265:(also Heathcote) M.P. for Tiverton, the Heathcote steam plough was demonstrated in 1837 and press coverage fortunately provided a wood cut of this unusual tracked vehicle. The continuous tracks were made of 215 cm (7 ft) sections of wood bolted to continuous iron bands which were driven by the 'drums' at each end. A strong chassis provided the bearings for the drums, and carried the steam engine, fuel and winch. The chassis was supported on "numerous small wheels or rollers" which ran upon the lower iron bands, which "thus form a perfectly portable and smooth road for the platform". The drums were 275 or 305 cm (9 or 10 ft) in diameter, 790 cm (26 ft) apart. The tracks were each 215 cm (7 ft) wide with a 215 cm (7 ft) gap in-between giving an overall width of 640 cm (21 ft). The twin-cylinder steam engine could be used either to drive the plough winch or to drive the vehicle along, at a speed of up to 150 cm/min (5 ft/min). Although the machine weighed 30 tons complete with 6 tons of fuel, its ground pressure was only 869 kg/m (178 lb/sq ft), considerably less than a man. The successful demonstration was carried out on
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overlapping wheels, freeze, and immobilize the vehicle. As a tracked vehicle moves, the load of each wheel moves over the track, pushing down and forward that part of the earth or snow underneath it, similarly to a wheeled vehicle but to a lesser extent because the tread helps distribute the load. On some surfaces, this can consume enough energy to slow the vehicle down significantly. Overlapped and interleaved wheels improve performance (including fuel consumption) by loading the track more evenly. It also must have extended the life of the tracks and possibly of the wheels. The wheels also better protect the vehicle from enemy fire, and mobility is improved when some wheels are missing.
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1102:, is placed at the opposite end of the track, primarily to tension the track, since loose track could be easily thrown (slipped) off the wheels. To prevent throwing, the inner surface of the track links usually have vertical guide horns engaging grooves, or gaps between the doubled road and idler/sprocket wheels. In military vehicles with a rear sprocket, the idler wheel is placed higher than the road wheels to allow it to climb over obstacles. Some track arrangements use return rollers to keep the top of the track running straight between the drive sprocket and idler. Others, called
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992:. While tracked construction equipment typically lacks suspension due to the vehicle only moving at low speeds, in military vehicles road wheels are typically mounted on some form of suspension to cushion the ride over rough ground. Suspension design in military vehicles is a major area of development; the very early designs were often completely unsprung. Later-developed road wheel suspension offered only a few inches of travel using springs, whereas modern hydro-pneumatic systems allow several feet of travel and include
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429:. He was granted a patent in 1901 and built the first steam-powered log hauler at the Waterville Iron Works in Waterville, Maine, the same year. In all, 83 Lombard steam log haulers are known to have been built up to 1917, when production switched entirely to internal combustion engine powered machines, ending with a Fairbanks diesel-powered unit in 1934. Alvin Lombard may also have been the first commercial manufacturer of the tractor crawler.
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track easily rout the turf. Accordingly, vehicle laws and local ordinances often require rubberised tracks or track pads. A compromise between all-steel and all-rubber tracks exists: attaching rubber pads to individual track links ensures that continuous track vehicles can travel more smoothly, quickly, and quietly on paved surfaces. While these pads slightly reduce a vehicle's cross-country traction, in theory they prevent damage to any pavement.
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985:, reducing it improves suspension performance at speeds where the track's momentum is significant. In contrast, agricultural and construction vehicles opt for a track with shoes that attach to the chain with bolts and do not form part of the chain's structure. This allows track shoes to break without compromising the ability of the vehicle to move and decrease productivity but increases the overall weight of the track and vehicle.
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between each pair of wheels, to support the 'track'. Comprising only eight sections, the 'track' sections are essentially 'longitudinal', as in
Boydell's initial design. Fowler's arrangement is a precursor to the multi-section caterpillar track in which a relatively large number of short 'transverse' treads are used, as proposed by Sir George Caley in 1825, rather than a small number of relatively long 'longitudinal' treads.
1098:, driven by the motor and engaging with holes in the track links or with pegs on them to drive the track. In military vehicles, the drive wheel is typically mounted well above the contact area on the ground, allowing it to be fixed in position. In agricultural crawlers it is normally incorporated as part of the bogie. Placing suspension on the sprocket is possible, but is mechanically more complicated. A non-powered wheel, an
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390:. But neither dreadnaught wheels nor continuous tracks were used, rather "roll-out" wooden plank roads were thrown under the wheels as required. In short, whilst the development of the continuous track engaged the attention of a number of inventors in the 18th and 19th centuries, the general use and exploitation of the continuous track belonged to the 20th century, mainly in the
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patent rights after a single rear-tracked gasoline-powered road engine of tricycle arrangement was built to replace the larger motor home in 1909 on account of problems with the old picturesque wooden bridges. This dispute resulted in Linn departing Maine and relocating to Morris, New York, to build an improved, contour following flexible lag tread or crawler with
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130:, running on a continuous band of treads or track plates driven by two or more wheels. The large surface area of the tracks distributes the weight of the vehicle better than steel or rubber tyres on an equivalent vehicle, enabling continuous tracked vehicles to traverse soft ground with less likelihood of becoming stuck due to sinking.
1067:(interleaved or overlapping running gear) in German, for both half-track and fully tracked vehicles. There were suspensions with single or sometimes doubled wheels per axle, alternately supporting the inner and outer side of the track, and interleaved suspensions with two or three road wheels per axle, distributing the load over the track.
