 9243: 8851:"Detenidos siete radicales en Cataluña acusados de preparar atentados "terroristas" inminentes" 3743: 3736: 2303: 1565: 1133: 914: 560: 544: 98: 7011: 6660:"Los Mossos utilizan por primera vez la tanqueta de agua para abrir paso entre las barricadas" 5348: 5312: 5117:

Catalonia: A New Independent State in Europe?: A Debate on Secession Within the European Union

5030: 4889:

Catalonia: A New Independent State in Europe?: A Debate on Secession Within the European Union

4771: 4737: 4682: 4505: 4471: 3870: 1163:. Their sentences ranged from 9 to 13 years. The remaining three accused were found guilty of 930:(UDC) – over the independence process. Mas's CDC joined with the ERC and other groups to form 641:

In 1981, a manifesto issued by intellectuals in Catalonia claiming discrimination against the

10296: 10196: 10166: 10016: 9796: 9635: 9359: 8878:"Sabotajes, explosivos y el asalto al Parlament: los planes de los CDR que investiga el juez" 5193: 5112: 4963:"El suport explícit de la societat civil de Madrid a l'Estatut es limita a Santiago Carrillo" 4920: 4884: 4826: 4648: 4609: 4575: 4541: 4351: 3940: 3780: 2711: 2707: 2589: 2465: 1180: 1104: 389: 241: 6878: 5932: 3906: 2816: 2696: 2675: 922:

In June 2015 the CiU broke up as a result of disagreement between its constituent parties –

679:

by the Spanish Constitutional Court. During the 1980s, the Crida was involved in nonviolent

10370: 10249: 10244: 10219: 10211: 10176: 10058: 9934: 9882: 9850: 9768: 9684: 9163: 5317:

Contesting Spain? The Dynamics of Nationalist Movements in Catalonia and the Basque Country

3844: 3513: 2873:, Catalan publicist, author, music producer, talent show judge, TV presenter and songwriter 2576: 2444: 1779: 1194:, which had previously been accused of aiding the independence movement, replied by firing 1191: 1076: 397: 366: 362: 9653: 9076: 7293:"Nació Digital: Miquel Calçada: "La dignitat de Catalunya només té un nom: independència"" 2730: 1797:

Evolution of the independence vote in the Spanish general elections (Congress of Deputies)

981: 700: 466: 245: 8: 9892: 9844: 9791: 9253: 9096: 9051: 8314: 8200: 7489:"L'última batalla dels catalanistes del PSC – Crònica.cat – La informació imprescindible" 7337:"El actor Joel Joan, directo a la independencia de Cataluña: 'España ya no nos da miedo'" 5281: 4316:

Nationalism and the Nation in the Iberian Peninsula: Competing and Conflicting Identities

3400: 2320: 519: 452: 405: 338: 290: 282: 189: 75: 9575: 9101: 7090:"El Cercle d'Estudis Sobiranistes presenta el manifest fundacional per la independència" 4506:"Rapping on the Cast(i)le Gates: Nationalism and Culture-planning in Contemporary Spain" 3458: 1306: 1094: 812:

were held in municipalities throughout Catalonia. The first of these was in the town of

341:, for which they fought a civil war during the actual union of the crowns, known as the 10379: 10291: 10264: 9694: 9614: 8968: 7643: 4392: 3718:

Carolingian Catalonia: Politics, Culture, and Identity in an Imperial Province, 778–987

3391: 2822: 2649: 2572: 2453:, Catalan economist, director of the Centre for Research in International Economics at 1381: 1330: 1224: 1199: 892:

On 11 September 2013, an estimated 1.6 million demonstrators formed a human chain, the

515: 173: 71: 9587: 9502: 7275:"Teresa Forcades: "En Catalunya ya no es ridículo decir independencia, se ve posible"" 5003:"Fotos – Set anys de la manifestació del 10-J, punt de partida del procés sobiranista" 3423: 2795: 2316: 1171:. Some of the defendants of the trial have expressed their intention to appeal to the 802: 766: 483: 9816: 9811: 9439: 9389: 9311: 9233: 8885: 8820: 7979:

Quiénes son los grandes empresarios catalanes a favor y en contra de la independencia

7389: 7249:"Carreras, emocionado con la independencia: "Yo no la veré... mis nietos, quizás sí"" 6973: 6688: 6516: 6344: 6310: 5354: 5320: 5199: 5120: 5038: 4926: 4892: 4832: 4777: 4743: 4688: 4654: 4617: 4581: 4547: 4513: 4477: 4357: 4320: 4220: 4195: 4170: 4145: 4120: 4066: 4041: 4016: 3978: 3946: 3912: 3878: 3786: 3747: 3692: 2834: 1645: 1318: 1241: 1054: 1005: 948: 775: 588: 435:

through the Decrees of Nova planta was the first step in the creation of the Spanish

424: 401: 385: 342: 294: 206: 172:, and a snap election in 2012 led to the first pro-independence majority ever in the 134: 9374: 9369: 8732:"La reaparició de l'extrema dreta durant les manifestacions contra la independència" 5350:

Secessionism and the European Union: The Future of Flanders, Scotland, and Catalonia

4090: 3427: 2808: 2746: 2503: 1206:

On 17 October, the pro-independence President of the Catalan Autonomous government,

556: 536: 118: 10122: 9619: 9459: 9270: 9173: 9138: 6714:"Spanish government dismisses call for Catalan talks; police brace for more unrest" 6116: 5286: 4739:

The Basques, the Catalans and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation

4577:

The Basques, the Catalans and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation

4144:(in Catalan). Departament de Justícia de la Generalitat de Catalunya. p. 410. 3633: 2408: 1692: 1160: 1126: 908: 735: 642: 592: 511: 475: 456: 432: 393: 346: 326: 302: 286: 229: 138: 59: 51: 43: 9464: 6277:"UNPO: Catalonia: Spanish Supreme Court to Issue Final Verdict on Catalan Leaders" 4828:

Visions of Sovereignty: Nationalism and Accommodation in Multinational Democracies

4543:

Visions of Sovereignty: Nationalism and Accommodation in Multinational Democracies

4338:...which had started with a cultural renaissance (Renaixença) between 1833-1885... 2784: 2665: 2552: 2426: 1663: 1358: 1334: 1141: 1140:

of the regional government and most of the cabinet as well as political activists

754: 748: 9826: 9801: 9424: 9414: 9195: 8938: 8227: 8168: 8129: 8057: 8038: 7825: 6941: 6782: 6562: 6509:"Barcelona: violence erupts after huge rally over jailing of Catalan separatists" 6460: 6369: 6195: 6045: 5994: 5791: 5760: 3559: 3434: 3083: 2778: 2491: 2022:

ERC (466,020), Junts (395,429), CUP (99,644), PDeCAT (32,016)

1711:

The parties explicitly campaigning for independence currently represented in the

1152: 1137: 875: 867: 602:

which had broken away from the ERC in 1936 joined with other groups to found the

502:

Although since its loss there were claims to recover the Furs, the beginnings of

470:

School map of Spain from 1850. The Spanish State is divided into four parts: The

428: 354: 274: 67: 10303: 9512: 5651: 2864: 2846: 2716: 2679: 1767: 1561: 1109: 1064:

On 27 October 2017 the Catalan Parliament voted in a secret ballot to approve a

931: 649:

Crida a la Solidaritat en Defensa de la Llengua, la Cultura i la Nació Catalanes

599: 552: 419:

After the War of the Spanish Succession, based on the political position of the

114: 10351: 10161: 10092: 9922: 9821: 5113:"Catalonia at the crossroads: Analysis of the increasing support for secession" 3571: 2484: 2460: 2400: 1298: 1268: 1256: 1088: 1046: 813: 444: 330: 306: 298: 212:

In the Parliament of Catalonia, parties explicitly supporting independence are

198: 9469: 8944: 8196:"Analysis | What South Sudan can teach Catalonia about creating a new country" 8050: 7748:"Manifestación Barcelona: 1.000.000 personas según la delegación del Gobierno" 7667:"Barcelona vive la manifestación más multitudinaria de su historia en un 12-O" 7586:"Manifestación Barcelona: 1.000.000 personas según la delegación del Gobierno" 2472: 2223:

Evolution of the independence vote in unofficial consultations and referendums

261: 10394: 9981: 9551: 9444: 9434: 9379: 8889: 8824: 7393: 6692: 6664: 6520: 6348: 6314: 6172: 6140:"Los letrados del Parlament advierten de que la votación de la DUI es ilegal" 6112:"Un Parlament semivacío consuma en voto secreto la rebelión contra el Estado" 5811: 3583: 3466: 3406: 2912: 2876: 2858: 2840: 2736: 2657: 2653: 2531: 2478: 2436: 2404: 2358: 2348: 1569: 1145: 943: 680: 9856: 7775:"Catalonia: Madrid warns of Puigdemont jailing as thousands rally for unity" 5735:"Spain's constitutional court suspends Catalan referendum law: court source" 4142:

Repressió borbònica i resistència identitària a la Catalunya del segle XVIII

2772: 2752: 2524:, former Catalan footballer who previously played for and currently manages 2450: 1290: 942:, proposed by Junts pel Sí and the CUP. In response, Spanish Prime Minister 507: 10331: 10137: 9604: 9568: 9534: 9168: 7852:"Protesters mock Catalan independence bid with secession call of their own" 7612:"Más de un millón de personas colapsan Barcelona contra el independentismo" 7568:"Vox propone un referéndum para ilegalizar a los partidos independentistas" 7415:"Beth, de dar la cara por España en Eurovisión a musa 'indepe' en la Diada" 6942:"Catalonia Spain: Separatists set to boost majority in regional parliament" 6837:"Catalonia president calls snap elections for May 12 after budget rejected" 6337:"Third night of violence in Barcelona after jailing of Catalan separatists" 5510:"Catalonia to hold independence referendum with or without Spain's consent" 3607: 3595: 3538: 2888: 2870: 2556: 2525: 2497: 2440: 2412: 2366: 2362: 2340: 1771: 1748: 1702: 1491: 1294: 1164: 1122: 967: 880:

