240:, were met with unprecedented contempt. In response the Committee successfully organised a country-wide election to a national convention. In contrast to the deference the Committee had previously shown to Catholic noblemen and gentry, by standards of the time the franchise was broadly democratic. All the Kingdom's 32 counties and fifty nine towns and cities were to return delegates. Meetings open all male communicants in each parish elected one or two delegates who, convening in county meetings, would in turn choose up to four of their number for the convention in Dublin. The Committee's instructions underscored the democratic spirit of the exercise: "men appointed by others must hold themselves accountable to those from whom they derive their trust and must therefore regulate their conduct by the standard of general opinion".
173:
land.and join the army. A further measure followed in 1782: the Irish
Parliament, acknowledging the actual tolerated practice of the Catholic faith, repealed the laws that compelled Catholic bishops to quit the kingdom, and binding those who had assisted at Mass to identify the celebrant. In addition, Catholics might now own a horse worth more than ÂŁ5, and, with the consent of their local Protestant bishop, open their own schools. These small concessions were not supplemented by others for ten years.
62:
2031:
2042:
2019:
2052:
634:
477:
193:, active on the national or general Committee in Dublin since 1781, became its Chairman. In February 1791 elections to the Committee from the counties and from the five Dublin parishes brought a dramatic change in its composition, with aspiring middle-class representatives now in the majority and clearly outnumbering the rural gentry delegates. Stirred by news of
182:
121:
rise to greater persecution. The committee did have an early success, organising a campaign of non-payment and of court challenges to the system of "quarterage", by which exclusively
Protestant corporations levied surcharges upon Catholic merchants, traders and artisans. Efforts to reinstate the charges legislatively were quashed by
370:(himself a delegate from Newry) reported in June 1797 that while they were still acknowledged as members of the "National Committee" of the United Irishmen meeting in Dublin, they did not attend. Alarmed by the violent and anti-clerical turn of events in France, McKenna had resigned from the society already in 1793.
202:, written by McKenna, demanding total repeal of the penal laws as a matter of right. The declaration caused a split in the Catholic Committee. After presenting to the viceroy a petition for relief which the majority considered "insidious and servile", in December 1791 69 members led by Lord Kenmare publicly seceded.
299:
The delegates chosen to carry the petition to London made a point of travelling through
Belfast, where Presbyterian supporters insisted on removing the horses from their carriages and pulling them by hand over the Long Bridge into the town. In January 1793, the delegates were well received in London,
120:
From the beginning there was disagreement between the gentry and the merchants how best to achieve comparable relief from the penal laws in
Ireland. The gentry, who had suffered much in fines and lands lost for adhering to their religion, were apprehensive that an overbold approach would only give
101:
In 1760, at a meeting at the
Elephant Tavern on Essex Street, Dublin, Wyse submitted a plan for a more permanent Catholic Committee, made up of clergy, nobility, and representatives of the people. Before long, every county in Ireland had a committee usually headed by Catholic merchants and landed
275:
in France, the democratic exercise also caused alarm among the
Catholic bishops. Keogh complained of "old men used to bend power; mistaking all attempts at liberty as in some way connected with the murders in France". At the opening the Convention, assembled in the Tailor's Hall in Back Lane,
172:
passed first in the parliament of Great
Britain and then, with greater opposition, in the Irish Parliament. The "Papists Act" did not grant freedom of worship, but did allow Catholics on taking a modified oath that abjured the temporal, but not the spiritual, authority of the Pope, to purchase
291:
of the
Belfast United Irish Society) the Convention demanded the total emancipation of Catholics, the lifting of all their remaining disabilities both civil and political. It was further resolved to appeal over the heads of the Dublin Parliament and Castle administration directly to the King,
267:
saw the hand of the United
Irishmen, represented not only by Tone, but also by Keogh and Secretary Richard McCormick, who had followed Tone into the United ranks in Dublin. Of the 248 delegates elected to the Catholic Convention, 48 were members of the Dublin Society of the United Irishmen.
339:
which continue to bar
Catholics from parliament, from the judicial bench and from the higher offices of state, when all else was conceded, seemed petty, and was "interpreted by the newly politicised Catholic populace as final proof that the existing government was their natural enemy".
322:
As a final gesture, the Catholic Committee had issued a declaration calling for parliamentary reform. While this displeased the government, it was seen as poor recompense for those radical Dissenters in the North who believed they had hazarded much to advance the Catholic cause.
117:. This not only guaranteed free practice of the Catholic faith in the formerly French North-American province but, in a precedent seized upon by Irish Catholics, removed all reference to the reformed faith from the oath of allegiance required in taking public office.