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Additionally, the loss of a single segment in a track immobilizes the entire vehicle, which can be a disadvantage in situations where high reliability is important. Tracks can also ride off their guide wheels, idlers or sprockets, which can cause them to jam or to come completely off the guide system
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The prominent treads of the metal plates are both hard-wearing and damage resistant, especially in comparison to rubber tyres. The aggressive treads of the tracks provide good traction in soft surfaces but can damage paved surfaces, so some metal tracks can have rubber pads installed for use on paved
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The disadvantages of tracks are lower top speed, much greater mechanical complexity, shorter life and the damage that their all-steel versions cause to the surface on which they pass: They often cause damage to less firm terrain such as lawns, gravel roads, and farm fields, as the sharp edges of the
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track is slightly more complex, with each link connected to the next by a bushing which causes the track to bend slightly inward. A length of live track left on the ground will curl upward slightly at each end. Although the drive sprocket must still pull the track around the wheels, the track itself
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Track construction and assembly is dictated by the application. Military vehicles use a track shoe that is integral to the structure of the chain in order to reduce track weight. Reduced weight allows the vehicle to move faster and decreases overall vehicle weight to ease transportation. Since track
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At least one of
Lombard's steam-powered machines apparently remains in working order. A gasoline-powered Lombard hauler is on display at the Maine State Museum in Augusta. In addition, there may have been up to twice as many Phoenix Centipeed versions of the steam log hauler built under license from
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A little-known
American inventor, Henry Thomas Stith (1839–1916), had developed a continuous track prototype which was, in multiple forms, patented in 1873, 1880, and 1900. The last was for the application of the track to a prototype off-road bicycle built for his son. The 1900 prototype is retained
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Modern tracks are built from modular chain links which together compose a closed chain. The links are jointed by a hinge, which allows the track to be flexible and wrap around a set of wheels to make an endless loop. The chain links are often broad, and can be made of manganese alloy steel for high
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powered. Although several were delivered for military use between 1917 and 1946, Linn never received any large military orders. Most of the production between 1917 and 1952, approximately 2500 units, was sold directly to highway departments and contractors. Steel tracks and payload capacity allowed
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In a patent dispute involving rival crawler builder Best, testimony was brought in from people including
Lombard, that Holt had inspected a Lombard log hauler shipped out to a western state by people who would later build the Phoenix log hauler in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, under license from Lombard.
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This relatively complicated approach has not been used since World War II ended. This may be related more to maintenance than to original cost. The torsion bars and bearings may stay dry and clean, but the wheels and tread work in mud, sand, rocks, snow, and other surfaces. In addition, the outer
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filed
British Patent No. 1948 on another form of "Endless Railway". In his illustration of the invention, Fowler used a pair of wheels of equal diameter on each side of his vehicle, around which pair of toothed wheels ran a 'track' of eight jointed segments, with a smaller jockey/drive wheel
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car only with wheels in front and
Lombard crawlers in rear. Linn had experimented with gasoline and steam-powered vehicles and six-wheel drive before this, and at some point entered Lombard's employment as a demonstrator, mechanic and sales agent. This resulted in a question of proprietorship of
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was not ready for service. A detailed report of the tests on steam traction, carried out by a select
Committee of the Board of Ordnance, was published in June 1856, by which date the Crimean War was over, consequently the mortar and its transportation became irrelevant. In those tests, a Garrett
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suspension members, allowing any German tracked military vehicle with such a setup to have a noticeably smoother ride over challenging terrain, leading to reduced wear, ensuring greater traction and more accurate fire. However, on the
Russian front, mud and snow would become lodged between the
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in
England manufactured at least two full length "track steer" machines, and their patent was later purchased by Holt in 1913, allowing Holt to claim to be the "inventor" of the crawler tractor. Since the "tank" was a British concept it is more likely that the Hornsby, which had been built and
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moved on endless rails". It lacked self-propulsion and was pulled by horses. Blinov received a patent for his "wagon" in 1878. From 1881 to 1888 he developed a steam-powered caterpillar-tractor. This self-propelled crawler was successfully tested and featured at a farmers' exhibition in 1896.
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in July 1907. The soldiers immediately christened the 70bhp No.2 machine the 'caterpillar'." Holt adopted that name for his "crawler" tractors. Holt began moving from steam to gasoline-powered designs, and in 1908 brought out the 40-horsepower (30 kW) "Holt Model 40 Caterpillar". Holt
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Tracks are often equipped with rubber pads to improve travel on paved surfaces more quickly, smoothly and quietly. While these pads slightly reduce a vehicle's cross-country traction, they prevent damage to any pavement. Some pad systems are designed to remove easily for cross-country
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453:, developed a continuous track which was patented in 1905. The design differed from modern tracks in that it flexed in only one direction, with the effect that the links locked together to form a solid rail on which the road wheels ran. Hornsby's tracked vehicles were given trials as
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Boydell patented improvements to his wheel in 1854 (No. 431) – the year his dreadnaught wheel was first applied to a steam engine – and 1858 (No. 356), the latter an impracticable palliative measure involving the lifting one or other of the driving wheels to facilitate turning.
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Tracked vehicles have better mobility over rough terrain than those with wheels: they smooth out the bumps, glide over small obstacles and are capable of crossing trenches or breaks in the terrain. Riding in a fast tracked-vehicle feels just like riding in a boat over heavy
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employing dreadnaught wheels was built at Bach's
Birmingham works, and was used between 1856 and 1858 for ploughing in Thetford; and the first generation of Burrell/Boydell engines was built at the St. Nicholas works in 1856, again, after the close of the Crimean War.
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wheels (up to nine of them, some double) had to be removed to access the inner ones. In WWII, vehicles typically had to be maintained for a few months before being destroyed or captured, but in peacetime, vehicles must train several crews over a period of decades.
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track is a simple design in which each track plate is connected to the rest with hinge-type pins. These dead tracks will lie flat if placed on the ground; the drive sprocket pulls the track around the wheels with no assistance from the track itself.
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A long line of patents disputes who was the "originator" of continuous tracks. There were a number of designs that attempted to achieve a track laying mechanism, although these designs do not generally resemble modern tracked vehicles.
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has become the most common type of military vehicle suspension. Construction vehicles have smaller road wheels that are designed primarily to prevent track derailment and they are normally contained in a single bogie that includes the
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allowed pulp to be taken to rivers in the winter. Prior to then, horses could be used only until snow depths made hauling impossible. Lombard began commercial production which lasted until around 1917 when focus switched entirely to
1055:), had slack-track systems, usually driven by a front-located drive sprocket, the track returning along the tops of a design of overlapping and sometimes interleaved large diameter road wheels, as on the suspension systems of the
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301:, waged between October 1853 and February 1856, the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich manufacturing dreadnaught wheels. A letter of recommendation was signed by Sir William Codrington, the General commanding the troops at Sebastopol.
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1369:(this is called a "thrown" track). Jammed tracks may become so tight that the track may need to be broken before a repair is possible, which requires either explosives or special tools. Multi-wheeled vehicles, for example,
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moved on endless rails", which received a patent the next year. In 1881–1888 he created a steam-powered caterpillar-tractor. This self-propelled crawler was successfully tested and showed at a farmers' exhibition in 1896.