Declaration of Sovereignty and of the Right to Decide of the Catalan People

731: 691: 635: 440: 436: 79: 7191:"Lluis Llach: "El camino español está vallado"... menos para su fundación" 7064:"Alfons López Tena: 'Espanya era el país del meu pare, però no és el meu'" 6986:"Resultados elecciones Europeas 9J en Catalunya (comunidad) - elDiario.es" 3998: 1966:

ERC (1,020,392), JxCAT (500,787), Front Republicà (113,807)

1536:

CiU (1,116,259), ICV (359,705) and PSC (524,707) in favor of a referendum

1129:. Carles Puigdemont and four members of his cabinet fled into self-exile. 531: 10224: 9394: 9133: 9106: 5414:"Independence parties win in Catalonia but fall short of overall victory" 1323: 893: 675: 334: 106: 102: 8812:"Catalonia braced for fresh unrest after terrorism raids on separatists" 8552:"El apoyo a la independencia tiene raíces económicas y de origen social" 7909:"La plataforma por Tabarnia exhibe músculo y se manifiesta en Barcelona" 7639:"'I Am Spanish': Thousands in Barcelona Protest a Push for Independence" 6681:"Catalan president calls for talks with Spain's government after unrest" 3554: 618:(Socialist Party of National Liberation – Provisional; PSAN-P) in 1974. 9454: 9384: 8094:"Famosos catalanes que defienden a España... o apoyan la independencia" 7149:

http://www.elmundo.es/cataluna/2015/09/22/5601340146163f72078b4578.html

6764:"Jailed Catalan separatists are released from prison following pardons" 6144: 5951:"'Bloomberg' destaca como imagen del año la violencia policial del 1-O" 5656: 5540:"Tensions grow in Spain as Catalonia independence referendum confirmed" 4029: 3470: 2581: 2381: 2039:

Evolution of the independence vote in the European Parliament elections

1207: 982:

2017 Referendum, Declaration of Independence and new regional elections

826: 503: 94: 8931: 6075: 5625:"Catalonia's parliament approves law aimed at independence from Spain" 4110: 4108: 2825:, Catalan musician, singer-songwriter, recording artist, and performer 2604:

Pro-Constitucionalist march in Barcelona in 2017 "Recuperem el seny" (

9759: 9728: 9409: 7319:"Joel Joan: "España ya no nos da miedo, ya no esperamos los tanques"" 5600:"Catalans to celebrate their national day with independence protests" 4353:

Creating Spaniards: Culture and National Identity in Republican Spain

3076: 2720: 2702: 2661: 2509: 2351: 1575:

CiU was dissolved before the regional elections, leaving CDC and UDC.

1354: 1310: 1280: 1211: 1168: 1118: 1095:

The trial of Catalonia independence leaders and October 2019 protests

971: 863: 834: 708: 611: 448: 409: 83: 9997: 7967:

Independenciómetro: famosos a favor o en contra del 'procés' catalán

7116:"El Cercle d'Estudis Sobiranistes esdevé la fundació de Solidaritat" 6303:"Catalan leader defends push for independence on final day of trial" 6251:"Violent clashes rock Barcelona on fifth day of separatist protests" 5916:

Spanish Police Detain Catalan Politicians Ahead Of Independence Vote

2849:, Catalan theatre and television actress, theatre and opera director 2339:"Only dictatorships jail peaceful political leaders": a banner at a 2031: 1382:

Catalan regional elections, consultation and independence referendum

559:. Estat Català went into exile in France during the dictatorship of 10239: 10186: 9786: 9781: 9689: 9563: 8504:"Felipe González: "Hi ha supremacisme en l'independentisme català"" 7542:"Adiós definitivo a Unió, la última víctima de la maldición de Mas" 5807:"Catalonia plans an independence vote whether Spain lets it or not" 4105: 2761: 2638: 2515: 2396: 2328: 1783: 1744: 1285: 1195: 1156: 954:

Further pro-independence demonstrations took place in Barcelona in

947:

between Junts pel Sí and the CUP, Mas was replaced as president by

870:, signing the 2012–2016 governability agreement on 19 December 2012 658: 6435:"Lluvia de golpes de unos neonazis a un antifascista en Barcelona" 5195:

National Identities and the Right to Self-Determination of Peoples

4653:. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. pp. 71–2. 4015:(in Catalan) (del 1979 ed.). Edicions del 1979. p. 230. 1289:

independence flags and posters with pro-independence slogans. The

10321: 10279: 10234: 10229: 8594:"Quim Torra sworn in as Catalan president amid xenophobia claims" 8482:"Catalan nationalism isn't the progressive cause you might think" 8430: 8426:"A split within a split – the Catalan valley sticking with Spain" 8310:"Analysis | Catalonia's independence vote: What you need to know" 6276: 3845:"The War of the Spanish Succession in the Catalan-speaking Lands" 3462: 2481:, Catalan politician, lawyer, economist, and science popularizer. 805:

was attended by over a million people, and led by José Montilla.

774:

and sporting world of Catalonia, but on the Spanish side, except

463:) and other national minorities have been a historical constant. 345:(1462–1472) between foralists and royalists. In 1640, during the 8459:""Who is the real bad guy?" Spain's political game in Catalonia" 7962: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7440: 7063: 6856:"Spain's Socialists win Catalan vote, separatists lose majority" 6745:"Catalonia election: pro-independence parties increase majority" 6223:"Exclusive: Puigdemont vows to lead Catalan government in exile" 4684:

Catalonia Since the Spanish Civil War: Reconstructing the Nation

4275:"Comportament lingüístic davant dels cossos policials espanyols" 4063:

En cristiano! Policia i Guàrdia Civil contra la llengua catalana

1389:

Evolution of the independence vote in Catalan regional elections

825:, an organisation officially established on 14 December 2011 in 248:(Comuns) supports federalism and a legal and agreed referendum. 113:

at the time. The first organised Catalan independence party was

30: 9004: 8957:

Party Urging More Autonomy From Spain Seems to Win in Catalonia

8283:"Independent Catalonia would need to apply to join EU: Juncker" 8111:

Loquillo: "La independencia de Cataluña es una cortina de humo"

8070:

Serrat: "A Catalunya no le conviene la independencia de España"

7515:"El PSC renuncia en su programa electoral al derecho a decidir" 4302:(in Catalan). Ponència del Consell de l'advocacia de Catalunya. 3387: 2828: 2670: 2403:. The Nobel Peace Prize winners that signed the manifesto are: 1696: 1314: 1080: 1075:

As a result, the same day (27 October 2017) Article 155 of the

963: 896:, from the French border to the regional border with Valencia. 769:

organized a meeting of Catalan and Madrid intellectuals in the

460: 408:

to Philip V and the Kingdom of France. After a 14-month siege,

400:. The Habsburgs' English allies withdrew from the war with the 278: 110: 8580:"Núria de Gispert, la verdadera cara del nacionalismo catalán" 7991:

Rouco Varela y Albert Boadella, unidos contra la independencia

7927:"22 FAMOSOS CATALANES A FAVOR Y EN CONTRA DE LA INDEPENDENCIA" 7462: 1275:

cancelled as a result of the strike. Spanish car manufacturer

1016:

In late September 2016, Puigdemont told the parliament that a

8397:"Fake Country Carved From Catalonia Means to Mock Separatism" 7941: 7382:"Xavi: "Lo que está sucediendo en Cataluña es una vergüenza"" 6819:"Spain passes bill granting amnesty to Catalan secessionists" 5570:"Catalonia to hold independence vote despite anger in Madrid" 4922:'Goodbye, Spain?': The Question of Independence for Catalonia 3666:

Blank and null votes are subtracted from the number of voters

959: 506:

in Catalonia can be traced back to the mid–19th century. The

315: 87: 6762:

Baquero, Camilo S.; Congostrina, Alfonso L. (23 June 2021).

6543:"Indignación sindical: es un 'paro patronal', no una huelga" 4117:

Historia general de España: Llegada y apogeo de los Borbones

1994:

ERC (869.934), JxCat (527,375), CUP (244,754)

595:

abolished both the Statute of Autonomy and the Generalitat.

551:

The first pro-independence political party in Catalonia was

10285: 8932:"Catalonia Votes", website on self-determination referendum 8876:

Pérez, Fernando J.; López-Fonseca, Óscar (1 October 2019).

8648:"Diccionari de l'extrema dreta a Catalunya, de la A a la Z" 8258:"An independent Catalonia: practicalities of leaving Spain" 8251: 8249: 7800:"Protesters stage big anti-independence rally in Catalonia" 7038:"Joan Laporta i Estruch (2003–2010) | FCBarcelona.cat" 6644: 6392:"Spanish PM: we will not be provoked by Catalonia violence" 3908:

Catalonia: National Identity and Cultural Policy, 1980–2003

3461:

has been involved in controversy over the years due to her

2567:, which had 25.4% and 4.2% of the vote respectively in the 2215: 1276: 1264: 1187: 353:, Catalan peasants and institutions revolted, starting the 7878:"Spanish unionist rally mocks Catalan separatist movement" 6801:"Spain Amnesty Bill Back To Lower House After Senate Veto" 5445:"How the Catalonia vote will ramp up tensions with Madrid" 4650:

The Failure of Catalanist Opposition to Franco (1939–1950)

3689:

The Wreck of Catalonia. Civil War in the Fifteenth Century

1198:

at the demonstrators. The pro-independence speaker of the

940:

resolution declaring the start of the independence process

510:(cultural renaissance), which aimed at the revival of the 6588:"Barcelona protests: General strike shuts down Catalonia" 6046:"Catalonia independence declaration signed and suspended" 5628: 4614:

The Architect of Modern Catalan: Pompeu Fabra (1868–1948)

4217:

Racisme i supremacisme polítics a l'Espanya contemporània

4192:

L'intent franquista de genocidi cultural contra Catalunya

4001:, páginas 45-46, L'Espill, nº 24, Universitat de València 3395: 2760:, Catalan businessman, Founder of pharmaceutical company 1789: 1751:. They obtained 33, 32 and 9 seats, respectively, in the 1376: 1008:

and over 700 mayors from Catalonia meeting to support an

8911:"Tres dels CDR acusats de terrorisme surten de la presó" 8784:"Spain's far-right gains visibility in Catalonia crisis" 8246: 8051:

Jordi Évole: "Yo no quiero la independencia de Cataluña"

5899:

Catalonia on collision course as banned referendum nears

5874:"Catalonia riven with tension as referendum day arrives" 4038:

Recopilació d'accions genocides contra la nació catalana

3782:

Catalan Nationalism: Francoism, Transition and Democracy

899:

The following month, the CiU, the ERC, the ICV-EUiA and

614:

stance. A split in the PSAN led to the formation of the

494:, with the remaining colonial territories for that year. 201:

voted to take control of the Catalan institutions until

125:(Republican Left of Catalonia, ERC). Macià proclaimed a 8989:

Voters in Catalonia Approve A Plan for Greater Autonomy

8143:"Why the referendum on Catalan independence is illegal" 7718:"The Latest: 65,000 recorded at Spanish loyalist rally" 6679:

Madrid, Stephen Burgen Sam Jones in (19 October 2019).