254:
The elections to the convention, "conducted in a blaze of publicity", spread "an expectation of dramatic change to Catholics at every level", and was a spur to the growth among the Catholic peasantry, petty shopkeepers and artisans of militant
327:, an original mover of the United Irishmen, complained that the Catholic Committee had "two strings to their bow. One to deal with government, the other to treat with the Society: and its strategy was to go with the one that would promise
311:. Catholics were admitted to the franchise on the same limited terms as Protestants. They could take degrees on Trinity College, be called as barristers and serve as army officers and, most controversially of all, could carry arms.
334:
Catholic opinion had not been placated. The concessions under the Relief Act were "permissive rather than obligatory and a newly awakened Protestant Ascendancy chose as often as not to withhold them". Moreover the retention of the
141:. Together with Arthur James Plunkett, seventh earl of Fingall, Anthony Preston, eleventh Viscount Gormanston, and a number of senior bishops, Kenmare believed that redress was best achieved by maintaining the confidence of the
197:
and dissatisfied with the moderation of Committee, in October some forty members, including many in the new intake, formed a separate Catholic Society with Theobald McKenna as their secretary. They published the
276:
Dublin, in December 1792, Keogh was careful to place two prelates seated on either side of the chairmen. But the petition, as finally approved and signed by the delegates, was presented to the bishops as a
351:
was recalled after just 6 months in post. Some Committee members were content to lobby for Catholic education: in June 1795 they helped secure government funding for the new Catholic seminary,
251:
and of his civil authority, it insisted that in Ireland these would not "disturb" or "weaken" the establishment in Ireland of the Protestant religion or the security of the Protestant crown.
102:
gentry. O'Conor's support for the first Catholic Committees from 1758 was copied nationwide, contributing to the successful, but slow, repeal of most of the Irish penal laws in 1774-1793.
236:
In the 1792 Irish Parliamentary session further petitions in favour of a Catholic relief bill, introduced at London's behest to secure Catholic loyalty in the confrontation with the new
74:
By the mid 18th century, agitation in the Catholic cause had begun to shift from the gentry to the rising merchant and professional classes. In 1757 the Catholic Committee was formed by
319:
In the wake of the 1793 Relief Act the Committee voted Tone a sum of ÂŁ1,500 with a gold medal, subscribed to a statue of the King, and (as agreed in London) voted to dissolve.
247:
objections to their inclusion within the constitution, the Committee issued a Declaration of the civil and religious principles of Catholics. Excluding recognition of the
226:
359:
with them toward a French-assisted republican insurrection. Committee men served as "the bridge over which United Irishmen and Defenders join forces".
1086:
613:
1111:
450:
1282:
137:
convened a meeting of prominent Catholics in Dublin. While pleading for Penal Law relief, they foreswore any intention of overturning the
1446:
1428:
373:
For many veterans of the Catholic Committee the issue of revolutionary violence had come to a head in April 1794 with the arrest of the
922:
Keogh, Daire. (1993), "Archbishop Troy, the Catholic Church and Irish Radicalism, 1791-3", in D. Dickson, D. Keogh and K. Whelan eds.,
820:
Keogh, Daire. (1993), "Archbishop Troy, the Catholic Church and Irish Radicalism, 1791-3", in D. Dickson, D. Keogh and K. Whelan eds.,
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348:
43:
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London's hostility toward Catholics, never as intense as that of the Irish Ascendancy, moderated when, after the death of the
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and London administrations. Kenmare demonstrated his loyalty by helping to recruit the soldiers in Ireland to fight for
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Late in 1794 the Committee briefly reconvened. Hope of seeing Catholic Emancipation complete had revived under a new
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Declaration of the Catholic Society of Dublin to promote unanimity among Irishmen and remove religious prejudices
133:
Despite this success, the Committee movement was paralysed by factional disputes and all but dissolved. In 1773,
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Acknowledging the departure of the more conservative, gentry, faction, at the beginning of 1792 Keogh dismissed
222:
75:
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1976:
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844:
Elliott, Marianne (1993), "The Defenders in Ulster", in David Dickson, Daire Keogh and Kevin Whelan eds.,
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54:, many who had been mobilized by the Committee and by the Convention, defied their bishops, and joined the
34:. After their organisation of a national Catholic Convention helped secure repeal of most of the remaining
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355:. Others leaned toward the United Irishmen who, despairing of reform, now moved to draw the agrarian
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Keogh, Richard McCormick and Thomas Broughall (who had been in correspondence with the now defeated
1717:
1417:
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in 1793, the Committee dissolved. Members briefly reconvened the following year when a new British
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46:, raised hopes of further reform, including lifting the sacramental bar to Catholics entering the
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1744:
1423:
1388:
650:
1961:
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1471:
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113:. The British government, in turn, gratified Catholic opinion with the passage in 1774 of the
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1945:
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47:
31:
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35:
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The Men of No Property: Irish Radicals and Popular Politics in the Late Eighteenth Century
8:
1953:
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629:
Gerard, John, and Edward D'Alton. "Roman Catholic Relief Bill." The Catholic Encyclopedia
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347:. But having declared in favour of admitting Catholics to Parliament, in February 1795
283:
Within the Convention, the United men operated as a pressure group. On a motion of the
225:("Dissenter") friends in Belfast, in the midst of the town's enthusiasm for the French
217:, another Protestant but a known democrat. In Dublin, Tone was a leading member of the
28:
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535:"The Catholics of the Towns and the Quarterage Dispute in Eighteenth-Century Ireland"
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24:
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and to caution his flock against the "fascinating illusions" of French principles.