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Linn was a pioneer in snow removal before the practice was embraced in rural areas, with a nine-foot steel v-plow and sixteen foot adjustable leveling wings on either side. Once the highway system became paved,
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in 1846. In Boydell's design, a series of flat feet are attached to the periphery of the wheel, spreading the weight. A number of horse-drawn wagons, carts and gun carriages were successfully deployed in the
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Starting from late 1980s, many manufacturers provide rubber tracks instead of steel, especially for agricultural applications. Rather than a track made of linked steel plates, a reinforced rubber belt with
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and the mechanics of the tracks, which must be overhauled or replaced regularly. It is common to see tracked vehicles such as bulldozers or tanks transported long distances by a wheeled carrier such as a
1566:. Also, there are some crawler tractor companies specialising in niche markets. Examples are Otter Mfg. Co. and Struck Corporation., with many wheeled vehicle conversion kits available from the American
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gave a brief description of a Clayton & Shuttleworth engine fitted with dreadnaught wheels, which was supplied not to the Western Allies, but to the Russian government for heavy artillery haulage in
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Tracked vehicles are much less likely than wheeled vehicles to get stuck in soft ground, mud or snow, since the tracks distribute the weight of the vehicle over a larger contact area, decreasing its
405:
Frank Beamond (1870–1941), a less-commonly known but significant British inventor, designed and built caterpillar tracks, and was granted patents for them in a number of countries, in 1900 and 1907.
682:, built by Great Britain, were designed from scratch and were inspired by, but not directly based on, the Holt. The slightly later French and German tanks were built on modified Holt running gear.
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credited Scott's "motors" with the inspiration for the British World War I tanks, writing: "Scott never knew their true possibilities; for they were the direct ancestors of the 'tanks' in France."
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engine was put through its paces on Plumstead Common. The Garrett engine featured in the Lord Mayor's show in London, and in the following month that engine was shipped to Australia. A
1340:. Should a track be broken, it often can be repaired immediately using special tools and spare parts, without the need for special facilities; this may be crucial in combat situations.
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are known for their ability to creep about on each other and on hard surfaces such as microscope slides. It is thought that around the outside of the navicula's shell is a girdle of
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Many World War II German military vehicles, initially (starting in the late 1930s) including all vehicles originally designed to be half-tracks and all later tank designs (after the
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in the post-war period. Steam tractors fitted with dreadnaught wheels had a number of shortcomings and, notwithstanding the creations of the late 1850s, were never used extensively.
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which he patented the same year, but due to a lack of funds and interest from manufacturers he was unable to build a working prototype, and his patent was voided in 1839.
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on 20 April 1837. The steam plough was lost when it sank into a swamp by accident and was then abandoned as the inventor did not have the funds to continue development.
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these machines to work in terrain that would typically cause the poorer quality rubber tyres that existed before the mid-1930s to spin uselessly, or shred completely.
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In comparison to steel tracks, rubber tracks are lighter, waste less power on internal friction, make less noise and do not damage paved roads. However, they impose
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Diagram of tracked suspension: (1=rear drive wheel (rear wheel drive), 2=track, 3=return rollers, 4=front drive wheel (front wheel drive), 5=road wheels, 6=idler)
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applied the Boydell patent under licence. The British military were interested in Boydell's invention from an early date. One of the objectives was to transport
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tracks. Another disadvantage is that they are not disassemblable into tracks and therefore cannot be repaired, having to be discarded as whole if once damaged.
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military vehicles, may often continue driving even after the loss of one or more non-sequential wheels, depending on the base wheel pattern and drive train.
1325:, on the track shoes, allows vastly superior traction that results in a much better ability to push or pull large loads where wheeled vehicles would dig in.
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surfaces. Other than soft rubber belts, most chain tracks apply a stiff mechanism to distribute the load equally over the entire space between the
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The Hornsby tractors pioneered a track-steer clutch arrangement, which is the basis of the modern crawler operation. The patent was purchased by Holt.
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invented a "vehicle" on endless tracks, patented as No. 351,749 on November 2, 1886. The article gives a detailed description of the endless tracks.
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below the wheels, as they are not able to equalize pressure as well as the stiff mechanism of track plates, especially the spring loaded
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The Phoenix Centipeed typically had a fancier wood cab, steering wheel tipped forward at a 45 degree angle and vertical instead of horizontal
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in World War II, were not as strong, and during military actions were easily damaged. The first rubber track was invented and constructed by
1922:
1298:). Since tyre air pressure is approximately equal to average ground pressure, a typical car will have an average ground pressure of 28
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Between late 1856 and 1862 Burrell manufactured not less than a score of engines fitted with dreadnaught wheels. In April 1858, the journal
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incorporated the Holt Caterpillar Company, in early 1910, later that year trademarked the name "Caterpillar" for his continuous tracks.
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542:", which had the advantage of keeping the main drive shaft away from ground shocks and dirt, and is still used in their larger dozers.
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by applying more or less drive torque to one side of the vehicle than the other, and this can be implemented in a variety of ways.
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674:, Holt tractors were used by the British and Austro-Hungarian armies to tow heavy artillery and stimulated the development of
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667:, became convinced that it was possible to develop a fighting vehicle that could provide protection from machine gun fire.
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The vehicle's weight is transferred to the bottom length of track by a number of road wheels, or sets of wheels called
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for minimal deformation, so that even the heaviest vehicles can move easily, just like a train on its straight tracks.
1389:, though technological advances have made this practice less common among tracked military vehicles than it once was.
2347:
2283:, David Roberts, "Improvements in or connected with Road Locomotives and Vehicles.", published 1 Jun 1905
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with sled steerage on front and crawlers in rear for hauling logs in the Northeastern United States and Canada. The
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Biographical information about the American inventor Henry Thomas Stith (1839-1916) is available from the
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The choice of overlapping/interleaved road wheels allowed the use of slightly more transverse-orientation
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presented his view that man-hauling to the South Pole was impossible and that motor traction was needed.
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in 1977, Caterpillar resurrected a design by Holt and Best, the high-sprocket-drive, since known as the "
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developed the idea of a caterpillar track for snow surfaces. These tracked motors were built by the
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Lombard, with vertical instead of horizontal cylinders. In 1903, the founder of Holt Manufacturing,
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324:, a giant 36 inch weapon which was under development, but, by the end of the Crimean War, the
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tends to bend inward, slightly assisting the sprocket and somewhat conforming to the wheels.
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Small tracks on a roadworks machine. Note the rubber pads to reduce wear on the carriageway.
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trucks equipped by improving tyre designs, and the Linn became an off highway vehicle, for
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The pioneer manufacturers have been replaced mostly by large tractor companies such as
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powered machines. A gasoline-powered hauler is on display at the Maine State Museum in
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Continuous track was first applied to a military vehicle on the British prototype tank
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In time, however, a wide array of vehicles were developed for snow and ice, including
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In 1925 Holt and C.W. Best's company merged to form the Caterpillar Tractor Company.