6614:"'Clasico' between Barcelona and Real Madrid postponed" 6507:

Madrid, Stephen Burgen Sam Jones in (18 October 2019).

6335:

Madrid, Stephen Burgen Sam Jones in (16 October 2019).

5761:"Spain Catalonia: Court blocks independence referendum" 5477:

Simms, Brendan; Guibernau, Montserrat (25 April 2016).

1190:

at police officers. The Catalan Law Enforcement agency

885:

The Spanish government referred the declaration to the

686: 616:

Partit Socialista d'Alliberament Nacional - Provisional

5848:"Las diez claves de la ley del referéndum de Cataluña" 4194:(in Catalan). Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. 4169:(in Catalan) (62 ed.). Edicions 62. p. 320. 2391:

At the beginning of 2021, Òmnium Cultural published a

808:

During and after the court case, a series of symbolic

490:, which includes the Basque-speaking territories; and 369:, which was annexed by France. Catalonia retained its 277:. The Principality was the result of the absortion or 232:. Parties opposed to the Catalan independence are the 8362:

Alexander, Harriet; Badcock, James (5 October 2017).

8335: 8228:"Reality Check: Would Catalonia be a viable country?" 7637:

Horowitz, Jason; Kingsley, Patrick (8 October 2017).

7209:"El "sí" y el "no" a la independencia de los famosos" 5031:"From Devolution to Secession: the Case of Catalonia" 3543: 2094:

ERC (249,757), CUP (6,185), EC (1,540)

1179:. The verdict delivered by the Supreme Court sparked 563:(1923–1930), launching an unsuccessful uprising from 8995:

Spain Moves On Law to Give Broad Powers To Catalonia

8702:"Unitat de l'extrema dreta a la manifestació de SCC" 6783:"Spain MPs back amnesty law for Catalan separatists" 6563:"Barcelona hit by fresh clashes amid general strike" 6461:"Catalan leader pushes for second independence vote" 6160: 5277:"Eying Scotland, Spain Catalans seek secession vote" 4388:"Spanish Affairs: The Republicans of Spain (letter)" 297:

in 1137. In the late 15th century, Aragon united by

9296:

White Paper on the National Transition of Catalonia

8566:"Forcadell defendía que C's y PPC no son catalanes" 8338:"Catalonia's independence referendum: What to know" 6370:"Thousands return to streets in Catalonia protests" 5562: 4607: 3715: 1255:) linked to pro-independence movement called for a 665:

Ley Orgánica de Armonización del Proceso Autonómico

645:, drew a response in the form of published letter, 8875: 8810: 8480:Aurora, Nacarino-Brabo; Lobeto, Jorge San Miguel. 8365:"Why does Catalonia want independence from Spain?" 8363: 6761: 6221:Madrid, Owen Bowcott Sam Jones in (2 March 2018). 5508:Berwick, Angus; Cobos, Tomás (28 September 2016). 5383:"Catalan separatists send shudders through Madrid" 5191: 3735: 1279:further announced a halt in the production of its 8007:"Famosos a favor y en contra de la independencia" 6132: 5969:"Spain: Police Used Excessive Force in Catalonia" 5897:Isa Soares, Vasco Cotovio and Laura Smith-Spark, 5787:"Spain just declared Catalan referendum law void" 4465: 4463: 4312: 4139: 2867:, Catalan actor, showman and television presenter 2855:Catalan singer and television and radio presenter 2032:Elections to the European Parliament in Catalonia 2025:En Comú Podem (497,617) in favor of a referendum 1997:En Comú Podem (546,733) in favor of a referendum 1969:En Comú Podem (615,665) in favor of a referendum 1941:En Comú Podem (853,102) in favor of a referendum 361:, called France for protection and finally named 121:. In 1931, Estat Català and other parties formed 105:movements of the mid–19th century, influenced by 10392: 8759:"How the Catalan crisis helps Spain's far right" 8361: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8078: 7636: 6960:"November 2019 Spanish general election results" 6743:Jones, Sam; Burgen, Stephen (15 February 2021). 5472: 5470: 5315:. In Gillespie, Richard; Gray, Caroline (eds.). 5079:"Catalan town votes for independence from Spain" 5035:Multinational Federalism: Problems and Prospects 4831:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 57. 4642: 4640: 4546:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 50. 4300:VIII Jornada sobre l'Ús del Català a la Justícia 3774: 3772: 3770: 2775:, Catalan novelist, journalist and screenwriter. 2439:, Catalan former football player and manager of 1203:announced that 51 protesters had been arrested. 7141: 7139: 7137: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6582: 6580: 6104: 5033:. In Seymour, Michel; Gagnon, Alain-G. (eds.). 4293:"L'espanyolisme lingüístic i la llengua comuna" 4010: 2388:(Catalan Solidarity for Independence) in 2011. 1691:Junts (681,470), ERC (431,128), CUP (129,059), 273:was a state of the composite monarchy known as 9493:Association of Municipalities for Independence 8222: 8220: 8218: 6706: 5476: 4882: 4857: 4855: 4742:. University of Nevada Press. pp. 143–4. 4473:Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War 4469: 4460: 4164: 3480:On the part of the independence movement, the 918:Pro-referendum rally in Montjuic, 11 June 2017 823:Association of Municipalities for Independence 760:Association of Municipalities for Independence 9744: 9029: 8997:Article in The New York Times, March 31, 2006 8473: 8450: 8075: 6040: 6038: 5467: 5262: 5260: 5110: 4646: 4637: 4580:. University of Nevada Press. pp. 38–9. 4167:La persecució política de la llengua catalana 3767: 3534:List of active separatist movements in Europe 3446: 2919:also sometimes conduct polls on the subject. 2787:, Catalan television presenter and journalist 2595: 2541: 1774:. There are also youth organisations such as 1609:(948,233), ERC–CatSí (935,861), CUP (195,246) 786: 663: 647: 320: 188:. This was however considered illegal by the 149: 8991:Article in The New York Times, June 19, 2006 7134: 6972:Elections data obtained from the website of 6866: 6577: 6410:"Watch dramatic street battles in Barcelona" 5652:"Catalan authorities call independence vote" 5507: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5063: 5061: 5024: 5022: 5020: 4512:. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 124. 4214: 4140:Sobrequés Callicó, Jaume (29 January 2021). 4114: 2571:, have always opposed the notion of Catalan 1066:resolution declaring independence from Spain 738:. The government produced a draft for a new 9320:Law on the Referendum on Self-determination 8959:Article on New York Times, November 2, 2006 8941:set up by the 2015–2017 Catalan government. 8522: 8419: 8417: 8215: 8123:Así desmonta Javier Cárdenas al separatismo 8001: 7999: 6877:Election data obtained from the website of 6742: 6500: 5649: 5106: 5104: 4852: 3977:(in Catalan). El Gall editor. p. 422. 3972: 3686: 3426:, and the leader of Ciutadans in Catalonia 2178:JxCat (981,357), AraRep (727,039) 1533:(126,435), SI (46,838), PIRATA.CAT (18,219) 1371: 855:Catalan self-determination referendum, 2014 34:A Catalan independence protest in July 2010 9751: 9737: 9508:Committees for the Defense of the Republic 9280:Draft Constitution of the Catalan Republic 9036: 9022: 8169:"Catalonia's quarrel with Spain explained" 7339:. Mediterráneo Digital. 18 February 2015. 6891:"Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2012" 6035: 5679:"Catalan Parliament passes transition law" 5257: 4722: 4720: 4608:Costa Carreras, Joan; Yates, Alan (2009). 4503: 4313:Mar-Molinero, Clare; Smith, Angel (1996). 4290: 3999:Els orígens històrics de l'anticatalanisme 3911:. University of Wales Press. p. 160. 3864: 3862: 3742:. University of California Press. p. 3309: 3280: 3253: 3224: 3195: 3166: 3137: 3043: 2985: 2534:, Catalan singer; she was a contestant at 1743:(CUP), which included the smaller parties 1340: 1159:; of them, four were also found guilty of 329:), and political institutions such as the 313:, equivalent in the other kingdoms to the 176:. The new government held a "non-binding" 9304:Initiation of the Process of Independence 8621:"Unabhängigkeit für eine bessere Zukunft" 8618: 7826:"Pro-unity Catalans parody secessionists" 7379: 6384: 5532: 5171: 5058: 5028: 5017: 5005:(in Catalan). Nació digital. 10 July 2017 4878: 4876: 4616:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 20. 4476:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 123. 4079: 4060: 3842: 3778: 3314:Institut de Ciències Politiques i Socials 3229:Institut de Ciències Politiques i Socials 2386:Solidaritat Catalana per la Independència 1910:ERC (601,782), CDC-DL (567,253) 1051:President of the Generalitat of Catalonia 608:Partit Socialista d'Alliberament Nacional 486:, including most Catalan-speaking areas; 9610:Republican Left of the Valencian Country 8479: 8456: 8414: 8307: 7996: 7906: 7421:(in European Spanish). 10 September 2018 6780: 5995:"'More than 700 hurt' in Catalonia poll" 5650:Spongenberg, Helena (7 September 2017). 5306: 5304: 5101: 4820: 4818: 4776:. Oxford University Press. p. 204. 4735: 4573: 3975:L'Espanyolització de Mallorca: 1808–1932 3938: 3868: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3494:Catalan autonomist campaign of 1918-1919 3381:Catalan nationalism on display in Girona 3376: 2781:, Catalan actor, director and playwright 2599: 2334: 2315: 2216:Unofficial consultations and referendums 1786:, and the student unions SEPC and FNEC. 1357:on the advice of Spanish prime minister 1240:By late 18 October, minor trade unions ( 1223: 1136:, including the previous vice president 1108: 999: 913: 858: 753: 690: 632:Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1979 621:Following Franco's death in 1975, Spain 530: 465: 337:as a guarantee of their sovereignty and 260: 29: 9159:2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis 8568:(in Spanish). e-noticies. 15 July 2015. 7441:"Ciudadanos – Partido de la Ciudadanía" 5158:from the original on 16 September 2013. 4918: 4717: 4680: 4349: 4065:(in Catalan). Cossetània. p. 216. 3973:Sales Vives, Pere (22 September 2020). 3904: 3859: 3720:. Oxford University Press. p. 22. 3642:Western Catalan (including Valencian): 3529:National and regional identity in Spain 2902:Opinion polling on Catalan independence 2494:, Catalan physician and Benedictine nun 2369:or the jurist and former member of the 2219: 2153:CiU (549,096), ICV (259,152) 2125:CiU (441,810), ICV (119,755) 2097:CiU (369,103), ICV (151,871) 2035: 1793: 1385: 1101:Trial of Catalonia independence leaders 996:2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis 801:organised by the cultural organisation 184:in 2015 was followed by the calling of 164:; Catalan municipalities held symbolic 14: 10393: 9758: 9518:Socialist Party of National Liberation 8809:Terol, Alan Ruiz (29 September 2019). 8756: 8699: 8672: 8645: 8394: 8255: 8193: 8009:. La Nueva España. 27 September 2015. 7539: 7469:from the original on 28 September 2012 7321:. Libertad Digital. 18 February 2015. 6843:. Agence France-Presse. 13 March 2024. 6678: 6540: 6506: 6334: 6245: 6243: 6220: 6015: 5871: 5380: 5037:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 166–7. 4873: 4769: 4687:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 152. 4013:Cròniques Negres del Català A L'Escola 3691:. Oxford University Press. p. v. 3372: 2150:ERC (595,493), CDC (549,096) 1938:ERC (632,234), CDC (483,488) 1790:Spanish general elections in Catalonia 1377:Recent pro-independence vote evolution 1313:setting trash bins in fire and hurled 1246:Intersindical Alternativa de Catalunya 730:(ERC) and a far-left/Green coalition ( 27:Catalan independence movement in Spain 9732: 9017: 8808: 8675:"L'extrema dreta que no marxa de C's" 8619:Forcadell, Carme (16 February 2015). 8582:(in Spanish). El Español. 3 May 2019. 7772: 7664: 7355:"Txarango pone la banda sonora al sí" 6300: 5872:Burgen, Stephen (30 September 2017). 5597: 5424:from the original on 20 December 2016 5346: 5310: 5301: 4925:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 39. 4824: 4815: 4539: 4470:Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. (2013). 4208: 4189: 4035: 3942:Catalan Nationalism: Past and Present 3645: 3632: 3499:2017–18 Spanish constitutional crisis 2891:, Catalan Grand Prix motorcycle racer 2645:and 200,000 according to organizers. 2429:, Catalan scientist, director of the 1458:CiU (935,756) and ICV (316,222) were 1349:, which saw a low turnout due to the 992:Catalan independence referendum, 2017 924:Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya 192:and the Constitutional Court, as the 9642:Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia 8831:from the original on 12 January 2022 8376:from the original on 12 January 2022 8308:Erickson, Amanda (27 October 2017). 8013:from the original on 29 October 2015 7463:"Partit Popular de Catalunya |" 7197:from the original on 3 January 2015. 6925: 6879:Instituto de Estadística de Cataluña 6853: 6807:. Agence France Presse. 14 May 2024. 6541:Farrés, Cristina (19 October 2019). 5845: 5520:from the original on 11 October 2016 5442: 5411: 5111:Guinjoan, Marc; Rodon, Toni (2016). 5076: 4319:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 194. 3733: 3680: 3437:, then president of the influential 3394:. Accounting measures vary, but the 2685: 2546: 1113:Protest in Barcelona in October 2019 1026:law creating an independent republic 687:Second Statute of Autonomy and after 555:(Catalan State), founded in 1922 by 526: 305:to form what would later become the 117:(Catalan State), founded in 1922 by 9648:Democratic Convergence of Catalonia 9600:Catalan Solidarity for Independence 9336:Catalan declaration of independence 8757:Newton, Creede (28 November 2017). 8423: 7521:from the original on 9 January 2016 7380:Tronchoni, Nadia (1 October 2017). 7343:from the original on 30 March 2015. 7325:from the original on 23 March 2015. 7225:. Intereconomia.com. Archived from 7171:from the original on 5 October 2016 7070:from the original on 9 October 2011 6483:"Demonstrations paralyse Barcelona" 6240: 5489:from the original on 4 October 2016 5393:from the original on 5 October 2016 5115:. In Cuadras Morató, Xavier (ed.). 4965:(in Catalan). Vilaweb. 26 July 2013 4887:. In Cuadras Morató, Xavier (ed.). 4119:(in Catalan). Planeta. p. 78. 