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was a county association in late 18th-century Ireland that campaigned to relieve
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628:
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496:"Quebec and the Irish Catholic Relief Act of 1778: An Institutional Approach"
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with Tone reporting "every reason to be content" with their royal audience.
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The Fall and Rise of the Irish Nation: The Catholic Question, 1690-1830
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Bartlett, Thomas. "The Catholic Question in the Eighteenth Century",
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168:, Kenmare's pro-government policy appeared to pay dividends with the
154:
1525:
471:
History of the Catholic Church in the Nineteenth Century (1789-1908)
1135:
Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia
381:, Jackson had been having meetings with Tone in the prison cell of
280:, with no implication that their sanction was sought or obtained.
153:
in the 1770s and by supporting the authorities as they suppressed
1589:
1509:
637:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
480:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
284:
213:, as assistant secretary and with McKenna's support replaced him
1517:
1198:
Hammond, Joseph W.; Cloncurry, Lord; Braughall, Thomas (1956).
631:
Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 18 March 2020
51:
1240:
Revolution, Counter-Revolution and Union: Ireland in the 1790s
924:
The United Irishmen: Republicanism, Radicalism and Rebellion,
846:
The United Irishment, Republicanism, Radicalism and Rebellion
822:
The United Irishmen: Republicanism, Radicalism and Rebellion,
1038:. Vol. 57. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 23.
1197:
1087:"Catholic Committee from 1756 to 1809 | Encyclopedia.com"
977:. London: Allen Lane, Penguin Press. pp. 236–237.
314:
185:
John Keogh, "Member of the Catholic Convention", 1792
177:
Back Lane Parliament and the 1793 Catholic Relief Act
1169:"McCormick, Richard | Dictionary of Irish Biography"
868:"McCormick, Richard | Dictionary of Irish Biography"
78:; others involved included the historian and doctor
27:
of their civil and political disabilities under the
1112:
Maynooth a Catholic Seminary in a Protestant State.
725:"McKenna, Theobald | Dictionary of Irish Biography"
665:"Braughall, Thomas | Dictionary of Irish Biography"
761:"The Personnel of the Catholic Convention, 1792-3"
58:as they organised for a republican insurrection.
2068:
1131:"Catholics in Ireland and the French Revolution"
590:"Browne, Thomas | Dictionary of Irish Biography"
50:. When these were dashed by his early recall to
696:"Byrne, Edward | Dictionary of Irish Biography"
1243:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–64.
303:In April, Dublin Castle put its weight behind
263:, called on London for additional troops. The
1276:
1056:. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 167.
1002:. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 296.
366:in Paris) hesitated. The government informer
243:At the same time, responding to the standard
464:
462:
271:Moved by parallels with the election to the
899:. London: Macmillan Press. pp. 74–76.
1283:
1269:
493:
532:
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1457:Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543
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799:
287:linen merchant Luke Teeling (advised by
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60:
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972:
943:
918:
916:
722:
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1467:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652
1290:
1129:Kennedy, W. Benjamin (December 1984).