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HGR in 1945-1948, which was ahead of its time and only seen small-scale production.
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A first effective continuous track was not only invented but really implemented by
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1973:"The iron, coal, and general trades of Birmingham, Wolverhampton, and other towns"
1110:, leading to occasional misidentification of other slack track-equipped vehicles.
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designed caterpillar vehicles in the 1830s to compete with the railways. In 1837,
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618:. Scott died during the expedition in 1912, but expedition member and biographer
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212:. The idea of continuous tracks can be traced back as far as the 1830s, however.
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584:. The elevated drive sprocket offers advantages to large earth-moving machines.
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in Birmingham, tested in Switzerland and Norway, and can be seen in action in
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came from a soldier during the tests on the Hornsby crawler, "trials began at
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Scale model of Hornsby Chain Tractor at 2005 Harrogate Model Engineering Show
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2503:, James K Glen, "Improvement in Motive Power", issued 1867-10-22
2255:
437:, paid Lombard $ 60,000 for the right to produce vehicles under his patent.
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patented a continuous track, which he called a "universal railway" in 1825.
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2522:, William Fender, "Wheel With Endless Rail", issued 1887-11-29
2414:
Scott and Amundsen. Their Race to the South Pole. The Last Place on Earth.
1853:
The story of the St. Nicholas Works: A History of Charles Burrell and Sons
1573:
Russian off-road vehicles are built by companies such as ZZGT and Vityaz.
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army captain Dmitry Andreevich Zagryazhsky (1807 – after 1860) designed a
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2541:, Goldsbury Harden Pond, "Traction Engine", issued 1890-08-05
2192:
U.S. Patent no. 224,741 (filed: 5 August 1879; issued: 17 February 1880).
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and patented in 1913; in historic context rubber tracks are often called
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1002:
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2199:
U.S. Patent no. 654,291 (filed: 26 December 1899; issued: 24 July 1900).
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2256:"Lombard Log Hauler and Model T Snowmobile Show Route 175 Thornton, NH"
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Steam on the Farm: A History of Agricultural Steam Engines 1800 to 1950
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gasoline crawler tractors teamed up to pull a long wagon train in the
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2463:. Vol. 2. London, England: Constable & Co. Ltd. p. 322.
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898:
888:
to pull the equipment wagon of his dog & pony show, resembling a
205:
201:
37:
2828:
Dedication to the only commercially-sold Hornsby caterpillar crawler
2794:
819:
192:. Today, they are commonly used on a variety of vehicles, including
3475:
3425:
2900:
2225:"Invention of the Caterpillar Track: Frank Beamond and his Patents"
1583:
1483:
1479:
1119:
1094:
960:
741:
450:
387:
221:
60:
with continuous track wheels crosses a river and dumps its load in
1041:
overlapped/interleaved roadwheel sets for each track unit per side
3405:
2986:
1635:
1555:
1357:
1322:
1208:
1056:
1018:
919:
778:
640:
480:
395:
288:
Although not a continuous track in the form encountered today, a
197:
80:
2606:. President and Fellows of Harvard College. 2010. Archived from
2185:
U.S. Patent no. 138,707 (filed: 2 May 1873; issued: 6 May 1873).
292:
or "endless railway wheel" was patented by the British Engineer
149:
made of steel plates (with or without rubber pads), also called
3460:
3011:
3006:
1650:
1587:
1543:
923:
753:
unsuccessfully pitched to their military, was the inspiration.
440:
343:
237:
95:
1131:
3430:
2978:
1563:
1386:
1370:
1336:
Tracks cannot be punctured or torn and are more resilient in
989:
699:
678:
in several countries. The first tanks to go into action, the
461:
on several occasions between 1905 and 1910, but not adopted.
371:
170:
65:
2827:
2573:, Charles Dinsmoor, "Vehicle", issued 1886-11-02
1225:
Tracked vehicles long-distance hauling on equipment trailers
176:
The stiff mechanism was first given a physical form by
3465:
2869:
1531:
1463:
1354:
964:
889:
675:
209:
185:
2773:
2772:. Russia: Zavolzhsky Crawler Vehicle Plant. Archived from
1823:"Burrell's traction engine with Boydell's endless railway"
94:
A Russian tracked vehicle designed to operate on snow and
1874:
1872:
1290:
tank has an average ground pressure of just over 15
884:
was built by Lombard for Holman Harry (Flannery) Linn of
354:
In August 1858, more than two years after the end of the
2402:
The Sledging Problem in the Antarctic, Men versus Motors
1911:"Governments Experiments with Boydell's Traction-Engine"
1191:
Worn and new track pads on an M1 Abrams main battle tank
531:, an early successful manufacturer of crawler tractors.
366:
Further to Fowler's patent of 1858, in 1877, a Russian,
349:
2669:
2589:
Scientific American, December 18, 1886, Vol. LV, No. 25
2384:"Cat's elevated sprocket that changed the dozer market"
1333:) which have become stuck in, or sunk into, the ground.
445:
At about the same time a British agricultural company,
2329:
1869:
1433:, with overlapped interleaved wheels and "slack track"
277:
141:, reinforced with steel wires, in the case of lighter
1321:
The larger contact area, coupled with the cleats, or
1087:
Transfer of power to the track is accomplished by a
2373:
The Earthmover Encyclopedia, Page 28, Keith Haddock
1257:Previous belt-like systems, such as those used for
1017:Overlapped and interleaved road wheels of a German
2845:Hornsby Chain Tractor Promotion-Video (6:17, 1908)
2141:[The inventor of the tractor (F.Blinov)].
1376:Prolonged use places enormous strain on the drive
647:, and countless commercial and military vehicles.
416:
412:Lombard Steam Log Hauler (Designed, patented 1901)
308:A number of manufacturers including Richard Bach,
2342:. MotorBooks International. pp. 17, 20, 21.
1594:that can flow and thus act as a continuous track.
1037:'s half-track units, showing the rims of its six
145:. The more common classical type is a solid
3583:
1988:
1269:. First rubber-tracked agricultural tracked was
386:were used at the end of the 19th century in the
2178:Henry T. Stith's patents for tracked wheels:
1466:tank with "slack track" and rear drive sprocket
602:did not yet exist however, and so his engineer
133:Modern continuous tracks can be made with soft
2453:
2009:The Development of the English Traction Engine
1704:"Sir George Cayley's patent universal railway"
698:created a horse-drawn tracked vehicle called "
614:'s 1911 documentary film of Scott's Antarctic
256:Heathcote Steam Plough as demonstrated in 1837
2885:
2314:. Antique Caterpillar Machinery Owners Club.