3738:An Historical Essay on Modern Spain 2751:, Catalan businessman, Chairman of 2735:, Catalan businessman, Chairman of 2710:, Catalan businessman, Chairman of 2701:, Catalan businessman, Chairman of 2302:Referendum declared illegal by the 2122:ERC (181,213), RC (4,891) 2066:Pro-independence political parties 1826:Pro-independence political parties 1764:Catalan Solidarity for Independence 1705:(184,297) in favor of a referendum 1666:(195,462) in favor of a referendum 1615:(326,360) in favor of a referendum 988:Catalan declaration of independence 474:, that includes most of the former 218:Democratic Convergence of Catalonia 97:in Catalonia can be traced back to 24: 9675:Young Republican Left of Catalonia 9206:2019 trial of independence leaders 9144:2014 self-determination referendum 9112:2009–2011 independence referendums 7299:from the original on 22 March 2012 7277:. El Periódico. 10 November 2013. 7193:. Libertad Digital. 5 March 2011. 6016:Michel, Charles (1 October 2017). 5711:. 8 September 2017. Archived from 5412:Buck, Tobias (27 September 2015). 5192:Moodrick-Even Khen, Hilly (2016). 4280:. Plataforma per la llengua. 2019. 4267: 4250: 4233: 4183: 4054: 3843:Alcoberro, Agustí (October 2010). 3819:"Catalonia, Revolt of (1640–1652)" 3482:Comitès de Defensa de la República 2909:Autonomous University of Barcelona 2895: 2879:, Catalan presenter and journalist 2813:, Catalan presenter and journalist 2800:, Catalan presenter and journalist 2632:new regional elections in December 2618:rally against Catalan independence 2371:Consejo General del Poder Judicial 1776:Young Republican Left of Catalonia 1572:), CUP (337,794), PIRATA.CAT (327) 1018:binding referendum on independence 848: 837:, whose CiU had regained power in 831:demonstration of 11 September 2012 25: 10412: 9524:Catalan European Democratic Party 8925: 8457:Tremlett, Giles (November 2017). 7281:from the original on 28 May 2015. 7211:. La Vanguardia. 24 October 2017. 7040:. Fcbarcelona.com. Archived from 7018:from the original on 26 June 2010 6720:. 19 October 2019. Archived from 5827:"Catalan independence referendum" 5550:from the original on 10 June 2017 5455:from the original on 9 April 2017 5381:Heller, Fernando (22 July 2015). 5234:Tribunal Constitucional de España 5154:(in Catalan). 12 September 2011. 5077:Webb, Jason (13 September 2009). 4985:"En busca de la "España educada"" 4612:. In Costa Carreras, Joan (ed.). 4219:(7th ed.). Manresa: Parcir. 4165:Ferrer Gironès, Francesc (1985). 4040:(in Catalan). Base. p. 300. 3634:[indəpəndənˈtizməkətəˈla] 2475:, Catalan composer and songwriter 2220: 2206:Junts (430,925), AraRep (354,247) 2036: 1794: 1735:, and splinter elements from the 1717:Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya 1386: 1301:was postponed due to the strike. 728:Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya 569:Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya 156:(People's Party) challenging the 123:Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya 9059: 9045: 8903: 8869: 8843: 8802: 8776: 8750: 8724: 8700:Borràs, Jordi (8 October 2017). 8693: 8673:Chaika, Cris (12 January 2018). 8666: 8639: 8612: 8586: 8572: 8558: 8544: 8496: 8388: 8355: 8329: 8301: 8275: 8187: 8161: 8135: 8116: 8104: 8063: 8044: 8025: 7984: 7972: 7969:www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com 7919: 7907:Blanchar, Clara (4 March 2018). 7900: 7870: 7844: 7818: 7792: 7766: 7740: 7710: 7684: 7658: 7630: 7604: 7578: 7560: 7533: 7507: 7481: 7455: 7433: 7407: 7373: 7347: 7329: 7311: 7285: 7267: 7241: 7215: 7201: 7183: 7153: 7108: 7082: 7056: 7030: 7004: 6978: 6966: 6952: 6934: 6919: 6883: 6847: 6829: 6811: 6793: 6774: 6755: 6736: 6672: 6652: 6632: 6606: 6555: 6534: 6475: 6453: 6427: 6402: 6362: 6328: 6294: 6269: 6214: 5598:Jones, Sam (10 September 2017). 5443:Buck, Tobias (9 November 2015). 5353:. Lexington Books. p. 108. 5266:Guinjoan and Rodon (2016), p. 36 5227:"Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo" 3799:from the original on 27 May 2016 3601: 3589: 3577: 3565: 3553: 2500:, Catalan journalist and writer. 1132:Twelve people were tried by the 587:in 1932, which lasted until the 9129:2012 independence demonstration 8857:(in Spanish). 23 September 2019 8194:Taylor, Adam (2 October 2017). 7540:Planas, Pablo (25 March 2017). 6781:Hedgecoe, Guy (14 March 2024). 6188: 6090: 6064: 6009: 5987: 5961: 5943: 5925: 5908: 5891: 5865: 5846:Ríos, Pere (6 September 2017). 5839: 5819: 5799: 5779: 5753: 5727: 5697: 5671: 5643: 5617: 5591: 5501: 5436: 5405: 5374: 5340: 5269: 5248: 5219: 5185: 5162: 5140: 5070: 4995: 4977: 4955: 4946: 4912: 4883:Cuadras Morató, Xavier (2016). 4864: 4806: 4797: 4763: 4729: 4708: 4674: 4647:Güell Ampuero, Casilda (2006). 4601: 4567: 4533: 4497: 4434: 4408: 4380: 4350:Holguin, Sandy Eleanor (2002). 4343: 4306: 4284: 4158: 4133: 4004: 3991: 3966: 3932: 1725:Crida Nacional per la República 1501:CiU (1,202,830), ICV (230,824) 1259:. However, major trade unions ( 9680:Nationalist Youth of Catalonia 9201:2017 Catalan regional election 8972:. 22 June 2006. Archived from 8336:Lauren Said-Moorhouse (2017). 8256:Henley, Jon (9 October 2017). 7773:Jones, Sam (29 October 2017). 7012:"Sala-i-Martin's Independence" 6926:Font, Marc (5 November 2019). 6202:(in Spanish). 22 December 2017 5029:Guibernau, Montserrat (2012). 4115:de la Cierva, Ricardo (1981). 4036:Lluís, García Sevilla (2021). 4011:Mayans Balcells, Pere (2019). 3898: 3877:. Tamesis Books. p. 126. 3875:A Companion to Catalan Culture 3836: 3811: 3779:Guibernau, Montserrat (2004). 3727: 3709: 3621: 3524:Galician independence movement 2885:, Catalan television presenter 2719:, Catalan banker, Chairman of 2606:Let's recover the common sense 2569:2017 Catalan regional election 1177:European Court of Human Rights 1148:and the former Speaker of the 758:Municipalities supporting the 724:Socialists' Party of Catalonia 482:: territories from the former 238:Socialists' Party of Catalonia 13: 1: 10401:Catalan independence movement 8738:(in Catalan). 7 November 2017 8646:Borràs, Jordi (31 May 2016). 8554:. El Pais. 28 September 2017. 8510:(in Catalan). 16 January 2018 7665:Razón, La (12 October 2017). 7491:. Cronica.cat. Archived from 6441:(in Spanish). 18 October 2019 6176:(in Spanish). 27 October 2017 6148:(in Spanish). 27 October 2017 6120:(in Spanish). 27 October 2017 4291:Moreno Cabrera, Juan Carlos. 4215:Llaudó Avila, Eduard (2021). 3673: 3360: 3350: 2911:. However newspapers such as 2378:Cercle d'Estudis Sobiranistes 1652:(77,250), Primaries (6,006), 1581:, which favored a referendum 1173:Constitutional Court of Spain 1070:Constitutional Court of Spain 928:Unió Democràtica de Catalunya 795:Spanish High Court of Justice 697:2010 Catalan autonomy protest 406:unilaterally declared the war 256: 178:self-determination referendum 162:Constitutional Court of Spain 146:financial crisis of 2007–2008 40:Catalan independence movement 9530:Republican Left of Catalonia 9179:2017 independence referendum 8708:(in Catalan). Archived from 4773:Arguing Comparative Politics 4263:. Plataforma per la llengua. 4246:. Plataforma per la llengua. 3716:Chandler, Cullen J. (2019). 3509:Carles Castellanos i Llorenç 3412: 3341: 2934:Polling organisation/client 2536:Eurovision Song Contest 2003 1741:Candidatura d'Unitat Popular 1230:Passeig de Gràcia, Barcelona 901:Candidatura d'Unitat Popular 887:Spanish Constitutional Court 726:(PSC), the pro-independence 518:, led to the development of 222:Republican Left of Catalonia 216:(Junts), heir of the former 7: 9908:Declaration of independence 9717:marks defunct organisations 9498:Assemblea Nacional Catalana 9328:Law of juridical transition 9216:2019 Catalan general strike 9191:2017 Catalan general strike 9082:1918-1919 autonomy campaign 8532:. Europa Press. 21 May 2018 7929:. No. Público.es. 2018 6854:Doce, Nacho (12 May 2024). 6301:Jones, Sam (12 June 2019). 4504:Harrington, Thomas (2005). 4356:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. 3873:. In Keown, Dominic (ed.). 3519:Basque Country independence 3487: 3445:publicly declared that the 3441:and later president of the 3439:Assemblea Nacional Catalana 2565:People's Party of Catalonia 2422:Other individuals include: 1733:Els Verds–Alternativa Verda 819:Assemblea Nacional Catalana 810:referendums on independence 718:, the moderate nationalist 604:Front Nacional de Catalunya 166:referendums on independence 10: 10417: 9903:Statute of Autonomy (2006) 9898:Statute of Autonomy (1979) 9878:Statute of Autonomy (1932) 9288:Declaration of Sovereignty 6825:. Al Jazeera. 30 May 2024. 5347:Duerr, Glen M. E. (2015). 5319:. Routledge. p. 117. 4861:Conversi (2000), pp. 146–7 4770:Stepan, Alfred C. (2001). 4736:Conversi, Daniele (2000). 4574:Conversi, Daniele (2000). 4508:. In Moraña, Mabel (ed.). 4061:Bea Seguí, Ignaci (2013). 2899: 2819:, Catalan operatic soprano 2596:Anti-independence movement 2542:Opposition to independence 1098: 985: 852: 623:moved to restore democracy 583:. Catalonia was granted a 472:fully constitutional Spain 427:, the assimilation of the 251: 10364: 10312: 10210: 10157: 10150: 10088: 10081: 10024: 10015: 9978:Unique territorial entity 9963: 9930: 9921: 9807:Principality of Catalonia 9767: 9708: 9667: 9629:Autonomist and federalist 9628: 9485: 9478: 9347: 9262: 9239:Principality of Catalonia 9226: 9164:2017 National Day for Yes 9069: 7517:. El Mundo. 2 July 2015. 6900:: 9. 2012. Archived from 6618:The Sydney Morning Herald 5311:Field, Bonnie N. (2015). 5119:. Routledge. p. 40. 4919:Crameri, Kathryn (2014). 4891:. Routledge. p. 12. 3939:Balcells, Albert (1996). 3905:Crameri, Kathryn (2008). 3869:Strubell, Miquel (2011). 3849:Catalan Historical Review 3785:. Routledge. p. 30. 3447: 3285:Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió 3258:Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió 3171:Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió 3113:Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió 3019:Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió 2961:Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió 2843:, Catalan flamenco singer 2431:Sloan Kettering Institute 2325:Catalan National Assembly 2311: 903:(CUP) agreed to hold the 787: 414:National Day of Catalonia 388:contender, who swore the 378:War of Spanish Succession 271:Principality of Catalonia 186:a new, binding referendum 150: 9405:Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira 8946:Catalonia's independence 8937:10 November 2014 at the 8395:Minder, Raphael (2018). 5168:Crameri (2014), pp. 48–9 4681:Dowling, Andrew (2013). 4416:"Current Foreign Topics" 3945:. Springer. p. 15. 3614: 3082:21 February 2021 at the 2831:, Catalan rock/rumba duo 2637:In 2017 the concept of ' 2277:Unofficial consultation 1577:ICV was integrated into 1372:Support for independence 778:, a politician from the 581:Generalitat of Catalonia 265:Iberian Kingdoms in 1400 158:2006 Statute of Autonomy 10347:Pi de les Tres Branques 10064:International relations 9835:Northern Catalonia loss 9559:Popular Unity Candidacy 9092:Catalan Republic (1931) 8128:21 January 2018 at the 6974:Ministerio del Interior 4803:Conversi (2000), p. 145 4510:Ideologies of Hispanism 3443:Parliament of Catalonia 3077:ElectoPanel/Electomanía 2861:, Catalan film director 2767:Eduardo Mendoza Garriga 2614:Societat Civil Catalana 2443:and current manager of 2049:Pro-independence votes 1723:coalition (composed of 1341:2021 and 2024 elections 1293:football match between 1150:Parliament of Catalonia 1010:independence referendum 905:independence referendum 771:Círculo de bellas artes 699:in the intersection of 655:University of Barcelona 573:Second Spanish Republic 226:Popular Unity Candidacy 131:Second Spanish Republic 64:independentisme catalan 56:independentismo catalán 9873:Republican Generalitat 9659:Proposta per les Illes 9365:Josep Puig i Cadafalch 9249:Anti-Catalan sentiment 9244:Republican Generalitat 9087:Plot of Prats de Molló 8964:"Courage in Catalonia" 7884:. 2018. Archived from 6990:elecciones.eldiario.es 6898:Programa Electoral PSC 6196:"Elecciones catalanas" 4610:"The Catalan Language" 3871:"The Catalan Language" 3734:Herr, Richard (1974). 