997:
662:
16:18th c. Catholics' rights organization
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1236:
1179:from the original on 6 September 2021
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735:from the original on 6 September 2021
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675:from the original on 6 September 2021
587:
1000:A History of Ireland in 250 Episodes
913:
848:, (pp. 222-233), Dubllin, Liiliput,
221:first formed in October 1791 by his
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1462:Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556
1022:
1016:
814:
385:then serving time for distributing
315:Dissolution and the United Irishmen
135:Thomas Browne, 4th Viscount Kenmare
109:in 1766, the Papacy recognized the
13:
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1042:
975:The Catholics of Ulster, a History
963:
885:
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747:
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401:, seized the occasion to threaten
160:Assisted by parliamentarians like
14:
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644:
618:, Issue 1 (Spring 1993), Volume 1
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2041:
2040:
2029:
2017:
1035:Dictionary of National Biography
632:
475:
227:Declaration of the Rights of Man
128:
1404:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
1230:
1191:
1160:
1104:
1079:
1070:
991:
937:
859:
687:
500:Journal of Historical Sociology
195:revolution and reform in France
1316:History of Ireland (1691–1800)
1311:History of Ireland (1536–1691)
656:
622:
607:
581:
526:
487:
441:
405:for any Catholic who took the
82:and Thomas Wyse of Waterford.
69:
1:
1200:"Thomas Braughall, 1729-1803"
434:
273:National Constituent Assembly
98:, also joined the Committee.
65:Charles O'Conor of Belanagare
2082:Catholic Church organisation
1699:Dublin Castle administration
1029:"Tone, Theobald Wolfe"
164:, who in 1765 had published
7:
808:Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone
533:MacGeehin, Maureen (1952).
412:
170:Catholic Relief Act of 1778
10:
2108:
2092:Catholic Church in Ireland
1399:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
973:Elliott, Marianne (2000).
494:Stanbridge, Karen (2003).
448:John Carpenter (1770-1786)
379:Committee of Public Safety
219:Society of United Irishmen
2024:British Empire portal
2012:
1832:
1689:
1500:
1452:Crown of Ireland Act 1542
1437:
1344:Tudor conquest of Ireland
1324:
1306:Timeline of Irish history
1298:
1052:Bartlett, Thomas (1992).
998:Bardon, Jonathan (2008).
723:Ceretta, Manuela (2009).
551:10.1017/S0021121400027346
473:, M.H. Gill, 1910, p. 105
377:. An agent of the French
249:infallibility of the Pope
189:In 1790, Dublin merchant
166:Tracts on the Popery Laws
155:Whiteboy agrarian protest
1718:Privy Council of Ireland
1204:Dublin Historical Record
950:donsdublin.wordpress.com
926:Dublin: Lilliput Press,
824:Dublin: Lilliput Press,
810:, JW Boyd, Belfast, 1898
539:Irish Historical Studies
393:. Thomas Troy, Catholic
383:Archibald Hamilton Rowan
375:Reverend William Jackson
349:Earl William Fitzwilliam
123:Lord Lieutenant Townsend
2087:18th century in Ireland
1745:Court of Castle Chamber
1424:Irish Rebellion of 1798
1414:Williamite–Jacobite War
1389:Irish Rebellion of 1641
512:10.1111/1467-6443.00212
389:'s seditious appeal to
2077:Catholic organizations
1779:Trinity College Dublin
1774:Grand Lodge of Ireland
1712:Irish House of Commons
1670:Bréifne Uà Raghallaigh
1472:Act of Settlement 1662
1394:Irish Confederate Wars
1369:Plantations of Ireland
1359:Reformation in Ireland
1076:Elliott (2000), p. 239
946:"back lane parliament"
934:, (pp. 124-134) p.131.
832:, (pp. 124-134) p.129.
651:John Keogh (1740-1817)
186:
66:
1704:Parliament of Ireland
1354:Surrender and regrant
1167:Woods, C. J. (2009).
1110:Keogh, Dáire (1995),
944:Cameron, Don (2014).
866:Woods, C. J. (2009).
759:Woods, C. J. (2003).
694:Woods, C. J. (2009).
663:Hurley, Mary (2009).
588:Quinn, James (2009).
184:
139:Williamite Settlement
111:Hanoverian succession
64:
32:Protestant Ascendancy
1708:Irish House of Lords
1487:Constitution of 1782
1091:www.encyclopedia.com
765:Archivium Hibernicum
419:Catholic Association
395:Archbishop of Dublin
307:in the passage of a
96:archbishop of Dublin
1784:Order of St Patrick
1606:Mac William ĂŤochtar
1383:Flight of the Earls
1334:Lordship of Ireland
1237:Smyth, Jim (2000).
895:Smyth, Jim (1998).
806:Milligan, Alice L,
469:MacCaffrey, James.