2279:
977:strength, hardness, and abrasion resistance.
971:
2657:Encyclopedia of German Tanks of World War II
2592:
2100:"Patent No. 5260 A New Locomotive Apparatus"
594:In a memorandum of 1908, Antarctic explorer
441:The stiff chain by Hornsby & Sons (1904)
2797:. Russia: Vityaz machine-building company.
2746:"The Small Tractor FAQ – Tractor Resources"
2425:
848:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
503:
247:
2892:
2878:
2720:"Search results for Used Tracked tractors"
1046:
157:, which is preferred for robust and heavy
2339:Giant Earthmovers: An Illustrated History
2136:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
868:Learn how and when to remove this message
1525:
1486:and return rollers holding up the track
1348:
731:that resembles a regular railroad steam
634:Snow wing skid steer with tracked treads
407:
251:
100:
89:
71:
42:
31:
2600:"Caterpillar Tractor Co. List of Deals"
1970:
1669:
1667:
1570:firm of Minnesota since the mid-1990s.
650:
378:
14:
3584:
2770:"The Zavolzhsky Crawler Vehicle Plant"
2743:
2304:
2123:
1722:
3299:Simultaneous localization and mapping
2873:
2097:
2006:
1944:Science& Society: Picture Library
1794:
1136:Tracks may be broadly categorized as
1063:tanks, generically known by the term
350:Endless Railway by John Fowler (1858)
2655:Peter Chamberlain and Hilary Doyle,
2560:, H. W. Wilson Company (1950), p. 47
2033:"Charles Burrell & Sons Limited"
1994:
1850:
1664:
1157:
880:In the meantime, a gasoline-powered
846:adding citations to reliable sources
813:
727:was issued a patent in 1901 for the
370:, created a tracked vehicle called "
2833:Hornsby Steam Chain Tractor website
2335:
2139:"Изобретатель трактора (Ф. Блинов)"
1937:"Tuxford's Boydell Traction Engine"
608:Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Company
523:began in 1925 from a merger of the
278:Dreadnaught wheel by Boydell (1846)
24:
2473:
2167:The Implement and Machinery Review
1774:. MotorBooks International. 2001.
1758:. US. 29 December 1837. p. 4.
777:'s steam-powered continuous track
748:. After Lombard began operations,
484:(1905, Richard Hornsby & Sons)
25:
3628:
2816:
685:
659:. British Army officers, Colonel
180:in 1904 and then made popular by
3563:
3552:
3551:
2968:
2183:"Improvement in traction-wheels"
1925:from the original on 2016-03-04.
1718:from the original on 2017-03-13.
1506:
1491:
1471:
1455:
1439:
1413:
1399:
1344:
1230:
1218:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1026:
1010:
952:
940:
818:
792:A working model of the original
785:
766:
627:
589:
571:
547:
489:
469:
3564:
2801:from the original on 2016-10-22
2787:
2762:
2737:
2726:from the original on 2013-06-02
2712:
2701:from the original on 2012-03-14
2687:
2676:from the original on 2006-10-14
2662:
2649:
2638:from the original on 2012-03-08
2624:
2583:
2580:A design for a tracked vehicle.
2563:
2550:
2531:
2512:
2493:
2482:from the original on 2016-11-09
2467:
2447:
2436:from the original on 2016-10-03
2419:
2406:
2394:
2376:
2367:
2356:from the original on 2015-10-07
2318:from the original on 2016-03-22
2292:
2273:
2262:from the original on 2011-08-14
2248:
2237:from the original on 2015-07-21
2217:
2204:
2172:
2160:
2149:from the original on 2011-07-27
2112:from the original on 2017-11-21
2091:
2080:from the original on 2013-10-02
2060:
2049:from the original on 2014-02-21
2025:
2011:. Cambridge UK: Goose and Son.
2000:
1964:
1953:from the original on 2016-03-04
1929:
1903:
1892:from the original on 2013-10-02
1833:from the original on 2013-10-02
1736:from the original on 2009-08-11
1685:from the original on 2017-03-13
417:First commercial success (1901)
83:with rubber tracks, mitigating
2838:
2460:The Worst Journey in the World
1844:
1815:
1788:
1762:
1747:
1730:"Josef-Maria Hoëné de Wronski"
1696:
1446:Experimental four-track tank (
1082:
933:
13:
1:
2632:"Austenitic Manganese Steels"
2478:. UK: Spartacus Educational.
1985:See p. 328, left-hand column.
1675:"The Tank Tread Was His Baby"
1657:
1276:
496:Hornsby Chain Tracked Tractor
242:"carriage with mobile tracks"
2899:
1771:Classic Caterpillar Crawlers
1754:"Heathcote's Steam Plough".
1714:(127): 225–227. 1826-01-28.
1576:
1005:and sometimes the sprocket.
27:System of vehicle propulsion
7:
3309:Vision-guided robot systems
2855:Scale Model Hornsby Traktor
1598:
1113:
641:ski slope grooming machines
562:during construction of the
521:Caterpillar Tractor Company
182:Caterpillar Tractor Company
10:
3633:
3529:Technological unemployment
2751:Carnegie Mellon University
2697:. Kubota.com. 2008-07-14.
2604:Lehman Brothers Collection
2426:riverbanksy (2011-08-21).
1392:
1124:
1118:Continuous track vehicles
972:Construction and operation
807:
529:C. L. Best Tractor Company
525:Holt Manufacturing Company
318:Clayton & Shuttleworth
314:Charles Burrell & Sons
310:Richard Garrett & Sons
281:
215:
3547:
3517:Workplace robotics safety
3499:
3393:
3317:
3280:
3235:
3133:
2977:
2966:
2907:
2865:1/3 Scale Hornsby Traktor
2569:
2537:
2518:
2499:
2212:Kansas Historical Society
2068:"Burrell-Boydell Tractor"
2007:Clark, Ronald H. (1974).
1971:(Staff) (23 April 1858).
1921:(1). London. 1856-06-30.
1880:"Boydell Artillery Wheel"
1855:. London: Unicorn Press.
1851:Lane, Michael R. (1994).
901:type, gasoline and later
694:In 1877 Russian inventor
402:by his surviving family.
234:Józef Maria Hoene-Wroński
2695:"Kubota crawler tractor"
2137:Lozovoi, D.; Lozova, A.
1795:Brown, Jonathan (2008).