3629:independentisme català 3382: 2609: 2487:, Catalan tenor singer 2359:Ramon Tremosa Balcells 2344: 2332: 2304:Supreme Court of Spain 1753:2021 regional election 1729:Acció per la República 1564:(1,628,714, CDC, ERC, 1347:2021 regional election 1233: 1161:misuse of public funds 1134:Supreme Court of Spain 1127:misuse of public funds 1114: 1013: 919: 871: 762: 711: 664: 648: 548: 545:President of Catalonia 495: 423:and the absolutism of 421:Count-Duke of Olivares 321: 266: 214:Together for Catalonia 203:new regional elections 63: 55: 48:independentisme català 47: 35: 18:Catalan independentism 10069:Independence movement 9636:Assembly of Catalonia 9360:Enric Prat de la Riba 9174:2017 Operation Anubis 9124:2010 autonomy protest 9056:independence movement 5254:Crameri (2014), p. 52 5198:. BRILL. p. 49. 5182:Crameri (2014), p. 50 5067:Crameri (2014), p. 44 4952:Crameri (2014), p. 40 4825:Lluch, Jaime (2014). 4540:Lluch, Jaime (2014). 4190:Benet, Josep (1995). 3469:'s daughter studied. 3380: 2946:No Answer/Don't Know 2837:, Catalan rock singer 2712:Inmobiliaria Colonial 2603: 2417:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 2343:match in October 2019 2338: 2319: 1885:CiU (1,015,691) 1309:, protesters erected 1228:March for Liberty on 1227: 1112: 1105:2019 Catalan protests 1003: 917: 862: 799:protest demonstration 757: 694: 575:. Macià proclaimed a 547:between 1931 and 1933 535:On the left, Colonel 534: 469: 390:Catalan constitutions 264: 33: 10250:Gegants i capgrossos 9883:Catalan State (1934) 9831:Republic (1640–1641) 9196:2017 Wake Up Europe! 9001:Independentist sites 8100:. 23 September 2017. 7295:. Naciodigital.cat. 5089:on 17 September 2016 3687:Ryder, Alan (2007). 3514:History of Catalonia 3504:Anna Arqué i Solsona 2957:10 June–8 July 2024 2883:Jorge Javier Vázquez 2625:Spanish national day 2577:Spanish Constitution 2518:, Catalan music band 2506:, Catalan journalist 2355:Xavier Sala-i-Martín 2209:AraRep includes ERC 2181:AraRep includes ERC 1699:(14,104), FNC (269) 1077:Spanish constitution 958:, and in Barcelona, 398:Nueva Planta Decrees 109:ideas widespread in 9845:War of the Catalans 9792:County of Barcelona 9654:Catalonia in Common 9542:Junts per Catalunya 9097:Events of 6 October 9052:Catalan nationalism 8315:The Washington Post 8201:The Washington Post 8149:. 26 September 2017 8032:Ya no soy del Barça 7574:. 28 December 2022. 7465:. Ppcatalunya.com. 7443:. Ciudadanos-cs.org 7167:. 10 October 2014. 7096:. 10 September 2007 6962:. 13 November 2019. 6948:. 15 February 2021. 5957:. 27 December 2017. 5922:, 20 September 2017 5905:, 29 September 2017 5289:. 11 September 2014 5282:Washington Examiner 4870:Lluch (2014), p. 58 4812:Lluch (2014), p. 53 4726:Lluch (2014), p. 52 4714:Lluch (2014), p. 51 3401:The Washington Post 3373:Long-term prospects 3225:25 Sep–23 Oct 2019 3015:17 Nov–17 Dec 2021 2612:On 8 October 2017, 2373:Alfons López Tena. 2321:Concert for Freedom 2226: 2042: 1857:CiU (779,425) 1800: 1721:Junts per Catalunya 1392: 1183:across the region. 874:Mas and ERC leader 744:put to a referendum 740:Statute of Autonomy 720:Convergència i Unió 585:statute of autonomy 520:Catalan nationalism 445:national minorities 291:County of Barcelona 283:County of Barcelona 76:Catalan nationalism 9615:Democratic Tsunami 9211:2019–2020 protests 8969:The New York Times 8401:The New York Times 8234:. 22 December 2017 8056:2016-01-09 at the 8037:2015-11-02 at the 7644:The New York Times 7361:. 4 September 2017 7122:. 25 November 2011 6724:on 19 October 2019 6668:. 19 October 2019. 6648:. 18 October 2019. 6398:. 16 October 2019. 5973:Human Rights Watch 5914:Camila Domonoske, 5835:. 10 October 2017. 5795:. 17 October 2017. 5767:. 8 September 2017 5741:. 7 September 2017 5715:on 23 October 2017 5685:. 8 September 2017 5631:. 7 September 2017 5576:. 6 September 2017 4991:. 2 November 2005. 4446:The New York Times 4420:The New York Times 4396:. 7 September 1854 4393:The New York Times 3638:Regional variants: 3392:economies of scale 3383: 3254:16 Sep–7 Oct 2019 3200:GAD3/La Vanguardia 3142:GAD3/La Vanguardia 3109:23 Sep–9 Oct 2020 3048:GAD3/La Vanguardia 2990:GAD3/La Vanguardia 2823:Joan Manuel Serrat 2817:Montserrat Caballé 2769:, Catalan novelist 2676:Montserrat Caballé 2650:Joan Manuel Serrat 2610: 2573:self-determination 2345: 2333: 2238:% Pro-independence 2230:Political process 2052:% Pro-independence 1913:En Comú (929,880) 1882:ERC (244,854) 1854:ERC (298,139) 1812:% Pro-independence 1713:Catalan Parliament 1424:political parties 1406:% Pro-independence 1331:Spanish government 1234: 1232:on 18 October 2019 1200:Catalan Parliament 1115: 1030:Catalan parliament 1014: 1004:Catalan President 936:September election 920: 872: 765:In November 2005, 763: 712: 643:Castilian language 549: 516:Catalan traditions 496: 351:Franco-Spanish War 267: 194:Catalan government 190:Spanish government 174:Catalan parliament 93:The beginnings of 78:) which seeks the 72:political movement 36: 10388: 10387: 10360: 10359: 10146: 10145: 10077: 10076: 10054:Political parties 10011: 10010: 10003:Spanish provinces 9841:War of Succession 9817:Catholic Monarchs 9726: 9725: 9704: 9703: 9440:Carles Puigdemont 9390:Josep Tarradellas 9312:Let Catalans Vote 9234:Catalan Countries 9169:2017 Yes Campaign 9154:2016 We are ready 9077:¡Cu-Cut! incident 8917:. 4 October 2019. 8790:. 15 October 2017 8438:on 9 October 2017 7806:. 29 October 2017 7754:. 29 October 2017 7698:. 12 October 2017 7592:. 29 October 2017 7255:. 20 October 2018 6620:. 19 October 2019 6594:. 18 October 2019 6565:. 18 October 2019 6463:. 17 October 2019 6372:. 15 October 2019 6257:. 18 October 2019 6078:. 10 October 2017 6052:. 10 October 2017 5975:. 12 October 2017 5152:Ajuntament de Vic 4151:978-84-18601-20-0 4022:978-84-947201-4-7 3698:978-0-19-920736-7 3640:Eastern Catalan: 3627:Pronunciation of 3338: 3337: 3310:8 Oct–5 Nov 2018 3167:9 Feb–3 Mar 2020 2708:Juan José Brugera 2686:Other individuals 2555:and its succesor 2547:Political parties 2331:, on 29 June 2013 2323:organised by the 2309: 2308: 2213: 2212: 2029: 2028: 1709: 1708: 1351:COVID-19 pandemic 1242:Intersindical-CSC 1192:Mossos d'Esquadra 1181:multiple protests 1055:Carles Puigdemont 1006:Carles Puigdemont 949:Carles Puigdemont 785:The conservative 776:Santiago Carrillo 716:elections in 2003 701:Passeig de Gràcia 589:Spanish Civil War 527:Twentieth century 480:Assimilated Spain 402:Treaty of Utrecht 343:Catalan Civil War 307:Monarchy of Spain 295:Kingdom of Aragon 246:Catalunya en Comú 207:Carles Puigdemont 135:Spanish Civil War 16:(Redirected from 10408: 10373: 10155: 10154: 10098:Financial crisis 10086: 10085: 10022: 10021: 9928: 9927: 9753: 9746: 9739: 9730: 9729: 9620:Catalan Alliance 9576:Més per Mallorca 9486:Pro-independence 9483: 9482: 9460:Elisenda Paluzie 9355:Valentí Almirall 9340: 9339:(10/27 Oct 2017) 9332: 9324: 9316: 9308: 9300: 9292: 9284: 9276: 9271:Bases de Manresa 9139:2014 Catalan Way 9134:2013 Catalan Way 9102:Operation Garzón 9064: 9063: 9062: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9038: 9031: 9024: 9015: 9014: 9010: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8947: 8919: 8918: 8907: 8901: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8873: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8862: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8814: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8795: 8780: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8754: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8743: 8728: 8722: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8697: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8616: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8590: 8584: 8583: 8576: 8570: 8569: 8562: 8556: 8555: 8548: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8526: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8500: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8454: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8434:. 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Columbia.edu. 7008: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6906: 6895: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6864: 6863: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6584: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6247: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6042: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5997:. 1 October 2017 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5929: 5923: 5912: 5906: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5709:The Spain Report 5701: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5581: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5474: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5308: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5287:Associated Press 5273: 5267: 5264: 5255: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5231: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5169: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5108: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5085:. 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Archived from 4083: 4077: 4076: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4008: 4002: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3866: 3857: 3856: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3823:Encyclopedia.com 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3776: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3741: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3684: 3667: 3664: 3643: 3636: 3625: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3570: 3569: 3568: 3558: 3557: 3549: 3459:Núria de Gispert 3452: 3451: 3364: 3354: 3345: 2926: 2925: 2812: 2799: 2750: 2734: 2700: 2409:Mairead Corrigan 2233:Pro-independence 2227: 2043: 1807:Pro-Independence 1801: 1422:Pro-independence 1401:Pro-independence 1393: 1307:Plaça Urquinaona 1254: 1012:, September 2017 909:Catalan Way 2014 792: 791: 736:Pasqual Maragall 667: 651: 627:new constitution 577:Catalan Republic 512:Catalan language 476:Crown of Castile 457:Balearic Islands 382:Archduke Charles 359:Catalan Republic 347:Thirty Years War 324: 303:Crown of Castile 287:Catalan counties 230:Catalan Alliance 182:further election 155: 154: 139:Francisco Franco 127:Catalan Republic 21: 10416: 10415: 10411: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10406: 10405: 10391: 10390: 10389: 10384: 10376: 10369: 10356: 10342:St George's Day 10308: 10275:Public holidays 10206: 10142: 10103:Property bubble 10073: 10007: 9959: 9917: 9912:2017 referendum 9868:Republic (1931) 9802:Crown of Aragon 9763: 9757: 9727: 9722: 9700: 9663: 9624: 9588:Més per Menorca 9503:Òmnium Cultural 9474: 9425:Carme Forcadell 9415:Oriol Junqueras 9343: 9338: 9330: 9322: 9314: 9306: 9298: 9290: 9282: 9274: 9258: 9222: 9065: 9060: 9058: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9008: 8979: 8977: 8962: 8945: 8939:Wayback Machine 8928: 8923: 8922: 8909: 8908: 8904: 8894: 8892: 8874: 8870: 8860: 8858: 8849: 8848: 8844: 8834: 8832: 8807: 8803: 8793: 8791: 8782: 8781: 8777: 8767: 8765: 8755: 8751: 8741: 8739: 8730: 8729: 8725: 8715: 8713: 8698: 8694: 8684: 8682: 8671: 8667: 8657: 8655: 8644: 8640: 8630: 8628: 8617: 8613: 8603: 8601: 8592: 8591: 8587: 8578: 8577: 8573: 8564: 8563: 8559: 8550: 8549: 8545: 8535: 8533: 8528: 8527: 8523: 8513: 8511: 8502: 8501: 8497: 8487: 8485: 8478: 8474: 8464: 8462: 8455: 8451: 8441: 8439: 8422: 8415: 8405: 8403: 8393: 8389: 8379: 8377: 8360: 8356: 8346: 8344: 8334: 8330: 8320: 8318: 8306: 8302: 8292: 8290: 8281: 8280: 8276: 8266: 8264: 8254: 8247: 8237: 8235: 8226: 8225: 8216: 8206: 8204: 8192: 8188: 8178: 8176: 8167: 8166: 8162: 8152: 8150: 8141: 8140: 8136: 8130:Wayback Machine 8121: 8117: 8109: 8105: 8092: 8091: 8076: 8068: 8064: 8058:Wayback Machine 8049: 8045: 8041:elperiodico.com 8039:Wayback Machine 8030: 8026: 8016: 8014: 8005: 8004: 7997: 7993:elperiodico.com 