309:Catholic Relief Act
229:and its defence by
215:Theobald Wolfe Tone
44:William Fitzwilliam
2036:Ireland portal
1814:Catholic Committee
1750:Peerage of Ireland
1558:Clann Aodha Buidhe
1492:Acts of Union 1800
1364:Desmond Rebellions
1292:Kingdom of Ireland
453:2015-05-28 at the
357:Catholic Defenders
187:
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21:Catholic Committee
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1760:Church of Ireland
1622:Bréifne Uà Ruairc
1250:978-0-521-66109-6
1063:978-0-7171-1577-8
1009:978-0-7171-4649-9
906:978-0-333-73256-4
771:: (26–76) 26–27.
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337:Oath of Supremacy
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1727:King's Bench
1638:TĂr Chonaill
1598:Deasmhumhain
1582:Iar Connacht
1239:
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1210:(2): 41–49.
1207:
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1141:(3/4): 222.
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2056:WikiProject
2004:(1760–1800)
1996:(1727–1760)
1988:(1714–1727)
1980:(1702–1714)
1972:(1689–1694)
1965:(1689–1702)
1962:William III
1957:(1685–1691)
1949:(1660–1685)
1941:(1659–1660)
1933:(1658–1659)
1925:(1653–1658)
1917:(1649–1653)
1907:(1625–1649)
1899:(1603–1625)
1891:(1558–1603)
1888:Elizabeth I
1883:(1554–1558)
1880:jure uxoris
1871:(1553–1558)
1855:(1547–1553)
1847:(1542–1547)
1723:Four Courts
1692:and society
1654:Fear Manach
1646:TĂr Eoghain
1550:UĂ DĂarmata
1534:Clanricarde
1349:New English
1183:6 September
1024:Lee, Sidney
739:6 September
679:6 September
329:and deliver
257:Defenderism
70:Early years
2071:Categories
2001:George III
1946:Charles II
1844:Henry VIII
1837:and rulers
1764:Ascendancy
1662:Uà Catháin
1566:Magh Luirg
1542:UĂ Failghe
1482:Popery Act
1477:Penal Laws
1440:Parliament
1418:Wild Geese
1408:Barbadosed
1327:and events
1173:www.dib.ie
1152:20 January
955:6 February
877:6 February
872:www.dib.ie
729:www.dib.ie
705:7 February
700:www.dib.ie
669:www.dib.ie
599:8 February
594:www.dib.ie
435:References
391:Volunteers
331:the most.
294:George III
245:Ascendancy
191:John Keogh
115:Quebec Act
84:Prebendary
80:John Curry
36:Penal Laws
1993:George II
1904:Charles I
1852:Edward VI
1809:Defenders
1789:Jacobites
1768:Recusancy
1731:Exchequer
1678:Uà Mháine
1630:Cairbrigh
1574:AirgĂalla
1518:UĂ Echach
1503:conquests
1216:0012-6861
785:0044-8745
575:164000077
559:0021-1214
520:1467-6443
364:Girondins
147:the Crown
94:, future
29:kingdom's
25:Catholics
2046:Category
1985:George I
1954:James II
1834:Monarchs
1735:Chancery
1690:Politics
1438:Acts of
1224:30102641
1177:Archived
1147:44210866
793:25484204
733:Archived
673:Archived
567:30004777
451:Archived
413:See also
209:'s son,
1969:Mary II
1896:James I
1590:Umhaill
1325:General
1299:History
1096:29 June
387:Drennan
345:viceroy
285:Lisburn
149:in the
40:Viceroy
1967:&
1875:Philip
1873:&
1868:Mary I
1799:Tories
1766:&
1681:(1611)
1673:(1607)
1665:(1607)
1657:(1607)
1649:(1607)
1641:(1607)
1633:(1606)
1625:(1605)
1617:(1603)
1614:Laigin
1609:(1602)
1601:(1596)
1593:(1593)
1585:(1589)
1577:(1585)
1569:(1585)
1561:(1574)
1553:(1574)
1545:(1550)
1537:(1544)
1529:(1543)
1526:LoĂgis
1521:(1543)
1513:(1543)
1501:Gaelic
1373:Ulster
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265:Castle
88:Cullen
52:London
1794:Whigs
1220:JSTOR
1143:JSTOR
789:JSTOR
571:S2CID
563:JSTOR
1977:Anne
1755:Army
1737:and
1710:and
1245:ISBN
1212:ISSN
1185:2021
1154:2021
1098:2021
1058:ISBN
1004:ISBN
979:ISBN
957:2022
928:ISBN
901:ISBN
879:2022
850:ISBN
826:ISBN
781:ISSN
741:2021
707:2022
681:2021
601:2022
555:ISSN
516:ISSN
397:and
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