729:Lombard Steam Log Hauler
696:Fyodor Abramovich Blinov
504:Holt and the Caterpillar
427:Lombard Steam Log Hauler
248:Heathcote's Steam Plough
3607:Carriages and mountings
3365:Human–robot interaction
2412:Roland Huntford (2003)
1631:Screw-propelled vehicle
1132:"Live" and "dead" track
1047:Overlapping road wheels
803:
498:(1907 enhanced Version)
36:Continuous tracks on a
2849:British Film Institute
2455:Cherry-Garrard, Apsley
1361:
998:Torsion-bar suspension
895:independent suspension
413:
384:Steam traction engines
257:
143:agricultural machinery
112:
98:
87:
69:
40:
3471:Starship Technologies
2556:Kane, Joseph Nathan,
2416:Abacus, London, p.224
2098:Caley, Georg (1825).
2040:University of Reading
1915:The Farmer's Magazine
1626:Recreational products
1526:Current manufacturers
1513:Experimental tracked
1352:
1271:Oliver Farm Equipment
1127:Differential steering
981:weight is completely
620:Apsley Cherry-Garrard
616:Terra Nova Expedition
423:Alvin Orlando Lombard
411:
255:
159:construction vehicles
104:
93:
75:
55:
35:
3602:Engineering vehicles
3421:Energid Technologies
2744:Burner, Ken (1997).
2571:US patent 351749
2539:US patent 433488
2520:US patent 373887
2476:"Little Willie Tank"
2443:– via YouTube.
2400:R. F. Scott (1908).
2299:The Devil's Chariots
1756:Chelmsford Chronicle
926:, dam construction,
842:improve this section
723:Alvin O. Lombard of
718:Warren, Pennsylvania
651:Military application
564:Los Angeles Aqueduct
379:20th century efforts
261:Patented in 1832 by
230:Polish mathematician
3512:Powered exoskeleton
2857:(Stapleford Steam,
2501:US patent 69987
2312:"About Caterpillar"
1360:with a thrown track
1108:Christie suspension
709:Scientific American
596:Robert Falcon Scott
3481:Universal Robotics
3456:Intuitive Surgical
3446:Harvest Automation
3411:Barrett Technology
3193:Robotic spacecraft
3039:Audio-Animatronics
2670:"Official website"
2558:Famous First Facts
1708:Mechanics Magazine
1681:(June): 63. 1944.
1362:
1286:. The seventy-ton
928:arctic exploration
794:Hornsby & Sons
455:artillery tractors
414:
258:
178:Hornsby & Sons
124:vehicle propulsion
113:
99:
88:
70:
41:
3579:
3578:
3522:Robotic tech vest
3451:Honeybee Robotics
3267:Electric unicycle
3220:remotely-operated
2388:Equipment Journal
2143:Russia in Colours
1801:. Crowood Press.
1434:
1158:Rubber track pads
1065:Schachtellaufwerk
1039:Schachtellaufwerk
914:could be done by
878:
877:
870:
725:Waterville, Maine
290:dreadnaught wheel
284:Dreadnaught wheel
163:military vehicles
151:caterpillar tread
110:Challenger 1 tank
53:
18:Caterpillar track
16:(Redirected from
3624:
3617:Tank subassembly
3592:Tracked vehicles
3567:
3566:
3555:
3554:
3539:Fictional robots
3507:Critique of work
3156:Unmanned vehicle
2972:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2871:
2870:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2754:. Archived from
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2722:. Mascus.co.uk.
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
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2653:
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2628:
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2616:
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2590:
2587:
2581:
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2574:
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2554:
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2542:
2535:
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2527:
2523:
2516:
2510:
2509:
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2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2429:90 Degrees South
2423:
2417:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2336:Haddock, Keith.
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2308:
2302:
2301:, John Glanfield
2296:
2290:
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2252:
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2245:
2243:
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2236:
2229:
2221:
2215:
2208:
2202:
2197:"Traction wheel"
2195:Stith, Henry T.
2190:"Traction-wheel"
2188:Stith, Henry T.
2181:Stith, Henry T.
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2134:
2121:
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2004:
1998:
1992:
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1968:
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1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1671:
1560:Caterpillar Inc.
1510:
1495:
1482:with rear drive
1475:
1459:
1443:
1428:
1417:
1403:
1383:tank transporter
1263:Adolphe Kégresse
1240:treads is used.
1222:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1030:
1014:
956:
944:
916:four wheel drive
873:
866:
862:
859:
853:
822:
814:
789:
770:
714:Charles Dinsmoor
631:
604:Reginald Skelton
575:
551:
493:
473:
188:emerging during
139:synthetic rubber
128:tracked vehicles
122:are a system of
116:Continuous track
54:
21:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3543:
3495:
3416:Boston Dynamics
3401:Amazon Robotics
3389:
3313:
3304:Visual odometry
3294:Motion planning
3276:
3231:
3151:Continuum robot
3134:Classifications
3129:
2992:Anthropomorphic
2973:
2964:
2960:AI competitions
2903:
2898:
2841:
2819:
2814:
2813:
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2793:
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2779:
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2240:
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2234:
2227:
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2222:
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2209:
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2177:
2173:
2165:
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2152:
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2135:
2124:
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2113:
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2070:
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2026:
2019:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1969:
1965:
1956:
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1939:
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1895:
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1767:
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1753:
1752:
1748:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1688:
1686:
1679:Popular Science
1673:
1672:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1601:
1579:
1528:
1521:
1519:B-36 Peacemaker
1511:
1502:
1496:
1487:
1476:
1467:
1460:
1451:
1444:
1435:
1418:
1409:
1407:Komatsu CD-110R
1404:
1395:
1347:
1338:military combat
1284:ground pressure
1279:
1267:Kégresse tracks
1248:ground pressure
1233:
1226:
1223:
1214:
1201:
1192:
1189:
1180:
1177:
1165:military combat
1160:
1134:
1129:
1116:
1085:
1049:
1042:
1031:
1022:
1015:
994:shock absorbers
974:
967:
957:
948:
945:
936:
886:Old Town, Maine
874:
863:
857:
854:
839:
823:
812:
806:
799:
797:tracked tractor
790:
781:
771:
688:
653:
635:
632:
612:Herbert Ponting
592:
585:
576:
567:
552:
536:Caterpillar D10
506:
499:
497:
494:
485:
483:
474:
443:
419:
381:
352:
322:Mallet's Mortar
286:
280:
271:Bolton-le-Moors
250:
218:
85:soil compaction
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3630:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3561:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3534:Terrainability
3531:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
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3413:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:
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3148:
3146:Cloud robotics
3143:
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3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
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2859:Leicestershire
2852:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2817:External links
2815:
2812:
2811:
2786:
2761:
2758:on 2012-06-22.