7989: 7985: 7977: 7973: 7965: 7942: 7932: 7930: 7925: 7924: 7920: 7905: 7901: 7891: 7889: 7888:on 4 March 2018 7876: 7875: 7871: 7861: 7859: 7850: 7849: 7845: 7835: 7833: 7824: 7823: 7819: 7809: 7807: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7779:Theguardian.com 7771: 7767: 7757: 7755: 7746: 7745: 7741: 7731: 7729: 7728:on 20 June 2018 7716: 7715: 7711: 7701: 7699: 7690: 7689: 7685: 7675: 7673: 7663: 7659: 7649: 7647: 7635: 7631: 7621: 7619: 7610: 7609: 7605: 7595: 7593: 7584: 7583: 7579: 7572:El Nacional.cat 7566: 7565: 7561: 7551: 7549: 7538: 7534: 7524: 7522: 7513: 7512: 7508: 7498: 7496: 7495:on 3 March 2012 7487: 7486: 7482: 7472: 7470: 7461: 7460: 7456: 7446: 7444: 7439: 7438: 7434: 7424: 7422: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7398: 7396: 7378: 7374: 7364: 7362: 7353: 7352: 7348: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7302: 7300: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7273: 7272: 7268: 7258: 7256: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7232: 7230: 7229:on 7 April 2012 7221: 7220: 7216: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7189: 7188: 7184: 7174: 7172: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7144: 7135: 7125: 7123: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7099: 7097: 7088: 7087: 7083: 7073: 7071: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7047: 7045: 7036: 7035: 7031: 7021: 7019: 7010: 7009: 7005: 6995: 6993: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6940: 6939: 6935: 6924: 6920: 6910: 6908: 6907:on 15 June 2021 6904: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6884: 6876: 6867: 6852: 6848: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6817: 6816: 6812: 6799: 6798: 6794: 6779: 6775: 6760: 6756: 6741: 6737: 6727: 6725: 6712: 6711: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6677: 6673: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6638: 6637: 6633: 6623: 6621: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6597: 6595: 6592:www.thelocal.es 6586: 6585: 6578: 6568: 6566: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6539: 6535: 6525: 6523: 6505: 6501: 6491: 6489: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6466: 6464: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6444: 6442: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6418: 6416: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6375: 6373: 6368: 6367: 6363: 6353: 6351: 6333: 6329: 6319: 6317: 6299: 6295: 6285: 6283: 6275: 6274: 6270: 6260: 6258: 6249: 6248: 6241: 6231: 6229: 6219: 6215: 6205: 6203: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6179: 6177: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6151: 6149: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6096: 6095: 6091: 6081: 6079: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6055: 6053: 6044: 6043: 6036: 6026: 6024: 6014: 6010: 6000: 5998: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5978: 5976: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5939:. October 2017. 5931: 5930: 5926: 5913: 5909: 5896: 5892: 5882: 5880: 5870: 5866: 5856: 5854: 5844: 5840: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5792:The Independent 5785: 5784: 5780: 5770: 5768: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5688: 5686: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5662: 5660: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5608: 5606: 5604:Theguardian.com 5596: 5592: 5579: 5577: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5553: 5551: 5546:. 9 June 2017. 5538: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5475: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5449:Financial Times 5441: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5418:Financial Times 5410: 5406: 5396: 5394: 5379: 5375: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5345: 5341: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5309: 5302: 5292: 5290: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5236:. 25 March 2014 5229: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5109: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5059: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5027: 5018: 5008: 5006: 5001: 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3955: 3953: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3867: 3860: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3793: 3777: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3732: 3728: 3714: 3710: 3699: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3670: 3665: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3552: 3544: 3490: 3449:Partido Popular 3435:Carme Forcadell 3424:Felipe González 3415: 3375: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3084:Wayback Machine 3044:10–12 May 2021 2986:10–12 May 2021 2930: 2904: 2898: 2896:Opinion polling 2853:Javier Cárdenas 2806: 2793: 2779:Albert Boadella 2744: 2728: 2694: 2692:José Luis Bonet 2688: 2598: 2584:former-partner 2549: 2544: 2512:, Catalan actor 2492:Teresa Forcades 2445:Manchester City 2397:Yoko Ono Lennon 2314: 2283:2017 referendum 2258:2014 referendum 2239: 2234: 2225: 2218: 2053: 2041: 2034: 1813: 1808: 1799: 1792: 1644:(570,733), CUP- 1640:ERC (605,529), 1576: 1486:ERC (219,173), 1460:pro-sovereignty 1423: 1415: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1391: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1343: 1248: 1153:Carme Forcadell 1138:Oriol Junqueras 1107: 1099:Main articles: 1097: 998: 986:Main articles: 984: 876:Oriol Junqueras 868:Oriol Junqueras 857: 851: 849:2014 Referendum 803:Òmnium Cultural 789:Partido Popular 780:Second Republic 767:Omnium Cultural 689: 561:Primo de Rivera 529: 484:Crown of Aragón 433:Castilian Crown 429:Crown of Aragon 275:Crown of Aragon 259: 254: 152:Partido Popular 74:(with roots in 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10414: 10404: 10403: 10386: 10385: 10383: 10382: 10375: 10374: 10366: 10365: 10362: 10361: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10354: 10352:Catalan donkey 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10318: 10316: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10306: 10301: 10300: 10299: 10289: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10216: 10214: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10158: 10152: 10148: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10141: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10093:Catalan peseta 10089: 10083: 10079: 10078: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10025: 10019: 10013: 10012: 10009: 10008: 10006: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9993:Municipalities 9990: 9985: 9975: 9969: 9967: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9955:Extreme points 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9931: 9925: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9915: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9853: 9848: 9838: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9787:Roman Hispania 9784: 9779: 9773: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9762: articles 9756: 9755: 9748: 9741: 9733: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9720: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9698: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9671: 9669: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9645: 9639: 9632: 9630: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9596: 9595: 9585: 9584: 9583: 9573: 9572: 9571: 9566: 9556: 9555: 9554: 9549: 9539: 9538: 9537: 9527: 9521: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9489: 9487: 9480: 9476: 9475: 9473: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9400:Guillem Agulló 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9375:Lluís Companys 9372: 9370:Francesc Macià 9367: 9362: 9357: 9351: 9349: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9341: 9333: 9325: 9317: 9309: 9301: 9293: 9285: 9277: 9266: 9264: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9230: 9228: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9220: 9219: 9218: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9120: 9119: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9073: 9071: 9067: 9066: 9041: 9040: 9033: 9026: 9018: 9012: 9011: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8976:on 1 June 2013 8960: 8954: 8942: 8927: 8926:External links 8924: 8921: 8920: 8902: 8884:(in Spanish). 8868: 8842: 8801: 8775: 8749: 8723: 8712:on 13 May 2018 8692: 8665: 8638: 8611: 8585: 8571: 8557: 8543: 8521: 8495: 8484:. The Guardian 8472: 8461:. Newstatesman 8449: 8413: 8387: 8354: 8328: 8300: 8274: 8245: 8214: 8186: 8160: 8134: 8115: 8103: 8074: 8062: 8043: 8024: 7995: 7983: 7971: 7940: 7918: 7899: 7869: 7843: 7832:. 4 March 2018 7817: 7791: 7765: 7739: 7709: 7683: 7657: 7629: 7603: 7577: 7559: 7532: 7506: 7480: 7454: 7432: 7406: 7388:(in Spanish). 7372: 7346: 7328: 7310: 7284: 7266: 7240: 7214: 7200: 7182: 7152: 7133: 7107: 7081: 7066:. Vilaweb.tv. 7055: 7044:on 28 May 2008 7029: 7003: 6977: 6965: 6951: 6933: 6918: 6882: 6865: 6846: 6828: 6810: 6792: 6773: 6754: 6735: 6705: 6671: 6651: 6631: 6605: 6576: 6554: 6548:Crónica Global 6533: 6499: 6474: 6452: 6426: 6401: 6383: 6361: 6327: 6293: 6268: 6239: 6213: 6187: 6159: 6131: 6103: 6089: 6074:(in Spanish). 6063: 6034: 6022:@charlesmichel 6008: 5986: 5960: 5942: 5924: 5907: 5890: 5864: 5838: 5832:The Daily Star 5818: 5798: 5778: 5752: 5726: 5696: 5670: 5642: 5616: 5590: 5561: 5531: 5500: 5466: 5435: 5404: 5373: 5360:978-0739190852 5359: 5339: 5326:978-1317409489 5325: 5300: 5268: 5256: 5247: 5218: 5205:978-9004294332 5204: 5184: 5170: 5161: 5139: 5126:978-1317580553 5125: 5100: 5069: 5057: 5044:978-0230337114 5043: 5016: 4994: 4976: 4954: 4945: 4932:978-1782841630 4931: 4911: 4898:978-1317580553 4897: 4885:"Introduction" 4872: 4863: 4851: 4838:978-0812209617 4837: 4814: 4805: 4796: 4783:978-0198299974 4782: 4762: 4749:978-0874173628 4748: 4728: 4716: 4707: 4694:978-1782840176 4693: 4673: 4660:978-8400084738 4659: 4636: 4623:978-9027232649 4622: 4600: 4587:978-0874173628 4586: 4566: 4553:978-0812209617 4552: 4532: 4519:978-0826514721 4518: 4496: 4483:978-0810857841 4482: 4459: 4448:. 18 June 1917 4433: 4407: 4379: 4363:978-0299176341 4362: 4342: 4326:978-1859731802 4325: 4305: 4283: 4266: 4249: 4232: 4225: 4207: 4200: 4182: 4176:978-8429723632 4175: 4157: 4150: 4132: 4125: 4104: 4078: 4071: 4053: 4046: 4028: 4021: 4003: 3997:Antoni Simon, 3990: 3983: 3965: 3952:978-1349242788 3951: 3931: 3918:978-0708320136 3917: 3897: 3884:978-1855662278 3883: 3858: 3835: 3810: 3792:978-1134353262 3791: 3766: 3752: 3726: 3708: 3697: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3644: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3598: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3489: 3486: 3428:Inés Arrimadas 3414: 3411: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3319: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3290: 3287: 3282: 3281:4–25 Mar 2019 3278: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3234: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3074: 3073:8–12 Feb 2021 3070: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3003: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2900:Main article: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2801: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2755: 2739: 2726:José Creuheras 2723: 2714: 2705: 2687: 2684: 2682:among others. 