2736:
2711:
2686:
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2648:
2623:
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2530:
2511:
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2474:Simkin, John.
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2291:
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2193:
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2171:
2159:
2145:(in Russian).
2122:
2090:
2059:
2024:
2017:
1999:
1987:
1963:
1928:
1902:
1868:
1862:978-0906290071
1861:
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1616:Kégresse track
1613:
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1597:
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1578:
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1536:Liebherr Group
1527:
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1125:Main article:
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808:Main article:
805:
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791:
784:
782:
772:
765:
746:Augusta, Maine
687:
686:Patent history
684:
665:Maurice Hankey
661:Ernest Swinton
652:
649:
637:
636:
633:
626:
591:
588:
587:
586:
579:Caterpillar D9
577:
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282:Main article:
279:
276:
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263:John Heathcoat
249:
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120:tracked treads
26:
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2:
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3486:Wolf Robotics
3484:
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3464:
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3441:Foster-Miller
3439:
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3360:Developmental
3358:
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3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3125:Soft robotics
3123:
3121:
3120:BEAM robotics
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
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3078:
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3075:Entertainment
3073:
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2933:
2931:
2928:
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2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:Main articles
2906:
2902:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2860:
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2843:
2842:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2776:on 2013-11-27
2775:
2771:
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2753:
2752:
2747:
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2725:
2721:
2715:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2658:
2652:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2620:
2610:on 2010-06-29
2609:
2605:
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2403:
2397:
2390:. 2017-09-17.
2389:
2385:
2379:
2370:
2355:
2351:
2349:9781610605861
2345:
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2148:
2144:
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2127:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1888:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1832:
1828:
1827:Grace's Guide
1824:
1818:
1810:
1808:9781847970527
1804:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1781:9781610605793
1777:
1773:
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1709:
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1646:Undercarriage
1644:
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1624:
1622:
1621:Pedrail wheel
1619:
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1593:
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1396:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1345:Disadvantages
1339:
1335:
1332:
1331:wheel loaders
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:) to 33
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1231:Rubber tracks
1221:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1204:Rubber tracks
1199:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1169:
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1166:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1143:
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1111:
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1058:
1054:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1007:
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1004:
999:
995:
991:
986:
984:
978:
966:
962:
955:
950:
943:
938:
937:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
907:
904:
900:
896:
891:
887:
883:
872:
869:
861:
851:
847:
843:
837:
836:
832:
827:This section
825:
821:
816:
815:
811:
798:
795:
788:
783:
780:
776:
773:The draft of
769:
764:
763:
762:
760:
754:
751:
747:
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
710:
706:According to
704:
701:
697:
692:
683:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
657:Little Willie
648:
646:
642:
630:
625:
624:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:Snow vehicles
597:
590:Snow vehicles
583:
580:
574:
569:
565:
561:
560:Mojave Desert
557:
550:
545:
544:
543:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:
511:
492:
487:
482:
479:
478:Chain Tracked
472:
467:
466:
465:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
438:
436:
435:Benjamin Holt
430:
428:
424:
410:
406:
403:
399:
397:
393:
392:United States
389:
385:
376:
373:
369:
368:Fyodor Blinov
364:
361:
357:
347:
345:
340:
335:
332:
331:steam tractor
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
302:
300:
295:
294:James Boydell
291:
285:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:
254:
245:
243:
239:
235:
232:and inventor
231:
227:
226:George Cayley
223:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
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164:
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111:
108:
103:
97:
92:
86:
82:
79:
74:
67:
63:
59:
39:
34:
30:
19:
3568:
3556:
3325:Evolutionary
3272:Robotic fins
3244:
3225:Robotic fish
3210:Telerobotics
3183:Nanorobotics
3173:Mobile robot
3110:Food service
3105:Agricultural
2955:Competitions
2940:Hall of Fame
2803:. Retrieved
2789:
2778:. Retrieved
2774:the original
2764:
2756:the original
2749:
2739:
2728:. Retrieved
2714:
2703:. Retrieved
2689:
2678:. Retrieved
2672:. Liebherr.
2664:
2656:
2651:
2640:. Retrieved
2626:
2618:
2612:. Retrieved
2608:the original
2603:
2594:
2585:
2565:
2557:
2552:
2533:
2514:
2495:
2484:. Retrieved
2469:
2459:
2449:
2438:. Retrieved
2428:
2421:
2413:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2358:. Retrieved
2338:
2331:
2320:. Retrieved
2306:
2298:
2294:
2281:GB 190416345
2275:
2264:. Retrieved
2250:
2239:. Retrieved
2219:
2206:
2174:
2169:, 1901-01-02
2166:
2162:
2151:. Retrieved
2142:
2114:. Retrieved
2093:
2082:. Retrieved
2062:
2051:. Retrieved
2039:
2027:
2008:
2002:
1990:
1980:
1977:The Engineer
1976:
1966:
1955:. Retrieved
1946:. UK. 1857.
1943:
1931:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1894:. Retrieved
1852:
1846:
1835:. Retrieved
1826:
1817:
1797:
1790:
1770:
1764:
1755:
1749:
1738:. Retrieved
1724:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1687:. Retrieved
1678:
1582:
1572:
1529:
1515:landing gear
1500:Leclerc tank
1422:World War II
1406:
1378:transmission
1375:
1367:
1363:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1234:
1207:
1161:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1117:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1050:
1038:
987:
979:
975:
908:
879:
864:
855:
840:Please help
828:
810:Linn tractor
755:
722:
707:
705:
693:
689:
669:
663:and Colonel
654:
638:
593:
533:
519:
509:
507:
463:
459:British Army
444:
431:
420:
404:
400:
382:
365:
353:
339:The Engineer
338:
336:
307:
303:
287:
241:
220:The British
219:
175:
167:
154:
150:
146:
132:
127:
119:
115:
114:
107:British Army
78:agricultural
29:
3345:Open-source
3198:Space probe
3188:Necrobotics
3178:Microbotics
3141:Biorobotics
3070:Educational
3053:Articulated
3034:Animatronic
3019:Claytronics
2839:Video clips
1995:Lane (1994)
1548:New Holland
1498:Track of a
1259:half-tracks
1104:slack track
1089:drive wheel
1083:Drive train
1072:torsion bar
1003:idler-wheel
963:wheel on a
934:Engineering
912:snowplowing
672:World War I
645:snowmobiles
510:Caterpillar
360:John Fowler
356:Crimean War
299:Crimean War
194:snowmobiles
190:World War I
147:chain track
3612:Propulsion
3586:Categories
3385:Ubiquitous
3375:Perceptual
3282:Navigation
3237:Locomotion
3215:Underwater
3100:Disability
3048:Industrial
2805:2016-11-07
2780:2016-11-07
2730:2013-05-03
2705:2013-05-03
2680:2013-05-03
2642:2011-08-24
2614:2010-11-06
2486:2016-11-08
2440:2016-10-23
2360:2015-08-16
2322:2016-11-07
2266:2011-08-24
2241:2014-12-10
2153:2011-08-24
2116:2013-09-30
2084:2013-09-30
2053:2013-09-30
2018:0900404027
1983:: 327–328.
1957:2014-02-04
1896:2013-09-30
1837:2013-09-30
1740:2009-05-30
1689:2011-08-24
1658:References
1641:Snowmobile
1611:Half-track
1592:protoplasm
1540:John Deere
1448:Obyekt 279
1327:Bulldozers
1310:(230
1302:(190
1294:(100
1277:Advantages
1035:Sd.Kfz. 11
1021:heavy tank
882:motor home
733:locomotive
582:High Drive
540:High Drive
206:excavators
202:bulldozers
155:tank tread
58:dump truck
3436:Figure AI
3394:Companies
3370:Paradigms
3355:Adaptable
3335:Simulator
3029:Automaton
3024:Companion
2935:Geography
1606:Excavator
1577:In nature
1568:Mattracks
1431:halftrack
1429:military
1426:SdKfz 251
1288:M1 Abrams
1053:Panzer IV
899:halftrack
829:does not
759:cylinders
534:With the
514:Aldershot
508:The name
388:Boer Wars
38:bulldozer
3597:Tractors
3558:Category
3476:Symbotic
3426:FarmWise
3380:Situated
3350:Software
3318:Research
3262:Climbing
3085:Military
3080:Juggling
3065:Domestic
2997:Humanoid
2920:Glossary
2901:Robotics
2799:Archived
2724:Archived
2699:Archived
2674:Archived
2636:Archived
2480:Archived
2457:(1922).
2434:Archived
2354:Archived
2316:Archived
2260:Archived
2232:Archived
2147:Archived
2107:Archived
2075:Archived
2044:Archived
1948:Archived
1923:Archived
1887:Archived
1831:Archived
1829:. 1857.
1734:Archived
1716:Archived
1683:Archived
1599:See also
1584:Navicula
1484:sprocket
1480:M60 tank
1323:grousers
1114:Steering
1095:sprocket
983:unsprung
961:sprocket
858:May 2013
742:gasoline
566:in 1909.
527:and the
451:Grantham
425:for the
267:Red Moss
222:polymath
198:tractors
126:used in
62:Kanagawa
3570:Outline
3500:Related
3491:Yaskawa
3406:Anybots
3286:mapping
3255:Hexapod
3250:Walking
3095:Service
3090:Medical
3002:Android
2987:Aerobot
2930:History
2915:Outline
2861:, 2008)
1636:Snowcat
1588:diatoms
1462:Soviet
1420:German
1393:Gallery
1358:Type 10
1318:swells.
1238:chevron
1209:Case IH
1144:track.
1061:Panther
1057:Tiger I
1019:Tiger I
930:, etc.
920:logging
890:trolley
850:removed
835:sources
779:tractor
750:Hornsby
737:haulers
670:During
556:Holt 45
481:Tractor
457:by the
447:Hornsby
396:England
238:Russian
216:History
184:, with
81:tractor
3461:IRobot
3245:Tracks
3166:ground
3161:aerial
3115:Retail
3012:Gynoid
3007:Cyborg
2945:Ethics
2795:"Main"
2659:, 1999
2577:
2545:
2526:
2507:
2346:
2287:
2042:. UK.
2015:
1859:
1805:
1778:
1651:Airoll
1552:Kubota
1544:Yanmar
1093:drive
990:bogies
924:mining
903:diesel
775:Blinov
680:Mark I
476:First
344:Crimea
326:mortar
171:wheels
96:swamps
3431:FANUC
3340:Suite
3205:Swarm
2979:Types
2925:Index
2235:(PDF)
2228:(PDF)
2110:(PDF)
2103:(PDF)
2078:(PDF)
2071:(PDF)
2047:(PDF)
2036:(PDF)
1951:(PDF)
1940:(PDF)
1890:(PDF)
1883:(PDF)
1564:CLAAS
1517:on a
1478:U.S.
1424:-era
1387:train
1371:8 X 8
1120:steer
1100:idler
1091:, or
700:wagon
676:tanks
372:wagon
210:tanks
186:tanks
135:belts
66:Japan
3466:KUKA
3330:Kits
3284:and
2950:Laws
2344:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1803:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1556:Case
1532:AGCO
1464:T-55
1355:JSDF
1252:live
1245:more
1211:8240
1151:Live
1146:Dead
1142:dead
1138:live
1059:and
965:tank
833:any
831:cite
804:Linn
554:Two
394:and
316:and
224:Sir
208:and
161:and
3058:arm
1385:or
1312:kPa
1308:psi
1304:kPa
1300:psi
1296:kPa
1292:psi
1140:or
1033:An
897:of
844:by
716:of
449:in
269:at
153:or
137:of
118:or
76:An
3588::
2748:.
2634:.
2617:.
2602:.
2432:.
2386:.
2352:.
2258:.
2230:.
2125:^
2105:.
2073:.
2038:.
1979:.
1975:.
1942:.
1919:45
1917:.
1913:.
1885:.
1871:^
1825:.
1732:.
1710:.
1706:.
1677:.
1666:^
1562:,
1558:,
1554:,
1550:,
1546:,
1542:,
1538:,
1534:,
1353:A
1314:).
1167:.
996:.
959:A
922:,
761:.
712:,
643:,
398:.
358:,
312:,
204:,
200:,
196:,
165:.
105:A
64:,
56:A
2893:e
2886:t
2879:v
2851:)
2847:(
2808:.
2783:.
2733:.
2708:.
2683:.
2645:.
2489:.
2363:.
2325:.
2269:.
2244:.
2214:.
2156:.
2119:.
2087:.
2056:.
2021:.
1997:.
1981:5
1960:.
1899:.
1865:.
1840:.
1811:.
1784:.
1743:.
1712:5
1692:.
1450:)
1213:)
1206:(
871:)
865:(
860:)
856:(
852:.
838:.
68:.
20:)
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