2643:Guàrdia Urbana 2597: 2594: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2529: 2522:Xavi Hernández 2519: 2513: 2507: 2504:Miquel Calçada 2501: 2495: 2488: 2485:Josep Carreras 2482: 2476: 2470: 2461:Manel Esteller 2458: 2448: 2434: 2401:Dilma Rousseff 2313: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2240:(valid votes) 2236: 2231: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2054:(valid votes) 2050: 2047: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1814:(valid votes) 1810: 1805: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1707: 1706: 1700: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1661: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1573: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1420: 1417: 1412: 1409: 1408:(valid votes) 1404: 1399: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1342: 1339: 1299:Real Madrid CF 1269:student strike 1257:general strike 1096: 1093: 1089:Ines Arrimadas 1047:Charles Michel 1035:transition law 983: 980: 976:September 2016 956:September 2015 853:Main article: 850: 847: 814:Arenys de Munt 688: 685: 593:General Franco 565:Prats de Molló 557:Francesc Macià 537:Francesc Macià 528: 525: 492:Colonial Spain 392:, against the 331:Catalan Courts 258: 255: 253: 250: 234:People's Party 199:Spanish senate 119:Francesc Macià 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10413: 10402: 10399: 10398: 10396: 10381: 10378: 10377: 10372: 10368: 10367: 10363: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10315: 10311: 10305: 10302: 10298: 10295: 10294: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10287: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10213: 10209: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10159: 10156: 10153: 10149: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10090: 10087: 10084: 10080: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10014: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9983: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9932: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9920: 9913: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9858: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9846: 9842: 9839: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9797:Constitutions 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9770: 9766: 9761: 9754: 9749: 9747: 9742: 9740: 9735: 9734: 9731: 9718: 9714: 9711: 9710: 9707: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9666: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9649: 9646: 9643: 9640: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9627: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9589: 9586: 9582: 9579: 9578: 9577: 9574: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9544: 9543: 9540: 9536: 9533: 9532: 9531: 9528: 9525: 9522: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9484: 9481: 9479:Organisations 9477: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9465:Pere Aragonès 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9445:Roger Torrent 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9435:Jordi Cuixart 9433: 9431: 9430:Jordi Sànchez 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9420:Muriel Casals 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9380:Joan Comorera 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9346: 9337: 9334: 9329: 9326: 9321: 9318: 9313: 9310: 9305: 9302: 9297: 9294: 9291:(23 Jan 2013) 9289: 9286: 9281: 9278: 9273: 9272: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9261: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9225: 9217: 9214: 9213: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9149:2015 Free Way 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9118: 9115: 9114: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9068: 9057: 9053: 9039: 9034: 9032: 9027: 9025: 9020: 9019: 9016: 9006: 9002: 8999: 8996: 8993: 8990: 8987: 8975: 8971: 8970: 8965: 8961: 8958: 8955: 8952: 8948: 8943: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8916: 8915:Nació Digital 8912: 8906: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8872: 8856: 8852: 8846: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8817:The Telegraph 8813: 8805: 8789: 8785: 8779: 8764: 8760: 8753: 8737: 8733: 8727: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8696: 8680: 8676: 8669: 8653: 8649: 8642: 8626: 8622: 8615: 8600:. 17 May 2018 8599: 8595: 8589: 8581: 8575: 8567: 8561: 8553: 8547: 8531: 8525: 8509: 8505: 8499: 8483: 8476: 8460: 8453: 8437: 8433: 8432: 8427: 8420: 8418: 8402: 8398: 8391: 8375: 8371: 8370:The Telegraph 8366: 8358: 8343: 8339: 8332: 8317: 8316: 8311: 8304: 8288: 8284: 8278: 8263: 8259: 8252: 8250: 8233: 8229: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8203: 8202: 8197: 8190: 8174: 8170: 8164: 8148: 8147:The Economist 8144: 8138: 8131: 8127: 8124: 8119: 8112: 8107: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8071: 8066: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8047: 8040: 8036: 8033: 8028: 8012: 8008: 8002: 8000: 7992: 7987: 7980: 7975: 7968: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7928: 7922: 7914: 7910: 7903: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7873: 7857: 7853: 7847: 7831: 7827: 7821: 7805: 7801: 7795: 7780: 7776: 7769: 7753: 7749: 7743: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7713: 7697: 7693: 7687: 7672: 7668: 7661: 7646: 7645: 7640: 7633: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7591: 7590:La Vanguardia 7587: 7581: 7573: 7569: 7563: 7547: 7543: 7536: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7494: 7490: 7484: 7468: 7464: 7458: 7442: 7436: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7360: 7359:La Vanguardia 7356: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7332: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7280: 7276: 7270: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7228: 7224: 7218: 7210: 7204: 7196: 7192: 7186: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7147: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7043: 7039: 7033: 7017: 7013: 7007: 6991: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6961: 6955: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6929: 6922: 6903: 6899: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6861: 6857: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6814: 6806: 6802: 6796: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6769: 6765: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6739: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6675: 6667: 6666: 6665:La Vanguardia 6661: 6655: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6635: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6593: 6589: 6583: 6581: 6564: 6558: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6537: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6503: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6462: 6456: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6371: 6365: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6331: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6297: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6244: 6228: 6224: 6217: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6175: 6174: 6173:La Vanguardia 6169: 6163: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6135: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6107: 6099: 6093: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6039: 6023: 6019: 6012: 5996: 5990: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5853: 5849: 5842: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5822: 5814: 5813: 5812:The Economist 5808: 5802: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5782: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5646: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5488: 5484: 5483:New Statesman 5480: 5473: 5471: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5439: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5408: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5362: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5343: 5328: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5305: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5272: 5263: 5261: 5251: 5235: 5228: 5222: 5207: 5201: 5197: 5196: 5188: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5165: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5128: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5105: 5088: 5084: 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4024: 4018: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3994: 3986: 3984:9788416416707 3980: 3976: 3969: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3935: 3920: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3901: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3863: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3755: 3753:9780520025349 3749: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3730: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3679: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3635: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3587: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3467:Albert Rivera 3464: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3363: 3353: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196:3–6 Feb 2020 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2913:La Vanguardia 2910: 2903: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2877:Susanna Griso 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2859:Isabel Coixet 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2841:Miguel Poveda 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2785:Mercedes Milá 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2737:Planeta Group 2732: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2698: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2666:Mercedes Milá 2663: 2659: 2658:Isabel Coixet 2655: 2654:Josep Borrell 2651: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2607: 2602: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2553:En Comú Podem 2537: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2479:Eduard Punset 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2437:Pep Guardiola 2435: 2432: 2428: 2427:Joan Massagué 2425: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2405:Jody Williams 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2342: 2337: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1975:November 2019 1973: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1613:Podem-CatComú 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1369: 1367: 1366:that election 1362: 1360: 1359:Pedro Sánchez 1356: 1352: 1348: 1338: 1336: 1335:Pedro Sánchez 1332: 1327: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1146:Jordi Cuixart 1143: 1142:Jordi Sànchez 1139: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1092: 1090: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1019: 1011: 1007: 1002: 997: 993: 989: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 950: 945: 944:Mariano Rajoy 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 916: 912: 910: 906: 902: 897: 895: 890: 888: 883: 881: 877: 869: 865: 861: 856: 846: 844: 843:snap election 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 790: 783: 781: 777: 772: 768: 761: 756: 752: 750: 749:José Montilla 745: 741: 737: 734:), headed by 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 710: 706: 702: 698: 693: 684: 682: 681:direct action 678: 677: 672: 671:Basque region 668: 666: 660: 656: 652: 650: 644: 639: 637: 633: 628: 624: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 598:A section of 596: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 546: 542: 538: 533: 524: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 500: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 374: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 323: 318: 317: 312: 311:Constitutions 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 285:of the other 284: 280: 279:vassalization 276: 272: 263: 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 210: 208: 204: 200: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 170:huge protests 167: 163: 159: 153: 147: 142: 140: 136: 133:. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Catalan independence movement

Index